HYDRAULIC GRADIENT AND TOTAL ENERGY LINE:

This concept of hydraulic gradient line and total energy line is very useful in the study of flow
of fluids through pipes. They are defined as
1.Hydraulic Gradient Line: It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head (p/w)
and datum head (z) of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line or it is the line
which is obtained by joining the top of all vertical ordinates, showing the pressure head (p/w) of
a flowing fluid in a pipe from the centre of the pipe. It is briefly written as H.G.L (Hydraulic
Gradient Line).
2.Total Energy Line: It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum
head and kinetic head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line. It is also
defined as the line which is obtained by joining the tops of all vertical ordinates showing the sum
of pressure head and kinetic head from the centre of the pipe. It is briefly written as T.E.L (Total
Energy Line).

FLOW THROUGH PIPES IN SERIES OR FLOW THROUGH COMPOUND PIPES:

4fL3 V3
4fL 2 V2
4fL1 V1
+
+
H
d 1 2g d 2 2g d 3 2g
L V
L V
4f L1 V1
2 2 3 3
=

2g d 1
d2
d3
2

FLOW THROUGH PARALLEL PIPES:

Loss of head for branch pipe 1= Loss of head for branch pipe 2
2
2
4f L V
4f 1 L1 V1
or
= 2 2 2
d 2 2g
d 1 2g
2

If f1=f2, then

L 1 V1
L 2 V2
=
d 1 2g
d 2 2g