Chapter 9 - The Complete Response of Circuits With Two Energy Storage Elements

Problems
Section 9-2: Differential Equations for Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements
P9.2-1
KCL: i L =
v
dv
+C
R2
dt
KVL: Vs = R 1i L + L
v s = R1
LM v
NR
+C
vs =
di L
+v
dt
OP
Q
d2v
dv
L dv
+
+ LC 2 + v
dt
R 2 dt
dt
LM R + 1OPv + LMR C + L OP dv + [LC] d v

dt
N R Q N R Q dt
2
R 1 = 2, R 2 = 100, L = 1mH, C = 10F

dv
d2v
+ 1 10 8 2
dt
dt
dv d 2 v
1 108 v s = 102
. 108 v + 3000 + 2
dt dt
v s = 102
. v +.00003
P9.2-2
KCL: i s =
v
+ i L + Csv
R1
KVL: v = R 2 i L + Lsi L
Solving Cramer' s rule for i L :

is
iL =
R 2 Ls
+
+ R 2 Cs + LCs2 + 1
R1 R1
LM1 + R OPi + LM L + R COPsi

N R Q NR
Q
2
+ LC s2 i L = i s
R 1 = 100, R 2 = 10, L = 1mH, C = 10F

1.1i L +.00011si L + 1 10 8 s2 i L = i s
. 108 i L + 11000si L + s2 i L = 1 108 i s
11
P9.2-3
t>0
KCL: i L + C
dv c v s + v c
+
= 0
dt
R2
KVL: R 1i s + R 1i L + L
di L
vc vs = 0
dt
Solving for iL :
R1
d 2iL R1
R di 1 dvs
1 diL R1
1
+ +
+
+
is 1 s +
iL =
2
dt
LCR2
L dt L dt
L R2C dt LR2C LC
P9.2-4
After the switch opens, apply KCL and KVL to get
d
R1 i ( t ) + C v ( t ) + v ( t ) = Vs
dt
Apply KVL to get

v (t ) = L
Substituting v ( t ) into the first equation gives
d
i (t ) + R2 i (t )
dt
d d
d
R1 i ( t ) + C L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) + L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) = Vs
dt dt
dt
then
R1 C L
d2
dt
i ( t ) + R1 C R 2 + L
) dtd i ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) i ( t ) = Vs
Dividing by R1 C L :
R1 C R 2 + L d
R1 + R 2
Vs
i
t
+
i
t
+
i (t ) =
(
)
(
)
2
R1 C L dt
R1 C L
R1 C L
dt
d2
P9.2-5
After the switch closes, use KCL to get
i (t ) =
v (t )
d
+ C v (t )
R2
dt
Use KVL to get

v s = R1 i ( t ) + L
d
i (t ) + v (t )
dt
Substitute to get
d
L d
d2
vs =
v ( t ) + R1C v ( t ) +
v ( t ) + CL 2 v ( t ) + v ( t )
R2
dt
R 2 dt
dt
R1
= CL
R1 + R 2
d2
L d
v
t
R
C
v (t ) +
v (t )
+
+
(
)
1
2
dt
R 2 dt
R 2CL
Finally,
vs
CL
R1
R1 + R 2
1 d
d2
v
t
+
+
v (t )
(
)
v ( t ) +
2
dt
R 2CL
L R 2C dt
P9.2-6
After the switch closes use KVL to get

R 2 i (t ) + L
Use KCL and KVL to get
d
i (t ) = v (t )
dt
v s = R1 i ( t ) + C v ( t ) + v ( t )
dt
Substitute to get
d
d2
d
v s = R1i ( t ) + R1CR 2 i ( t ) + R1CL 2 i ( t ) + R 2i ( t ) + L i ( t )
dt
dt
dt
2
d
d
= R1CL 2 i ( t ) + ( R1 R 2C + L ) i ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) i ( t )
dt
dt
Finally
vs
R1CL
R2
R1 + R 2
1 d
d2
i t +
+
i (t ) +
i (t )
2 ( )
L R1C dt
dt
R
CL
1
P9.2-7
After the switch opens, KVL gives

L1
d
d
i1 ( t ) = R 2 i 2 ( t ) + L 2 i 2 ( t )
dt
dt
L1
d
i 1 ( t ) + R1 ( i 1 ( t ) + i 2 ( t ) ) = 0
dt
KVL and KCL give
Use the operator method to get
L1s i1 = R 2 i 2 + L 2 s i 2
L1s i1 + R1 ( i1 + i 2 ) = 0
L1s i1 + R1s i1 + R1s i 2 = 0

2
s ( R 2i 2 + L 2 s i 2 ) +
R1
L1
(R i
2 2
+ L 2 s i 2 ) + R1s i 2 = 0
L2
R1 R 2
+ R1 s i 2 +
L 2 s 2 i 2 + R 2 + R1
i2 = 0
L
L
1
1
R 2 R 1 R1
R1 R 2
s 2i 2 +
+
+ s i2 +
i2 = 0
L 2 L 2 L1
L1 L 2
so
R 2 R1 R1 d
R1 R 2
d2
i
t
+
+
+ i 2 (t ) +
i 2 (t ) = 0
(
)
2 2
dt
L1 L 2
L 2 L 2 L1 dt
P9.2-8
After the switch closes, KVL and KCL give

d
d
v1 ( t ) + R 3 C 1 v1 ( t ) + C 2 v 2 ( t ) = v s
dt
dt
KVL gives
v 1 ( t ) = R 2C2
Using the operator method
d
v 2 (t ) + v 2 (t )
dt
v 1 + R 3 ( C 1sv 1 + C 2 sv 2 ) = v s
v1 = R 2C 2 sv 2 + v 2
so
(1 + R C s ) v
2
Then
v1 = (1 + R 2C2 s ) v 2
+ R 3C 1s (1 + R 2C 2 s ) v 2 + R 3C 2 sv 2 = v s
R 2 R 3C 1C 2 s 2 v 2 + ( R 2C 2 + R 3C 1 + R 3C 2 ) sv 2 + v 2 = v s
s 2v 2 +
R 2C 2 + R 3C 1 + R 3C 2
R 2 R 3C1C 2
sv 2 +
vs
1
v2 =
R 3 R 2C 1C 2
R 2 R 3C 1C 2
1
vs
1
1
1
+
+
s 2v 2 +
sv 2 +
v2 =
R 3C 1 R 2 C 2 R 2 C 1
R 2 R 3C 1C 2
R 2 R 3C 1C 2
so
vs
R 2 R 3C 1C 2
1
1
1 d
1
d2
v
t
+
+
+
v (t ) +
v (t )
(
)
2 2
R 3C 1 R 2C 2 R 2C 1 dt
dt
R 2 R 3C 1C 2
P9.2-9
After the switch closes
i (t ) = C
d
v (t )
dt
KCL and KVL give
1 d
d
v s = R2 i (t ) + L i (t ) + v (t ) + L i (t ) + v (t )
R1 dt
dt

Substituting gives
R2
R2
d2
d
v s = 1 +
LC 2 v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + 1 +
v (t )
R1
dt
dt
R1
R2
R2
d2
d
LC 2 v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + 1 +
= 1 +
v ( t )
R
dt
dt
R
1
1
Finally
R1v s
LC ( R1 + R 2 )
R1 R 2
1
d2
d
v (t ) +
v (t ) +
v (t )
dt
LC
L ( R1 + R 2 ) dt
P9.2-10
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the part of the circuit to the left of the inductor.
v s v oc
R1
v s R 2 (1 + b )
v oc =
v oc
R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
ia + bia =
R 2
ia =
i sc = i a (1 + b ) =
vs
R1
(1 + b )
v s R 2 (1 + b )
Rt =
v oc
i sc
R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
R1 R 2
=
vs
R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
(1 + b )
R1
Rt i (t ) + L
d i (t )
+ v ( t ) v oc = 0
dt
i (t ) = C
Rt C
d v (t )
d 2 v (t )
+ LC
+ v ( t ) = v oc
dt
d t2
Finally,
P9.2-11
KCL gives
d 2 v (t ) R t d v (t )
v (t )
1
+
+
v (t ) =
2
dt
L dt
LC
LC
R1 R 2
d 2 v (t )
d v (t )
v (t )
1
+
+
v (t ) =
2
dt
LC
LC
L ( R1 + R 2 (1 + b ) ) d t
v s ( t ) v1 ( t )
= C1
d
v1 ( t )
dt
v s ( t ) = R1C1
d
v1 ( t ) + v1 ( t )
dt
= C2
d
v 2 (t )
dt
v1 ( t ) = R 2 C 2
d
v 2 (t ) + v 2 (t )
dt
R1
and
d v (t )
dt
v1 ( t ) v 2 ( t )
R2
Substituting gives
v s ( t ) = R1C 1
d
d
d
R 2C 2 v 2 ( t ) + v 2 ( t ) + R 2C 2 v 2 ( t ) + v 2 ( t )
dt
dt
dt
so
1
1
d2
1
1
vs (t ) = 2 v 2 (t ) +
+
v 2 (t ) +
v 2 (t )
R1C 1 R 2C 2
R1 R 2C 1C 2
dt
R
R
C
C
1
2
1
2
P9.2-12
KVL gives
v s ( t ) = R1C 1
KCL gives
C1
d
v1 ( t ) + v1 ( t )
dt
v 2 (t )
d
d
v1 ( t ) + C 2 v 2 ( t ) +
=0
dt
dt
R2
KVL gives
v o (t ) = v 2 (t )
Using the operator method

v s = R1C 1sv1 + v1
C 1sv1 + C 2 sv 2 +
v2
R2
=0
Solving
C2
1
v1 =
v2 +
v2
C1
R 2C 1s
C2
1
sv s = ( sR1C 1 + 1)
s+
vo
C1
R 2C 1
1
1
1
1
sv s = s 2 v o +
sv o +
vo
+
R1C 1 R 2C 2
R1C 2
R
R
C
C
1
2
1
2
The corresponding differential equation is

1
1 d
d2
1 d
1
vs (t ) = 2 v o (t ) +
+
v o (t )
v o ( t ) +
R1C 2 dt
dt
R1 R 2C 1C 2
R1C 1 R 2C 2 dt
P9.2-13
After the switch opens, KCL gives
vs (t )
R1
+C
d
v (t ) = 0
dt
KVL gives
v (t ) v o (t ) = L
and Ohms law gives

so
d
i (t )
dt
v o (t ) = R2 i (t )
d
1
v (t ) =
vs (t )
dt
R1 C
and
d
d
d2
v (t ) v o (t ) = L 2 i (t )
dt
dt
dt
Then
1
d
d2
d
vs (t ) = v (t ) = L 2 i (t ) + R2 i (t )
R1C
dt
dt
dt
or
P9.2-14
KCL gives
R2 d
1
d2
vs (t ) = 2 i (t ) +
i (t )
R1CL
dt
L dt
vs (t )
R1
and
v1 ( t )
R2
v 2 ( t ) + v1 ( t )
R3
+ C1
+ C2
d
v1 ( t )
dt
d
v 2 (t ) = 0
dt
so
v1 ( t ) + R 2C 1
R2
d
v1 ( t ) =
vs (t )
dt
R1
and
d
v 1 ( t ) = v 2 ( t ) + R 3C 2 v 2 ( t )
dt
Substituting gives
R2
d
d
d
v 2 ( t ) + R 3C 2 dt v 2 ( t ) + R 2C 1 dt v 2 ( t ) + R 3C 2 dt v 2 ( t ) = R v s ( t )
1
or
1
d2
1 d
1
1
v
t
+
+
v 2 (t ) =
vs (t )
(
)
v 2 ( t ) +
2
2
dt
R 2 R 3C 1C 2
R1 R 3C 1C 2
R 2C 1 R 3C 2 dt
P9.2-15
Apply KVL to the left mesh : i1 + s(i1 i2 ) = vs

where s = d
(1)
dt
1
Apply KVL to the right mesh : 2i2 + 2 i2
s
1
i1 = 2 i2 +
s
+ s(i2 i1 ) = 0
1
2 2 i2 + i2
s
(2)
Plugging (2) into (1) yields

3s 2i + 4 si + 2i = s 2v
2
2
2
s
or
d 2v
d 2i
di
s
2
2
3
+ 4
+ 2i =
2
2
2
dt
dt
dt
Section 9-3: Solution of the Second Order Differential Equation - The Natural Response
P9.3-1
From Problem P 9.2-2 the characteristic equation is
11000 (11000)2 4(1.1108 )
1.1108 +11000 s + s 2 = 0 s1 , s2 =
2
P9.3-2
KVL: 40(i s i L ) = 100m
i L = ic =
di L
dt
= 5500 j 8930
+ vc
where m = 10 3
dv c
dt
40 dis 40 di L 100 2 d 2i L
m
m
3
dt
3
dt
3
dt 2
d 2i L
di
di
+ 400 L +30000i L = 400 s
2
dt
dt
dt
s 2 +400s+30000 = 0 (s+100)(s+300) = 0 s1 = 100,
P9.3-3
KCL:
s 2 = 300
v vs
dv
+ i L + 10
= 0
1
dt
where = 10 6
KVL:
v = 2i L +1m
di L
dt
di L
di
d 2i L
v s + i L + 10 2 L + 10 1m
dt
dt
dt
2
di
d i
v s = 3i L +.00102 L + 1 10 8 2L
dt
dt
0 = 2i L + 1m
d 2i L
di
+ 102000 L + 3 10 8 i L = 1 108 v s
dt
dt
2
s + 102000s + 3 108 = 0, s1 = 3031, s2 = 98969
where m = 10 3
P9.3-4
Assume zero initial conditions
1 di1
1 di2
= 10 7
2 dt
2 dt
1 di1
1 di2
+
+ 200 i2 dt = 7
loop 2 :
2 dt
2 dt
1
1
s
10 + 2 s
determinant :
1
1
200
s+
2s
s
2
loop 1 : 10i1 +
s 2 + 20 s + 400 = 0,
s = 10 j 17.3
Section 9.4: Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit
bg
P9.4-1 v 0 = 6,
bg
dv 0
dt
= 3000
Using operators, the node equation is: Csv+
So the characteristic equation is: s2 +
v ( v vs )
L
+
=0 or LCs2 + s+ 1 v = vs
R
sL
R
1
1
s+
= 0
RC
LC
s1,2 = 250 2502 40,000 = 100, 400
bg
vb0g = 6 = A + B
U A = 2
dvb0g
= 3000 = 100A 400BV
dt
W B=8
t>0
vb t g = 2e
+ 8e
So v t = Ae 100 t + Be 400 t
100 t
P9.4-2
bg
400 t
bg
v 0 = 2, i 0 = 0
Characteristic equation s2 +
bg
1
1
s+
= 0 s2 + 4s + 3 = 0 s = 1, 3
RC
LC
v t = Ae t + Be 3t
Use eq. 9.5 12 s1A + s2 B =
b g ib0g
v0
RC
C
2
1A 3B =
0 = 8
1
4
also have v 0 = 2 = A + B
bg
From b1g & b2g get A = 1, B = 3
vb t g = 1e + 3e V
t
b1g
b2g
3t
P9.4-3
di1
di
3 2 = 0
dt
dt
di 2
di1
+3
+ 2i 2 = 0
KVL : 3
dt
dt
KVL : i1 + 5
b1g
b2 g
in operator form
(1+5s )i1+( 3s )i2 = 0
( 3s ) i1 +( 3s+2 ) i2 = 0
thus =
(1+5s ) ( 3s+2 ) 9 s 2
2
= 6s + 13s+ 2 = 0 s = 16, 2
+ Be
bg
i b t g = Ce
+ De
Now i b0g = 11 = A + B;i b0g = 11 = C + D
from b1g & b2g get
di b0g
di b0g
33
143
A
=
= 2B ;
=
Thus i1 t = Ae
2
t6
2 t
t6
2 t
2
6
dt
6
dt
which yields A = 3, B = 8, C = 1, 0 = 12
i1 (t) = 3e t /6 + 8e 2 t A &
20
i 2 ( t) = e t /6 +12e 2 t A
P9.4-4
Represent this circuit by a differential equation.
(R1 = 50 when the switch is open and R1 = 10
when the switch is closed.)
Use KCL to get
i (t ) =
v (t )
d
+ C v (t )
R2
dt
Use KVL to get

v s = R1 i ( t ) + L
d
i (t ) + v (t )
dt
Substitute to get
d
L d
d2
vs =
v ( t ) + R1C v ( t ) +
v ( t ) + CL 2 v ( t ) + v ( t )
R2
dt
R 2 dt
dt
R1
= CL
R1 + R 2
d2
L d
v
t
R
C
v (t ) +
v (t )
+
+
(
)
1
2
dt
R 2 dt
R2
Finally,
vs
CL
R1
R1 + R 2
1 d
d2
v
t
+
+
v (t )
(
)
v ( t ) +
2
dt
R 2CL
L R 2C dt
Compare to
d2
dt
to get
v ( t ) + 2
2
d
v ( t ) + 0 2 v ( t ) = f (t )
dt
2 =
R1
L
R1 + R 2
1
and 0 2 =
R 2C
R 2CL
(a) When the switch is open = 14.5 , 0 = 14.14 rad/s and d = j3.2 (the circuit is
overdamped).
(b) When the switch is closed = 4.5 , 0 = 10.954 rad/s and d = 9.987 (the circuit is
underdamped).
P9.4-5
1
1
= 0
s +
RC
LC
s 2 + 40 s + 100 = 0
s = 2.7 , 37.3
s2 +
The initial conditions are v(0) = 0 , i (0) 1 A .

vn = A1e 2.7 t + A2 e 37.3t , v(0) = 0 = A1 + A2
KCL at t = 0+ yields :
(1)
v(0+ )
1 dv(0+ )
+ i (0+ ) +
=0
1
40 dt
dv(0+ )
= 40v(0+ ) 40i (0+ ) = 40(1) = 2.7 A1 37.3 A2
dt
from (1) and (2) A1 = 1.16 , A2 = 1.16
So v(t ) = vn (t ) = 1.16e 2.7 t + 1.16e 37.3t
(2)
Section 9.5: Natural Response of the Critically Damped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit
P9.5-1
t>0
di c
dv
+ v c = 0, i c = 10 5 c
dt
dt
d 2 vc
dv c
+ 4000
+ 4 106 v c = 0
dt
dt 2
= 0 s = 2000, 2000 v c t = A 1e 2000 t + A 2 te 2000 t
KVL a : 100i c + .025
s2 + 4000s + 4 106
t = 0
bg
(Steady State)
e j
e j
v e0 j = 3 V = v e0 j
i L = i c 0
= 0 = ic 0+
e j
dv c 0 +
dt
= 0
e j=3= A
dv e0 j
= 0 = 2000A
so v c 0 +
1 + A 2 A 2 = 6000
dt
v c t = 3 + 6000t e 2000 t V
bg b
P9.5-2
t>0
dv
v c dt + v c + 1 4 c = 0
dt
2
d vc
dv
d dt
+ 4 c + 4v c = 0
dt
dt
KCL at v c :
bg
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0, s = 2, 2 v c t = A 1e 2 t + A 2 te 2 t
t = 0
(Steady State)
e j = 0 = v e0 j & i e0 j = 2010 V = 2 A = i e0 j
Since v e0 j = 0 then i e0 j = i e0 j = 2 A
dv e0 j
i e0 j
=
= 8V
v c 0
e j=0=A
dv e0 j
= 8 = A
dt
So v c 0 +
dt
v c t = 8te 2 t V
bg
P9.5-3
e j=
Assume steady state at t = 0
vc 0
t>0
KVL a : v c +.01
Also : i L = C
.01C
d 2i L
dt
+ 106 C
e j=
104 V & i L 0
b1g
di L
+ 106 i L = 0
dt
dv c
LM
MN
d 2i L
di
=
.
+ 106 L
C
01
2
dt
dt
dt
di L
+ iL = 0
dt
Characteristic eq. .01C s2 + 106 s + 1 = 0 s =
106 C
e10 Cj 4b.01Cg
2b.01Cg
6
for critically damped: 1012 C 2 .04C = 0

C = 0.04pF s = 5 107 , 5 107
bg
So i L t = A 1e 510 t + A 2 te 510
e j
e j
e j
bg
di L +
0 = 100 v c 0 + 106 i L 0 +
= 106 A s
dt
di Lb 0g
7
= 106 = A 2 i L t = 106 te 510 t A
So i L 0 = 0 = A 1 and
dt
Now from (1)
bg
Now vb t g = 10 i b t g = 10
12
OP b2g
PQ
te 510
P9.5-4
s2 +
1
1
1
1
s+
= 0 with
= 500 and
= 62.5 103 yields s = 250, 250
RC
LC
RC
LC
v ( t ) = Ae 250t + Bte 250t
v ( 0) = 6 = A
dv ( 0 )
= 3000 = 250 A + B B = 1500
dt
v ( t ) = 6e 250t 1500te 250t
P9.5-5
KVL :
di
+ Ri + 2+ 4 0t idt = 6
dt

v( t )
(1)
taking the derivative with respect to t :
d 2i
di
+ R + 4i = 0
2
dt
dt
Characteristic equataion: s 2 + Rs + 4 = 0
Let R = 4 for critical damping
( s + 2 )2
=0
So i ( t ) = Ate 2t + Be 2t
i( 0 ) = 0 B = 0
di( 0 )
= 4 R( i ( 0 ) ) = 4 R( 0 ) = 4 = A
dt
i( t ) = 4te2t A
from (1)
Section 9-6: Natural Response of an Underdamped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

P9.6-1
t>0
vc
KCL at v c :
250 + i L + 5 10
also : v c = .8
Solving for i
dv c
= 0
dt
di L
dt
b1g
b2g
in (1) & plugging into ( 2 )
d 2 vc
dv
+800 c + 2.5105 vc = 0 s 2 +800 s +250,000 = 0, s = 400 j 300
2
dt
dt
v
(t)
t = 0
=e
400t
A1cos300t+A 2 sin 300t
(Steady State)
6V
= 6 500 A = i e0 j
e j = 500
v e0 j = 250e 6 500j + 6 = 3V = v e0 j
dv e0 j
Now from b1g :
= 2 10 i e0 j 800v e0 j = 0
i L 0
dt
e j=3=A
dv e0 j
= 0 = 400A
So v c 0 +
1 + 300A 2 A 2 = 4
dt
v c t = e 400 t 3 cos 300t + 4sin 300t V
bg
P9.6-2
t = 0
bg
v b0g = 0
i 0 = 2A
t = 0
KCL at node a:
z
t
bg
bg
v
dv 1
+C +
vdt + i 0 = 0 1
1
dt L
0
in operator form have v + Csv +

with s2 + 4s + 8 = 0
FG
H
bg
IJ
K
1
1
1
v + i 0 = 0 or s2 + s +
v=0
Ls
C
LC
s = 2 j2
bg
vb0g = 0 = B
dvb0g 1
From b1g,
=
ib0g vb0g = 4 2 = 8 = 2 B
dt
C
So vb t g = 4e sin 2tV
v t = e 2 t B1cos2t + B2 sin 2t
1
or B2 = 4
2 t
P9.6-3 t > 0
b1g
b2 g
1 dv c v c
+
+ iL = 0
4 dt
2
4di L
+ 8i L
KVL : v c =
dt
KCL at v c :
( 2)
into (1) yields
(t)
= e
2t
d 2i L
di
2
+ 4 L + 5i = 0 s + 4s+ 5 = 0 s = 2 i
L
2
dt
dt
A1cos t+A 2sin t
bSteady Stateg
t = 0
e j
v c 0
2
= 7
F 48 I
GH 4 8 + 2 JK
e j = 8 V = v e0 j
8 V
i e0 j =
= 4 A = i e0 j
2
e0 j = 84V 2b4g = 10 As
vc 0
di 0
b g det j
+
from 2
e j 2i
v c 0+
e j = 4 = A
e0 j = 10 = 2A
So i L 0 +
di L
1 + A2 A2 = 2
dt
i L t = e 2 t 4 cos t + 2 sin t A
bg
P9.6-4
The response is underdamped so
v ( t ) = e t k cos t + k sin t + k
1
2
3
v ( ) = 0 k = 0, v ( 0 ) = 0 k = 0
3
1
v ( t ) = k e t sin t
2
From Fig. P 9.6-6
t 5ms v 260mV (max)
t 7.5ms v 200 mV (min)
distance between adjacent maxima is =
2
= 1257 rad
s
T
so
(.005 )
0.26 = k e
sin 1257 (.005 )
(1)
2
(.0075 )
0.2 = k e
sin 1257 (.0075 ) ( 2 )
2
Dividing (1) by (2) gives
(.0025) sin ( 6.29 rad )
1.3 = e
e0025 = 1.95 = 267
sin ( 9.43 rad )
From (1) k 2 = 544 so
v ( t ) = 544e 267t sin1257t
( approx. answer )
P9.6-5
bg
i b0g =
v 0 = 2V
1 A
10
1
1
Char. eq. s2 +
s+
= 0 or s2 + 2 s +5 = 0 thus roots are s = 1 j 2
RC LC
So have v(t) = e t B1 cos2t + B2 sin 2t

now v(0 + ) = 2 = B1
e j
dv 0 +
Need
dt
e j
dv 0 +
So
dt
e j
1
i c 0+
C
FG 1 IJ
H 2K
e j
KCL yields i c 0 +
= 10
= B1 + 2 B2 B2 = 3 2
bg
3 t
e sin2t V
2
Finally, have v t = 2e t cos2t
t>0
e j ie 0 j =
5
v 0+
1 V
2 s
Section 9-7: Forced Response of an RLC Circuit

P9.7-1
v
dv
+ iL + C
R
dt
di L
KVL : v = L
dt
KCL : i s =
is =
(a)
i s = l u(t) assume i f = A
d 2i L
1 di L
1
i L = is
+
RC dt LC
dt
1
0+0+A
= 1
.01 1 10 3
+
b ge
A = 1 10 5 = i f
(b)
is
= .5t u(t) assume i f = At + B
0+A
b gb g b
g b gb g
65
1
+ At + B
100 .001
.01 .001
= .5t
650A + 100000B = 0
100000At = .5t
A = 5 10 6
B = 3.25 10 8
i f = 5 10 6 t 3.25 10 8 A
(c)
i s = 2e 250 t
assume i f = Ae 250 t
This does not work i f = Bte 250 t
Be 250 t 250Bte 250 t Bte 250 t

+
+
= 2e 250 t
RC
RC
LC
150 B = 2
B = .0133
if
= .0133 te 250 t A
d 2i L
L di L
+ i L + LC
R dt
dt 2
P9.7-2
d 2 v R dv
1
+
+
v = vs
dt
L dt LC
(a)
v s = 2 assume v f = A
0 + 0 +12000A = 2
A = 1 6000 = v f
(b)
v s = .2 t assume v f = At + B
70A + 12000At +12000B = .2t
70A + 12000 B = 0
12000 At = .2t
A =
vf
(c)
1
70A
, B =
, B = 350
60000
12000
t
=
+ 350 V
60000
v s = e 30 t
assume Ae 30 t
900A 2100Ae 30 t +12000Ae 30 t = e 30 t

10800Ae 30 t = e 30 t
1
A =
10800
e 30 t
vf =
V
10800
P9.7-3
v " + 5v ' + 6v = 8
(a)
Try vf = B & plug into above 6 B = 8 vf = 8 / 6 V
(b)
v " + 5v ' + 6v = 3e 4t
Try vf = Be 4t & plug into above
(4) 2 B + 5(4) B + 6 B = 3 B = 3 / 2
vf = 3 / 2e 4t
(c)
v " + 5v ' + 6v = 2e 2t
Try vf = Bte 2t (since 2 is a natural frequency)
(4t 4) B + 5 B(1 2t ) + 6 Bt = 2 B = 2
vf = 2te 2t
Section 9-8: Complete Response of an RLC Circuit

P9.8-1
First, find the steady state response for t < 0, when the switch is open. Both inputs are constant
so the capacitor will act like an open circuit at steady state, and the inductor will act like a short
circuit. After a source transformation at the left of the circuit:
i L ( 0) =
and
22 4
= 6 mA
3000
v C ( 0) = 4 V

Apply KCL at node a:
vC
R
+C
d
vC + iL = 0
dt
Apply KVL to the right mesh:

L
d
d
i L + Vs vC = 0 vC = L i L + Vs
dt
dt
After some algebra:

V
d2
1 d
1
i +
iL +
iL = s
2 L
dt
R C dt
LC
R LC
The characteristic equation is
d2
d
16
4
i + (103 ) i L + 106 i L = 103

2 L
dt
dt
25
25
s 2 + (103 ) s + 106 = 0 s1,2 = 200, 800 rad/s

25
After the switch closes the steady-state inductor current is iL() = -4 mA so
i L ( t ) = 0.004 + A1 e200 t + A2 e800 t

4
4 d
( 200 ) A1 e 200 t + ( 800 ) A2 e800 t + 4
vC (t ) = i L (t ) + 4 =
25
dt
25

= ( 32 ) A1 e200 t + ( 128 ) A2 e 800 t + 4
Let t = 0 and use the initial conditions:
0.006 = 0.004 + A1 + A2
0.01 = A1 + A2
4 = ( 32 ) A1 + ( 128) A2 + 4
A1 = ( 4 ) A2
So A1 = 8.01 and A2 = 2.00 and
i L ( t ) = 0.004 + 8.01e200 t + 2.00 e800 t A

v C ( t ) = ( 104 ) e 200 t + (104 ) e 800 t + 4 V
i (t ) =
v C (t )
1000
= ( 10 ) e 200 t + (10 ) e 800 t + 0.004 A
P9.8-2
First, find the steady state response for t < 0. The input is constant so the capacitor will act like
an open circuit at steady state, and the inductor will act like a short circuit.
i (0) =
1
= 0.2 A
1+ 4
and
v (0) =
For t > 0
4
( 1) = 0.8 V
1+ 4
v Vs
d
+C v+i = 0
R1
dt
R2 i + L
d
d
i v = 0 v = R2 i + L iL
dt
dt
After some algebra:

L + R1 R 2 C d
R1 + R 2
d2
Vs
i+
i+
i=
2
dt
R1 L C dt
R1 L C
R1 L C
The forced response will be a constant, if = B so 1 =
d2
d
i +5 i +5i =1
2
dt
dt
d2
d
B + 5 B + 5 B B = 0.2 A .
2
dt
dt
To find the natural response, consider the characteristic equation:
0 = s 2 + 5 s + 5 = ( s + 3.62 )( s + 1.38)
The natural response is
in = A1 e 3.62 t + A2 e 1.38 t
so
i ( t ) = A1 e 3.62 t + A2 e1.38 t + 0.2
Then
d
v ( t ) = 4 i ( t ) + 4 i ( t ) = 10.48 A1 e 3.62 t 1.52 A2 e1.38 t + 0.8

dt
At t=0+
0.2 = i ( 0 + ) = A1 + A2 + 0.2
0.8 = v ( 0 + ) = 10.48 A1 1.52 A2 + 0.8
so A1 = 0.246 and A2 = -0.646. Finally

i ( t ) = 0.2 + 0.246 e 3.62 t 0.646 e 1.38 t A
P9.8-3
First, find the steady state response for t < 0. The input is constant so the capacitors will act like
an open circuits at steady state.
v1 ( 0 ) =
and
1000
(10 ) = 5 V
1000 + 1000
v2 ( 0 ) = 0 V
For t > 0,
Node equations:
v1 10 1
v v
d
+ 106 v1 + 1 2 = 0
1000 6
1000
dt
1
d
2 v1 + 103 v1 10 = v2
6
dt
v1 v2 1
d
= 106 v2
1000 16
dt
1
d
v1 v2 = 103 v2
16
dt
After some algebra:

d2
d
v + ( 2.8 104 ) v1 + ( 9.6 107 ) v1 = 9.6 108
2 1
dt
dt
The forced response will be a constant, vf = B so
d2
d
B + ( 2.8 104 ) B + ( 9.6 107 ) B = 9.6 108 B = 10 V .
2
dt
dt
s 2 + ( 2.8 104 ) s + ( 9.6 107 ) = 0 s1,2 = 4 103 , 2.4 104

3
vn = A1 e410 t + A2 e2.410
4t
so
3
v1 ( t ) = A1 e410 t + A2 e2.410
At t = 0
4t
+ 10
5 = v1 ( 0 ) = A1 e
4103 ( 0 )
+ A2 e
2.4104 ( 0 )
+ 10 = A1 + A2 + 10
(1)
Next
1
d
2 v1 + 103 v1 10 = v2
6
dt
d
v1 = 12000v1 + 6000 v2 6 10 4
dt
At t = 0
d
v1 ( 0 ) = 12000v1 ( 0 ) + 6000 v2 ( 0 ) 6 104 = 12000 ( 5 ) + 6000 ( 0 ) 6 104 = 0
dt
so
3
4
d
v1 ( t ) = A1 4 103 e410 t + A2 2.4 104 e 2.410 t
dt
At t = 0+
0=
d
4103 ( 0 )
2.4104 ( 0 )
v1 ( 0 ) = A1 4 103 e
+ A2 2.4 104 e
= A1 4 103 + A2 2.4 104
dt
so A1 = -6 and A2 = 1. Finally
v1 ( t ) = 10 + e2.410
4t
3t
6 e4 10
V for t > 0
P9.8-4
FG
H
t>0
IJ
K
di L
5cost + i L + 112 dv dt = 0
dt
di
dv
KVL at right loop : .5 L = 112
+v
dt
dt
KCL at top node : .5
bg
(3)
bg
b4 g
d 2 i L di L 1 d 2 v
of
1
.5
+
+
= 5sint
dt
dt 12 dt 2
dt 2
2
2
d of 2 .5 d i L = 1 d v + dv
dt
12 dt 2 dt
dt 2
d
Solving for
d2v
dt 2
+7
d 2i L
dt
bg
in 4 and
bg
b1g
b2 g
bg
di L
in 2 & plugging into 3
dt
dv
+ 12 v = 30sint
dt
so v(t) = A 1e 3t + A 2 e 4 t + v f
t = 0+
e j=
i c 0+
s2 + 7s + 12 = 0 s = 3, 4
Try v f = B1cost + B2 sint & plug

into D.E., equating like terms
yields B1 = 2117 , B2 = 3317
5V 1V
= 2A
1 + 1
So v(0 + ) = 1 = A 1 + A 2 + 2117
dv(0 + )
=
dt
U|
V|
W
dv(0 + )
= 24 = 3A 1 4A 2 3317
dt
v(t) = 25e 3t 117 429e 4 t 21cost + 33sint V
= 24 V s
1
12
A 1 = 25
A 2 = 429 17
P9.8-5 Use superposition first consider 2u(t) source
KVL at right mesh : v c + si L + 4(i L 2) = 0
(1)
also : i L = (1 / 3) sv c v c = (3 / s) i L
(2)
Plugging (2) into (1) yields (s2 + 4s + 3) i L = 0 , roots : s = 1 ,3

So i L (t) = A 1e t + A 2 e 3t
t = 0 circuit is dead
v c (0) = i L (0) = 0
Now from (1)
di L (0 )
= 8 4i L (0 + ) v C (0 + ) = 8 A / s
dt
So i L (0) = 0 = A 1 + A 2
di L (0)
= 8 = A 1 3A 2
dt
i L (t) = 4e t 4e 3t
U|
V| A
W
= 4 , A 2 = 4
v1 (t) = 8 4 i L (t) = 8 16e t + 16e 3t V

Now for 2u(t 2) source, just take above expression and replace t t 2 and flip signs
v 2 (t) = 8 +16e ( t 2 ) 16 e 3( t 2 ) V
v(t) = v1 (t) + v 2 (t)
v(t) = 8 16e t +16e 3t u(t) + 8 + 16e ( t 2 ) 16 e 3( t 2 ) u (t 2) V
P9.8-6
First, find the steady state response for t < 0, when the switch is closed. The input is constant so
the capacitor will act like an open circuit at steady state, and the inductor will act like a short
circuit.
i (0) =
and

v
d
+ 0.125 v = i
2
dt

10 cos t + v + 4
d
i+4i =0
dt
After some algebra:

d2
d
v + 5 v + 6 v = 20 cos t
2
dt
dt
5
= 1.25 mA
4
v ( 0) = 5 V
s 2 + 5 s + 6 = 0 s1,2 = 2, 3 rad/s
Try
vf = A cos t + B sin t
d2
d
A cos t + B sin t ) + 5 ( A cos t + B sin t ) + 6 ( A cos t + B sin t ) = 20 cos t
2 (
dt
dt
( A cos t B sin t ) + 5 ( A sin t + B cos t ) + 6 ( A cos t + B sin t ) = 20 cos t
( A + 5 B + 6 A) cos t + ( B 5 A + 6 B ) sin t = 20 cos t

So A =2 and B =2. Then
vf = 2 cos t + 2 sin t
v ( t ) = 2 cos t + 2 sin t + A1 e2 t + A2 e3 t
Next
v (t )
d
+ 0.125 v ( t ) = i ( t )
2
dt
d
v (t ) = 8 i (t ) 4 v (t )
dt
d
V
5
v ( 0 ) = 8 i ( 0 ) 4 v ( 0 ) = 8 4 ( 5 ) = 30
dt
s
4
Let t = 0 and use the initial conditions:
5 = v ( 0 ) = 2 cos 0 + 2 sin 0 + A1 e0 + A2 e0 = 2 + A1 + A2
d
v ( t ) = 2 sin t + 2 cos t 2 A1 e 2 t 3 A2 e 3 t
dt
30 =
d
v ( 0 ) = 2 sin 0 + 2 cos 0 2 A1 e 0 3 A2 e 0 = 2 2 A1 3 A2
dt
So A1 = -23 and A2 = 26 and
v ( t ) = 2 cos t + 2 sin t 23 e2 t + 26 e3 t
P9.8-7
circuit.
i ( 0) = 0 A
and

d
v=i
dt

d
8 i + v + 2 i + 4 (2 + i) = 0
dt
d
12 i + v + 2 i = 8
dt
1
d2
d
4
v + ( 6) v +
v =
2
dt
dt
C
2C
After some algebra:
1
d2
d
4
B + ( 6) B +
B =
2
dt
dt
C
2C
B = 8 V
v ( 0) = 0 V
(a)
d2
d
v + ( 6 ) v + ( 9 ) v = 72
2
dt
dt
2
The characteristic equation is s + 6 s + 9 = 0 s1,2 = 3, 3
When C = 1/18 F the differential equation is
Then v ( t ) = ( A1 + A2 t ) e 3t 8 .
Using the initial conditions:

0 = v ( 0 ) = ( A1 + A2 ( 0 ) ) e0 8
0=
So
(b)
d
v ( 0 ) = 3 ( A1 + A2 ( 0 ) ) e0 + A2 e0
dt
A1 = 8
A2 = 24
v ( t ) = ( 8 + 24 t ) e 3t 8 V for t > 0
d2
d
v + ( 6 ) v + ( 5 ) v = 40
2
dt
dt
2
The characteristic equation is s + 6 s + 5 = 0 s1,2 = 1, 5
Then v ( t ) = A1 e t + A2 e5 t 8 .
0 = v ( 0 ) = A1 e0 + A2 e0 8 A1 + A2 = 8
A1 = 10 and A2 = 2
d
0
0
0 = v ( 0 ) = A1 e 5 A2 e A1 5 A2 = 0
dt
So
v ( t ) = 10 e t 2 e5 t 8 V for t > 0
(c)
d2
d
v + ( 6 ) v + (10 ) v = 80
2
dt
dt
2
The characteristic equation is s + 6 s + 10 = 0 s1,2 = 3 j
Then v ( t ) = e 3 t ( A1 cos t + A2 sin t ) 8 .

0 = v ( 0 ) = e0 ( A1 cos 0 + A2 sin 0 ) 8
0=
So
A1 = 8
d
v ( 0 ) = 3 e0 ( A1 cos 0 + A2 sin 0 ) + e0 ( A1 sin 0 + A2 cos 0 )
dt
v ( t ) = e3 t ( 8cos t + 24 sin t ) 8 V for t > 0
A2 = 24
P9.8-8
The circuit will be at steady state for t<0:
so iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0.5 A and vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 2 V.

For t>0:
1
1d
1 1d
= iL ( t ) +
vC ( t ) iL ( t ) =
vC ( t )
4
4 dt
4 4 dt
Apply KCL at node b to get:
Apply KVL to the right-most mesh to get:
4 iL ( t ) + 2
d
1 d
iL ( t ) = 8
vc ( t ) + vc ( t )
dt
4
dt
Use the substitution method to get

d 1 1 d
1 1 d
1 d
4
vC ( t ) + 2
vC ( t ) = 8
vc ( t ) + v ( t )
dt 4 4 dt
4 4 dt
4 dt
c
or
2=
d2
d
vC ( t ) + 6 vC ( t ) + 2 vC ( t )
dt
dt 2
The forced response will be a constant, vC= B so 2 =
d2
d
B + 6 B + 2 B B =1 V .
2
dt
dt
0 = s 2 + 6 s + 2 = ( s + 5.65 )( s + 0.35 )

vn = A1 e5.65 t + A 2 e0.35 t
vC ( t ) = A1 e 5.65 t + A 2 e0.35 t +1
so
Then
1 1 d
1
iL ( t ) = +
vC ( t ) = +1.41 A1 e5.65 t + 0.0875 A 2 e0.35 t
4 4 dt
4
At t=0+
2 = vC ( 0 + ) = A1 + A 2 +1
1
1
=iL ( 0 + ) = +1.41A1 + 0.0875 A 2
2
4
so A1 = 0.123 and A2 = 0.877. Finally

vC ( t ) = 0.123 e-5.65 t + 0.877 e-0.35 t +1 V
P9.8-9
v = L di dt
(1)
dv
v
KCL : C
+ i+
= i s (2)
dt
2
Substituting (1) into (2) yields

(s2 + 4 s + 29 ) i = i s =
5
= 145
1
29
roots : s = 2 j5
i n = e 2 t A cos 5t + B sin 5t
i f = 145 29 = 5
So i (t) = 5 + e 2 t A cos 5t + B sin 5t
Now i (0) = 0 = A +5
A = 5
di (0)
= 0 = 2A + 5B B = 2
dt
i (t) = 5+e 2 t 5 cos 5t 2sin 5t
from (1)
P9.8-10
t = 0
2
9 = 6A = i (0 + )
2+1
1
9 1.5 = 4.5V = v(0 + )
& v (0 ) =
2+1
i(0 ) =
t>0
dv
v
+
= is
dt
1.5
dv
v
5di
v + (0.5
+
) (0.5) =
+ i
dt
1.5
dt
KCL at middle node: i + 0.5
(1)
KVL :
(2)
Solving for i in (1) and plugging into

(2) i ld
d2v
dt
d
49 dv
4
2
+ v =
i s + 2 is
30 dt
5
5
dt
where i s = 9 + 3e 2 t A
49
4
= 0 yields s = .817 j.365
s+
30
5
v n (t) = e .817 t A 1cos (.365t) + A 2 sin (.365t)
B0 = 4.5, B1=
7.04
Try v f (t) =.817
B0t+ B1e 2 t and plug into the D.E.,equate like terms
So v(t) = e
A 1cos(.365t ) + A 2 sin (.365t) + 4.5 7.04e 2 t
So have s2 +
Now v(0) = 4.5 = A 1 + 4.5 7.04 A 1 = 7.04

from (1)
dv(0)
4
4
= 2 i s (0) 2i (0) v(0) = 2(9+3) 2(6) (4.5) = 6
dt
3
3
6 = .817A 1 + . 365 A 2 + 14.08 A 2 = 22.82
v(t) dv(t)
.5
1.5
dt
2.37 cos (.365t) + 7.14 sin (.365t)
so i(t) = i s (t)
i(t) = e .817 t
P9.8-11
+ 6 +.65e 2 t A
circuit.
va ( 0 ) = 4 i ( 0 )
i ( 0 ) = 2 ( 4 i ( 0 ) ) i ( 0 ) = 0 A
and
v ( 0 ) = 10 V
For t > 0
Apply KCL at node 2:
va
d
v=0
+ K va + C
R
dt
KCL at node 1 and Ohms

Law:
va = R i
so
d
1+ K R
v=
i
dt
CR
Apply KVL to the outside loop:
d
i + R i + v Vs = 0
dt
After some algebra:

d2
R d
1+ K R
1+ K R
v+
v+
v=
Vs
2
dt
L dt
LC
LC
d2
d
v + 40 v + 144 v = 2304
2
dt
dt
d2
d
B + ( 40 ) B + (144 ) B = 2304 B = 16 V
2
dt
dt
The characteristic equation is s 2 + 40 s + 144 = 0 s1,2 = 4, 36 .
v ( t ) = A1 e 4 t + A2 e36 t + 16 .
Then
10 = v ( 0 ) = A1 e0 + A2 e0 + 16 A1 + A2 = 6

d
0
0
0 = v ( 0 ) = 4 A1 e 36 A2 e 4 A1 36 A2 = 0
dt
A1 = 0.75 and A2 = 6.75
So
v ( t ) = 0.75 e 4 t 6.75 e36 t + 16 V for t > 0
P9.8-12
Two steady state responses are of interest, before and
after the switch opens. At steady state, the capacitor acts
like an open circuit and the inductor acts like a short
circuit.
For t > 0, the switch is open. At steady state, inductor

24
current is i ( ) =
. From the given equation,
R1 + 20
i ( ) = lim i ( t ) = 0.24 . Thus,
t
0.24 =
24
R1 = 80 .
R1 + 20
For t < 0, the switch is closed and the circuit is at steady

state.
24
= 0.24 + 0.193 cos ( 102 ) = 0.2
80 || R 3 + 20
Consequently, R 3 = 80
d
R1 i ( t ) + C v ( t ) + v ( t ) = Vs
dt
Apply KVL to get

v (t ) = L
d
i (t ) + R2 i (t )
dt
d d
d
dt dt
dt
then
R1 C L
d2
dt
i ( t ) + R1 C R 2 + L
) dtd i ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) i ( t ) = Vs
R1 C R 2 + L d
R1 + R 2
Vs
i
t
i
t
i
t
=
+
+
(
)
(
)
(
)
R1 C L dt
R1 C L
R1 C L
dt 2
d2
Compare to
d2
dt
to get
2 =
i ( t ) + 2
R1 C R 2 + L
R1 C L
d
i ( t ) + 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt
, 02 =
R1 + R 2
R1 C L
and
f (t ) =
Vs
R1 C L
From the given equation, we have = 6.25 and d = 9.27 rad/s . Consequently,
0 = d 2 + 2 = 11.18 rad/s . Next

12.5 =
R1 C R 2 + L
R1 C L
20
1
+
L 80 C
and 125 =
R1 + R 2
R1 C L
1.25
1
100 =
CL
CL
So
12.5 =
20
1
+
1
80 C
100 C
0 = 2000 C 2 12.5 C + 0.0125 C = 1.25, 5 mF
The corresponding values of the inductance are L = 8, 2 H .
There are two solutions:
R1 = 80 , R 3 = 80 , C = 1.25 mF and L = 8 H
and
R1 = 80 , R 3 = 80 , C = 5 mF and L = 2 H
We have used the initial condition i ( 0 ) = 0.2 A but we have not yet used the initial condition
v (t ) = L
d
i (t ) + R2 i (t )
dt
from the given equation,
v (0) R2 i ( 0) 8 4 4
d
i ( 0) =
= =
dt
L
L
L L L
i ( t ) = 0.24 + e 6.25 t ( 0.04 cos ( 9.27 t ) + 0.1888sin ( 9.27 t ) ) A for t 0
d
i ( t ) = ( 6.25 ) e6.25 t ( 0.04 cos ( 9.27 t ) + 0.1888sin ( 9.27 t ) )
dt
+ ( 9.27 ) e 6.25 t ( 0.04sin ( 9.27 t ) + 0.1888cos ( 9.27 t ) ) for t 0

d
i ( 0 ) = ( 6.25 )( 0.04 ) + ( 9.27 )(1.888 ) = 2
dt
2=
Consequently,
d
4
i ( 0) =
dt
L
L=2H
and we choose
R1 = 80 , R 3 = 80 , C = 5 mF and L = 2 H
P9.8-13
First, we find the initial conditions;
For t < 0, the switch is closed and the circuit is at steady

state. At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open
circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.
v (0 ) =
12
18 = 12 V
( 8 || 24 ) + 12
and
i (0 ) =
24
18
= 0.75 A
8 + 24 ( 8 || 24 ) + 12
Next, represent the circuit by a differential equation.

d
R1 i ( t ) + C v ( t ) + v ( t ) = Vs
dt
Apply KVL to get

v (t ) = L
d
i (t ) + R2 i (t )
dt
d d
d
dt dt
dt
then
R1 C L
d2
dt
i ( t ) + R1 C R 2 + L
) dtd i ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) i ( t ) = Vs
R1 C R 2 + L d
R1 + R 2
Vs
i (t ) +
i (t ) +
i (t ) =
R1 C L dt
R1 C L
R1 C L
dt
d2
Compare to
d2
dt
to get
2 =
i ( t ) + 2
R1 C R 2 + L
R1 C L
d
i ( t ) + 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt
, 02 =
R1 + R 2
R1 C L
and
f (t ) =
Vs
R1 C L
With the given element values, we have = 17.5 and 0 2 = 250 . Consequently, the roots of the
characteristic equation are s 1 = 2 0 2 = 25 and s 2 = + 2 02 = 10 . The
natural response is
i n ( t ) = A1 e10 t + A 2 e25 t
Next, determine the forced response.

The steady state response after the switch opens will be
used as the forced response. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit.
if =
18
= 0.9 A
8 + 12
So
i ( t ) = i n ( t ) + i f ( t ) = A1 e10 t + A 2 e25 t + 0.9

It remains to evaluate A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0 we have
0.75 = i ( 0 ) = A1 + A 2 + 0.9
The other initial condition comes from
v (t ) R 2
d
i (t ) =
i (t )
dt
L
L
d
12 12
i ( 0) =
0.75 = 7.5
dt
0.4 0.4
then
7.5 =
d
i ( 0 ) = 10 A1 25 A 2
dt
Solving these equations gives A1 = 0.25 and A2 = 0.4 so
i ( t ) = 0.25 e10 t 0.4 e25 t + 0.9 A for t > 0

(checked using LNAPTR 7/21/04)
P9.8-14
For t < 0, the switch is open and the circuit

is at steady state. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit.
v ( 0 ) = 0 V and i ( 0 ) = 0 A
also
i (0)
d
v ( 0) =
=0
dt
0.025
Next, represent the circuit after the switch closes by a differential equation. To do so, we find the
Thevenin equivalent circuit for the part of the circuit to the left of the inductor.
v s v oc
R1
v s R 2 (1 + b )
v oc =
v oc
R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
ia + bia =
R 2
ia =
i sc = i a (1 + b ) =
v s R 2 (1 + b )
Rt =
v oc
i sc
After the switch closes, apply KVL to get

d
i ( t ) + v ( t ) = voc
dt
Apply KCL to get

i (t ) = C
d
v (t )
dt
Substituting i ( t ) into the first equation gives
1
voc
R d
v (t ) + v (t ) +
v (t ) =
CL
dt
L dt
CL
d2
Compare to
d2
dt
to get
v ( t ) + 2
R1
(1 + b )
R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
R1 R 2
=
vs
R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
(1 + b )
R1
With the given values, v oc = 16 V and R t = 2 .
R t i (t ) + L
vs
d
v ( t ) + 0 2 v ( t ) = f (t )
dt
2 =
Rt
L
, 02 =
1
and
CL
f (t ) =
voc
CL
characteristic equation are s 1,2 = 2 02 = 2.5 j 9.682 and the circuit is
underdamped. The damped resonant frequency is d = 0 2 2 = 9.682 rad/s . The natural
response is
v n ( t ) = e2.5 t A1 cos 9.682 t + A 2 sin 9.682 t

The steady state response after the switch closes will be
v f = v oc = 16 V
So
v ( t ) = 16 + e2.5 t A1 cos 9.682 t + A 2 sin 9.682 t

0 = v ( 0 ) = 16 + A1
A1 = 16
and
0=
d
v ( 0 ) = 2.5 A1 + 9.682 A 2
dt
A2 =
2.5 16
= 4.131
9.682
Finally,
v ( t ) = 16 + e2.5 t ( 16 cos 9.682 t 4.131sin 9.682 t )

= 16 + 16.525 e2.5 t cos ( 9.682 t + 165.5 ) V for t 0
P9.8-15
For t < 0, the switch is open and the circuit is

at steady state. At steady state, the capacitor
acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
v ( 0 ) = 0 V and i ( 0 ) = 0 A
also
i ( 0)
v ( 0)
d
v (0) =
=0
dt
0.005 50 0.005
Next, represent the circuit after the switch closes by a differential equation.
After the switch closes, use KCL to get
i (t ) =
v (t )
d
+ C v (t )
R2
dt
Use KVL to get

v s = R1 i ( t ) + L
d
i (t ) + v (t )
dt
Substitute to get
vs =
R1
R2
= CL
v ( t ) + R1C
d
L d
d2
v (t ) +
v ( t ) + CL 2 v ( t ) + v ( t )
dt
R 2 dt
dt
R1 + R 2
d2
L d
v t + R1C +
v (t ) +
v (t )
2 ( )
dt
R
dt
R
2
2
Finally,
vs
CL
R1
R1 + R 2
d2
1 d
v t +
+
v (t ) +
v (t )
2 ( )
L R 2C dt
dt
R
CL
2
Compare to
d2
dt
to get
2 =
R1
L
i ( t ) + 2
d
i ( t ) + 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt
R1 + R 2
1
, 02 =
R 2C
R 2CL
and
f (t ) =
vs
CL
characteristic equation are s 1 = 11.3 and s 2 = 17.7 so the circuit is overdamped. The natural
response is
v n ( t ) = A1 e11.3t + A 2 e17.7 t
vf =
1
v s = 10 V
2
So
v n ( t ) = 10 + A1 e11.3t + A 2 e17.7 t
0 = v ( 0 ) = 10 + A1 + A 2
and
0=
d
v ( 0 ) = 11.3 A1 17.7 A 2
dt
Solving these equations gives
A1 = 27.6 and A 2 = 17.6

Finally,
v ( t ) = 10 27.6 e 11.3 t + 17.6 e 17.7 t
P9.8-16
For t < 0, the switch is closed and the circuit is at

steady state. At steady state, the capacitor acts like an
open circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.
v ( 0 ) = 0 V and i ( 0 ) = 0 A
Also
9 i ( 0 ) + 0.4
d
i (0) = v (0)
dt
d
i (0) = 0
dt

After the switch closes use KVL to get
R 2 i (t ) + L
d
i (t ) = v (t )
dt
Use KCL and KVL to get

d
v s = R1 i ( t ) + C v ( t ) + v ( t )
dt
Substitute to get
d
d2
d
v s = R1i ( t ) + R1CR 2 i ( t ) + R1C L 2 i ( t ) + R 2i ( t ) + L i ( t )
dt
dt
dt
2
d
d
= R1CL 2 i ( t ) + R1 R 2C + L
i ( t ) + R1 + R 2 i ( t )
dt
dt
then
R2
vs
R1 + R 2
d2
1 d
= 2 i (t ) +
+
i (t ) +
i (t )
L R1C dt
R1CL dt
R1CL
Compare to
d2
d
i t + 2 i ( t ) + 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
2 ( )
dt
dt
to get
R2
R1 + R 2
Vs
1
+
2 =
, 02 =
and f (t ) =
L R1C
R1 C L
R1 C L
With the given element values, we have = 12.5 and 02 = 156.25 . Consequently, the roots of
the characteristic equation are s 1,2 = 2 02 = 12.5, 12.5 so the circuit is critically
damped. The natural response is
i n ( t ) = A1 + A 2 t e 12.5 t
20
if =
= 0.8 A
16 + 9
So
i ( t ) = i n ( t ) + i f ( t ) = A1 + A 2 t e12.5 t + 0.8
0=
And
0 = i ( 0 ) = A1 + 0.8
A1 = 0.8
d
i ( 0 ) = 12.5 A1 A 2
dt
A 2 = 10
Thus
i ( t ) = ( 0.8 + 10 t ) e12.5 t + 0.8 for t > 0

P9.8-17
For t < 0, the switch is closed and the

circuit is at steady state. At steady state, the
inductors act like short circuits.
i1 ( 0 ) =
and
20
= 1.333 A
15
i 2 (0 ) = 0 A

After the switch opens, KVL gives
L1
d
d
i1 ( t ) = R 2 i 2 ( t ) + L 2 i 2 ( t )
dt
dt
KVL and KCL give

L1
d
i 1 ( t ) + R1 ( i 1 ( t ) + i 2 ( t ) ) = 0
dt
Use the operator method to get
L1s i1 = R 2 i 2 + L 2 s i 2
L1s i1 + R1 ( i1 + i 2 ) = 0
L1s 2i1 + R1s i1 + R1s i 2 = 0

s ( R 2i 2 + L 2 s i 2 ) +
R1
L1
(R i
2 2
+ L 2 s i 2 ) + R1s i 2 = 0
L2
R1 R 2
+ R1 s i 2 +
L 2 s 2 i 2 + R 2 + R1
i2 = 0
L
L
1
1
R 2 R 1 R1
R1 R 2
s 2i 2 +
+
+ s i2 +
i2 = 0
L 2 L 2 L1
L1 L 2
so
R 2 R1 R1 d
R1 R 2
d2
i t +
+
+ i 2 (t ) +
i 2 (t ) = 0
2 2( )
L 2 L 2 L1 dt
dt
L
L
1
2
Compare to
d2
dt
i ( t ) + 2
d
i ( t ) + 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt
to get
2 =
R2
L2
R1
L2
R1
L1
, 02 =
R1R 2
L1L 2
and
f (t ) = 0
With the given element values, we have = 33.9 and 02 = 281.25 . Consequently, the roots of
the characteristic equation are s 1,2 = 2 02 = 4.4, 63.4 so the circuit is
overdamped. The natural response is
i n ( t ) = A1 e4.4 t + A 2 e63.4 t
The steady state response after the switch
opens will be used as the forced response.
At steady state the inductors act like short
circuits.
if = 0 A
So
i 2 ( t ) = i n ( t ) + i f ( t ) = A1 e4.4 t + A2 e63.4 t
0 = i 2 ( 0 ) = A1 + A 2
L2
d
i 2 ( 0 ) + R 2 i 2 ( 0 ) + R1 i 1 ( 0 ) + R 1 i 2 ( 0 )
dt
d
i 2 ( 0 ) = 20
dt
and
20 =
d
i ( 0 ) = 4.4 A1 63.4 A 2
dt
Solving these equations gives A1 = 0.339 and A2 = 0.339 so
i 2 ( t ) = 0.339 e4.4 t + 0.339 e63.4 t for t 0

P9.8-18
For t < 0, the switch is open and the circuit is at steady

state. At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open
circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.
v ( 0 ) = 0 V and i ( 0 ) = 0 A
also
i (0)
d
v ( 0) =
=0
dt
0.005
Next, represent the circuit after the switch closes by a differential equation.
i (t ) = C
d
v (t )
dt
KCL and KVL give
1 d
d
v s = R2 i (t ) + L i (t ) + v (t ) + L i (t ) + v (t )
R1 dt
dt

Substituting gives
R2
R2
R2
d2
d
d2
d
vs =
LC 2 v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + 1 +
v ( t ) = 1 +
LC 2 v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + 1 +
v (t )
R1
dt
dt
R1
R1
dt
dt
R1
R2
So the differential equation is

R1 R 2
d2
d
1
=
v (t ) +
v (t ) +
v (t )
LC
LC ( R1 + R 2 ) dt
L ( R1 + R 2 ) dt
R1v s
Compare to
d2
dt
i ( t ) + 2
d
i ( t ) + 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt
to get
2 =
R1 R 2
L R1 + R 2
, 02 =
1
CL
and
f (t ) =
R1v s
LC R1 + R 2
characteristic equation are s 1,2 = 2 02 = 6.25 j 7.806 and the circuit is
underdamped. The damped resonant frequency is d = 02 2 = 7.806 rad/s . The natural
response is
v n ( t ) = e6.25 t A1 cos 7.806 t + A 2 sin 7.806 t

vf =
50
20 = 10 V
50 + 50
So
v ( t ) = 10 + e6.25 t A1 cos 7.806 t + A 2 sin 7.806 t

0 = v ( 0 ) = 10 + A1
and
A1 = 10
0=
d
v ( 0 ) = 6.25 A1 + 7.806 A 2
dt
A2 =
6.25 10
= 8.006
7.806
Finally,
v ( t ) = 10 + e6.25 t ( 10 cos 7.806 t 8.006sin 7.806 t )

= 10 + 12.81 e6.25 t cos ( 7.806 t + 141.3 ) V for t 0
P9.8-19
When the circuit reaches steady state after t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit. Under these conditions
vC ( ) =
R2
R1 + R 2
Next, represent the circuit by a 2nd order differential equation:

KCL at the top node of R2 gives:
KVL around the outside loop gives:
vC ( t )
R2
vs ( t ) = L
+C
d
vC ( t ) = iL ( t )
dt
d
iL ( t ) + R1 iL ( t ) + vC ( t )
dt

vs ( t ) = L
v (t )
d vC ( t )
d
d
+ C vC ( t ) + R1 C
+ C vC ( t ) + vC ( t )
R2
dt R 2
dt
dt
= LC
L
d
R1
d2
+ R1 C vC ( t ) + 1 +
v t +
v t
2 C ( )
R2
dt
R 2 C ( )
dt
(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R1 = R2 = 1.309

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
v f = vC ( ) =
R2
R1 + R 2
1=
1
2
1+ 1
1
R1
R2 2
+ s+
= s + 6 s + 8 = ( s + 2 )( s + 4 )
s2 +
R 2 C L LC
so the natural response is

vn = A1 e2 t + A2 e4 t V
The complete response is
vc ( t ) =
iL ( t ) =
vC ( t )
1.309
At t = 0+
1
+ A1 e 2 t + A2 e 4 t V
2
d
vC ( t ) = 1.236 A1 e2 t 3.236 A2 e4 t + 0.3819
dt
0 = vc ( 0 + ) = A1 + A2 + 0.5
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = 1.236 A1 3.236 A2 + 0.3819
Solving these equations gives A1 = -1 and A2 = 0.5, so

vc ( t ) =
1
1
e 2 t + e 4 t V
2
2
(b) C = 1 F, L = 1 H, R1 = 3 , R2 = 1
R2
1
v f = vC ( ) =
1=
R1 + R 2
4
R
1+ 1
1
R1
R2 2
2
s2 +
+ s+
= s + 4s + 4 = ( s + 2 )
R 2 C L LC

v f = ( A1 + A2 t ) e 2 t V

vc ( t ) =
1
+ ( A1 + A2 t ) e 2 t V
4
iL ( t ) = vC ( t ) +
d
1
vC ( t ) = +
dt
4
(( A
A1 ) A2 t e 2 t
At t = 0+
0 = vc ( 0 + ) = A1 +
0 = iL ( 0 + ) =
1
4
1
+ A2 A1
4
Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.25 and A2 = -0.5, so

1 1 1 2 t
+ t e V
4 4 2
(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, R1 = 1 , R2 = 4
R2
4
v f = vC ( ) =
1=
R1 + R 2
5
R
1+ 1
1
R1
R2 2
s2 +
+ s+
= s + 4s + 20 = ( s + 2 j 4 )( s + 2 + j 4 )
R 2 C L LC

v f = e 2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
vc ( t ) =
iL ( t ) =
At t = 0+
vc ( t ) = 0.8 + e 2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
vC ( t )
4
A2 2 t
A1
1d
vC ( t ) = 0.2 +
e cos 4 t e2 t sin 4 t
8 dt
2
2
0 = vc ( 0 + ) = 0.8 + A1
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = 0.2 +
A2
2
vc ( t ) = 0.8 e2 t ( 0.8cos 4 t + 0.4sin 4 t ) V
P9.8-20
When the circuit reaches steady state after t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit. Under these conditions
vC ( ) =
R2
R1 + R 2
1, iL ( ) =
1
R1 + R 2
and
vo ( ) =
R2
R1 + R 2
Next, represent the circuit by a 2nd order differential equation:

KVL around the right-hand mesh gives:
KCL at the top node of the capacitor gives:
d
iL ( t ) + R 2 iL ( t )
dt
vs ( t ) vC ( t )
d
C vC ( t ) = iL ( t )
R1
dt
vC ( t ) = L
vs ( t ) = R1 C
d d
d
L iL ( t ) + R 2 iL ( t ) + L iL ( t ) + R 2 iL ( t ) + R1 iL ( t )
dt dt
dt
d2
d
= R1 LC 2 iL ( t ) + ( L + R1 R 2 C ) iL ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) iL ( t )
dt
dt
v (t )
Using iL ( t ) = o
gives
R2
vs (t ) =
R1
R2
LC
L
d
R1 + R 2
d2
v t +
v t
+ R1 C v o ( t ) +
2 o( )
R2
dt
R 2 o ( )
dt
(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R1 = R2 = 1.309

R2
1
v f = vo ( ) =
1=
R1 + R 2
2
1+ 2
1
R2
R1 2
s2 +
+
s+
= s + 6 s + 8 = ( s + 2 )( s + 4 )
R1 C L LC

vn = A1 e2 t + A2 e4 t V
1
+ A1 e 2 t + A2 e 4 t V
2
A1 2 t
A 2 4 t
v (t )
1
=
+
iL ( t ) = o
e +
e V
1.309 2.618 1.309
1.309
vo ( t ) =
vC ( t ) = 1.309 iL ( t ) +
1 d
1
iL ( t ) = + 0.6167 A1 e 2 t + 0.2361 A2 e 4 t
4 dt
2
At t = 0+
0 = iL ( 0 + ) =
0 = vC ( 0 + ) =
A1
A2
1
+
+
2.618 1.309 1.309
1
+ 0.6167 A1 + 0.2361 A2
2
Solving these equations gives A1 = -1 and A2 = 0.5, so

vo ( t ) =
1
1
e 2 t + e 4 t V
2
2
(b) C = 1 F, L = 1 H, R1 = 1 , R2 = 3
R2
3
v f = vo ( ) =
1=
R1 + R 2
4
R
1+ 2
1
R2
R1 2
2
s2 +
+
s+
= s + 4s + 4 = ( s + 2 )
R1 C L LC

v f = ( A1 + A2 t ) e 2 t V

vo ( t ) =
3
+ ( A1 + A2 t ) e 2 t V
4
iL ( t ) =
vo ( t )
3
vC ( t ) = 3 iL ( t ) +
1 A1 A2 2 t
t e V
+ +
4 3
3
3 A1 A2 A2 2 t
d
iL ( t ) = + +
t e
+
4 3
3 3
dt
At t = 0+
0 = iL ( 0 + ) =
A1
1
4
3
3 A1 A2
0 = vC ( 0 + ) = + +
4 3
3
vo ( t ) =
3 3 3 2 t
+ t e V
4 4 2
(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, R1 = 4 , R2 = 1

R2
1
1=
v f = vo ( ) =
5
R1 + R 2
R
1+ 2
1
R2
R1 2
s2 +
+
s+
= s + 4s + 20 = ( s + 2 j 4 )( s + 2 + j 4 )
R1 C L LC

v f = e 2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V

vo ( t ) = 0.2 + e 2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
iL ( t ) =
vo ( t )
vC ( t ) = iL ( t ) +
At t = 0+
= 0.2 + e 2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
1 d
iL ( t ) = 0.2 + 2 A2 e 2 t cos 4 t 2 A1 e 2 t sin 4 t
2 dt
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = 0.2 + A1
0 = vC ( 0 + ) = 0.2 + 2 A2
vc ( t ) = 0.2 e2 t ( 0.2 cos 4 t + 0.1sin 4 t ) V
Section 9-9: State Variable Approach to Circuit Analysis

P9.9-1
t = 0 circuit is source free i L (0) = 0 & v(0) = 0
t>0
1 dv
dt = 4
5
di
KVL at right loop : v 1 L dt 6i L = 0
KCL at
top node: i L +
(1)
d2v
dv
+ 6
+ 5v = 120
2
dt
dt
s2 + 6s + 5 = 0, s = 1, 5 v n (t) = A 1 e t + A 2 e 5t
Try v f = B & plug into D.E. B = 24 = v f
dv(0)
From (1)
= 20 5 i L (0) = 20 V s
dt
So v(0) = 0 = A 1 + A 2 + 24
A 1= 25, A 2 = 1
dv(0)
v (t) = 25e t + e 5t + 24 V
= 20 = A 1 5A 2
dt
Solving for i1 in (1) & plugging into (2)
U|
V|
W
P9.9-2
t = 0
circuit is source free i L (0) = 0, & v(0) = 0
t >0
i L = 4 110 dv dt
di L
KVL at right node : v
dt 6i L = 0
d2v
dv
(1) into (2) yields
+6
+ 10v = 240
dt
dt 2
KCL at top node :
(1)
(2)
s2 + 6 s + 10 = 0, s = 3 j v n (t) = e
3 t
A 1cos t + A 2 sint
Try v f = B & plug into D.E. v f = B = 24

dv (0)
From (1)
= 40 10 i L (0) = 40 V s
dt
So v(0) = 0 = A 1 + 24 A 1 = 24 &
v (t) = e
3 t
A2
dv(0)
= 40 = 3A 1 + A 2
dt
= 32
24 cost 32 sint + 24 V
P9.9-3
i (0) = 3, v(0) = 0
t > 0
dv
v
+
+ 6=0
dt
R
di
KVL: v = L
dt
KCL: i + C
d 2i
di
+ 100
+ 250i = 1500
dt
dt 2
s = 2.57, 97.4
1500
i f (t) =
= 6
250
i(t) = A 1e 2.57 t + A 2 e 97.4 t 6
i (0) = A 1 + A 2 6 = 3
di (0)
= 0 = 2.57A 1 97.4A 2
dt
i (t) = 3. 081 e
v (t) = .2
2.57 t
di
= 158
. e
dt
.081e
2.57 t
97.4 t
U|
V|
W
A 1 = 3 .081
A 2 =.081
6 A
+ 1.58e 97.4 t V
P9.9-4
KCL at 2 - 3: i x 2i x .01
KCL at 1: i 2i x +
KVL : v x + v .1
ix = 2 vx v
i 2 (0) = 0, v c (0) = 10
reduces to :
(1.5.01s) v + (.25s) i =0
( 2.5)v + (1+.45s) i = 0
The characteristic equation is : s2 + 13.33s + 333.33 = 0 s1, s 2 , = 6.67 j 17
* Note: no forced response
v(t) = [ A cos 17t + B sin 17t ] e6.67t
dv(0)
= 111 = 6.67A + 17 B B = 2.6
dt
v (t) = [10 cos 17t 2.6sin17t] e6.67t
v(0) = 10 = A and
i (t) = [ A cos 17 t + B sin 17 t ] e6.67t

di (0)
= 55.6 = 6.67A + 17B B=3.27
dt
i (t) = [3.27 sin 17t] e6.67t
i (0) = 0 =A and
vx
dv
+
=0
dt
2
vx
=0
2
di
=0
dt
P9.9-5
t<0
10
A
3
v(0) = 10V, i L (0) =
0 < t < .5s
R
3
=
L
2
1
2
0 = LC =
12
=
s =
2 20
s1 = .028
s2 = 2.97
v(t) = Ae .028 t + Be 2.97 t
v f =0
U|
V|
W
v(0) = 10 = A + B
A = + 16. 89
dv(0)
= 20 = .028A 2.97, B B = + 6.89
dt
v(t) = 16. 89 e .028 t 6.89e 2.97 t
i(t) = .079e .028 t + 3.41e 2.97 t
t = .5s
v(.5) = 15.1 V
i (.5) = .7 A
t > 0.55
KCL:
v 30
6
+ iL +
1 dv
=
6 dt
di L
KVL: v = 3i L + 12
dt :
Characteristic equation
0 = s2 7s 18 s = 1,9
v f = 10 V
v(t) = Ae 9t + Be t +10
v (.5) =151
. = 90A + .61B + 10
dv(.5)
= 10.7 = 810A .61B
dt
t
0
.5
.5
2
U|
V|
W
A = 17.6 10 3
B = 5.77
v(t)
16.89e-0.28t - 6.89e-2.97 t V
17.6 10-3e9t + 5.77e-t + 10 V
Section 9-10: Roots in the Complex Plane

P9.10-1
s 2 + 3.5 106 s + 1.5 1012 = 0
s = 5 105
1
s2 = 3 106
P9.10-2
s 2 + 800s + 250000 = 0
s = 400 j 300
P9.10-3
KCL:
KVL:
Characteristic equation:
s 2 + 1 103 s + 1106 = 0
s = 500 j 866
1
dv
v
106
+
4
dt
4000
di
vs = 4 + v
dt
i=
P9.10-4
at t = 0
v(0) = v b (0)= 0
dv v v
i (0) = 0 and C b + b a + =0
6
dt
t=0
v a (0) 36
v (0) v b (0)
i (0) + a
=
12
6
then v a (0) + 2v a (0) = 36 so v a (0) =12V
Node a:
t 0
Node a :
Node b :
Using operators
va vs
v
v
1
+
(v a v b ) dt + a b = 0
12
L
6
dv b
v v
1
C
+ b a +
(v a v b )dt =0
dt
6
L
v
1 1
1
1
1
+
+
va + v b = s
6 s
12
6
s
12
1
1
1
1
1
( ) va + (
s +
+
) vb = 0
6
s
18
6
s
FG
H
IJ
K
zI
FG
H
JK
Cramers rule
(s2 +5s + 6) v b = (s+ 6)1 v s
Then
need
v b = 36 + A 1 e 2 t + A 2 e 3t
v b (0) = 36 + A 1 + A 2
(2)
dv b
(0) = 2A 1 3A 2
dt
Use 1 above C
bg
v 0 v b (0)
dv b (0)
1
12
( 2A 1 3A 2 ) = a
=
i(0) =
=2
6
dt
18
6
Use (2) and (3) to get

A 1 = 72
A 2 = 36
so v b = 36 72e
2 t
+ 36e 3t , t 0
(3)
(1)
Section 9-11 How Can We Check?

P9.11-1
This problem is similar to the verification example in this chapter. First, check the steady-state
inductor current
v
25
i (t ) = s =
= 250 mA
100 100
This agrees with the value of 250.035 mA shown on the plot. Next, the plot shows an
underdamped response. That requires
12 103 = L < 4 R 2C = 4(100) 2 (2 106 ) = 8 102

This inequality is satisfied, which also agrees with the plot. The damped resonant frequency is
given by
2
2
1
1
1
1
= 5.95 103

=
=
d
6
2(100) (2 10 )
LC 2RC
2 106 12 103
)(
The plot indicates a maxima at 550.6s and a minima at 1078.7s. The period of the damped
oscillation is
T = 2 (1078.7 s 550.6 s) = 1056.2 s
d
2
2
=
= 5.949 103
Finally, check that 5.95 103 = =
d
6
T
1056.2 10
d
The value of d determined from the plot agrees with the value obtained from the circuit.
The plot is correct
P9.11-2
This problem is similar to the verification example in this chapter. First, check the steady-state
inductor current.
v
15
i (t ) = s =
= 150 mA
100 100
This agrees with the value of 149.952 mA shown on the plot. Next, the plot shows an under
damped response. This requires
8 103 = L < 4 R 2C = 4 (100)2 (0.2 106 ) = 8 103

This inequality is not satisfied. The values in the circuit would produce a critically damped, not
underdamped, response. This plot is not correct.

Chapter 9 - The Complete Response of Circuits With Two Energy Storage Elements

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 9 - The Complete Response of Circuits With Two Energy Storage Elements

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Problems

LM R + 1OPv + LMR C + L OP dv + [LC] d v

R 1 = 2, R 2 = 100, L = 1mH, C = 10F

Solving Cramer' s rule for i L :

LM1 + R OPi + LM L + R COPsi

R 1 = 100, R 2 = 10, L = 1mH, C = 10F

Apply KVL to get

Substituting v ( t ) into the first equation gives

After the switch closes, use KCL to get

Use KVL to get

After the switch closes use KVL to get

Use KCL and KVL to get

After the switch opens, KVL gives

KVL and KCL give

Use the operator method to get

L1s i1 + R1s i1 + R1s i 2 = 0

After the switch closes, KVL and KCL give

Using the operator method

KCL and KVL give

Using the operator method

The corresponding differential equation is

and Ohms law gives

Apply KVL to the left mesh : i1 + s(i1 i2 ) = vs

Plugging (2) into (1) yields

Section 9.4: Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

Using operators, the node equation is: Csv+

So the characteristic equation is: s2 +

s1,2 = 250 2502 40,000 = 100, 400

(1+5s )i1+( 3s )i2 = 0

Use KVL to get

The initial conditions are v(0) = 0 , i (0) 1 A .

So v(t ) = vn (t ) = 1.16e 2.7 t + 1.16e 37.3t

KVL a : 100i c + .025

Assume steady state at t = 0

Characteristic eq. .01C s2 + 106 s + 1 = 0 s =

for critically damped: 1012 C 2 .04C = 0

taking the derivative with respect to t :

Section 9-6: Natural Response of an Underdamped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

in (1) & plugging into ( 2 )

A1cos300t+A 2 sin 300t

in operator form have v + Csv +

into (1) yields

So have v(t) = e t B1 cos2t + B2 sin 2t

Finally, have v t = 2e t cos2t

Section 9-7: Forced Response of an RLC Circuit

= .5t u(t) assume i f = At + B

This does not work i f = Bte 250 t

Be 250 t 250Bte 250 t Bte 250 t

900A 2100Ae 30 t +12000Ae 30 t = e 30 t

Section 9-8: Complete Response of an RLC Circuit

After the switch closes

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

After some algebra:

i + (103 ) i L + 106 i L = 103

s 2 + (103 ) s + 106 = 0 s1,2 = 200, 800 rad/s

After the switch closes the steady-state inductor current is iL() = -4 mA so

i L ( t ) = 0.004 + A1 e200 t + A2 e800 t

So A1 = 8.01 and A2 = 2.00 and

i L ( t ) = 0.004 + 8.01e200 t + 2.00 e800 t A

= ( 10 ) e 200 t + (10 ) e 800 t + 0.004 A

Apply KCL at node a:

After some algebra:

To find the natural response, consider the characteristic equation:

v ( t ) = 4 i ( t ) + 4 i ( t ) = 10.48 A1 e 3.62 t 1.52 A2 e1.38 t + 0.8