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Why ?????
Air-pulsed
liquid column
Stirred Tank
Different impellers
CFD vs Experiments
Reduction in lead times of new designs
Ease of implementation (transportable experimental
facility)
Study of systems under hazardous conditions and beyond
their normal performance limits
Practically unlimited details of results give great insight into
the physics of the problem leading to knowledge based design
Experiments are nevertheless indispensable for validation
purpose
Application Areas
Aerodynamics
Turbomachinery
Chemical Process Engineering
Oceanography
Environmental Engineering
Microfluidics
Marine Engineering
Combustion
Electronics
Hydrology
Meterology
Biomedical Engineering
What ?????
Solver
Specification of boundary conditions
Specifications of materials
Specification of flow models (e.g. single/multi phase,
laminar/turbulent)
Selection of appropriate numerical and discretisation schemes
Setting under-relaxation parameters and convergence tolerances
Writing user defined functions (e.g. drag models in two-phase
flow)
Solve the problem
Postprocessor
Graphical display of results such as vector plots, contour plots,
stream lines etc. for better understanding and effective
communication of results (Colorful Flow Diagrams)
Commercial Solvers
FLUENT (ANSYS)
CFX (ANSYS)
STAR-CCM (CD-Adapco)
CFD-ACE+ (ESI)
FLOW3D (FLOW SCIENCE)
PHOENICS (CHAM)
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS (COMSOL)
EFD Lab (FLOMERICS)
10
Continuity Equation
r
+ div( u ) = S m
t
Momentum Equation
( u )
P xx yx zx
r
+ div( uu ) = +
+
+
+ S Mx
t
x x
y
z
( v )
P xy yy zy
r
+ div( vu ) = +
+
+
+ S My
t
y x
y
z
( w)
P xz yz zz
r
+ div( wu ) = +
+
+
+ S Mz
t
z x
y
z
11
Energy Equation
( i )
u
u
u
r
r
+ div( iu ) = P div u + div(k grad T ) + xx + yx + zx
t
x
y
z
v
v
v
+ xy + yy + zy
x
y
z
w
w
w
+ xz
+ yz
+ zz
+ Si
x
y
z
Newtonian Fluid
u
u w
u v
r
+
+
2 x + divu
y x
z x
v
u v
v w
r
+
= + 2 + divu
y x
y
z y
w
v
w
w
r
+
+ 2 + divu
z
z x
z y
12
Navier-Stokes Equations
( u )
P
r
+ div( uu ) = + div( grad u ) + S Mx
t
x
Momentum equations for
( v )
P
r
+ div( vu ) = + div( grad v ) + S My a Newtonian fluid
t
y
( w)
P
r
+ div( wu ) = + div( grad w) + S Mz
t
z
13
Advance Models
Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)
14
y = f (x) yi = f (x i )
y
y
=
i 1
i
y i' = i +1
+ terms of O( h 2 ) Central Difference
2h
2h
y i +1 y i
'
y i +1 y i
'
Forward Difference y i =
yi =
+ terms of O(h )
h
h
y i y i 1
'
y i y i 1
'
15
=
y
Backward Difference i
yi =
+ terms of O(h )
h
h
16
d 2T h P
(T TA ) = 0
2
dx
kA
BC1 : @ x = 0,
BC 2 : @ x = L ,
d 2
2
(
mL
)
=0
2
dX
hP
m =
kA
2
T = T0
dT
=0
dx
T TA
=
T0 TA
BC 1 : @ X = 0 , = 1
d
BC 1 : @ X = 1,
=0
dx
X=
x
L
17
(
mL
)
= 0 BC1 : @ X = 0, = 1
2
dX
d
BC 1 : @ X = 1,
=0
dx
d 2
i +1 2i + i 1
2
2
2 (mL) i = 0
(
mL
)
i = 0
2
h
dX i
2
i 1 2 + (mL ) h 2 i + i +1 = 0 M-2 such equations for all internal nodes
BC1 : @ X = 0
M 1
d
BC 1 : @ X = 1,
=0
=0 M
h
dx M
M M 1 = 0 1 equation valid at the Mth node
M equations can be used to solve for M unknowns
18
19
20
21
Fine Mesh
h is smaller
Terms O(h) or O (h2) will be smaller
Discretization errors will be less
Computationally difficult to solve
22
T = 2300 mm
Singh et al. (2011). Flow simulations of industrial scale agitated tanks, BARC Newsletter, 319, 8-15
24
CFD simulations revealed that flow in the bottom of the tank is upward
instead of being downwards which is not good for solid suspension
25
29 rd
Singh et al. (2012). Numerical simulation of liquid-liquid two-phase flow at microfluidic junctions,
3
European Conference on Microfluidics, Heidelberg, Germany
Singh et al. (2008). CFD modeling of pump-mix action in continuous flow stirred tanks, AIChE Journal,
54(1), 42-55.
31
Straight Blade
Paddle (SBP)
Rushton Turbine
(RT)
33
34
Singh et al. (2012). Numerical simulation of flow electrolyser: effect of obstacles, Electrochimica Acta,79,
57-66.
36
Source # http://www.fluent.com/about/news/pr/pr11.htm
39
A free-surface simulation of
the forces experienced
when diving, from CFD
simulation performed in
ANSYS CFD software.
http://www.deskeng.com/virtual_desktop/?p=6002)
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Job Prospects
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Job Prospects
48
How ?????
Flow Simulation and Virtual Tracer
Experiment in a Stirred Tank using CFD
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Preprocessing in GAMBIT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Processing in FLUENT
Postprocessing in FLUENT
Postprocessing in EXCEL
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.4
Predicted
0.3
Theoretical
F( t ) = 1 e
t /
0.2
0.1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
t (sec)
0.3
0.25
0.2
F(t)
F(t)
0.6
0.15
Predicted
0.1
Theoretical
0.05
0
0
10
20
30
t (sec)
40
50