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W
K
W
W
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
W
K
W
K
W
K
--
WK
K
Communication
EF
E{F
Terminals
Data Networks
Computer Communication
K?EF?
?
EF
--
Nodes
? K
EF
K
J J
W J
? ?
EF
J F
--
E
K
MUXEF
KATM
(Microprocessor)
WK
K
K
Network (ISDN)
K
--
J J
K
K
Local Circuits J
K
K
Backbone Channel J
Trunks
--
E JF
W K
K
Interface and
processing unit
backbone communication
channel
Local communication
channel
Host devices
EF
--
KMaster/Slave
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
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J J
J J J
W
J
mainframes
KE JF
Host computer center
E JF
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W J
J JF
EF
KE JFK
Main frame
Mini
Computer
Micro
comp.
Micro
comp.
Main frame
Mini
Computer
Micro
comp.
Mini
Computer
Micro
comp.
Micro
comp.
Mini
Computer
Micro
comp.
Micro
comp.
Micro
comp.
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W J
JF
KE JFK
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
J J J
KE J F
WEF
Mesh Topology J
point-to-
point
KE JFK
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N
M = N(N-1)/2
WM
Star Topology J
JF
KE JFK
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K
W
K
Tree Topology J
KE JF
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Bus Topology J
point-to-point
multipoint
KE JF
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Ring Topology J
E JFKEF
K
K
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WHybrid Topologies J
KE JF?
J J J
E J J J J J J J
Local Area Network (LAN) J
K
K
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EF
E JFK
LANsK
LAN LAN
MAN
K E JFK
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LANs
E JF K
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X.25
K
W
Leased Line J
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Circuit Switching J
EF
KE JF
K
K
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Packet Switching J
?? ?? ??
??
KE JF
KDatagramEF
K
K
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Virtual Circuit J
F Switching
KE JF
J
X.25 J J
X.25
? X.25? W K
KE JF
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Frame Relay J J
Frame Relay
X.25
Frame E JFKL
KRelay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) J J
X.25
Frame Relay
ATM
WFrame Relay
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ATM
KL
KISDNK
K E JFK
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LK ISDN
B- L K W
D- Channel L K Channels
L K (Basic Rate)
ISDN?K(Primary Rate)
K N-ISDN
EFL { ISDN
B- L K
B-ISDN? ISDN?
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WISDN
J
K
K J
K J
Internet J J
K
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WTCP/IP
J
K
J
K
( IP Address )
E FE F
K E F
uniform resource locator
W address (URL)
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(KSU)KSU.EDU.SA
K(SA) (EDU)
IP
JW URL K
J JE F
comwww.microsoft
K
E-mail J
File Transfer J
News Group J
EF
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Gopher Lists J
K
Shat J
EF
Web page EF J
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W
K J JIBM J
KE F
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K
W
Network Model J
EF
Network Protocols J
KEF
Interface J
Network Architecture J
Peer Layers J
K
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Network Entity J
nK
K n+1
K Peer Entity
Layer service J
E F
KService Access Point
Layer Data J
W
Header
J J
Organization for
OSI
CCITT ISO
KE JFEF
Physical LayerEF J
OSI
EF
K
K
E J JF
FrameK
J JF
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J J
KE J J
KSDLCHDLC
Network Layer J
Packets
Routing KIP
K
Transport Layer J
TCP IP TCP/IP W
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(software tools)
K(hardware)
Session Layer J
K
Buffer
Full Half Duplex
KDuplex
Presentation Layer J
W K
E
EBCDIC ASCIIF
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Application Layer J
OSI
K
File Transfer W
EF
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OSI
K
E J JF
ATM-Frame Relay-X.25 W
K Gateways Routers
Internet Layer J
OSI
IP
K
F
E
IP
Router
Reverse K
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RARPEF IP
KIPEF
Internet
Internet Control Message Protocol
E F
Internet Group
Transport Layer J
OSI
WK
F TCP
??E
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
K
- -
K
packets TCP
KEF
K
(ACK)
K
(NACK)
K
Ports J
K TCP
UDPTCP
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
KEF
E JF
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F
T
P
Application
layer
T
E
L
N
E
T
-23-
Transport
layer
-21-
TCP
S
M
T
P
D
N
S
-25-
-53-
T
F
T
P
-69-
S
N
M
P
165
Port
Number
UDP
HTTPEF
K DNS
H IPW TCP/IP
IP W Socket
{K {W ( Socket ) W
EF
K K K IP HTTP
(Client)K
K EF
UDP TCP (Source Port)
K
Error Detection J
- -
Flow Control J
Packets Numbering J
(Packet Switching)
TCP
K
TCP
K
? Connectionless?
K
UDP
KEWF
KE JFKUDPTCP
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FTP TELNET SMTP HTTP SHTTP DNS SNMP NFS RPC TFTP
TCP
UDP
IP
Ethernet
network
Token ring
network
FDDI
network
PPP
network
X.25
network
E JF
KEHTTPFTCP/IP
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Transmitter
Receiver
Service and
application layer
Service and
application layer
Data
TCP Transport
layer
segment
IP layer
TCP Transport
layer
IP layer
Data gram
Layer of reaching
to the network
Layer of reaching
to the network
J
Sever
PC
Router
HTTP
IP
HTTP
TCP
Interface
network
TCP
IP
Interface
network
IP
Ethernet
network
J
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PPP
network
Interface
network
Application Layer J
KOSI
KUDPTCP
WWTCP/IP J
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) J
FTP
TCPFTP
TCPFTP
K( Server )
K(Client)
W FTP
J J
( ASCII Code)
FTP (Servers)
K(Clients)
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TCP(Explorer)
K (Web Server)
TCP
K
TCP HTTP
K (E-mail)
SMTP
POPK
DNS K
DNS TCP/IP K
K IP (Hosts)
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IP DNS
KTCP/IP
IPIP
K
Protocol (SNMP)
K
(Agents)
KSNMP
Telnet J
(Server/Client) L TCP/IP
TelnetKTelnet
K Telnet
Telnet
TCP Telnet K
FDX
KTelnet
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K TCP/IP PING
TCP/IP
K echo reply
ICMP
Trace Route J
PING
E F
UDPICMP K
NETSTAT J
K TCP E F
W J
K(ITU-T)
K(ANSI)
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KEngineer (IEEE)
KATM Forum J
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KW
W
KW
KW
KW
KW
ISDNW
KW
K JWW
KOSIW
KTCP/IPW
TCPW
KW
TCP/IPOSI W
K W
K J
K J
K J
KEF J
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K J
K J
KEF J
K J
W
KTCP/IPOSI
KManchester J
K J
KIP J
KSegmentation J
KEthernet J
KUDP J
Kports J
KFull Duplex J
KASCII Code J
K J
KTCP J
W
K J
K J
K J
K J
WConnectionlessW
KUDP J
KTCP J
KICMP J
KIGMP J
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KIP J
WW
K J
K J
K J
K J
EFW
W
K J
K J
K J
K J
KL W
ATM W
ATM W
KUNI
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