Jammu-Kashmir: National Workshop On

National Workshop
on
Jammu-Kashmir
Facts, Problems and Solution
19-20 November 2011
Smriti Mandir, Nagpur
Jammu-Kashmir Study Centre
Introduction: Jammu and Kashmir

A lot of misconceptions created
deliberately by vested interests have
become firm beliefs. That is the greatest
tragedy Kashmir is facing and is the root
cause of the most issues related to the
trouble torn state.
First casualty is the myth that
Kashmir means Jammu & Kashmir. In
fact, Kashmir is just 7.13% area of the
state of Jammu & Kashmir as it existed
and acceded to The Dominion of India
on 26th October 1947. It is only 15.63% of
the area that continues to be within
Indian administration. So we need to be
very careful when we talk of Kashmir
issue.
Second impression that has been
accepted as a fact is that J&K is a Muslim
state. No, it is not. It certainly is the
Muslim majority state but Muslims are
in Majority in only one province. Both
Laddakh and Jammu divisions are
Buddhist and Hindu majority areas
respectively. Third is the misconception
about the Muslim population of
Kashmir valley. We are being asked to
believe that the majority community is a
homogenous entity. It's also not true.
Kashmiri Muslim community is as
heterogeneous and divided or united as
any other community in rest of the
country with sharp divisions leading to
bloody conflicts at times.
The state of Jammu & Kashmir is a
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region of widely varying people and

geography. In the south, Jammu is a
transition zone from the Indian plains
to the Himalaya. Nature has lavishly
endowed Kashmir with certain
distinctive favours which hardly find a
parallel in any alpine land of the world.
It is the land of snow clad mountains
that share a common boundary with
Afghanistan, China and Pakistan;
Jammu and Kashmir is the
northernmost state of the Indian Union.
Known for its extravagant natural
beauty this land formed a major
caravan route in the ancient times.
Trade relations through these
routes between China and Central Asia
made it a land in-habited by various
religious and cultural groups. It was
during the reign of Kashyapa that the
various groups led a settled life.
Buddhism influenced Kashmir during
the rule of Ashoka and the present town
of Srinagar was founded by him. This
place was earlier called 'Srinagari' or
Purandhisthan. The Brahmins who
inhabited these areas admired and
adorned Buddhism too. From the
regions of Kashmir Buddhism spread
of Ladakh, Tibet, Central Asia and
China. The state consists of following
main regions.
Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution
Jammu
Jammu is one of the administrative
divisions within Jammu and Kashmir
state in India. Jammu city is the largest
city in Jammu and the winter capital of
Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu City is also
known as "City of Temples" as it has
many temples and shrines, with
glittering shikhars soaring into the sky,
creating the ambiance of a holy and
peaceful Hindu city.
Home to some of the most popular
Hindu shrines, Jammu is a pilgrimage
tourism destination in India. The town of
Katra, which is close to Jammu, contains
the Vaishno Devi shrine. Nestling on top
of the Trikuta Hills at a height of 1700 m is
the sacred cave of Vaishno Devi shrines
dedicated to the three forms of the
mother goddess- Mahalakshmi,
Mahakali and Mahasarasvati. Pilgrims
start trekking to the cave temple, which is
13 km from Katra. The majority of
Jammu's about 6 million population
practices Hinduism, while Islam and
Sikhism enjoy a strong cultural heritage
in the region. Due to relatively better
infrastructure, Jammu has emerged as
the main economic centre of the state.
The Shivalik Range comprises most
of the region of Jammu. The Pir Panjal
Range, the Trikuta Hills and the lowlying Tawi River basin add to beauty and
diversity to the terrain of Jammu. The Pir
Panjal range separates Jammu from the
Kashmir valley.
Many historians and locals believe

that Jammu was founded by Raja Jambu
Lochan in the 14th century BC. Jambu
Lochan was the brother of Raja Bahu
Lochan who constructed a fort on the
bank of river Tawi. Bahu Fort is a
historical place in Jammu.
The city name figures in the ancient
book Mahabharata. Excavation near
Akhnoor, 20 miles (32 km) from Jammu
city, provides evidence that Jammu was
once part of the Harappan civilization.
Remains from the
Maurya,
Kushan, Kushanshahs and Gupta
periods have also been found in Jammu.
Jammu is also mentioned in accounts of
the campaigns of Timur.
Jammu came under the control of
Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the 19 century
and became a part of the Sikh Empire.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed Raja
Gulab Singh the ruler of Jammu in 1820.
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
Punjab, The Sikh Empire was defeated
by the British.
Not having the resources to occupy
the hills immediately after annexing
parts of Punjab, the British recognized
Maharaja Gulab Singh, the strongest
ruler north of the Sutlej River, as ruler of
Jammu and Kashmir. After the Treaty of
Amritsar, the Maharaja became the
vassal of the Sikh Empire and was partly
responsible for its treaty obligations.
Maharaja Gulab Singh is thus credited as
the founder of Jammu and Kashmir.
Thus the two areas of Kashmir and
Jammu were integrated into a single
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political unit. The reign of Ranavir Singh

(ascended in 1857) witnessed a great
amount of enthuiasm for Sanskrit.
Sivasankara compiled the Dharmasastra
Digest, Vasudeva wrotethe
Chittapradipa amongst others. The king
appears as the sponsor of no less than
thirty two branches of Sanskrit literature.
Jammu is the only region in the state
of Jammu and Kashmir that has a Hindu
majority population approx. 65% of
Jammu's population practice Hinduism,
30% practice Islam and most of the
remainder are Sikhs. Most of Jammu's
Hindus are Dogras, Kashmiri Pandits,
migrants from Kotli and Mirpur and
Punjabi Hindus, West Pakistan Refugees
and internally displaced of POK
Many Sikhs are migrants from
Pakistan Controlled Kashmir (from areas
like Muzaffarabad and Punch sector
areas occupied by Pakistan during 1947).
People of Jammu speak mostly Dogri,
Poonchi, Gojri, Kotli, Mirpuri, Hindi,
Punjabi, and Urdu. Hindus of Jammu
region are subdivided into various
groups, and of them Brahmins and
Rajputs are the predominant ones.
According to the 1941 census, 30% of
them were Brahmin, 27% Rajput, 15%
Thakkar, 4% Jat and 8% Khatri.
Kashmir
Amongst the oldest chronicles in the
world is the Rajatarangini. It is the
history of Kashmir, written in verse; by
Kalhana in 1149-50 a.d. this book is
considered a masterpiece and followed a
method of historical research. He was
followed by Jonaraja who died in 1459
a.d, imitated Kalhans style and brought
the history narrative up to the reign of
Zain-ul-Abidin. Srivara, Prajya Bhatta
and Suka carried on the history till
Kashmir's conquest by Akbar.
Upto 600 BC
According to the Rajatarangini, the
oldest ruler was Gonanda I, who
appears to have ruled in the days just
before the Mahabharata. It is emperor
Ashok who is said to have founded the
city of Srinagari, now Srinagar.
Uttarakurus were located beyond the
Himalayas.
This is corroborated by the fact that
Taxila became a centre of learning and
classical Sanskrit was first developed in
Kashmir.
320 to 740 AD
According to Kalhana, nearly the
whole of the Gupta age was ruled by the
Gonanada dynasty ie for about 300 yrs.
After them a new dynasty known as
Karkota or Naga was founded by
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Durlabha-vardhana. He had married the

daughter of the last Gonanada king and
became king in 527 a.d. According to
Hiuen Tsang who visited Kashmir, the
king ruled over parts of western and
north western Punjab as well. The King's
son Chandrapida in 713 ad defend his
kingdom against the Arabs.
He was followed by Lalitaaditya
Muktapada in 724 ad, the greatest king of
that dynasty. He defeated the Tibetans
and the Turks. His extensive conquests,
up to Bengal, made Kashmir the most
powerful kingdom since the days of the
Guptas. The most famous of his works is
the Martanda Temple. He died in 760 ad
while the dynasty continued to rule till
the middle of the ninth century ad. When
Jayapida, the grandson of Lalitaditya,
lost the throne of Kashmir, he came to
North Bengal. In the 8th century ad,
Sarvajnamitra, a nephew of the King of
Kashmir became one of the principal
teachers of Nalanda.
Renowned scholar, Kumarjiva,
responsible for translating over 100
Sanskrit texts into Chinese, was taken by
his mother at the age of nine to Kashmir
to study Buddhist literature.
750 to 1000 A.D.
Lalitaditya's son Vajraditya ruled
from 762 a.d. The Arab governor of Sind
raided Kashmir around 770 The next
successor was Jayapida referred to above.
He was a brave general like his Grand
Father Lalitaditya. Thereafter, a series of
Kings ruled Kashmir. Next in line was
Yasakara who earned a reputation as a

man of great learning. Besides being a
good administrator, he built a Matha
(monastery) for the residence of
students coming from Aryadesa to
Kashmir for higher education.
A Turkish family ruled the Kabul
Valley and Gandhara for a long time.
Kallar, a minister, overthrew the king to
found the Hindu Shahi dynasty in the
second half of the ninth century a.d and
is identified as Lalliya Shahi in the
Rajatarangini. After the death of
Lalliya's son, Kamaluka, his grandson
Bhima-about 900 ad, ascended the
throne. By giving his daughter is
marriage to the King of Lohara in
Poonch, he was able to exercise influence
in Kashmir to build a magnificent
temple of Vishnu and call it Bhimaksava.
(Has now been converted into a Muslim
Ziarat). There were a series of kings
thereafter. It ends with King Jayapala
who fought the Sultan of Ghazni.
Towards the middle of the 8th
century was built the magnificent
Marthananda temple. While resting in
the Valley the learned Brahmans told
Sankaracharya that unless he defeated
the learned persons of Sarada Pitha they
would not accept the supremacy of his
philosophy. With his arguments he
defeated all the learned men at that high
seat of learning including Jains and
Buddhists. The King of Kasmira or
Kashmir has made arrangements for the
Shankaracharya's stay at Srinagar but he
chose to stay near an ancient Siva temple
04
overlooking the city. Since then the

temple has popularly been known as the
Sankarcharya temple.
1000 TO 1300 AD
Around 1014 ad, Mahmud Ghazni
plundered the Valley for the first time.
Sahamer became King in 1339 ad under
the name Shams-ud-din. This marked the
advent of Muslim rule in 1338 ad.
1300 to 1526 AD
The history of Kashmir was given in
three Sanskrit chronicles ie from the
middle of the 12th century to the time it
was conquered by Akbar. The earliest
one was by Jonaraja. The Muslim
chronicles are based on these writings.
After a series of kings The next
important king was Sikandar whose
reign marks a turning point in the history
of Kashmir. A large number of fanatical
Muslims from outside the country came,
occupied offices of the state and became
the king's friends. Idols were destroyed;
temples demolished, attempts were
made to kill the Brahmins. His son Mir
Khan continued with the torture of
Brahmins.
Shahi Khan became the next king in
1420. He was well versed in Persian and
Sanskrit, had the Mahabharat translated
into Persian. He died in 1470 ad.
1526 to 1700 AD
A series of kings ruled Kashmir till
1540. Humayun's general Mirza Haidar
05
invaded Kashmir in 1540 and died in one

such war in 1551. There were a series of
kings between 1551 and 1579 till Yusuf
Shah became king who submitted to
Akbar's forces in 1586. Akbar
imprisoned Yusuf.
His son Yaqub
continued fighting Akbar till he was
defeated.
The reigns of Jahangir and Shah
Jahan did not see much interaction with
Kashmir. During Aurangzib's stay in
Punjab in 1674-75 officials converted a
large number of Hindus to Islam. In
order to infuse courage in Hindus, Guru
Tegh Bahadur visited East Punjab. This
created confidence in the minds of
people. Enthused, the Kashmiri leaders
told the Guru of their plight. He advised
them to inform Aurangzeb to convert
the Guru first and then all of them would
embrace Islam. Surely Guru did not
convert and paid for his life by being
beheaded on 11/11/1675.
1707 to 1818 AD
After Aurangzeb's death the decline
of Mughal power did not affect Kashmir
till Ahmad S Shah Abdali conquered it in
1752. The Afghans ruled it till 1819.
There were 28 governors during Afghan
rule of which there was only one Hindu,
Sukhjiwan. In 1753 he was the first
Hindu chief of Kashmir since 1320 ie in
433 yrs. He was a brave soldier, wise
administrator, scholar and poet . But he
fell out with Ahmad Shah Abdali who
invaded Kashmir with the help of Ranjit
Deo, the ruler of Jammu. Sukhjivan was
captured, blinded and trampled to death

by horses.
After this Afghan rule was a tale of
atrocities. Sunni-Shia riots broke out in
1763-65. Mir Hazar Khan in 1793 sewed
up Hindu leaders in gunny bags and
threw them in the Dal Lake to be
drowned. Ata M K Alkozai forcibly
seized pretty girls to satisfy his lust.
Many parents were forced to shave the
heads of their daughters rather than
allow them to be molested and degraded.
This forced many Pandit families to
migrate to Rajauri, Poonch and Delhi. As
a result of oppression, great unrest
spread in the province. It was conquered
by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1819 after
approached by one Birbal Dhar, a noble
of Kashmir. Birba Dhar kept his son as a
gurantee for the support of Kashmir
nobles to the Sikh army.
Ladakh
Ladakh lies between the Kunlun
mountain range in the north and the
main Great Himalayas to the south, is
one of the most sparsely populated
regions in Jammu and Kashmir state.
Historically, the region included the
Baltistan (Baltiyul) valleys, the Indus
Valley, the remote Zangskar, Lahaul and
Spiti to the south,Aksai Chin and Ngari,
including the Rudok region and Guge,
in the east, and the Nubra valleys to the
north.
Contemporary Ladakh borders
Tibet to the east, the Lahaul and Spiti to
the south, the Vale of Kashmir, Jammu
and Baltiyul regions to the west, and the
transKunlun territory of Xinjiang to the
far north. Ladakh is renowned for its
remote mountain beauty and culture.
the past Ladakh gained importance
from its strategic location at the
crossroads of important trade routes,
but since the Chinese authorities closed
the borders with Tibet and Central Asia
in the 1960s, international trade has
dwindled except for tourism. Since
Ladakh is bordering with china
occupied Tibet, Indian military
maintains a strong presence in the
region.
The largest town in Ladakh is Leh. It
is one of the few remaining abodes of
Buddhism in South Asia, a majority of
Ladakhis are Buddhists and the rest are
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mostly Shia Muslims. Some Ladakhi

activists called for Ladakh to be
constituted as a union territory because
of its religious and cultural differences
with predominantly Muslim Kashmir.
Rock carvings found in many parts of
Ladakh show that the area has been
inhabited from ancient age. Around the
1st century, Ladakh was a part of the
Kushana empire. Buddhism spread into
western Ladakh from Kashmir in the 2nd
century when much of eastern Ladakh
and western Tibet was still practising the
Bon religion.
In the 8th century, Ladakh was
involved in the clash between Tibetan
expansion pressing from the East and
Chinese influence exerted from Central
Asia through the passes. Suzerainty over
Ladakh frequently changed hands
between China and Tibet. In 842 NyimaGon, a Tibetan royal representative
annexed Ladakh for himself after the
break-up of the Tibetan empire, and
founded a separate Ladakhi dynasty.
During this period Ladakh acquired a
predominantly Tibetan population.
Faced with the Islamic conquest of
South Asia in the 13th century, Ladakh
chose to seek and accept guidance in
religious matters from Tibet. For nearly
two centuries till about 1600, Ladakh was
subject to raids and invasions from
neighbouring Muslim states, which led to
the partial conversion of Ladakhis to
Islam.
King Bhagan reunited and
strengthened Ladakh and founded the
07
Namgyal dynasty which survives till

today. The Namgyals repelled most
Central Asian raiders and temporarily
extended the kingdom as far as Nepal, in
the face of concerted attempts to convert
the region to Islam and destroy Buddhist
artifacts. In the early 17th century efforts
were made to restore destroyed artifacts
and gompas and the kingdom expanded
into Zangskar and Spiti. However,
despite a defeat of Ladakh by the
Mughals, who had already annexed
Kashmir and Baltistan, it retained its
independence.
In the late 17th century, Ladakh
sided with Bhutan in its dispute with
Tibet . This event is known as the TibetLadakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684.
Kashmir helped restore Ladakhi rule on
the condition that a mosque be built in
Leh and that the Ladakhi king convert to
Islam. The Treaty of Tingmosgang in
1684 settled the dispute between Tibet
and Ladakh, but severely restricted
Ladakh's independence. In 1834, the
Dogras under Zorawar Singh, a general
of Ranjit Singh annexed Ladakh.
A Ladakhi rebellion in 1842 was
crushed and Ladakh was incorporated
into the Dogra state of Jammu and
Kashmir. The Namgyal family was
given the jagir of Stok, which it
nominally retains to this day. European
influence began in Ladakh in the 1850s
and increased. Geologists, sportsmen
and tourists began exploring Ladakh. In
1885, Leh became the headquarters of a
mission of theMoravian Church.
At the time of the partition of India in

1947, Pakistani raiders had reached
Ladakh and military operations were
initiated to evict them. The wartime
conversion of the pony trail from
Sonamarg to Zoji La by army engineers
permitted tanks to move up and
successfully capture the pass. The
advance continued. Dras, Kargil and Leh
were liberated and Ladakh cleared of the
infiltrators.
In 1949, China closed the border
between Nubra and Xinjiang, blocking
old trade routes. In 1955 China began to
build roads connecting Xinjiang and
Tibet through this area. It also built the
Karakoram highway jointly with
Pakistan. India built the Srinagar-Leh
Highway during this period, cutting the
journey time between Srinagar and Leh
from 16 days to two. Kargil was an area of
conflict in the wars of 1947, 1965 and 1971
and the focal point of a potential nuclear
conflict during the Kargil War in 1999.
The Kargil War of 1999, codenamed
"Operation Vijay" by the Indian Army,
saw infiltration by Pakistani troops into
parts of Western Ladakh, namely Kargil,
Dras, Mushkoh, Batalik and Chorbatla,
overlooking key locations on the
Srinagar-Leh highway. Extensive
operations were launched in high
altitudes by the Indian Army with
considerable artillery and air force
support. Pakistani troops were evicted
from the Indian side of the Line of
Control.
Since 1984 the Siachan glacier area in
the north-east corner of Ladakh has been

the venue of a continuing military
standoff between India and Pakistan
and the highest battleground in the
world
There is a competition to occupy the
heights of the Saltoro Ridge which
borders the Siachan glacier. Since then
strategic points on the glacier are
occupied by both sides, with the Indians
having a clear strategic advantage.
Following demands for autonomy
from the Kashmiri dominated state
government; the Ladakh Autonomous
Hill Development Council was created
in the 1990s. Leh and Kargil Districts
now each have their own locally elected
Hill Councils with some control over
local policy and development funds.
Ladakh is the highest plateau of the
Indian state of Kashmir with much of it
being over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). It spans the
Himalayan and Karakoram mountain
ranges and the upper Indus River valley.
Before partition, Baltistan, now
under Pakistani control, was a district in
Ladakh. Skardu was the winter capital
of Ladakh while Leh was the summer
capital.
The peaks in the Ladakh range are at
a medium altitude close to the Zoji-la
(5,0005,500 m or 16,00018,050 ft), and
increase towards south-east,
culminating in the twin summits ofNunKun (7000 m or 23,000 ft).
The Suru and Zangskar valleys form
a great trough enclosed by the
Himalayas and the Zangskar range.
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Rangdum is the highest inhabited region

in the Suru valley, after which the valley
rises to 4,400 m (14,436 ft) at Pensi-la, the
gateway to Zangskar. Kargil, the only
town in the Suru valley, is the second
most important town in Ladakh. It was an
important staging post on the routes of
the trade caravans before 1947, being
more or less equidistant, from Srinagar,
Leh, Skardu and Padum.
The Zangskar valley lies in the
troughs of the Stod and the Lungnak
rivers. The region experiences heavy
snowfall; the Pensi-la is open only
between June and mid-October. Dras and
the Mushkoh Valley form the western
extremity of Ladakh.
The Indus river is the backbone of
Ladakh. Most major historical and
current towns Shey, Leh, Basgo and
Tingmosgang (but not Kargil), are
situated close to the Indus River. After the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the stretch of
the Indus flowing through Ladakh is the
only part of this river, which is greatly
venerated in the Hindu religion and
culture, that still flows through India.
The Siachan Glacier is located in the
eastern Karakoram range in the
Himalaya Mountains along the disputed
India-Pakistan border. The Karakoram
range forms a great watershed that
separates China from the Indian
subcontinent and is sometimes called the
"Third Pole." The glacier lies between the
Saltoro Ridge immediately to the west
and the main Karakoram range to the
east. At 70 km long, it is the longest glacier
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in the Karakoram and second-longest in

the world's non-polar areas. It falls from
an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above
sea level at its source at Indira Col on the
China border down to 3,620 m (11,875 ft)
at its snout are occupied by troops on
both sides.
Ladakh is a high altitude desert as
the Himalayas create a rain shadow,
denying entry to monsoon clouds. The
main source of water is the winter
snowfall on the mountains. The regions
on the north flank of the Himalayas
Dras, the Suru valley and Zangskar
experience heavy snowfall and remain
cut off from the rest of the region for
several months in the year, as the whole
region remains cut off by road from the
rest of the country. Summers are short,
though they are long enough to grow
crops. The summer weather is dry and
pleasant. Temperature ranges are from
30 to 35 C in summer and minimums
range from -20 to -35 C in winter.
Ladakh sends one member (MP) to
the lower house of the Indian parliament
the Lok Sabha.
Among the popular places of tourist
interest include Leh, Drass valley, Suru
valley, Kargil, Zangskar, Zangla,
Rangdum, Padum, Phugthal, Sani,
Stongdey, Shyok Valley, Sankoo, Salt
Valley and several popular trek routes
like Lamayuru - Padum - Darcha, the
Nubra valley and the Indus valley.
Ladakh was the connection point
between Central Asia and South Asia
when the Silk Road was in use. The sixty-
day journey on the Ladakh route

connecting Amritsar and Yarkand
through eleven passes was frequently
undertaken by traders till the third
quarter of the 19th century. Another
common route in regular use was the
Kalimpong route between Leh and Lhasa
via Gartok, the administrative centre of
western Tibet. Gartok could be reached
either straight up the Indus in winter or
through either the Taglang la or the
Chang la. Beyond Gartok, the Cherko la
brought travellers to the Manasarovar
and Rakshastal lakes, and then to Barka,
which is connected to the main Lhasa
road. These traditional routes have been
closed since the Ladakh-Tibet border was
sealed by the Chinese government. Other
routes connected Ladakh to Hunza and
Chitral but, as in the previous case, there
is currently no border crossing between
Ladakh and Pakistan.
In present times, the only two land
routes to Ladakh in use are from Srinagar
and Manali. Travelers from Srinagar start
their journey from Sonamarg, over the
Zoji La pass (3,450 m, 11,320 ft) via Dras
and Kargil (2,750 m, 9,022 ft) passing
through Namika la (3,700 m, 12,140 ft)
and Fatu la (4,100 m, 13,450 ft). This has
been the main traditional gateway to
Ladakh since historical times and is now
open to traffic from April or May until
November or December every year.
However, with the rise of militancy in
Kashmir, the main corridor to the area
has shifted from the Srinagar-Kargil-Leh
route via Zoji la to the high altitude
Manali-Leh Highway from Himachal

Pradesh. The highway crosses four
passes, Rohtang la (3,978 m, 13,050 ft),
Baralacha la (4,892 m, 16,050 ft),
Lungalacha la (5,059 m, 16,600 ft) and
Taglang la(5,325 m, 17,470 ft) and the
More plains and is open only between
May and November when snow is
cleared from the road.
Ladakh has a population of about
2,60,000 which is a blend of many
different ethnic groups.
Among non-Ladakhi residents,
there are followers of Hinduism and
Sikhism, and a small number of
followers of the Bon religion. According
to the 2001 population census of India,
47.4% of the population is Buddhist,
45.9% Muslim, 6.2% Hindu and 0.5%
others. The region's population is split
roughly in half between the districts of
Leh and Kargil. Leh is 77% Buddhist and
Kargil is 80% Muslim.
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Pak Occupied
Jammu- Kashmir
The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh
was not interested to accede with
Pakistan but the Pakistan was very keen
to annexed it. Therefore, An all-out
invasion of J&K started on 22nd October
1947. The main raiders' column consisted
of an estimated five thousand tribesmen
including soldiers of the Pakistan Army
on leave and led by a few regular
officers who knew Kashmir well. Garhi
and Domel were quickly captured and
the gates of Muzaffarabad were reached.
On 24th October, Mahura Power House
supplying electricity to Srinagar was
taken over; the capital of the State was
plunged in darkness.
Maharaja sought India's military
help and signed the Instrument of
Accession on 26th October 1947 to enable
that help to be rendered. As GovernorGeneral of the Dominion of India, Lord
Mountbatten signed his acceptance of the
Instrument deed on the next day.
In the early hours of 27th October
1947 began an operation the like of which
had never before occurred in the history
of warfare. With the wholehearted cooperation of the civilian air companies,
over a hundred civilian aircraft and Royal
Indian Air Force planes were mobilized
to fly troops, equipment and supplies to
Srinagar. Some of the pilots flew did
several sorties in the course of the day; the
ground crew rose to the occasion.
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On 7th November the Indian troops

won the battle of Shaltang, thereby
removing all threats to Srinagar. Three
days later, Baramulla was recaptured.
The process of retreat by the enemy on
all fronts began.
With the Indian Army finding that
the only way the raiders could be
completely removed from Kashmir was
by attacking their bases and sources of
supply in Pakistan, India warned
Pakistan on 22nd December 1947 that
unless Pakistan denied her assistance
and bases to the invaders, India would
be compelled to take such action.
At that critical stage in J&K's history,
Lord Mountbatten urged our PM,
Jawaharlal Nehru, about the
overwhelming need for caution and
restraint; he stressed how
embroilment in war with Pakistan
would undermine the whole of Nehru's
independent foreign policy and
progressive social aspirations. And, on
Mountbatten's advice, Nehru decided to
lodge a complaint to the United Nations
Security Council. That was done on
December 31, 1947.
Following the 1949 cease-fire
agreement, the government of Pakistan
divided the northern and western parts
of Kashmir which it held into the two
separately-controlled political entities:
Pakistan Occupied Jammu and
Kashmir - The area of northern Kashmir
is still in occupation of Pakistan.The
narrow southern part, 250 miles (400
km) long, with a width varying from 10
to 40 miles (16 to 64 km) and an area of

Kashmir that was once under Pakistani
control is the Shaksgam tracta small
region along the northeastern border of
the Northern Areas that was
provisionally ceded by Pakistan to the
People's Republic of China in 1963 and
which now forms part of China's Uygur
Autonomous Region of Xinjiang.
In 1972, the then-current border
between Pakistan and India, which held
areas of Kashmir, was designated as the
"Line of Control". The Line of Control has
remained unchanged since the 1972
Simla Agreement, which bound the two
countries "to settle their differences by
peaceful means through bilateral
negotiations." Some political experts
claim that, in view of that pact, the only
solution to the issue is mutual negotiation
between the two countries without
involving a third party, such as the

United Nations.
Pakistan named this region Azad
Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) which is a
self-governing state under Pakistani
control but is not constitutionally part of
Pakistan. It has its own elected
president, prime minister, legislature,
high court, and official flag. The
government of Pakistan has not yet
allowed the state to issue its own
postage stamps, however, and Pakistani
stamps are used in the state instead. It
has its own Judiciary as well.
POJK's financial matters, i.e., budget
and tax affairs, are dealt with by the
Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council,
rather than by Pakistan's Central Board
of Revenue. The Azad Jammu and
Kashmir Council is a supreme body
consisting of 11 members, six from the
Division
District
Area (km) Population (1998) Headquarters
Mirpur
Bhimber
1,516
301,633
Bhimber
Kotli
Mirpur
1,862
1,010
563,094
333,482
Kotli
Mirpur
Muzaffarabad Muzaffarabad[11] 2,496
638,973
Muzaffarabad
Poonch
POJK Total
Hattian
Hattian Bala
Neelum[12]
3,621
106,778
Athmuqam
Poonch
855
411,035
Rawalakot[11]
Haveli
Bagh
600 (est.) 150,000 (est.)

768
243,415
Forward Kahuta[11]
Bagh
Sudhnati
569
334,091
Pallandari
10 districts
13,297
2,972,501
Muzaffarabad
12
government of Azad Jammu and

Kashmir and five from the government of
Pakistan. Its chairman/chief executive is
the president of Pakistan. Other members
of the council are the president and the
prime minister of Azad Kashmir and a
few other AJK ministers. The state is
administratively divided into three
divisions which, in turn, are divided into
ten districts.
The northern part of POJK
encompasses the lower area of the
Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak
(15,531 feet/4,734 meters). However,
Hari Parbat peak in Neelum Valley is the
highest peak in the state. Fertile, green,
mountainous valleys are characteristic of
geography, making it one of the most
beautiful regions of the subcontinent. The
region receives rainfall in both the winter
and the summer. Muzaffarabad and
Pattan are among the wettest areas of the
region. Throughout most of the region,
the average rainfall exceeds 1400 mm,
with the highest average rainfall
occurring near Muzaffarabad (around
1800 mm
The majority of the population is
culturally, linguistically, and ethnically
related to the people of northern Punjab.
The principal languages spoken are
Pahari, Gojri, Dogri, Potohari, Urdu,
Kashmiri, Pashto and Punjabi.
Agriculture is a part of Azad
Kashmir's economy; low-lying areas that
have high populations grow crops like
barley, mangoes, millet, corn (maize),
and wheat, and also raise cattle. There are
13
some mineral and marble resources

close to Mirpur and Muzaffarabad; there
are also some graphite deposits at
Mohriwali. There are some reservoirs of
low-grade coal, chalk, bauxite, and
zircon.
In the latter part of 2006, billions of
dollars for development were mooted
by international aid agencies for the
reconstruction and rehabilitation of
earthquake-hit zones in Azad Kashmir,
though much of that amount was
subsequently lost in bureaucratic
channels.
Gilgit-Baltistan
Gilgit-Baltistan, the much larger area
to the north of Jammu and Kashmir. It
was officially granted full autonomy on
August 29, 2009 but the present Indian
Govt. didn't show any concern other than
issuing a token statement.
Gilgit-Baltistan borders Pakistan's
Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province to the
west, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor
to the north, China to the east and
northeast, POJK to the southwest, and
Jammu and Kashmir to the southeast.
Gilgit-Baltistan covers an area of 72,971
km (28,174 mi) and is highly
mountainous. It has an estimated
population approaching 18,00,000. Its
administrative center is the city of Gilgit .
The territory became a single
administrative unit in 1970 under the
name Northern Areas and was formed by
the amalgamation of the Gilgit Agency,
the Baltistan District of the Ladakh
Wazarat, and the states of Hunza and
Nagar.
There are more than 50,000 pieces of
rock art (petroglyphs) and inscriptions all
along the Karakoram Highway in GilgitBaltistan, concentrated at ten major sites
between Hunza and Shatial. The carvings
were left by various invaders, traders,
and pilgrims who passed along the trade
route, as well as by locals. These carvings
were pecked into the rock with stone
tools and are covered with a thick patina
that proves their age. Many of these

carvings and inscriptions will be
inundated and/or destroyed when the
planned Basha-Diamir dam is built and
the Karakoram Highway widened.
The local Northern Light Infantry is
the army unit that was believed to have
assisted and possibly participated in the
1999 Kargil conflict. More than 500
soldiers were believed to have been
killed and buried in the Northern Areas
in that action. Lalak Jan, an Shia Imami
Ismaili Muslim(Nizari) soldier from
Yasin Valley, was awarded Pakistan's
most prestigious medal, the Nishan-eHaider, for his courageous actions
during the Kargil conflict.
On 29 August 2009, the GilgitBaltistan Empowerment and SelfGovernance Order, 2009, was passed by
the Pakistani cabinet and later signed by
the President of Pakistan. The order
granted self-rule to the people of GilgitBaltistan, by creating, among other
things, an elected legislative assembly.
Gilgit-Baltistan thus gained de facto
province-like status without having so
constitutionally.
Gilgit-Baltistan is administratively
divided into two divisions which, in
turn, are divided into seven districts,
including the two Baltistan districts of
Skardu and Ghanche, and the five Gilgit
districts of Gilgit, Ghizer, Diamer,
Astore, and Hunza-Nagar. The main
political centres are the towns of Gilgit
and Skardu.
14
Division
District
Area
(km)
Population
(1998)
Headquarters
Baltistan
Ghanche
9,400
88,366
Khaplu
Gilgit
Skardu
Gilgit
18,000
39,300
214,848
383,324
Skardu
Gilgit
Diamir
10,936
131,925
Chilas
Ghizar
9,635
120,218
Gahkuch
Astore
8,657
71,666
Gorikot
HunzaNagar
Gilgit-Baltistan
totals
7 districts
Aliabad, Sikandarabad
72,971
Gilgit-Baltistan borders the Wakhan

corridor of Afghanistan to the northwest,
China's Uygur Autonomous Region of
Xinjiang (Part of Ladakh, illegally
handed over to China by Pakistan) to the
northeast, the Indian state of Jammu and
Kashmir to the south and southeast, the
POJ K to the south, and Pakistan's NorthWest Frontier Province to the west.
Gilgit-Baltistan is home to five of the
"eight-thousanders" and to more than
fifty peaks above 7000 meters. Gilgit and
Skardu are the two main hubs for
expeditions to those mountains. The
region is home to some of the world's
highest mountain rangesthe main
ranges are the Karakoram and the
western Himalayas. The Pamir
mountains are to the north, and the
Hindu Kush lies to the west. Amongst the
highest mountains are K2 (Mount
Godwin-Austen) and Nanga Parbat, the
15
970,347
Gilgit
latter being one of the most feared

mountains in the world.
Three of the world's longest glaciers
outside the polar regions are found in
Gilgit-Baltistan the Biafo Glacier, the
Baltoro Glacier, and theBatura Glacier.
There are, in addition, several highaltitude lakes in Gilgit-Baltistan:
Sheosar Lake in Deosai Plains (Astore region)
Satpara Tso Lake in Skardu - Baltistan
Katzura Tso Lake in Skardu - Baltistan
Zharba Tso Lake in Shigar - Baltistan
Phoroq Tso Lake in Skardu - Baltistan
Bara Tso Lake in Gangche - Baltistan
Byarsa Tso Lake in Gultari - Baltistan
Borith Lake in Gojal
(Upper Hunza- Gilgit)
Rama Lake near Astore
Rush Lake near Nagar - Gilgit
Kromber Lake In Kromber Pass
( Ishkoman Valley, Ghizer District)
Barodaroksh lake in Bar valley Nagar

The Deosai Plains, are located above
the tree line, and constitute the secondhighest plateau in the world at 4,115
meters (14,500 feet)after Tibet.
The climate of Gilgit-Baltistan varies
from region to region, surrounding
mountain ranges creates sharp variations
in weather. There are towns like Gilgit
and Chilas that are very hot during the
day in summer, yet cold at night, and
valleys like Astore, Khaplu, Yasin,
Hunza, and Nagar where the
temperatures are cold even in summer.
The economy of region is basically
based on traditional route of trade
through Silk Road. China Trade
organization was the leading economic
forum through which most of barter
trade activity made a phenomenal
change in the general economical outlook
of the area which being the remotest

region of Pakistan was neglected for
over quarter of century. This forum led
the people of the area to actively invest
and learn the modern trade know how
from its neighbor Xingkiang. Rest of the
economy is shouldered by mainly
agriculture and tourism. Agriculture
such as: wheat, corn (maize), barley,
fruits; Tourism is mostly in trekking and
mountaineering and this industry is
'growing in importance'
In early September 2009, Pakistan
signed an agreement with the People's
Republic of China for a mega energy
project in Gilgit-Baltistan which
includes the construction of a 7,000megawatt dam at Bunji in the Astore
District.
16
Accession is full, final and irrevocable

The Kashmir { Jammu and Kashmir
} State of Hari Singh that was part of
British Indian Empire in 1947 comprised
of three distinct regions in the broader
sense. Maharaja had hence classified the
management of
His State
in
3
administrative units,{i} The Province of
Jammu ( headed by a Governor and had
two jagirs also associated with it i.e
Poonch and Chenani) , {ii} The Province
of Kashmir ( headed by a Governor ) and
{iii} Ladakh headed by a Wazir E
Wazarat. Pirpanchal mountain range
separated the Province of Jammu from
the Province of Kashmir. Srinagar was
the summer capital and Jammu was the
winter capital of Maharaja.
Maharaja Hari Singh acceded to
Dominion of India on 26 Oct 1947 under
an instrument designed for Accession
with dominion of India . It was accepted
by Governor General of India on 27th of
October 1947.
Governor General of India did
address a letter to Hari Singh that is being
used by some separatist elements to call
the acceptance of Accession as
conditional. J&K has remained disturbed
politically. In addition very few people
have worked all these years treating J&K
affairs outside personal political gains.
Only designated authority to decide
accession of Princely State was the Prince
The Instrument of Accession signed
17
by Maharaja was covered with a letter of

circumstances & reasons. Maharaja Hari
Singh did try to explain some of the
reasons in his letter dated 26 October
1947 addressed to Mountbatten
Governor General of India ( GGOI ) for
not signing the Instrument of Accession
with either Dominion by 14-08-1947.
No doubt Maharaja of J&K as per the
Indian Independence Act 1947 and
Government of India Act 1935 was the
only authority to take a decision
regarding a State of British Empire that
was outside British India and make any
observations on the circumstances as
prevailed around him while taking a
decision regarding accession to any of
the dominion or otherwise
relationships.
Maharaja in his letter said, I have to
inform your Excellency that a grave
emergency has arisen in my State. The
Maharaja further said, I wanted to take
time to decide to which Dominion I
should accede or whether it is not in the
best interests of both the dominions and
of State to stand Independent, The mass
infiltration of tribesmen drawn from
distant areas of North West Frontier
Province, coming regularly in motor
trucks, using the MansehraMuzaffarabad road and fully armed
with up-to-date weapons, cannot
possibly be done without the knowledge
of the Provincial Government of North
West Frontier Province

and the
Government of Pakistan..Regarding
his people the Maharaja said, : The
people of my State, both Muslims and
non Muslims , generally have taken no
part at all .With the conditions
obtaining at present in my State and the
great emergency of the situation as it
exists, I have no option but to ask for help
from India Dominion. Naturally
they can not send the help asked for by
me without my State acceding to the
Dominion of India. I have accordingly
decided to do so and I attach the
Instrument of Accession for acceptance
by your Government. I may Inform
your Excellency's Government that it is
my intention to at once set up an interim
government and ask Sheikh Abdullah to
carry the responsibilities in this
emergency with my Prime Minister.
Lord Montbatten said, : In the
circumstances mentioned
by your
Highness, my Government have decided
to accept the accession of Kashmir State to
the Dominion of India. It is my
Government's wish that , as soon as the
law and order have been restored in
Kashmir and its soil cleared of the
invader, the question of State's accession
should be settled by a reference to the
people. My Government and I note with
satisfaction that Your Highness has
decided to invite Sheikh Abdullah to or
an interim Government to work with
your Prime Minister.
It is worth noting here that the letter
from Mountbatten was dated 27/10-1947
and by then neither the Maharaja nor

Government of India had gone to UN /
UN Security Council . And so strangely
on the on set itself Lord Mountbatten
Governor General of India made such
self conceived remarks on the offer for
Accession as was made by Maharaja of
J&K and classified J&K State as a State
where the issue of Accession was a
dispute. Where as in the circumstances
as explained by Maharaja in his letter
there was no reference of any dispute or
resistance to accession with India
Dominion from the people of his State.
The Maharaja had no where talked of
any dispute regarding accession of J&K .
Then why this condition of
settlement of issue of accession by
reference to the people and what was the
basis for Governor General in the name
of Government of India to call the issue
of accession a dispute as regards J&K
when Maharaja Hari Singh Bahadur in
his letter dated 26 Oct 1947 had clearly
informed that the people of his State ,
both Muslims and non Muslims , general
had taken no part at all
in the
disturbances where ever the same
prevailed.
The said letter has been used by anti
India elements and their sympathizers/
supporters to term the accession as
conditional , even temporary.. Maharaja
had not made any conditional accession.
Hence technically the Accession of J&K
with Indian Dominion has been surely
there and those asking for right of self
determination in the context of political
18
and national status of J&K have to first

call for secession of J&K from Union of
India and may be even before that for
undoing the Indian Independence Act of
British Parliament. And if at this stage
Indian Independence Act 1947 is
negated, who shall endorse the 1947
partition of British India ?
Rather it could be inferred that
Maharaja Hari Singh had no where
acknowledged the conditional accession
nor did he assign to the National
Assembly, that was ordered to be elected
for working out a more democratic
constitutional arrange for internal
governance vide the 5th March 1948
proclamation, the job of endorsing the
accession nor was such job assigned to
the Constituent Assembly that was to be
elected under the proclamation dated 1st
May 1951 of Yuvraj Karan Singh .
While the power was transferred to
the people in British India, the rulers of
the princely States were given /
suggested an option to join either of the
two Dominions India or Pakistan. The
Government of India Act 1935, as
adopted in the Indian Independence Act,
1947, provided, "An Indian State shall be
deemed to have acceded to the Dominion
if the Governor General has signified the
acceptance of an Instrument of Accession
executed by the ruler thereof."..,
Pakistan and even Britain were party to
these provisions. So the choice of joining
either of the Dominions was left to the
Rulers of the States concerned. Moreover,
in the Indian Independence Act, 1947 of
19
British Parliament , there was no

provision for any conditional accession
worth sharing the sovereignty with any
one out side the Dominion. Ofcourse
the same Act had given the Princes of
princely states a sole right to decide on
accession to either of the dominions i.e
Independent Dominion of India and
new dominion of Pakistan.
Hence from all technical reasons the
letter of Mountbatten dated 27th Oct
1947 was not the part of instrument of
accession.
although not required in terms of the
Instrument of accession, the State
Constituent Assembly ratified the
accession of the State to the Union of
India on February 6, 1954. The President
of India subsequently issued the
Constitution (Application to J&K) Order
1954 May 14 under Article 370 of the
Indian Constitution extending the
Union Constitution to the State with
some exceptions and modifications. The
J&K Constitution Act 1996 Samvat too
was amended on 14 may 1954AD.
The State's Constitution for
handling the issues left to State by the
Union Constitution came into force on
January 26, 1957 under which the
elections to the State Legislative
Assembly were held for the first time on
the basis of adult franchise the same
year. The Section 3 of the Constitution
says, "The State of Jammu and Kashmir
is and shall be an integral part of the
Union of India." The Section 4 of the
Constitution defined the territories
which on the fifteenth day of August,

1947, were under the sovereignty of
suzerainty of the Ruler of the State."
1 . From all technical angles the
Accession of J&K as of 1947 with Indian
dominion is complete and legitimate.
Under the Indian Independence act
Prince of J&K was the only designate
authority to decide for Accession .
2 . Maharaja Hari Singh
unconditionally acceded to Dominion of
India and also initiated for a duly elected
Constituent Assembly where in all the 75
National Conference leaders got elected.
Mountbattens letter is not
part of
instrument accession from technical
angle.
3 Though a little late, in view of the
circumstances in hand , it was on 25
November 1949 that Yuvraj Karan Singh

the Sadar e Riyasat /
Maharaja's
authorized Regent
too issued a
proclamation accepting the constitution
being drafted by the Constituent
Assembly of independent India
Dominion/ Republic.
4 . Though not required as per the
instrument of Accession signed by the
Prince of J&K , still the Constituent
assembly also formally
ratified
/confirmed the accession with India.
20
Roots Of Separatism
Muslim separatist politics in Jammu
and Kashmir, particularly Kashmir
valley dates back to 1930,s.
It was the period when Indian
freedom movement had entered a
decisive phase.
Indian nation under the leadership of
Indian National Congress had declared
Puran Swaraj as its objective. 26th
January 1930 was declared the complete
independence day.
Revolutionaries like Shaheed Azam
Bhagat Singh and ChanderShekhar Azad
had created a fear among the British.
To counter this unprecedented
awakening across the country Britishers
secretly encouraged Muslim League and
the demand for separate homeland for
Muslims on the basis of two nation
theory.
In open the British government
convened series of Round Table
Conferences in London to address the
governance grievances of the people of
India.
In the very first Round Table
Conference held from November 1930
January 1931 Maharaja Hari Singh, the
then ruler of J&K as Chairman of the
Chamber of Princes supported the
complete freedom demand of the INC, an
act not liked by the imperialists.
As a measure of punishment, the
British government of India decided to
21
de-stable Maharaja of J&K.

Local Muslim young men,
particularly educated from Aligarh
were patronized to rise in rebellion
besides Muslim League cadres from
Punjab were systematically infiltrated in
disguise into J&K.
One such person Qadeer by name
was smuggled in as a cook of western
traveler. In Srinagar Qadeer started
cooking politics instead of food-his
declared objective.
Local authorities arrested this man
for inciting communal trouble and
disturbing the peace.
Local stooges under the leadership
of sheikh Abdullah were mobilized to
undermine the rule of law. This entire
mobilization was on communal grounds
and minority Hindus became natural
targets.
On 21 June 1931J & K M u s l i m
Conference was formed by Mir Waiz
Yousuf Shah, Sheikh Abdullah,
Chowdhury Ghulam Abbas and others.
13th July 1931 was a conspiracy
hatched by the British Political
Department against Maharaja Hari
Singh for his highly patriotic stand at the
Round Table Conference in London. The
other dimension of the plot was to coerce
him to submit to the long promoted
British demand for lease of strategic
Gilgat. The conspiracy was
implemented on the ground by

Wakefield, Maharaja Hari Singh's Prime
Minister and the British Resident
Jammu Kashmir Muslim Conference,
the political party constituted to
institutionalize the agitation against the
Maharaja and his government. The
Muslim Press of Lahore, and Ahmadiya
Jamat and Majlis Ahrar, two religiopolitical movements of Punjab, also gave
him a helping hand in that formative
period.
Sh. Abdullah converted Muslim
Conference into All J&K National
Conference On 10th June 1939. To be able
to get support of the Indian Press and
leadership in his struggle for power in
Kashmir. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
persuaded him to do so
But Sheikh Abdullah did not leave
his essential component, the communal
politics. For him Kashmir was a nation
and National conference its national
party.
The Second World War and arrest of
all top leaders of the Congress in the wake
of the quit India Movement of 1942, gave
a new turn to Kashmir's politics. The
communist party of India, which began
to support the British after German attack
on Soviet Russia and Russian entry into
the Anglo-American Camp. They began
to take special interest in Kashmir. Many
top communist leaders of Punjab began
to give pro-communist tilt to politics and
policies of the National Conference.
The National Conference under the
leadership of Sheikh Abdullah adopted
Naya Kashmir campaign as a manifesto.

The manifesto of Naya Kashmir,
contained a declaration for the
establishment of a responsible
Government besides the high ideals of
reformation in social, educational and
economic fields along with a provision
for independent judiciary and
parliamentary democracy. According to
Sheikh Abdullah, all these things were
possible when the Maharaja was ousted
from power.
With full religious zeal the National
Conference launched its Quit Kashmir
movement on May 10, 1946.
For the brief period from 1947-53 in
which National Conference was in
power they used the state apparatus to
make Kashmir an independent entity.
When ousted for his anti national
policies in 1953 MA Beig, the 2nd in
command of NC formed the Plebiscite
front and asked for implementation of
UN resolutions.
It is worthwhile to note that the HQ
of NC is called Mujahid Manzil that is
the goal of Muslim warriors.
Separatist sentiment was, therefore
institutionalized to make it a perpetual
sentiment.
Trouble for Hindu minority was
being institutionalized in Kashmir. A
fresh dose of migration that had almost
stopped in Sikh-Dogra regime began
anew after Battaloot day of 1931. Muslim
Conference headed by Sheikh Abdullah
with the backing of British was gaining
strength. Jawahar Lal Nehru who had
22
personal envy with Maharaja and close

affinity with sheikh started meddling.
Ambitious sheikh saw his future with
loosely knit Congress as compared to Ali
Mohd. Jinnah and Muslim League. This
along with several other factors lead to
transformation of Muslim Conference
into National Conference. Nation
denoting Kashmir, not India. With this
kind of situation we reach 1947. Partition
of the country on the basis of two nation
theory and subsequent events had its toll
in Kashmir. Insistence of Pt. Nehru to
install Sheikh Abdulla as Prime
Minister/emergency administrator
ensured that NC cadres built on
communal narrative became ruling elite
overnight. Ray of Hope statement
gave them the much required moral
license to do whatever they wanted. In
this process atrocities committed against
minority got suppressed. That Hindus in
District Baramulla in particular had to
suffer enormously remained concealed.
An entire generation including has
grown up listening to horrible tale of the
dreadful days
.A well-planned psychological war was
unleashed against the Hindus, which
involved:
v denigration of their religious precept
and rituals;
v desecration and destruction of their
temples;
v encroachment on their religious
endowments, unlawful occupation of
the land attached to temples and
ancient shrines;
v frequent provocations to arouse
23
general communal tension to instill

fear among them, so that they
abandoned their homes;
v promotion of the distress sales of
Hindu property, with finances made
available from various Muslim
endowments and trusts;
v pressure built upon the small Hindu
business community to close down
whatever business enterprises it
owned;
v Elimination of Hindus from decision
making process;
v Delimitation and redrawing of
territorial constituencies so as to get
rid of all chances of any Hindu getting
elected to state legislature;
v the recruitment of the Hindus in the
services was further reduced to
almost eliminate them completely
with a view to compel them to leave
the State;
Reduction of the intake of Hindus in
the higher educational institutions in
spite of merit and competence.
Forgotten Heroes
People like Shaheed Mohd.
Maqbool Sherwani were pushed into
oblivion and separatist rewarded
constantly. Sheerwani was the person
who faced tribal raiders in 1947 and
played an important role in delaying
their march to Srinagar. He was tied to a
pole and 24 bullets fired at him. He was
not allowed to be an inspiration for local
populace. Instead the people who were
actively involved in plundering Hindus
ascended to the throne.
As soon as NC took charge of the
administration Islamisation was given

official colour.
Capturing Hindu
landsprivate as well as community was
done under laws prepared for the
purpose. Infamous land to tiller was
designed in such a way that even small
and marginal hindu land owners were
left with no or a little land. Recruitment
policy was also designed in such a way
that gave enormous advantage to the
majority community. Hence if a
matriculate Hindu was eligible for say
post of constable in case of Muslims it
was middle pass only.this was
irrespective of what the status of the
Muslim candidate was.
In this manner all the fundamental
human rights of Hindus of J&K
recognised by the constitution and part of
Universal Declaration like
Any symbol exhibiting the
civilisational relation and bonding
between Kashmir and rest of the country
were and is being destroyed in a
systematic manner.
Urdu was thus designated as official
language and not the Kashmiri which is
closer to Sanskrit. And now while in
government the Kashmiri language has
been distorted to make it look an abstract
of persio-Arabic language.
This process continues un abated till
date. And after several decades of this
policy we witness an isolated and
marginalized section of opportunist
elements using separatism as an
instrument of personal ambitions
becoming almost mainstream sentiment.
Competitive encouragement to this

sentiment ensured that all the successive
governments irrespective of party to
which it belonged harboured or at least
demonstrated their desire and
commitment to a separatist Islamic state
After Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad(
who replaced Sheith Abdullah in 1953),
Ghulam Mohd. Sadiq was installed as
Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
in February 1964.
During his time the State witnessed
many political changes. The
nomenclatures of Sadr-i-Riyasat and the
Prime Minister were changed to
Governor and the Chief Minister
respectively.
As a result of the efforts of Sadiq, the
National Conference was merged with
the Indian National Congress. The Praja
Parishad Party had already merged with
Jan Sangh. Sadiq adopted a policy of
liberalisation towards Sheikh Abdullah.
On the other side the Sheikh had not
abandoned his old policy and activities
and naturally he followed the same old
path.
Al Fatah, deriving its name from
Arab Guerrilla organization committed
to liberalization of Palestine, dominated
the separatist movement in Kashmir
soon after Tashkent Agreement. It
started its activity in 1966, gradually
swelled its ranks and by 1969 it became a
full-fledged organization and almost
peaked in 1971.
Al Fatah was first attempt to
militarize separatist sentiment in
24
Kashmir immediately after the Sacred

Relic Agitation in 1963 when massive
protests were witnessed in the Valley.
It was for the first time that the
separatists in the Valley realized that
there existed a military option too to
achieve their goal.
when Pakistan launched its second
mission in 1965 to annex Kashmir it was
banking on the local support
orchestrated by Al Fatah.
this misadventure failed and Al
Fatah had to lie low for a long time.
Subsequently, its cadre was rehabilitated
in the mainstream by the successive
governments in the State under the
pretext that it had abjured violence and
the separatist ideology.
Some of its members were absorbed
in state apparatus thus enabling
separatists to join the system to wreck it
from within to achieve the ultimate goal.
It needs to be understood that the
strong foundations for the current armed
insurgency was laid by Al Fatah cadre
entrenched within the State
establishment itself.
Hijacking of 'Ganga' the Indian
Airlines flight that had taken off from
Srinagar on the morning of January 30 for
Delhi, and subsequent Indo Pak war
resulting in stunning defeat of Pakistan
and emergence of Bangladesh
demoralized Kashmir separatists,
particularly Sheikh Abdullah.
He entered into an agreement with
Indira Gandhi and returned to Power
25
without abonding his real intentions.

Sheikh fully supported "Al Fatah" .
Its 30 activists, who were in Jail on
charge of sedition, were released after
Sheikh Abdullah withdrew the cases
against them.
The organisation like the Jamait-eIslamic too received his support.
The Sheikh disbanded the Plebiscite
Front and merged it with the National
Conference in order to wear a nationalist
mask on its anti-national activities.
The anti-defection law was enacted
in such a way as would ensure
supremacy of his political group.
Resettlement Bill" was introduced
in state Assembly with a purpose to
remove the constitutional returning to
the state of the people who had migrated
to Pakistan in 1947.
Farooq Abdullah, son and successor
of Sheikh continued this policy.
weapons from Pakistan were
smuggled into Kashmir during the time
of Farooq Abdullah and during the same
time Jamait-e-Islami incited Kashmiri
Muslim youths to taking up arms and
anti-India propaganda was launched
through the cassettes.
The result was that the terrorists
enjoyed the upper hand. Taking
advantage of the ostrich type attitude of
the Chief Minister, many religious
organisations - Islamic Students League,
Ahle Hadis, Umate Islami and Jamait-eIslami started uprooting the ancient
national glory in Kashmir. These

organisations started the work of
influencing educational institutions
while following Pakistan's style of
Islamisation.
70hardcore terrorists arrested by
security forces with active support of
swyamsewaks in several instances were
released on the eve of Eid in 1989.
Kidnapping drama of Rubya Syed
daughter of Mufti Sayyed and
subsequent release of five terrorist
leaders was another example of abject
surrender.
Abandoning of responsibility and
creating hurdles in the way of Governor
Jagmohan with the help of Congress
party under Rajiv Gandhi's leadership
proved disastrous.
This opportunist use of Kashmir by
NC-Congress for narrow political
purposes continues under Omar-Rahul
combination.
Another dangerous consequence of
this political opportunism is the PDP of
Mufti Sayyed who is leaving no stone
unturned to establish his family as an
alternative to NC.
This has convinced the common
man in street that genuine democracy
will never flourish in Kashmir.
Economics of Militancy
The second aspect of the
disinformation campaign about the
militant violence is pertaining to the
alleged economic deprivations, the
Muslims faced in the State. The local
political leadership, specifically the
leadership of the National Conference
and the splinters of the Muslims United
Front, a section of the Muslim leadership
of the Congress the left parties and some
of the constituents of the Janta Dal,
blamed the Hindus of having
appropriated economic advantage at the
cost of the Muslim majority. The
Muslims, they alleged, were compelled
by poverty and economic depression to
resort to armed resistance against India.
26
Article 370 of the constitution of India

Article 370 of the constitution of
India is temporary in nature and grants
special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
The whole question of constitution
making in the State was considered in
May 1949, at a Conference of the Premiers
of the various States and the Union of
States. The Conference of the Premiers
decided to leave the task of the framing of
the Constitution of the States to the
Constituent Assembly of India.
The Maharaja of Kashmir accepted
the Constitution of India the same way; it
was accepted by other acceding princely
States.
The Interim Government of Jammu
and Kashmir State, which was
constituted by the National Conference,
did not accept that the Constituent
Assembly of India should frame the
Constitution of the State and insisted
upon the convocation of a separate
Constituent Assembly in the State.
The Constituent Assembly of India,
in spite of tragic partition, had opted for a
Union of India based on the secular
integration of the people of India.
In broad terms, the National
Conference leaders took the position, to
exclude the Muslim majority State from
the Constitutional organization of India.
NC under the leadership of Sheikh
Abdullah in collaboration with Jawahar
Lal Nehru forced legitimate ruler
27
Maharaja Hari Singh out of state to

ensure its grip over power.
The exclusion of the Jammu and
Kashmir State from the constitutional
organization of India and its
reconstitution into a separate political
identity based upon the Muslim
precedence is Article 370 in nutshell.
Article 370 implies Sixfollowing
Special Provisions for Jammu &Kashmir
1) Jammu & Kashmir was allowed
to have its own constitution.
2) Parliaments legislative power
over the state was restricted to three
subjects Defence, Foreign affairs, and
communications.
3) If other constitutional provisions
or other Union powers were to be
extended to Kashmir, the prior
concurrence of the state govt. was
required.
Text of the Article 370
Article 370 of the Indian

Constitution(1) Temporary provisions with
respect to the State of Jammu and
Kashmir.
Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution,-
(a) the provisions of article 238 shall

not apply in relation to the State of
Jammu and Kashmir;
(b) the power of Parliament to make
laws for the said State shall be limited to
(i) those matters in the Union List and
the Concurrent List which, in
consultation with the Government of the
State, are declared by the President to
correspond to matters specified in the
Instrument of Accession governing the
accession of the State to the Dominion of
India as the matters with respect to which
the Dominion Legislature may make
laws for that State; and
(ii)such other matters in the said Lists
as, with the concurrence of the
Government of the State, the President
may by order specify.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this
article, the Government of the State means the
person for the time being recognised by the
President as the Maharaja of Jammu and
Kashmir acting on the advice of the Council of
Ministers for the time being in office under
the Maharaja's Proclamation dated the fifth
day of March, 1948;
(c) the provisions of article 1 and of
this article shall apply in relation to that
State;
(d) such of the other provisions of this
Constitution shall apply in relation to
that State subject to such exceptions and
modifications as the President may by
order specify :
Provided that no such order which
relates to the matters specified in the
Instrument of Accession of the State

referred to in paragraph (i) of sub-clause
(b) shall be issued except in
consultation with the Government of the
State :
Provided further that no such order
which relates to matters other than those
referred to in the last preceding proviso
shall be issued except with the
concurrence of that Government.
(2) If the concurrence of the
Government of the State referred to in
paragraph (ii) of sub-clause (b) of clause
(1) or in the second proviso to sub-clause
(d) of that clause be given before the
Constituent Assembly for the purpose of
framing the Constitution of the State is
convened, it shall be placed before such
Assembly for such decision as it may
take thereon.
(3) Not withstanding anything in the
foregoing provisions of this article, the
President may, by public notification,
declare that this article shall cease to be
operative or shall be operative only with
such exceptions and modifications and
from such date as he may specify :
Provided that the recommendation
of the Constituent Assembly of the State
referred to in clause (2) shall be
necessary before the President issues
such a notification.
(Source: Constitution of India)
28
Implications of Article 370

Manifestation of Limitations on Law
making in India, Examples:
Chapter- I ( Preliminary )- Be it
enacted by Parliament in the Fifty-sixth
Year of the Republic of India as follows:
1 (1) This Act may be called the Right
to Information Act, 2005.
(2) It extends to the whole of India
except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Implication of Such limitation [Reply
from Deputy Secretary to Home MHA
North Block department of J&K
Government]
WRT your above quoted letter for
providing of information to the applicant
regarding above noted subject, I am
directed to say that as per section 3 of J&K
Right to Information Act,2009 every
person residing in the state shall have the
right to information. Since the applicant
is not a resident of J&K state, the
application filed by him has not been
entertained.
CM J&K not bound to obey the orders
of Union government Even in case of
terminally ill people Article370 comes to
rescue of reluctant officers.
"It is to intimate that the Government
of Jammu and Kashmir is not bound to
obey the orders of the Home Ministry
under Article 370, which gives special
status to the state," Chief Minister
Ghulam Nabi Azad's special secretary
Zafar Ahmed reportedly wrote to Usha
Koul, who had sought aid from the State
29
Government for her son Vipul's

treatment. "Hence your son's medical
the case cannot be settled at any cost on
the instruction of the Home Ministry,"
Ahmed wrote.
This is a case of 2007 that got some
media attention.
Refusal to limit the authority of state
power and the nature and extent of
individual liberty and freedom.
Denial of protection against
discrimination on grounds of religion,
caste and region and laid down legal
remedies against arbitrary exercise of
authority.
Isolate the State from the
mainstream of the Indian political
development.
Push the state into a separate orbit of
political operatives, which ultimately
isolated it from the rest of the country.
The provisions with regard to
citizenship are applicable to the state
with a number of exceptions.
There is an overlapping in Article I
and Article 370 as far as definition of
Union is concerned.
The State of J&K has a Flag of its
own. The Indian National Flag can be
flown only along with the State Flag.
Jammu and Kashmir is the only State
that has dual citizenship, one of the State
and the other of India. Even the voters
lists for State elections and for
Parliament elections are not common.
If a girl belonging to Jammu and
Kashmir marries a boy from outside the
state, who is not a state subject, she loses

all her rights as a 'State Subject'. Even if
her children are then born in the state,
those children have no rights as state
subjects!
The Urban Land Act, 1976, which is in
force in the entire country, is not
applicable to Jammu and Kashmir.
Therefore, rich landlords, belonging to
the majority community in the Valley,
indulge in economic exploitation of the
poor and the Indian citizens, who are
non-state subjects and living in the valley,
cannot even secure loans from the
financial institutions.
. The State Government of Jammu
and Kashmir did not accept the Antidefection law adopted in the country; it
made several amendments. The decision
on defection is not taken by the Speaker of
the Assembly but by the leader of the
connected political party, giving
unbridled authority to the leader of the
party.
Burning of the national flag is not a
cognizable offence.
Under Article 370 the Indian
Parliament cannot increase or reduce the
borders of the state.
The High Court of J&K has limited
powers as compared to other High
Courts within India. It cant declare any
law unconstitutional. Unlike High
Courts in other states, under Article 226
of the Constitution, it cant issue writs
except for enforcement of Fundamental
Rights.
The Supreme Court is not vested

with the jurisdiction of the Federal Court
in regard to the Jammu and Kashmir
State;
The appellate jurisdiction of the
Court cannot be enlarged by the
Parliament without having received a
request to that effect from the State; and
In regard to the Jammu and Kashmir
State the Parliament is not empowered
to confer on the Supreme Court powers
to issue directions, orders and writs in
the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus,
prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari
for purposes other than the enforcement
of the fundamental rights.
The provisions of the Constitution of
India with regard to the services do not
apply to the Jammu and Kashmir State,
except in regard to the powers of the
Parliament to create one or more all
India services common to the Union and
the States and regulate and recruitment
and conditions of service of any such
services.
India with regard to the election is
applicable to Jammu and Kashmir with
certain major modifications.
India that law made by the Parliament in
regard to the delimitation of the
constituencies cannot be called into the
question in any court of law, do not
apply to the State.
30
Discrimination with Jammu and Laddakh

Historically, the present
conglomeration of three heterogeneous
regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh
were never an organic political entity.
This sharp inter-regional contradiction
has a spill over in the political
perception of the three dominant
communities of the respective region and
integration is absent.
Political domination of Kashmiri
Muslims and their discrimination against
Jammu and Ladakh kept the latter
neglected. Both these regions are raising
the issue of abject discrimination at all
possible levels but have failed to get
justice in the name of containing
separatismin Kashmir valley. The neoelite ruling section of Kashmir has
constantly discriminated several regions
of Kashmir also. This clearly indicates
that this ruling class that captured the
power in the state in 1947 by pure
manipulation and blackmail is interested
in enjoying the power only and haveno
respect for ideals they claim.
Political domination of Kashmiri
Muslims:
The democratic process in the state of
Jammu and Kashmir was initiated with
first assembly election in 1951. But by
maneuvering the dominant political
representation of the valley in the state
Legislative Assembly, Sheikh Abdullah
managed to place the political command
31
of the state in the hands of Kashmiri

Muslims. With Kashmir valley-centric
mindset Sheikh Abdullah deliberately
earmarked 43 seats for Kashmir, 30 for
Jammu and 2 for Ladakh in the then
house of a 75-member Legislative
Assembly in the state, even though more
than half of the population and 90 per
cent of the land area belong to Jammu
and Ladakh. Presently, in the house of
87-member legislative assembly in the
state, Kashmir valley sends 46 members
and the rest is shared between the two
regions with 37 from Jammu and only 4
from Ladakh. Of the total 6 Lok Sabha
seats in the state, Kashmir valley, Jammu
and Ladakh have been sharing 3, 2 and 1
seats respectively. The regional share of
political representation in the state is not
in conformity with the strength of
population and voters structure of the
respective region. The voters strength of
Jammu (24,55,174), Kashmir valley
(24,22,765) and Ladakh (1,43719)
vindicates the allegation that the people
of Jammu and Ladakh due to uneven
representation in the state Legislative
Assembly were discriminated in the
decision making process in the state.
There are also allegations that in the
absence of the control of the Election
Commission of India in conducting the
election in Jammu and Kashmir till 1967,
the National Conference manipulated
the rejection of the nomination of
opposition candidates to maintain its

hegemony in the political control of the
state.
Where as Kashmir Region (province)
had only three districts (Anantnag,
Baramulla and Muzafarabad ). After 1947
invasion from Pakistan side some areas
of Mirpur district and Muzafarrabad
were encroached by Pakistan as POK.
As far as the administrative units of
Maharaja's J&K are concerned, before
1975, Jammu Region had six districts (
Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur, Rajouri,
Poonch and Doda } spread over nearly
26000 sq Km where as Kashmir region
had only three ( Anantnag, Baramulla
and Srinagar ) districts( 2.5 Districts of
Pre 1947 days ) spread over nearly 16000
sq km But as regards Kashmir region the
number of districts was arbitrarily
increased to 6 districts (Srinagar,
Badgam, Baramulla, Kupwara,
Anantnag and Pulwama) in
1978/79..Where as the cause of Jammu
region was neglected, rather it could be
termed discrimination.This surely made
the case of Kashmir Division more
stronger for additional development
funds based on the number of districts .
Similarly Wazir Commission
recommended three new districts for
Jammu region in 1984 { Samba/ Bahu,
Reasi and Kishtwar ) and only one more
for Kashmir division. This way Jammu
region would have got more
development funds taking into
consideration 9 districts for Jammu
Region and only 7 for Kashmir division.
But Wazir Commission report was not

implemented putting the people of
most backward areas of Kishtwar,
Rajouri and Samba to great financial /
developmental disadvantage. And to
add to this, so strangely, it was in 2006
that without any rational study Ghulam
Nabi Azad lead Congress Government
carved 4 new districts in Kashmir
Division
as against only one
recommended by Wazir Commission in
1984. Where as for Jammu Region as
against 3 recommended
by Wazir
Commission only four were created.
This way Jammu region was given just
33 % more than what Wazir Commission
recommended where as Kashmir region
was given 300 % more than what Wazir
Commission had recommended. So,
overall a net financial advantage was
intentionally and irrationally tilted
towards to Kashmir Region.
At overall planning and
development level too Jammu region
has been neglected , if not discriminated.
The road net work in this region has
remained severely overlooked upto
2005 and the connectivity was just less
than 40 % as compared to Kashmir
region till the last delimitation was done.
No doubt climate wise Kashmir
Valley has more uniformly distributed
tourism friendly locations and sites. But
Jammu region does have many good
areas worth development of summer
tourism, adventure tourism and pilgrim
tourism. Rather Jammu region has much
more scope for pilgrim tourism as
32
compared to Kashmir region. The areas

of Rajouri / Poonch, Doda/ Bhaderwa/
Kishtwar/ Udhampur and even Kathua
have enough scope for commercial
tourism. There is enough scope for
developing and promoting tourist
circuits where high valley tourist could
surely plan a stay of 10 to 15 days at a
time. But the areas have been totally
neglected. Even after 1990 when tourist
traffic to Kashmir valley was badly
hampered not even one and easiest to
develop tourist circuit around Patnitop/
Sansar/ Bhadarwa could be developed in
20 years. This speaks of the neglect and
intentions.
There is no any programme for
development and promotion of world
reknowned pulses like RAJMAS of the
hills of Jammu Region. It is alleged that
thousands of quintals of Rajmas are sold
to visitors in local market after import
from other states since the local growers
are not able to meet the demand of the
market in Jammu.
Similarly there is no special
programme / incentives for promotion
of production of JAMMU desi Basmati
like 370. If atall the millers of Jammu
region go for export of this Basmati it is at
the cost of the local poor people of J&K.
There is no special high value project
and programme of Saffron ( Kesar ).as
grown in the villages of Kishtwar.
Nothing has been done to promote even
the name and quality of Kishtwar Saffron
which as per statement made in
Legislative Assembly of J&K in March
33
2005 is of superior in quality / market

value than Kashmir valley saffron.
There is no special programme /
incentives
for promotion of
Horticulture in Jammu region.
Himachal Pradesh has been able to
promote the Citrus and Mango along
with Apple and cherry
quite
competitively. Citrus and Mango are
fruit crops of Jammu region. Even Apple
that could be grown in Poonch / Doda/
Kishtwar as well as walnut have not seen
any particular support programme in
these areas although there was more
need for such development/ subsidy
programmes in Jammu region since
even in the pre 1947 days these areas
were economically most neglected.
and development of local craft s /
weaving industry
(like Loee and
Kambal ) in Jammu region that could
otherwise do a lot for improvement of
the economy of these areas.
Jammu region has been the largest
producer of natural quality honey of
appreciable medicinal value. Doda
region had been the leader for wild
honey. Apiculture development
department does exist but
no
programme for growth of this industry
as commercial apiculture
and
promotion of products of these areas has
been chalked out worth appreciation.
At overall planning and
development level too Jammu region
has been neglected , if not discriminated.
The road net work in this region has

remained severely overlooked upto 2005
and the connectivity was just less than 40
% as compared to Kashmir region till the
last delimitation was done.
No doubt climate wise Kashmir
Valley has more uniformly distributed
tourism friendly locations and sites. But
Jammu region does have many good
areas worth development of summer
tourism, adventure tourism and pilgrim
tourism. Rather Jammu region has much
more scope for pilgrim tourism as
compared to Kashmir region. The areas
of Rajouri / Poonch, Doda/ Bhaderwa/
Kishtwar/ Udhampur and even Kathua
have enough scope for commercial
tourism. There is enough scope for
developing and promoting tourist
circuits where high valley tourist could
surely plan a stay of 10 to 15 days at a
time. But the areas have been totally
neglected. Even after 1990 when tourist
traffic to Kashmir valley was badly
hampered not even one and easiest to
develop tourist circuit around Patnitop/
Sansar/ Bhadarwa could be developed in
20 years. This speaks of the neglect and
intentions.
There is no any programme for
development and promotion of world
reknowned pulses like RAJMAS of the
hills of Jammu Region. It is alleged that
thousands of quintals of Rajmas are sold
to visitors in local market after import
from other states since the local growers
are not able to meet the demand of the
market in Jammu.

of production of JAMMU desi Basmati
like 370. If atall the millers of Jammu
region go for export of this Basmati it is
at the cost of the local poor people of
J&K.
There is no special high value project
and programme of Saffron ( Kesar ).as
grown in the villages of Kishtwar.
Nothing has been done to promote even
the name and quality of Kishtwar
Saffron which as per statement made in
Legislative Assembly of J&K in March
2005 is of superior in quality / market
value than Kashmir valley saffron.
There is no special programme /
incentives
for promotion of
Horticulture in Jammu region.
Himachal Pradesh has been able to
promote the Citrus and Mango along
with Apple and cherry
quite
competitively. Citrus and Mango are
fruit crops of Jammu region. Even Apple
that could be grown in Poonch / Doda/
Kishtwar as well as walnut have not seen
any particular support programme in
these areas although there was more
need for such development/ subsidy
programmes in Jammu region since
even in the pre 1947 days these areas
were economically most neglected.
and development of local craft s /
weaving industry
(like Loee and
Kambal) in Jammu region that could
otherwise do a lot for improvement of
34
the economy of these areas.

Jammu region has been the largest
producer of natural quality honey of
appreciable medicinal value. Doda
region had been
the leader for wild
honey. Apiculture development
department does exist but
no
programme for growth of this industry as
A re a
C o n trib u tio n to
G o v t in co m e
V o te rs
A sse m b ly se a ts
L o k sa b h a se a ts
S ta te ca b in e t
m in iste rs
U n e m p lo y m e n t
G ovt
E m p lo y m e n t
S e cre ta ria t
e m lo y e e s
P h e la b o re rs
E le ctrifica tio n
Roads
R o a d d e n sity /
km
T o u rists
T o u rism
e x p e n d itu re
P u b lic se cto r
e n te rp rise s
A g ricu ltu re
e x p e n d itu re
S e ricu ltu re
e x p e n d itu re
35
commercial apiculture and promotion

of products of these areas has been
chalked out worth appreciation.
The following facts will make it clear
to any sensible, unbiased and secular
mind that the Jammu is fighting for
justice. In reality , it is a fight for integrity
and freedom of India.
Ja m m u
K a sh m ir
2 6 2 9 3 sk m
1 5 9 4 8 sk m
7 5 % b y w a y o f ta x e s a n d e le ctricy 2 0 % , b u t n o t b y w a y o f
ta x o r e le ctr w h ich a re
fre e in th e v a lle y fo r la st
6 0 y e a rs
3 0 5 9 9 8 6 (a ctu a l fig u re s, th is
2 8 8 3 9 5 7 (in fla te d fig u re s ,
e x clu d e s la cs o f th o se w h o h a v e th e re a re lo ts o f b o g u s
b e e n d en ie d v o tin g w rite s
v o te rs)
m isu sin g th e se ctio n 3 7 0 )
37
47
2
3
5
14
70%
1 .2 la cs
30%
3 la cs
20%
75%
500K
70 %
4571 km
23%
2100K
99 %
7129 km
51%
8 0 la cs
10%
4 la cs
85%
N il
30%
70%
30%
70%
Refugee problem in J&K

Jammu has over the years become a
land of refugees. Different kinds of
people belonging to all types of castes
and creeds have found place of refuge in
Jammu after being persecuted and
discriminated at the places of their origin.
Right from 1947 after the partition of
India people came to save their life and
honour and settled in Jammu. Major
categries of refugees now in jammu are as
follows:
West Pak Refugees
Over two lakh refugees from West
Pakistan -- mostly members belonging to
the depressed classes -- have been
leading a wretched life in Jammu since
1947. They migrated to Jammu to save
their life. Even after over 64 years of
independence and forced migration
these refugees have failed to obtain
citizenship rights despite repeated
passionate pleas and protest
demonstrations. Their life is nothing but
a hell on earth as they are considered a
community who don't deserve human
rights, including the right to education
and vote. No authority cares for them. All
those who matter in the state and at the
centre focus only on the prosperous
Kashmir and the people it houses. They
cannot get admission in professional
colleges of the state nor can they apply for
the government jobs. They can vote for
36
the parliament but not for state

assembly. They were in fact stopped by
the state government in 1947 and
promised proper rehabilitation. But that
promise was never kept.
POJK Refugees
Jammu also houses nearly one
million refugees from Pakistanoccupied-Jammu and Kashmir (POJK).
They had, like the refugees from West
Pakistan, also left their original habitat
in 1947 to escape their physical
liquidation at the hands of the votaries of
the pernicious two-nation doctrine and
save their honour, culture and religion.
They were displaced from Mirpur,Kotli,
Deva Batala, Bhimber, Muzaffarabad,
Gilgit etc.They left behind properties
worth millions and millions of crores.
They have been struggling since then to
obtain compensation and proper
rehabilitation, but with no result. As a
result, they continue to suffer. The
authorities remain unmoved and always
offer crumbs to them to conciliate them.
Such is the perverted thinking of the
authorities. They, instead of focusing on
the persecuted and hounded out
communities, focus only and exclusively
on the rather prosperous and allpowerful Kashmir and its privileged
people. These refugees are actually
residents of J&K state and are paying for
inability of the government to vacate the

POJK from the illegal occupation of
Pakistan.
These POjK DPs have remained
Neglected all these years.
No claims of the properties left
behind by them in POK have been given
to them like other refugees from Pakistan.
There has been no regular exercise
done by GOI or J&K for registration /
number count of the families displaced
from POK and those killed during the
disturbance. Only registration done has
been for those who qualified for ex
gratia relief ( amount was very small )
and submitted for applications. The
number of such applicants ( not invited
for general registration ) was around
only 31600 as per the official sources.
Many who went outside J&K in 1947 have
remained totally unattended.
No any special assistance like
reservation in services, reservations in
educational institutions, subsidies on
financial supports from financial
institutions etc has been given to them.
Even the small ex gratia assistance in
1960s was adjusted against small
accommodations provided to them.
POJK DPs
have now started
complaining of Discrimination against
them in addition to neglect of their cause
after 1990 migration of people of Kashmir
Valley and have started demanding even
additional compensation for no timely
support ( as has been provided to
Kashmiri Migrants) provided to them
over the years and (i) reservations in
services and education (ii) economic

back up like loans / subsidies etc (iii)
the accumulated appreciated value of
assets left behind by them in POK ( they
can surrender the property rights in
favour of Government ). Many POK
DPs who went outside J&K could not
even carry STATE SUBJECT
CERTIFICATES while running for life in
1947. They should be given SSC/ PRC on
the basis of camp registrations they had
in 1947/48.
IDPs from Kashmir Valley

In 1989-1990, Kashmir witnessed
genocide of the miniscule minority of
Kashmiri Hindus. Several Hindus lost
their lives. Several Hindu women
suffered. Their religious places were
vandalized. The fanatics created an
environment that left the Kashmiri
Hindus with no other option but to quit
their homes and hearths and migrate to
Jammu and other places of the country.
It happened in early 1990. Ever since
then, they are longing for a dispensation
that induces them to go back to the
Valley and lead there a dignified life in
the land of their ancestors. But nothing
has come out of their passionate pleas.
Most of them continue to lead a
miserable life in the unliveable camps,
including the newly-built and "unsafe"
Jagati Township. The displaced
Kashmiri Hindus continue to confront a
situation that makes them believe that
they are not part and parcel of the Indian
society and that the authorities, instead
37
of redressing their grievances, have

abandoned them to placate Kashmir and
its people.
Gross political mismanagement,
unprecedented corruption and loot of
public exchequer by the emerging neoelite lead to public disenchantment in
Kashmir. The ruling establishment
collaborated and cooperated with Islamic
fundamentalists in diverting the growing
public anger towards the Central
government, Hindu minority and India
as a whole.
Petro-dollars pumped into Kashmir
from Arabian countries, perceived
successes of Mujahideen in Afghanistan
and
collapse of the USSR as a
superpower encouraged Muslim youths
in Kashmir to take to the gun.
Organised violence and brutal
attacks against the helpless minority
Hindu community began right from 1986
and even much earlier. Riots broke out
against Kashmirs Hindu minority in
February 1986,assuming a genocidal
dimension.It was a full dress rehearsal of
the plan for their genocide chalked out by
Pakistans infamous ISI codenamed
Operation Topac.
The Administration remained busy
in placating Muslim fundamentalists
Instead of providing protection to the
besieged
minority community.The
happenings of 1986 were factually
summed up by Vinod Sharma, a veteran
journalist with established secular
credentials, in a report carried by the
newsmagazine The Weekly in its March
38
23-29,1988 issue (photocopy enclosed).

The very title of the story filed by him,
Valley of Fears: Is There a Sinister
Attempt to Force a Hindu Exodus?
conveyed the crux of the situation.
The government virtually abdicated
its responsibility in the fast deteriorating
security situation in the state, supinely
surrendering before the secessionist
onslaught . Incidents of bomb blasts,
attacks on high profile targets,
appearance of photographs of fully
armed terrorist leaders in the media etc.
announced the arrival of gun culture in
the Valley.
Instead of taking effective measures
to curb militancy, it released 70 hard core
terrorists on one pretext and 5 more in
the stage-managed Rubaiya Sayeed
abduction case.Civil curfews; Hartals,
violent demonstrations became the
order of the day. Official vehicles were
openly used to smuggle in arms and
ammunition as well as subversives. The
terrorists struck under a definite design
to eliminate Hindus. Dealing the first
blow, Tika Lal Taploo, a leading lawyer
and popular political leader, was
g u n n e d d o w n o n 1 4 t h
September,1989. Administrative circles
discounted the fears of the scared
minority as unfounded.
Hell broke loose on the night of 19th
January, 1990, with almost the entire
Muslim community coming out on the
streets, raising hateful slogans against
the Hindu minorityThe night of January
19, 1990 exposed the hollowness of the
secular pretensions of Kashmirs political

organisation when almost the entire
Muslim majority came out on the streets
raising vicious slogans against the
terrified Hindu minority, particularly
insulting to its womenfolk. There was no
sign of administration visible or invisible
anywhere in Srinagar on that day. The
fundamentalist terrorists went on
rampage, virtually taking over the city
and doing whatever they wanted to do.
The minority community of
Kashmiri Hindus had no option but to
leave for the safety of their life and limb
and honour of their womenfolk. They left
their homes and hearths leaving
everything behind -- movable and
immovable property, jobs, and business
enterprises, hoping that the situation will
soon normalize and they will be able to
return to their native land.
The night of January 19, 1990 exposed
the hollowness of the secular pretensions
of Kashmirs political organisation when
almost the entire Muslim majority came
out on the streets raising vicious slogans
against the terrified Hindu minority,
particularly insulting to its womenfolk.
The fundamentalist terrorists went on
rampage, virtually taking over the city
and doing whatever they wanted to do.
The minority community of
Kashmiri Hindus had no option but to
leave for the safety of their life and limb
and honour of their womenfolk. They left
their homes and hearths leaving
everything behind -- movable and
immovable property, jobs, business
enterprises, hoping that the situation

will soon normalize and they will be able
to return to their native land.
Official records say that 56487
families are registered as Kashmiri
migrants. Out of these 34562 families
are in Jammu,19338 in Delhi and the
remaining in other states. But only 15078
families in Jammu, that is less than 50%,
and 4335 families in Delhi, that is about
21%, are receiving cash assistance from
the government. 5242 families in Jammu
and around 250 families in Delhi have
been provided camp accommodation -that is just 10% of the registered families.
The remaining families have been left to
fend for themselves. These people are
living in extremely miserable and
subhuman conditions.
The minority Hindu community has
not been displaced from Kashmir only
physically but also culturally. Their
imprints on the history and geo-culture
of Kashmir are being deliberately
erased. Historical places are being
renamed, existence of cultural heroes
denied and access to their language is
being denied to the displaced Hindus as
part of the plan to prevent their return.
The census of 2001 showed the
numbers of Kashmiri Hindus much
below their actual population, and gave
an unreal picture of their existence.
Same is being repeated in 2011. Kashmiri
Hindus have been unceremoniously
eliminated from revised voter lists. The
displaced Hindu minority of Kashmir is
not only trying to come to terms with the
40
trauma of displacement, but is also

fighting injustices of a biased
government.
Discrimination is clearly visible in
providing relief to the victims on the basis
of religion. The displaced Hindu
minority of Kashmir is not only trying to
come to terms with the trauma of
displacement, but is also fighting
injustices of a biased government.
Discrimination is clearly visible in
providing relief to the victims on the basis
of religion.
Terror Victims of Jammu Region

In the Jammu region, both Muslims &
Hindus from various areas particularly
Poonch, Rajouri, Doda, Kishtwar,
Ramban, Reasi. Udhampur were forced
to leave their native areas and live under
miserable and sub-human conditions in
Jammu and elsewhere Supreme Court of
India and High Court J&K, in their
interim directions have impressed upon
the state government to treat the
migrants of Jammu region on the analogy
of Kashmiri migrants in respect of
sanction of relief and other benefits, but
the state government is reluctant to
implement the court directions as a result
of which they have been living in
miserable conditions and are leading
despondent lives.
The impact of terrorism in the Jammu
region does not get due attention. The
living conditions of the displaced persons
(about ten thousand families) in the
terrorism hit areas of Jammu region are
41
deplorable. The areas which have

witnessed migration in Jammu after the
state was engulfed by secessionist and
communal violence in 1989 include the
erstwhile Doda district, Rajouri district,
Poonch district and the erstwhile
Udhampur district. They left their
homes and hearths to escape the
fanatics' ire and wrath. They migrated
years ago, but no one is interested in
their well-being, happiness and
rehabilitation. Then, there are border
migrants. They abandoned their homes
to escape the Pakistani wrath and help
the Indian State defeat the Pakistani
onslaughts. They should have been
taken care of for their sacrifices and
contribution, but the authorities have
not done anything concrete to mitigate
their woes. Such is the attitude of the
authorities in a state called a welfare
state.
And, then, there are the original
inhabitants in Jammu province. Their
number is more than three million. Their
plight is miserable and their life pathetic.
In fact, they constitute the most
neglected lot in the whole of the country.
New Delhi considers them irrelevant
and perpetrates on them injustice after
injustice. The situation has virtually
climaxed to the point that their very
identity is under grave threat. New
Delhi acts as an agent of Kashmir and
Kashmiri leadership and virtually
despises the people of Jammu province,
including refugees of all varieties, under
the misguided notion that the
conciliation of the neglected people of

Jammu province might "hurt the psyche
of Kashmir and Kashmiri leadership".
War Refugees
India has fought wars with Pakistan
in 1965, 1971 and 1999. Most of the people
who got affected due to these wars
belonged to Jammu Region and Ladakh
region. As regards Jammu Region India
surrendered some more areas to Pakistan
, particularly Chammb area, as after affect
of 1965 / 1971 wars and a large number of
people of J&K were displaced from
Chammb areas . Here too bulk of them
were non muslims. The question
liberation of POK as of 1947 has still
remained unresolved till date and
instead some mores have
been
surrendered to Pakistan.
Affected people are all Permanent
Residents of J&K ( subjects of J&K).
There are two broader categories of
people who had been / have been
suffering due to Indo Pak LOC/
International Border conflicts.
Cat-1 > those who have faced
regular dislocations / disturbances.
These people have not lived
peacefully for last six decades. They have
been forced leave their homes and lands
very often. They have been provided
some short term surviving assistances
and have been many a times asked to go
back even when the conditions had not
fully improved. Some reservations in
services / education were provided to
people living in ALOC/ LOC. But no
support enabling them to sustain the

regular socio economic losses have been
provided to them. This need a detailed
study so that they are got compensated
for the neglect meted to them so far.
Cat-II >those who have been
permanently uprooted from their
homes ( like Chammb refugees) :
These people were provided some
compensation in kind after the
permanent dislocation was caused to
them officially. Here too no regular
agency has been engaged by
government to estimate the loss they
suffered and hence the compensation
given to them has to be still tested. More
so no Non Governmental Organisation
from JK / national level / international
level too has done any study on their
cause.
These people had remained
disturbed for decades even before they
left Chammb and hence were
economically and educationally
backward. These people hence need be
supported with special support for
education, trade, employment and
services. Hence they too fall in the
category of most neglected people of
J&K.
42
Some useful facts

The total population of the State
according to census of India, conducted
in 1981, was 59,27389 of which 19,30,448
were Hindus, 38,43,451 were Muslims,
1,33,675 were Sikhs, 69,706 were
Buddhists, 1,576 Jains, and 2,481
Christians. The population figures,
quoted above did not include the two and
a half lakh Hindus and Sikhs, who
migrated to Jammu and Kashmir in 1947,
and the Hindus and Sikhs who were
displaced from the territories of the State
occupied by Pakistan and who have lived
in the State ever since.
These people are still awaiting
settlement in the State. This has been in
contrast with the expedition and
efficiency with which the Muslim
refugees from Tibet, who claimed
Kashmiri lineage and who migrated to
Kashmir in the wake of the Chinese
annexation of Tibet in 1950, the Afghan
refugees and thousands of Muslim
immigrants, who sneaked across the
Cease-Fire Line, from the occupied
territories, in the wake of the IndoPakistan conflict of 1965, and the
Bangladesh War of 1971, were settled in
both the provinces of the State.
These ugly facets of the Indian policy
towards Kashmir and the double
standards of the State Government have
hardly been known outside the State and
have generally been lost in the din of the
orchestrated tradition of tolerance and

secular values of the Muslim leadership
in Kashmir.
The total population of the Hindus
according to the Census of 1981, formed
32.4 percent of the total population of the
State. The population of Sikhs formed
2.1 percent of the population of the State
and the population of Buddhists
constituted 1.1 percent of the population
of the State. The population of the Hindu
and Sikh Sharnarthis, refugees still
awaiting settlement, constituted 4.1
percent of the population of the State.
Added together, the population of the
Hindus, the Sikhs and the Buddhists in
the State, constituted 39.7 percent of the
population of the State.
The Jammu and Kashmir is a
prosperous State, which in terms of per
capita in come is placed fourth among
the Indian States. The prosperity of the
Muslims accounted for a greater share in
the figures cited above due to more
favourable allocation of financial
resources for the Kashmir division,
varying between 65 to 69 percent as
compared to 35 to 31 percent allocated to
the two divisions of Jammu and Ladakh.
The widespread propaganda
campaign about the so-called economic
deprivation of the Muslims of Kashmir,
was designed to conceal the real import
and objectives of the militancy and was
42
aimed to mislead the Indian public

opinion in order to provide tactical
advantage to the secessionist forces
working against the unity of the country.
The Muslims in the province were and
still are, a prosperous community. The
Muslims of Kashmir dominated the
economic organisation of the State, as
shown by the following facts:
The Muslims in Kashmir owned 97.4
percent of the agricultural land, leaving
2.6 per cent of agricultural land in the
ownership of the Hindus and the other
minorities, who together constituted
about 11 percent population of the
province. The Muslims owned 96 percent
of the fruit orchard acerage in the
Kashmir province, whereas the Hindus
owned only 2.8 percent of the fruit
orchards.
TheMuslims in Kashmir owned 98.7
per cent acerage of Kareva highland,
growing saffron, whereas the Hindus
owned 0.03 percent land yielding saffron.
The export of dry fruit: almond, and
walnut, was a monopoly of the Muslims
in Kashmir, the Hindus having negligible
or no share in the export of dry fruit from
Kashmir.
The export of precious walnut and
willow-wood was wholly a monopoly of
the Muslims, the Hindus having no share
in it. The employment of the Muslims in
the horticulture industry approximated
to 8 lakhs of people working on 4,81,000
orchard holdings. The employment of
Hindus in the Horticul- ture indus try
was less than 0.5 percent.
43
Of the industries using electric

power in Kashmir province, 98.9 per
cent were owned by the Muslims and
only 0.02 per cent were owned by the
Hindus.
The handicrafts and handloom
industry of Kashmir division was almost
wholly owned by the Muslims and
provided employment to 91,941
persons, among whom only 0.4 per cent
were Hindus.
The membership of the handicrafts
and handloom cooperative societies in
1985-86, the years, when the Muslim
fundamental its were getting
militarised, was 17,776, of which only 0.3
per cent belonged to the Hindus in
Kashmir.
In 1985-86, the number of smallscale industries and industrial units
registered with the Directorate of
Industries in Kashmir province was
46,293. The number of units registered in
the name of the Hindus of Kashmir
estimated to only 0.01 percent. 98.7
percent of the industrial units were
registered in the name of the Kashmiri
Muslims.
The Khadi and village industries
registered under Khadi and Village
Industries Board, provided employment
to 28,110 persons. 98.8 percent of the
employees were Muslims.
According to the statistics and
figures collected from the Government
sources for the years 1985-86, the State
Transport Corporation employed 6,434
persons of which the Kashmiri Hindus
accounted for 0.8 percent. According to

the figures available for the year 1985-86,
from the government sources, the entire
boat transport in the State was
monopolised by the Kashmiri Muslims.
The hotel industry is a highly
lucerative industry in Kashmir. It was
always a closed preserve of the Muslims
of Kashmir. The Muslims owned about 96
percent of the hotel property in Kashmir,
the Hindus owned only 2.2 percent of the
Hotel property in Kashmir.
94 percent of the State subsidy paid
on horticulture, agriculture, agricultural
implements, fertilisers, pesticides etc.
was appropriated by the Muslims in
Kashmir with 2.4 per cent and less of the
subsidies received by the Hindus. The
Muslims appropriated the whole of the
State subsidies on industrial loans,
exports, self employment schemes etc.
The share of the Hindus of Kashmir in
such subsidies was negligible; less than
0.1 per cent.

The share of the Hindus in the
industrial loans, provided by the State
Government, the loans on selfemployment schemes, loans on small
scale and handicraft industrial units and
the lands alloted for the establishment of
such industries, was negligible; less than
0.1 per cent. The Hindus were almost
excluded from contracts and public
works undertaken by the Government
and were given, on an average, a share of
4 percent in the works undertaken by the
State.
Land to tiller
With one stroke of pen Hindu
community was rendered landless.
Social boycott of pro Indian parties.;
Gujjar Bakerwals , shias and Ahmedias
also not accepted as equals. Caste system
within Muslims prevalent everywhere.
Love Jihad existed in Kashmir earlier.
44
Major Players in Kashmir

Kashmir is being termed as stormy
centre of world. Every major power is
active in this area. First in the name of
containing elsewhere USSr and now to
have a pie of natural resoueces of central
Asian countries every country is trying to
meddle in the area. Af-Pak is hence
emergingas a major cetre of global power
games. This has its impact on Kashmir
and India as whole. Some key players in
Kashmir are as follows:
China
China has been deploying thousands
of soldiers in the strategic GilgitBaltistan. Although cooperation between
Pakistan and China is not new -- it was
China in the 1970s that supported
Pakistan's attempts to acquire its nuclear
capability -- the deployment of Chinese
troops in Pakistan, however, indicates a
worrying alliance. The presence of the
Chinese People's Liberation Army [PLA]
in
Gilgit-Baltistan region, where a
nascent revolt against the Pakistani rule
is taking place, constitutes the direct
involvement of Beijing in the dispute
over Kashmir, making any future
understanding between Pakistan and
India more difficult, and can only arouse
a new and serious rift between New Delhi
and Beijing.
"China wants a grip on the strategic
area to assure unfettered road and rail
45
access to the Gulf through Pakistan,"

stated the NYT. Beijing intends to create
a corridor from the Indian Ocean up to
the Chinese province of Xinjiang. The
first cornerstone of this grandiose
project has been the construction of the
Gwadar Port, at the mouth of the Persian
Gulf and outside the Strait of Hormuz. It
is near the key shipping routes used by
the mainline vessels that have
connections to Africa, Asia and Europe,
and it enjoys a high commercial and
strategic significance.
The port was financed and built by
China and inaugurated in 2007 by the
former Pakistani President Pervez
Musharraf. At present, it takes a Chinese
tanker about 16 to 25 days to reach the
Gulf. Once high-speed rail and road
links through Gilgit-Baltistan are
completed, however, China will be able
to transport cargo to and from Xinjiang
to Gwadar and to other Pakistani port
facilities, within 48 hours.
PLA's soldiers in Gilgit-Baltistan are
also expected to work on the
infrastructure in the region. According
to reports, China is planning the
construction of roads and bridges; a
high-speed rail system, and nearly twodozen tunnels. As the whole area is
closed to foreign observers, news can
only be obtained through intelligence
information, as well as satellite imagery
that shows construction activities are

underway throughout the region.
Many of the PLA soldiers are
supposedly currently building the
railroad. Others are extending the
Karakoram Highway, which connects
China and Pakistan across the
Karakoram mountain range, and
engaged in activities for constructing
dams, expressways and other projects.
Their presence is also apparently
meant to deter any possible disturbances
from the local population, within which
are simmering rebellious sentiments
against the Pakistani rule.
USA and West

The alliance between the U.S. and
Pakistan appears to be becoming less and
less sound. The U.S.-led war against the
Taliban, Al-Qaeda, and other terrorist
groups in Afghanistan is quickly
deteriorating into a growing open
conflict with Pakistan's Inter-Services
Intelligence (ISI)., which represents the
core of Pakistani military power and can
also act independently from Pakistan's
government. The agency is responsible
for the creation of the mujahiddin
movement in Afghanistan during the
war against the USSR; and later, for the
movements for the "liberation" of
Kashmir, as well as the first attack on
World Trade Center, and the attacks on
hotels and a Jewish Habad Cenmter in
Mumbai. China and Pakistan share many
common interests: both have territorial
disputes with India. China and India,
whose populations, combined, make up

slightly less than 40% of the world
population. They are also both striving
for strategic regional supremacy. By
linking its western province to the
Indian Ocean, China will not gain just a
strategic stronghold and access to the
Persian Gulf, but also could significantly
influence the geopolitics and trade in the
Indian Ocean Region, as well as in
Central Asia.
US obtains more influence in South
Asia, compared to Russia and China;
United States changed its security policy
for the Asia-Pacific region
This is primarily demonstrated in
the United States' increasing focus on the
Asia-Pacific region or, more accurately,
in the emergence of an integrated
military strategy for the Europe-Atlantic
region and the Asia-Pacific region. India
and the Indian Ocean are expected to
play an important role in such a geostrategy. In the closing days of the
Clinton administration, the containment
of China gradually increased in
importance as a factor influencing
America's Asia-Pacific strategy. In
addition to causing trouble on the
Taiwan issue, the strategy of
containment included reliance on
Japanese and Indian Forces, and
especially on the trend of enhancing
India's capabilities to contain China.
Giving the fact that counter-terrorism
has became the primary issue in
American strategy, the United States
intends to use the war on terrorism to
46
implement its military strategy in the

Asia-Pacific region in addition to
strengthening homeland security. The
US military strategy in the Asia-Pacific
region, consequently, includes securing
influence and location in Central Asia;
the limiting of Western Asia's
development; and a return to South East
Asia. Within this context, India and the
Indian Ocean constitute the bridge for the
United States in its regional military
strategy.
While Pakistan has attempted to
balance Indian superiority by seeking
external ties, India has perceived this as a
way of upsetting the natural balance of
power in South Asia.25 For America,
Pakistan's role in the United States'
military strategy is especially important
when America's personal interests are in
jeopardy (anti-communism, containment
of the erstwhile Soviet Union, and
counter terrorism). As Pakistan is a
traditional ally of the United States and a
frontline state in fighting terrorism,
without a more normal India-Pakistan
relationship, the India-US relationship
will remain highly sensitive to Indian
perceptions of Washington's relationship
with Islamabad.
In conclusion, based on the rise of the
Indian power, the importance of South
Asia and the emergence of an Asia-Pacific
perspective, the United States has
gradually changed its balance of power
policy. America is using the balance of
power (method) to secure a power
advantage (goal).
47
Britsh compulsion
Most British Kashmiris originate
from Azad ("free") Kashmir, which isn't
so much free as controlled by Pakistan (a
source of suppressed anger). But they're
Kashmiris in the sense that they
originate from the old princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir. 500,000 or so
fellow citizens who originate from
Pakistan and well over a million British
citizens of Indian origin, concentrated in
a relatively small number of urban areas,
among whom the Kashmir issue arouses
divided views and fervent passions. The
conflict in Kashmir, like the condition of
Pakistan, thus has ripple effects in
Britain. Pakistan's a long way from
collapse. (The army remains a dominant
force.) But trouble there has effects here.
The Al Qaeda connection's too obvious
to stress. A further war over Kashmir
between India and Pakistan - three have
been fought since the 1940s - could have
serious consequences.
Pakistani Terrorist Machinery

Aimed at Kashmir
For Islamabad, the liberation of
Kashmir is a sacred mission, the only
task unfulfilled since Muhammad Ali
Jinnah's days. Moreover, a crisis in
Kashmir constitutes an excellent outlet
for the frustration at home, an
instrument for the mobilization of the
masses, as well as gaining the support of
the Islamist parties and primarily their
loyalists in the military and the Inter
Services Intelligence (ISI)

The ISI has a major interest to
continue the crisis. Back in the 1970s,
Pakistan started to train Sikhs and other
Indian separatist movements as part of
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's strategy for forward
strategic depth. Pakistan adopted the
sponsorship of terrorism and subversion
as an instrument to substitute for the lack
of strategic depth and early warning
capabilities. The Pakistani sponsored
terrorists and the Pakistani intelligence
operatives in their ranks would be able to
warn Pakistan of any impending Indian
invasion, and then launch a guerrilla
warfare against the Indian Army even
before it reached the border with
Pakistan. Therefore, sponsoring
separatist subversion has become a
crucial component of Islamabad's
national military strategy.
Deadliest Pakistani Terrorist Groups
Active in Jammu and Kashmir:
Harkat-ul-Ansar (recently renamed
Harkat-ul-Mujaheedin)
Headquarters: Muzaffarabad (PakistanOccupied Kashmir)
Lashkar-e-Toiba
Headquarters: Muridke (Pakistan)
Hizbul Mujahideen
Groups active in Kashmir
The Jammu and Kashmir
Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP) was
founded in 1998 by Hashim Qureshi and
Shabir Ahmad Shah as a separatist party
that advocates self-rule for Jammu and
Kashmir.
The Jammu and Kashmir People's
Democratic Party (PDP) was founded in
1999 by Mufti Mohammed Sayeed and is
a separatist party that advocates selfrule for Jammu and Kashmir.
The All Parties Hurriyat
Conference (APHC) was founded in
1993 and is a political front formed as an
alliance of 26 political, social and
religious organisations in Kashmir. One
of the main objectives of the APHC is
ascend the Indian controlled regions of
Kashmir to Pakistan and to instate
Islamic governance.
The Indian National Congress
(INC) is one of the two major political
parties in India and is considered centreleft in the Indian political spectrum. In
the 2009 general election it formed a
coalition with a number of allies called
the UPA and was able to form a majority
and form a government.
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is
India's second largest political party and
is considered centre-right in the Indian
political spectrum and is the HinduNational party. They were in power
from 1998 to 2004 when Atal Bihari
Vajpayee was Prime Minister.
The Jammu and Kashmir National
Conference Party (NCP) was founded
48
by Sheikh Abduallah in 1939 and

dominated electoral politics for many
decades in the state, it is now being led by
his grandson Omar Abdullah. They are a
moderate separatist party and call for
Jammu and Kashmir's right to selfdetermination and autonomy.
Jaish-e-Mohammed is a militant
organisation that operates in Kashmir but
is based in Pakistan. The group's main
aim is to ascend the Indian controlled
regions of Kashmir to Pakistan and to
instate Islamic governance and has
carried out several attacks. It has been
banned in Pakistan since 2002 and its
Commander-inChief Masood Azhar is
currently imprisoned in Pakistan,
however, the group continues to operate.
Hizb-ul-Mujahideen is a militant
organisation that has operated in
Kashmir since 1989 and is the militant
wing of the Kashmiri political and
religious group Jamaat-e-Islami. The
current leader of the group is a Kashmiri
known as Sayeed Salahudeen who
resides in Pakistan. The group is
considered by many to be the most
widely supported and populist militant
group active in the conflict.
Lashkar-e-Taiba was founded in
1994 as the militant wing of the Marqaz, a
centre which was founded in the 1980s by
Hafiz Mohammed Saeed and is one the
largest and most active of the militant
59
operations. They have taken

responsibility for a number of violent
attacks including the Red Fort attacks in
Delhi in 2000. India has also accused
them of being responsible for the 2009
Mumbai attacks. They differ from the
other main militant groups as most of
their members are non-Kashmiri. They
are an extremely well-known and
prominent group in Pakistan. However,
they have been banned since 2002 in
Pakistan, but they continue to operate
and include different factions.
Farooq Abdullah Has dominated
local politics for years and is the son of
Sheikh Mohammed, who founded the
National Conference Party. While he has
accepted that Kashmir should remain
part of the Indian Union, he has
campaigned for its greater autonomy.
He has been criticised for shifting his
allegiances to political parties, but is
currently an ally of the BJP.
Omar Abdullah is the son of Farooq
Abdullah and was made head of the
National Conference in 2008, he
resigned in 2009 amid allegations of a
sex scandal, however he is currently still
in the party and is Chief Minister for
Jammu and Kashmir.
Shabir Shah is a high profile
campaigner for Kashmiri independence
since the late 1960s, and has spent much
of his life in Indian jails. However, he
was suspended from the APHC due to

political disagreements and went on to
found his own party in 1998 called the
Jammu Kashmir Democratic Freedom
Party (JKDFP).
Abdul Gani Bhat is another key
player in Kashmiri politics and advocates
for Kashmir's accession to Pakistan. In
1993 his party, the Muslim Conference,
became part of the main Kashmiri
separatists alliance the APHC. He
recently claimed that other separatists
involved in the conflicts had assassinated
some high profile leaders in the separatist
movement and his own brother.
Syed Ali Shah Geelani is a
prominent separatist leader from
Kashmir. He headsy Tehreek Hurriyat
and is a hardliner.
Mirwaiz Molvi Mohammad Umar
Farooq is the chairman of the Awami
Action Committee and the All Parties
Hurriyat Conference, a coalition of

separatist parties in the Kashmir valley.
As the Mirwaiz (Mir-Head; Waiz-Priest)
of Kashmir and chairman of the
Hurriyat Conference has both an
important religious and political role in
the Kashmir Valley.
He was Placed on the stage at the age
of 17, following the assassination of his
father, Mirwaiz Maulvi Farooq, the then
leader of Awami Action Committee.
Sajjad Gani Lone is a Kashmiri
politician, the youngest son of Abdul
Ghani Lone, who was killed in a rally in
Srinagar. After the death of his father,
Sajjad Lone became the chairman of
People's Conference. In the 2009 Indian
general election he stood as an
independent candidate in Baramulla,
becoming the first separatist leader to
stand in a general election in Jammu and
Kashmir in 20 years. . He was defeated
by the National Conference candidate
Sharifuddin Shariq.
50
Jammu-Kashmir Study Centre

50, Deendayal Upadhyay Marg, New Delhi- 02
Web : www.jammukashmirnow.com
Email : jkscdel@gmail.com

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National Workshop

Jammu-Kashmir Study Centre

Introduction: Jammu and Kashmir

region of widely varying people and

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Many historians and locals believe

political unit. The reign of Ranavir Singh

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Durlabha-vardhana. He had married the

Yasakara who earned a reputation as a

overlooking the city. Since then the

invaded Kashmir in 1540 and died in one

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

captured, blinded and trampled to death

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

mostly Shia Muslims. Some Ladakhi

Namgyal dynasty which survives till

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

At the time of the partition of India in

the north-east corner of Ladakh has been

Rangdum is the highest inhabited region

in the Karakoram and second-longest in

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

day journey on the Ladakh route

Manali-Leh Highway from Himachal

On 7th November the Indian troops

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

to 40 miles (16 to 64 km) and an area of

involving a third party, such as the

Area (km) Population (1998) Headquarters

Muzaffarabad Muzaffarabad[11] 2,496

600 (est.) 150,000 (est.)

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

government of Azad Jammu and

some mineral and marble resources

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

that proves their age. Many of these

Gilgit-Baltistan borders the Wakhan

latter being one of the most feared

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

Barodaroksh lake in Bar valley Nagar

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

of the area which being the remotest

Accession is full, final and irrevocable

by Maharaja was covered with a letter of

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

West Frontier Province

and by then neither the Maharaja nor

and national status of J&K have to first

British Parliament , there was no

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

which on the fifteenth day of August,

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

November 1949 that Yuvraj Karan Singh

de-stable Maharaja of J&K.

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

implemented on the ground by

Naya Kashmir campaign as a manifesto.

personal envy with Maharaja and close

general communal tension to instill

Jammu-Kashmir : Facts, Problems and Solution

administration Islamisation was given

Competitive encouragement to this