Know Ur State J&K

ammu &
Kashmir
Highly Useful for Jammu & Kashmir Public Service
Commission (JKPSC) and Other State Level Exams
(with 1100+Multiple Choice Questions)
Students Wired
>> Join Here <<
wired-2.1
Pirated Copy
Not Meant For Sale
Contact Here
ammu &
Kashmir
Highly Useful for Jammu & Kashmir Public Service
Commission (JKPSC) and Other State Level Exams
(with 1100+Multiple Choice Questions)
Compiled By
Abdul Rashid
Farah Sultan
Arihant Publications (India) Limited

Arihant Publications (India) Ltd.
All Rights Reserved
© Publishers
No part of this publication may be re-produced, stored in a retrieval system or
distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, scanning, web or otherwise without the written permission of the
publisher. Arihant has obtained all the information in this book from the sources
believed to be reliable and true. However, Arihant or its editors or authors or
illustrators don’t take any responsibility for the absolute accuracy of any
information published and the damages or loss suffered there upon.
All disputes subject to Meerut (UP) jurisdiction only.
Administrative & Production Offices

Regd. Office
‘Ramchhaya’ 4577/15, Agarwal Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi -110002
Tele: 011- 47630600, 43518550; Fax: 011- 23280316
Head Office
Kalindi, TP Nagar, Meerut (UP) - 250002
Tele: 0121-2401479, 2512970, 4004199; Fax: 0121-2401648
Sales & Support Offices

Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bhubaneswar, Bareilly, Chennai,
Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Jhansi, Kolkata, Lucknow,
Meerut, Nagpur & Pune
ISBN : 978-93-13169-16-1
Published by : Arihant Publications (India) Ltd.
For further information about books Published by Arihant

log on to www.arihantbooks.com or email to info@arihantbooks.com
/arihantpub /@arihantpub
General Knowledge of Jammu & Kashmir is essential for the
competitive examinations of the State. For the same purpose
this book (Know Your State Jammu & Kashmir) is designed to
serve as a reference book for the students who appear in
Jammu & Kashmir Public Service Commission (JKPSC) and
other state level competitive examinations.
The book provides comprehensive information about Jammu
& Kashmir to familiarize the readers about the state. This book
provides detailed study of History, Geography, Polity, Art and
Culture, Centre and State Government Welfare Schemes and
Current Affairs of Punjab. A systematic chapter by chapter
study will result in marked improvement in the performance of
the students. Box, Tables, Map, Figures are also used to make
the presentation more clear.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) at the end of each chapter
are given to test the candidates understanding of the subject
from the examination point of view. The book provides the
most relevant, authentic and up to date information on
various aspects of Punjab.
We invite and welcome any feedback or suggestion for the

further improvement of this book in subsequent editions.
Authors
Abdul Rashid
Farah Sultan
Jammu and Kashmir : Basic Information 1-3
– Basic Facts 1
– Demography (Census 2011) 1
– First in Jammu and Kashmir 2
– Nick Names of Cities of Jammu and Kashmir 3
– Major Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir 3
– Famous Wildlife Sanctuaries of Jammu and Kashmir 3
– Jammu and Kashmir : State Symbols 4
1. Ancient History of Jammu and Kashmir 5-10
– Early History of Jammu and Kashmir 5
– Ancient Historical Empires in Jammu and Kashmir 7
2. Medieval History of Jammu and Kashmir 11-16
– Utpala Dynasty (855-939AD) 11
– Gupta Rule (948-1003AD) 12
– Deva Dynasty (1171-1339AD) 12
– Chak Dynasty (1555-1586AD) 13
– Mughal Rule in Jammu and Kashmir 14
3. Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir 17-22
– Afghan/Pathan Rule in Kashmir 17
– Sikh Rule in Kashmir 18
– Administration during Dogra Rule 19
– Emergence of Jammu and Kashmir as an State of Indian Union 20
4. Physiography of Jammu and Kashmir 23-29
– Location 23
– Famous Mountains in Jammu and Kashmir 25
– Harmukh Mountain 26
5. Climate of Jammu and Kashmir 30-33
– Climate Zones of Jammu and Kashmir 30
– Rainfall Distribution in Jammu and Kashmir 31
6. Drainage System of Jammu and Kashmir 34-43
– Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir 34
– Rivers of Ladakh Region 36
– Important Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir 38
– Lakes of Ladakh 39
– Glaciers in Jammu and Kashmir 40
– Nubra Glacier 41
7. Soils and Minerals of Jammu and Kashmir 44-51
– Classification of Soils on the basis of Area 44
– Classification of Soils on the basis of Agriculture 46
– Soil Erosion in Jammu and Kashmir 47
– Minerals of Jammu and Kashmir 48
8. Forests of Jammu and Kashmir 52-58
– Recorded Forest Area 52
– Forest Cover 53
– Classification of Forest in Jammu and Kashmir 54
– The Jammu and Kashmir State Forest Policy, 2010 55
– Jammu and Kashmir Forest Department 56
9. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries 59-68
– National Parks in Jammu and Kashmir 59
– Dachigam National Park 60
– Wildlife Sanctuaries in Jammu and Kashmir 61
– Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuary 62
– Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary 63
– Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary 64
– Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Protection Department 65
10. Agriculture and Irrigation in Jammu and Kashmir 69-84
– Agro-Climatic Zones 69
– Cropping Pattern in Jammu and Kashmir 71
– Important Crops of Jammu and Kashmir 72
– Schemes and Initiatives for Agriculture Development 74
– Horticulture in Jammu and Kashmir 75
– Floriculture in Jammu and Kashmir 78
11. Animal Husbandry of Jammu and Kashmir 85-91
– Livestock Rearing in Jammu and Kashmir 85
– Dairy Development 86
– Poultry Development 87
– Major Schemes/Programmes of Animal Husbandry 88
12. Industries of Jammu and Kashmir 92-103
– Major Industries of Jammu and Kashmir 92
– Forest-Based Industries 93
– Handloom Industry 94
– Tourism Industry 95
– Mineral-Based Industry 95
– Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) 97
– Industrial Policy of Jammu and Kashmir, 2016 98
– Government Departments for Industrial Development 99
13. Energy Sources of Jammu and Kashmir 104-110
– Hydro Power in Jammu and Kashmir 104
– Renewable Energy Sources in Jammu and Kashmir 106
– Geothermal Energy 107
– Government Departments 108
– State Government Initiatives 109
14. Transport and Communication of Jammu and Kashmir 111-122
– Transport System of Jammu and Kashmir 111
– Important Road Links 112
– Rail Transport 114
– Air Transport 116
– Communication System in Jammu and Kashmir 117
– Mass Comunication 118
– Postal Communication 119
15. Tourism Profile of Jammu and Kashmir 123-140
– Tourist Places in Jammu Region 123
– Mata Vaishno Devi 125
– Raghunath Temple 127
– Tourist Places in Kashmir Region 128
– Gulmarg 129
– Martand Sun Temple 131
– Srinagar 132
– Tourist Places in Ladakh Region 133
– Nubra Valley 134
– Tourism Development Authorities of Jammu and Kashmir 136
– Eco-Tourism Policy, 2016 137
16. Jammu and Kashmir : Constitution 141-149
– Historical Perspective 141
– The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 142
– Special Status of Jammu and Kashmir 143
– Important Amendment Acts of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution 144
– Centre-State Relationship 146
17. Jammu and Kashmir Executive 150-159
– The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir 150
– Oath or Affirmation 151
– Constitutional Position of the Governor 152
– Chief Ministrer of Jammu and Kashmir 153
– Powers and Functions of Chief Minister 154
18. Jammu and Kashmir Legislature 160-166
– Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir 160
– Duration of Legislative Assembly of the state 161
– Legislative Council of Jammu and Kashmir 163
– Language used in the State Legislature 164
19. Jammu and Kashmir Judiciary 167-172
– Establishment of the High Court 167
– Powers of the High Court 169
– Subordinate Courts of Jammu and Kashmir 171
20. Jammu and Kashmir : Panchayati Raj 173-182
– The Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 173
– Halqa Panchayat 174
– Block Development Council 176
– District Planning and Development Board (DPDB) 177
– Panchayati Adalat 178
– The Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 2011 179
21. District Profile of Jammu and Kashmir 183-197
– Regions of Jammu and Kashmir 183
– Kashmir Region 189
– Ladakh Region 194
22. Language and Literature of Jammu and Kashmir 198-205
– Languages of Jammu and Kashmir 198
– Literature of Jammu and Kashmir 200
– Development of Modern Literature in Jammu and Kashmir 201
– Writers and Poets of Jammu and Kashmir 202
– Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages 203
23. Art and Crafts of Jammu and Kashmir 206-217
– Art of Jammu and Kashmir 206
– Crafts of Jammu and Kashmir 208
– Embroidery 209
– Carpets 211
– Metal and Stone Work 213
– Wood Work 214
24. Folk Music and Dance of Jammu and Kashmir 218-228
– Folk Music of Jammu and Kashmir 218
– Musical Instruments of Jammu and Kashmir 220
– Folk Dances of Jammu and Kashmir 221
– Folk Theatres of Jammu and Kashmir 225
25. Fairs and Festivals of Jammu and Kashmir 229-240
– Fairs of Jammu and Kashmir 229
– Festivals of Jammu and Kashmir 230
– Matho Nagrang Festival 231
– Holi 232
– Kheer Bhawani Festival 233
– Hemis Festival 234
– Shikara Festival 235
– Saffnon Festival 236
26. Education and Health Scenario in Jammu and Kashmir 241-250
– Education System in Jammu and Kashmir 241
– Higher Education in Jammu and Kashmir 242
– Technical Education in Jammu and Kashmir 245
– Government Initiatives for Educational Development 246
– Health Scenario in Jammu and Kashmir 247
– Government Schemes for Development of Health Scenario 248
27. Tribes and Tribal Population of Jammu and Kashmir 251-258
– Scheduled Tribes in Jammu and Kashmir 251
– Major Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir 252
– Scheduled Castes of Jammu and Kashmir 256
28. Sports of Jammu and Kashmir 259-267
– Major Sports in Jammu and Kashmir 259
– Sports Awards of Jammu and Kashmir 262
– Famous Sports Personalities of Jammu and Kashmir 264
29. Awards and Honors of Jammu and Kashmir 268-275
– General Administration Department 268
– Chief Minister’s Vigilance Medal 270
– Miscellaneous Awards of Jammu and Kashmir Government 271
30. Historical and Political Personalities of Jammu and Kashmir 276-282
– Famous Historical Personalities of Jammu and Kashmir 276
– Famous Political Personalities of Jammu and Kashmir 277
– Miscellaneous Personalities 280
31. Demographic Profile of Jammu and Kashmir 283-286
– Population of Jammu and Kashmir 283
– Sex Ratio of Jammu and Kashmir 284
– Religion-wise Distribution of Population in Jammu and Kashmir 285
Current Affairs 287-293
Chhattisgarh Basic Information / 1
Jam m u and Kashm ir

BASIC INFORMATION
Basic Facts
Created on 26th October, 1947
Capital Srinagar (Summer), Jammu (Winter)
Total Geographical Area 2,22,236 (in sq km)
• Rural Area 2,20,990 sq km (99.43%)
• Urban Area 1245.90 sq km (0.57%)
Latitude 32°17′ N - 36°58′ N
Longitude 73°26′ E - 80°30′ E
State Boundaries Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in the South
International Boundaries Pakistan, China, Afghanistan
Secretariat Jammu and Srinagar
High Court Jammu and Kashmir High Court
Administrative Units
Lok Sabha Constituencies 6
Rajya Sabha Constituencies 4
Vidhan Sabha Constituencies 87
State Legislature Bicameral
Demography (Census 2011)

Total Population 1,25,41,302
• Male Population 66,40,662
• Female Population 59,00,640
Urban Population 34,33,242
• Percentage of Urban to Total Population 27.38%
Rural Population 91,08,060
• Percentage of Rural to Total Population 72.62%
Population Density 56 person per sq km
Sex Ratio 889 females per 1000 males
Decadal Growth Rate of Population 23.64%
Total Literacy Rate 67.16%
• Male Literacy 76.75%
• Female Literacy 56.43%
Scheduled Caste Population 9,24,991
Scheduled Tribe Population 1493299
Famous Universities in Jammu and Kashmir

Universities Location Established
University of Kashmir Srinagar 1969
University of Jammu Jammu 1969
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Srinagar 1982
Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Jammu 1999
Sciences and Technology
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University Reasi 1999
Baba Ghulam Shah Badhshah University Rajouri 2002
Central University of Kashmir Srinagar 2009
Central University of Jammu Jammu 2011
First in Jammu and Kashmir

First Muslim Ruler Hazrat Sadruddin Shah (Hazrat Rinchan Shah)
First Muslim Missionary Syed Sharaf-ud-din Abdur Rahman
First General Election 1957 (Legislative Assembly)
First Party got Majority in Assembly Election Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
First Governor Karan Singh
First Chief Minister Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq
First Female Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti
First Speaker in Legislative Assembly Ghulam Rasool Renzoo
First Deputy-Speaker in Legislative Assembly S Harbans Singh Azad
First Female IPS from Jammu and Kashmir Dr Ruveda Salam
First Kashmiri Writer to get Jnanpith Award Abdur Rehman Rahi
First Mosque Bud Masheed in Kashmir
First Woman Kashmiri Poetess to get Naseem Shafaie
Sahitya Akademi Award
Nick Names of Cities of Jammu and Kashmir
City Nick Name
Srinagar City of Lakes
Kashmir Switzerland of India
Siachen Highest Battlefield in the World
Jammu City of Temples
Major Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir

River Origin
Marusudar River Lahaul Valley
Ravi River Himalayas
Jhelum River Verinag Spring
Lidder River Kolahoi Glacier
Indus River Kailash Range
Kishanganga River Drass (Kargil)
Nubra River Siachen Glacier
Major Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir

Lakes Located in/Near
Dal Lake Srinagar
Gangabal Lake Srinagar
Manasbal Lake Srinagar
Sheshnag Lake Anantnag
Pangong Lake Leh
Tso Moriri Lake Changtang
Famous Wildlife Sanctuaries of Jammu and Kashmir

Wildlife Sanctuary Location Length (in sq km)
Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary Leh 5000
Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary Leh 4000
Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary Anantnag 425
Baltal-Thajwas Wildlife Sanctuary Ganderbal 210
Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary Baramulla 180
Hirapora Wildlife Sanctuary Shopian 110
Jammu and Kashmir
State Symbols
State Animal : The Hangul or Kashmir Stag
The Hangul or Kashmir Stag (Cervus elaphus hanglu) is a sub-species
of elk of India, especially in Jammu and Kashmir. It is listed as
critically endangered by IUCN. Dachigam National Park is the home
of this species.
State Bird : The Black-Necked Crane

The Black-Necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) is the official State Bird of
Jammu and Kashmir. It is facing a high risk of extinction and included in
the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (vulnerable). It is found in
Eastern Ladakh.
State Tree : The Chinar

The Chinar tree (Platanus orientalis) is the official State Tree of the
Jammu and Kashmir. It is also called Booune in the Kashmiri language.
It is a large deciduous tree which is known for its longevity and
spreading crown.
State Flower : The Lotus

The Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is the official State Flower of Jammu and
Kashmir. It symbolises purity, beauty, majesty, grace, fertility, wealth,
knowledge and so on.
State Flag
The Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India which has its own
flag. The flag depicts a deep red field which is a symbol of labour, a
plough which shows agriculture and three strips depict the three
administrative divisions namely, Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh.
State Emblem
State Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir was designed by artist Mohan
Raina in 1952. The strips in the emblem represent the administrative
regions of the state Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. The majority of
the state population has shown by the ploughs and two corns. The lotus
in the centre stands for purity and knowledge.
CHAPTER 1
ANCIENT HISTORY OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The ancient history of Jammu and Kashmir is known through
many different sources such as, literary teats, archeological
remains, ancient structures, etc. The state had been ruled by
various kings and remained a home to many dynasties, for
e.g. Mauryas, Kushanas, Karkota and so on.
The earliest history of Kashmir could be traced during the epical Mahabharata
period which reveals that the region was under the Republican system of Kambojas
and Rajapura was their capital which is now known as Rajouri. Later, this region
went in the hands of Panchala. It is known from the name Pir Panjal which is a
distorted form of the Sanskritic tribal term ‘Panchala’.
Early History of Jammu and Kashmir

Kalhana, the first historian of Kashmir, was a 12th century AD poet-historian who
wrote the Rajatarangini during 1148-1150 AD. It provides the earliest source on
Kashmir that can be labelled as a reliable ‘historical text’ on this region. Nilamata
Purana is the earliest known text of Kashmir which was written by some Kashmiri
Brahmins between 6th and 7th century AD. It contains the sacred legends regarding
the origin of the Kashmir valley, the rites and worships prescribed by Nila-The Lord
of Kashmir Nagas. But it is not considered that much reliable as Rajatarangini text.
However, Kalhana used this text as a source to write history of Kashmir.
According to the ‘Nilmata Purana’, Kashmir was once a lake which was drained out
by rishi ‘Kashyapa’, who then asked people to settle in the valley. The people then
named the valley as Kashyap Mar and Kashyap Pura.
The land had different names by different people like the ancient Greeks called this
as Kasperia and the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang, who visited the Kashmir valley
around 631 AD called it Kashi-Mi-Lo. The Kashmiri call their land as Kasheer.
06 Know Your State JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The early history of Jammu and Kashmir is divided into three ages which are as follows:
i. The Pre-Historic Age

Alexander Cunningham’s survey of the old structures mentioned in the chronicles of
Kalhana and significant data tell about the historic and pre-historic periods of
Kashmir. The Numismatic evidence in the shape of ancient gold, silver, copper and
brass coins furnish evidences of a chain of kings, as mentioned by Kalhana and other
chronicles, upto the modern times. According to Dr Sunil Chandra Ray, the valley
has faced Quaternary glacial cycles and its clear evidence is the Lacusterine deposits
of ‘Karewas’. It is divided into two groups. The lower Karewas is of Pleistocene Age
and the upper Karewas is of the second Inter-Glacial Age.
A systematic excavation at this site began is 1960 by the Archaeological Department
of India. Several pits have been discovered in sections near the silt bed, which
indicate a settlement of early pit dwellers which dates back to 3000 BC and is
considered the only such kind of settlement in India.
ii. The Neolithic Age

Neolithic was the period of primitive technological and social development in which
men invented agriculture, pottery (to store harvest), domesticated horses and cows
and formed a settled life near water bodies. Many evidences of Neolithic period have
been found in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, especially at Burzahom (Srinagar)
which is the first archaeological site in the country. Burzahom has a neolithic
settlement which is around 2375 BC old.
Seeds of wheat, barley and lentils have been found at Burzahom. In this period,
Copper tools were invented and people also advanced the stone tools by making a
pointed edge in them for hunting, farming and carving their dwellings in clay
grounds. Important tools of this period were needles for sewing, harpoons for fishing
and arrow-heads, spear-heads, daggers for hunting purpose. Stitched hides have also
been discovered at the place. A Neolithic Skull has also been found at Burzahom.
The skull has a hole dug into it due to which historians suggest that surgical
practices may have taken place.
Underground dwelling places have also been found at this site. These dwelling places
are in a series of circular pits dug into the clay ground upto a depth of 3 metres.
These pits are broad at the base and narrow at the opening which have holes around
these where wooden poles were erected to support the roof which was made of tree
branches.
In these pits grinding-stone, clay ovens and a pot filled with beads and
semi-precious stones have been found. According to historians, the habitation at
Burzahom ended in 1400 BC. Besides Burzahom, other archaeological sites of
Kashmir are Begagund, Gofkral, Hariparigom, Olchibag, Pampur, Panzgom,
Sombur Waztal and Brah.
Ancient History of Jammu and Kashmir 07
iii. Megalithic Culture/Age

After Neolithic Age, megalithic culture started in which people erected massive
stones or menhirs which were a symbol of notable events of the community. These
menhirs were big boulders or massive stones and rocks. These menhirs were brought
down from the hills by the people and erected at various sites near the places where
people lived. Important discoveries of this age in the state are mudbrick structure,
pottery (gritty red ware pottery) manufactured in a potter’s wheel, rubble structures,
metal objects and tools made of bone and stone. Burzahom has traces of last level of
activity which was around 3rd-4th Century AD.
Ancient Historical Empires in Jammu

and Kashmir
In the historic era i.e. from 300 BC, the state witnessed the emergence of many
empires.
Mauryan Empire
According to Kalhana, Kashmir was ruled by the Great Mauryan ruler Ashoka,
during 304-232 BCE who was a follower of Buddhism. During his reign, the city of
Srinagari (now as Pandrethan, old city of Srinagar) was founded. Many viharas,
Shiva temples, Shrines, Stupas, etc were also built. To preach the faith of Buddha in
the valley, Ashoka appointed Majjhantika, a Buddhist missionary to Kashmir and
Urvasa. According to Hiuen Tsang about 500 Monks arrived to Kashmir and settled
there.
Later, people started to embrace Buddhism here. Thus, during his rule, Buddhism
was introduced in Kashmir. After the death of Ashoka, his son Jaluka became king
who defeated the Malecchas (foreign tribes) and restored peace in the region. He
was succeeded by his son Damodar-II who was a Shaivite (i.e believer of Shiva, the
supreme God). According to many scholars, the Kashmir region was ruled by
Indo-Greek kings for a period of 200 years.
The Kushan Dynasty

This dynasty came after the Mauryas when Kashmir was occupied by the three
Kushana rulers. According to Kalhana’s account of Turushka kings, these three rulers
were Hushka (established a town of Hushkapura), Jushka (established a town of
Jushkapura) and Kanishka (established a town of Kanishkapura). Kanishka
(127-150 CE) established many temples and viharas (monasteries) in Kashmir.
According to historians, the 4th Buddhist Council was held by Kanishka at
Kundalvana (Harwan) in Kashmir which was headed by Vasumitra. Ashvaghosa
and Nagarjuna participated in the council. In this council, Buddhism was divided
into 2 sects, i.e. Mahayana and Hinayana.
It was the period of 4th century when Kashmir became a seat of learning for
Buddhism as well as Hinduism. Buddhism was spread to Tibet, China and other
parts of India by the Kashmiri Buddhist missionaries. Important Kashmiri Buddhist
missionaries were Kumarjiva, Yasa, Gautam Sangha, Dharamputra, Shyama Bhata,
etc.
Hepthalites Huns
During 5th and early 6th century, Toramana led Hephthalites Huns (Central Asian
people) also known as ‘White Huns’ and conquered Northern and Central India
including Kashmir. His son Mihirakula (502-530 CE) was a notorious Hun invader
who wanted to conquer all of North India but was defeated by Yasodharman in
Malwa. After his defeat, he moved to Kashmir and conquered Gandhar where he
destroyed many shrines and committed atrocities. After his death, the influence of
Huns came to an end.
Gonanda Dynasty
The first king of Kashmir was Gonanda-I as mentioned by Kalhana in the
Rajatarangini. Other important rulers of this dynasty were Meghavahana,
Pravarasena and Pravarasena-II. Pravarasena-II was a great ruler who extended the
boundaries of the state as far as Saurashtra and subdued many other kings. He
founded Pravarasenpura (modern city of Srinagar) which was identified by later
historians on the basis of topographical details. Another important ruler was
Meghavahana, who prohibited the hunting of birds and animals in his kingdom.
Other rulers of this dynasty were Yudhishthira-II, Narendraditya-I, Ranaditya-I,
Vikramaditya and Baladitya.
Karkota Dynasty
This dynasty was founded by Durlabhavardhana (598-634 AD). During the reign
of Durlabhavardhana, the Chinese pilgrim, Hiuen Tsang visited Kashmir and stayed
there for nearly 2 years and studied Sanskrit and Hindu scriptures from learned
scholars. The greatest ruler of Karkota dynasty was Lalitaditya Muktapida
(724-760 AD). He was known as Samudragupta of Kashmir who conquered many
regions in Asia and India i.e. Punjab, Kannauj, Tibet, Ladakh, Badakshan, Iran,
Bihar, Gauda (Bengal), Kalinga (Odisha), South India, Gujarat, Malwa, Marwar and
Sindh. He also broke the power of Arabs in Sindh. His victory was celebrated by
people even after many centuries.
He built Parihaspur (City of Pleasure) as his capital near the shrine of
Kheer-Bhawani. He also built many temples, one of these was the world famous Sun
temple (Martand), built on Mattan Karewa. The other great ruler or this dynasty
was Jayatida (grandson of Lalitapida) who was similar to Lalitapida and also a great
patron of learning. Both of these rulers gave their patronage to Bhavabhuti,
Vakpatrija, Udhata, Bhata, Damodhar Gupta, Manoratha, Sankhdanta, Samadhimat
and many others.
Ancient History of Jammu and Kashmir 09
After the death of Jayapida, the Kakrota dynasty gradually declined due to weak
rulers. The conquered territories took advantage of this situation and regained their
independence. Thus, the sovereignity of the Kashmir rulers was confined to Vitasta,
( Jhelum) basin.
Kashmiri Shaivism
Kashmiri Shaivism flourished in Kashmir during 800 CE. It is a religious tradition
that believes in basic ritual practices, patterns of meditation, chakrodaya and asanas.
The fundamental concept of Kashmir Shavism is unity of the soul with Lord Shiva
who is the one, indivisible, absolute self and the highest reality.
The beginning of Kashmir Shaivism is marked by the ‘Shivasutra’, which is a
collection of seventy seven aphorism attributed to the Kashmiri sage Vasugupta. He
lived near Mahadeva mountain in the valley of the Harvan stream. It is believed that
Lord Shiva himself passed the knowledge of Shaivism to Vasugupta. Kashmir
Shaivism has three main philosophies. These are Trika Shaivism, Spanda Shaivism
and Pratyabigna Shaivism.
Literary Sources of Kashmiri Shaivism
Vasugupta passed on the knowledge of Kashmiri Shaivism to his disciples who later
wrote many literary works, such as:
n
Spanda-Karika or Spanda-Sarvasya by Kallata, a disciple of Vasugupta.
n
Sivadrishti by Somananda, a disciple of Vasugupta.
n
Pratyabhigna-Sutra by Utpaladeva, a disciple of Sourauanda.
n
Paramartha-Sara, Pratyabhigna-Virnarsini and Tantraloka by Abhinavagupta.
n
Sivasutra-Vimarsini and Spanda Sandoha by Kshemaraja.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 According to Mahabharata evidences, who 4 The lower Karewas points to which age?
ruled over the region during the epical times (a) Neolithic age
and had Republican System of Government? (b) Megalithic age
(a) Peer Zada Hassan (b) Kamboj (c) Pleistocene age
(c) Gonanda (d) None of these (d) None of the above
2 The first historian of Kashmir was 5 The earliest archeological site of India is
(a) Kalhana (b) Lalitaditya (a) Begagund (b) Gofkral
(c) Durlabhvardhan (d) Jayapida (c) Pampur (d) Burzahom
3 Which of the following is the earliest source 6 Seeds of which crop has been found at
of Kashmir? Burzahom?
(a) Spanda-Karika (b) Vartika (a) Lentils (b) Wheat
(c) Rajatarangini (d) Sivadrishti (c) Barley (d) All of these
7 Which of the following are a few major 17 According to Kalhana’s Rajatarangini,

invention of the Neolithic Era found in the first ruler of Kashmir was
Kashmir? (a) Gonanda I (b) Gonanda II
(a) Needles (b) Harpoons (c) Damodara I (d) Lalitaditya
(c) Hunting tools (d) All of these
18 Which of the following king founded the
8 The Neolithic Skull has been found at which Pravarasenpura City of Srinagar?
place of Jammu and Kashmir, which reveals (a) Pravarasena I (b) Pravarasena II
that people of that period knew about the (c) Ashoka (d) None of these
surgical practice of human trepanation? 19 Yudhishthira-II, Narendraditya-I,
(a) Burzahom (b) Begagund Ranaditya-I, etc belonged to which
(c) Pampur (d) Gofkral dynasty of Kashmir?
9 Pandrethan, the old city of Srinagar was (a) Kushan (b) Gonanda
founded by (c) Mauryan (d) None of these
(a) Ashoka (b) Gautam 20 Which among the following was the
(c) Gonanda l (d) Yudhistira founder of Karkota Dynasty?
(a) Lalitaditya
10 Which Mauryan ruler appointed a Buddhist
(b) Durlabhavardhana
missionary to spread Buddhism in Kashmir?
(c) Kanishka
(a) Chandragupta (b) Ashoka
(d) None of the above
(c) Bindusara (d) Samprati
11 During whose rule Buddhism was 21 Which of the following traveller visited
introduced in Kashmir? Kashmir during the reign of
(a) Ashoka (b) Kanishka Durlabhavardhana?
(c) Bashanas (d) None of these (a) Hiuen Tsang (b) Fa-Hien
(c) Yijing (d) Zhu-Zixing
12 The Turushka kings, mentioned by Kalhana
in his book was 22 Who is known as the ‘Samudragupta of
(a) Hushka (b) Jushka Kashmir’?
(c) Kanishka (d) All of these (a) Gunavarman (b)
Durlabhavardhana
13 The city of Kanishkapura was built by
(c) Lalitaditya (d) Sanghbuti
(a) Ashoka (b) Nagarjuna
(c) Kanishka (d) Vasugupta 23 Which of the following states were
conquered by Lalitaditya?
14 Which ruler held the 4th Buddhist Council (a) Punjab (b) Ladakh
at Kundalvana in Kashmir that divided (c) Kannauj (d) All of these
Buddhism into two sects?
(a) Kanishka (b) Ashoka 24 Who built the world famous Sun Temple
(c) Meghavahana (d) Lalitaditya (Martand) in Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Ashoka (b) Gonanda-I
15 The 4th Buddhist Council was held where in (c) Lalitaditya (d) Jayatida
Kashmir?
(a) Hushkapura (b) Kundalvana 25 Who started Kashmiri Shaivism?
(c) Pandrethen (d) Jushkapura (a) Kshemraja (b) Kallata
(c) Abhinavgupta (d) Vasugupta
16 Which invader from Central Asia
conquered north India including Kashmir 26 Spanda-Karika, the Kashmir Shaivism
and Gandhar around 5th century? literary source was written by
(a) Mihirakula (b) Toramana (a) Kallata (b) Vasugupta
(c) Yasodharman (d) Gonanda-I (c) Somananda (d) Utpaladeva
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (a)
CHAPTER 2
MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Medieval History of Jammu and Kashmir marks the period of many
rulers and dynasties. It was a period of Hindu rulers, Muslim rulers as
well as Mughal rulers. Thus, the medieval period of the state saw
many unpredictable changes.
After the end of the Karkota dynasty (around 855-856 AD) in early period, many
new dynasties emerged in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. These are discussed below:
Utpala Dynasty (855-939 AD)

This dynasty was founded by Avantivarman (855-883 AD) in 855 AD. He was the
most important ruler of this dynasty who restored peace back in Kashmir from Utter
political and economic disorder. According to Kalhana, Avantivarman built many
towns and temples along with providing a strong administration in Kashmir. Among
these was his capital city Avantipura in which he also established two temples, one
dedicated to Shiva and other to Vishnu.
During his reign, ‘Suya’ was counted among the best engineers of Kashmir, who
founded Suyyapur (present Sopore town in Baramulla district). After the death of
Avantivarman (883 AD), his son Shankarvarman succeeded the throne. It was the
period when the decline of Utpala dynasty set in and civil war started in the dynasty.
Brahminic Rule (939-948 AD)

After the downfall of Utpala Dynasty, the Brahmins (a religious community of
Hindus) became powerful. Council of Brahmins placed Yashaskara on the throne of
Kashmir in 939 AD. He restored peace in Kashmir and ended the long term Civil
War in the Utpala dynasty. After him, Sangramadeva (948 AD) became the king
but he was murdered by the minister Parvagupta, which abruptly ended the
Brahminic rule.
Gupta Rule (948-1003 AD)

Parvagupta became the ruler of Kashmir in 948 AD but ruled only for 2 years. After
his death, his son Kshenagupta (950-958 AD) ascended the throne. He married the
daughter of Lohara King, Princess Didda. She was the real ruler of Gupta Dynasty.
She built many temples, monasteries in the state and provided an able administration.
She ascended the throne in 980 AD after the death of her husband. She was an able
ruler who firmly ruled the Kashmir valley. Before her death she handed over the
throne of Kashmir to the Lohara ruler (Poonch), Sangram Raj, son of her brother
Udairaj, in 1003 AD. Mahmud Ghaznavi twice tried to capture the valley during
the period of Didda but could not succeed.
Lohara Dynasty (1003-117 AD)

This dynasty was centred at Lohran and was founded by Sangram Raj (1003-28
AD). Another ruler of this dynasty was Harsha (1089-1101 AD) who was a patron
of art and literature. He and his son, Bhoja were strong rulers but were treacherously
killed by their Generals Uchchala and Sussala and the throne was passed into their
hands. Jaisimha (1128-55 AD) was the last great ruler of this dynasty and during his
period Kalhana completed his historical text Rajatarangini (1148-50AD). Jaisinha
firmly ruled for 27 years and established peace in Kashmir. The last ruler of this
dynasty was Vanitadeva, who died in 1171 AD. After his death there was political
unrest and chaos.
Deva Dynasty (1171-1339 AD)

This dynasty ruled over Kashmir from 1171 to 1371 AD. Sangramdev and Sahdev
were notable kings of this dynasty. During the reign of Sahdev (1301-1320 AD),
Kashmir was invaded by a Tratar Chief (Mongol), Dulucha, from Central Asia.
He committed many types of atrocities in Kashmir. Due to this, Sahdev fled from
the country. Rinchan (1320-23 AD), a Ladakhi prince, seized the throne who
embraced Islam and became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and changed his
name as ‘Sultan Sadruddin’. He died in 1323 AD. After his death, his Queen Kota
Rani married the Deva ruler Udayanadeva, (brother of Sahdev). Udayanadeva was
the last Hindu ruler of Kashmir. His queen Kota Rani ruled the dynasty bravely but
due to an uprising against her by Shah Mir (Minister of Rinchan) the dynasty came
to an end in 1339 AD and paved the way for the establishment of Shah Mir dynasty
in Kashmir.
Shah Mir Dynasty (1339-1555 AD)

This dynasty was founded by Shah Mir who became ruler of Kashmir
(1339-1342 AD) under the title ‘Sultan Shams-ud-din.’ In this period, Islam was
established in Kashmir. Most important rulers of this period were Sultan
Shihab-ud-din (1354-1373 AD) and Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1420-1470 AD).
Medieval History of Jammu and Kashmir 13
Sultan Shihab-ud-din
He was a great ruler who led many campaigns and conquered many regions like
Sindh, Kabul, Ghazni, Kandhar, Pakhali, Swat, Multan, Badakhshan, Dardistan,
Gilgit, Balochistan and Ladakh. He faced an invasion of the ruler of Kashgar
(Central Asia) who later claimed Ladakh and Baltistan. Sultan of Kashmir led an
army towards Delhi, he conquered Kangra during the expedition.
He was ultimately opposed by Ferozshah Tughlaq on the banks of Sutlej. Later, it
was decided that all the territory from Sirhind to Kashmir was part of Kashmir.
Sultan Shihab-ud-din founded a new town and named it as Shihab-ud-din Pora
(now Shadipur). Due to his good administration, he is known as Lalitaditya of
Medieval Kashmir.
Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin
He became ruler of Kashmir from 1420-1470 AD. He was a great muslim ruler, who
with the help of his huge army re-conquered Punjab, Western Tibet, Ladakh, Balti
region, Kulu and Ohind (Hazara) regions. He had cordial relations with his
neighbouring rulers of Macca, Jilan, Egypt, Gwalior, Sindh, Bengal, Tibet, Gujarat,
Malwa and Delhi. Jonaraja (Kashmiri historian poet) and his disciple Srivara
Pandita wrote Dvitiya Rajatarangini and Jaina or Tritiya Rajatarangini respectively
during his period
He opened a royal Kitchen for Hindu pilgrims at Rainawari which is now known as
Jogi Lanker (Srinagar). He built a new city called Nowshaderi. He also founded the
towns of Zainapur, Zainakut and Zainagir. He built the first wooden bridge at
Srinagar, ‘Zainakadal’. With the death of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1470 AD), the
Shah Mir dynasty also started to decline due to weak rulers. The last ruler of this
dynasty was Habib-Shah (1555 AD). He was dethroned by his commander Ghazi
Chak who was a Military General.
Chak Dynasty (1555-1586 AD)

This dynasty was founded by Mohammad Ghazi Shah Chak in 1555 AD. He was
the scion of Lankar Chak (from Dard territory) who came to Kashmir during the
reign of Sahdev. Chaks originally belonged to Dard territory of Gilgit Huza area.
Chak rulers prevented the attempts of Mughal rulers like Babur and Humayun to
annex Kashmir.
Yusuf Shah Chak became ruler after his father Ali Shah Chak from 1579 to 1586 AD.
He was brought to Delhi for talks with Akbar but imprisoned by him in Bihar
where he died. After his death, his son Yaqub Shah Chak became the ruler of
Kashmir. He tried to resist the Mughal army but was defeated by the army, under
Qasim Khan, at Haripura. Thus, the Mughal rule was established in Kashmir in
1587 AD.
Mughal Rule in Jammu and Kashmir

The Mughal Emperor Akbar conquered Kashmir in 1586 AD. The Mughals
remained in power in Kashmir from 1587 to 1752 AD. Important Mughal rulers who
ruled Kashmir were as follows:
Akbar
After acquiring the reign of Kashmir in 1587, Akbar assigned the task to make a
revenue settlement of the valley to Raja Todermal, the great Finance and Revenue
Minister. Even the parbat revenue settlement system of the valley is based on this
early revenue settlement. In 1590 AD, Akbar built the Hari Parbat Fort in Srinagar
and built a new town near it called Nagar-Magar. Kashmir was very famous among
Mughals due to its beauty and craftsmanship.
Jahangir
Kashmir came under the rule of Jahangir in 1605 AD. He visited Kashmir 13 times.
As he was an art lover, he built many famous gardens in Kashmir, e.g. Nishat Bagh,
Shalimar Bagh on the banks of Dal lake. He also built gardens at Achabal and
Verinag.
Shahjahan
Kashmir came under the rule of Shahjahan in 1628 AD. He was also an art lover
who built Chashme Shahi garden through his Governor Ali Mardan Khan in 1632
AD. A portion of Shalimar Bagh was also built by Shahjahan. He also added some
features in the Verinag garden like fountains and cascades, etc.
Aurangzeb
Kashmir came under the rule of Aurangzeb, in 1658 AD. His reign was a period of
revolts, anarchy and disorder in the country. The same happened in Kashmir where
Mughal Governors began to loot people and many people started a policy of
religious intolerance and fanaticism. According to Francis Bernier, a French
traveller, who accompanied the Emperor during his journey, Aurangzeb visited
Kashmir only once in 1665 AD. The Mughal rulers after Aurangzeb were incapable
and thus, lost their huge empire and Kashmir as well.
Industries of Jammu and Kashmir 15
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 After the end of Karkota dynasty which 9 During the reign of which of the following
dynasty established its rule in Jammu and Hindu king in Kashmir, Kalhana
Kashmir? completed ‘Rajatarangini’?
(a) Utpala Dynasty (a) Harsha (b) Bhoja
(b) Lohara Dynasty (c) Jaisimha (d) Udairaj
(c) Deva Dynasty
(d) All of the above 10 When did Kalhana completed his writing
‘Rajatarangini’?
2 Who founded the Utpala dynasty in (a) AD 1089-01 (b) AD 1148-50
Kashmir? (c) AD 1129-30 (d) AD 1128-29
(a) Avantivarman
(b) Yashaskardeva 11 Who amongst the following was a notable
(c) Sangramdeva king of the Deva dynasty in Kashmir?
(d) Didda (a) Sangramdev
(b) Sahdev
3 Which of the following are the two
(c) Both (a) and (b)
important temples built by Avantivarman (d) None of the above
in Avantipura?
(a) Shiva and Ram (b) Vishnu and Ram 12 The first Muslim ruler of Kashmir was
(c) Shiva and Vishnu (d) Krishna and Ram (a) Sultan Sadruddin
(b) Ferozshah Tughlaq
4 The town of Sopore in Baramulla was (c) Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin
found during which dynasty in Kashmir? (d) Akbar
(a) Deva Dynasty
(b) Shah Mir Dynasty 13 Who was the last Hindu ruler of Kashmir?
(c) Utpala Dynasty (a) Sahdev (b) Udayanadeva
(d) Lohara Dynasty (c) Harsha (d) Bhoja
5 King Yashakara ruled between which 14 Who was the first ruler of Shah Mir
period in Kashmir? dynasty?
(a) AD 939-948 (b) AD 938-947 (a) Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin
(c) AD 939-947 (d) AD 938-948 (b) Shah Mir
(c) Akbar
6 Queen Didda who ruled Kashmir (d) None of the above
from 980-1003 AD belonged to which
dynasty? 15 Which ruler assume the title of Sultan
(a) Lohara Dynasty Shams-ud-din?
(b) Deva Dynasty (a) Shah Mir
(c) Shah Mir Dynasty (b) Zain-ul-Abidin
(d) Gupta Dynasty (c) Akbar
(d) Aurangzeb
7 Sangram Raj was the son of
(a) Queen Didda (b) Udairaj 16 Shahib-ud-din Pora, founded by
(c) Yashovati (d) Sugandha Shihab-ud-din is now known as
(a) Shadipur (b) Srinagar
8 Who was the founder of Lohara dynasty? (c) Ladakh (d) None of these
(a) Queen Didda
(b) Sangram Raj 17 Who wrote Dvitiya Rajatarangini?
(c) Udairaj (a) Kalhana (b) Srivara
(d) Jaisimba (c) Jonaraja (d) None of these
18 Jogi Lanker built by Zain-ul-Abidin was a 24 Mughal army under Qasim, defeated
(a) Royal Kitchen Shah’s army at which place?
(b) Royal Palace (a) Gilgit (b) Hari Parbat
(c) Royal Museum (c) Sonmarg (d) Haripura
(d) Royal Garden
25 Choose the correct chronological order of
19 Which of the following rulers founded the dynasties in Kashmir from the following
city of Nowshaderi? (a) Utpala-Lohara-Deva-Shah Mir
(a) Shihab-ud-din (b) Zain-ul-Abidin (b) Lohara-Utpala-Deva-Shah Mir
(c) Shah Mir (d) None of these (c) Lohara-Deva-Utpala-Shah Mir
(d) Utpala-Deva-Shah Mir-Lohara
20 First wooden bridge, known as Zainakadal
was built at 26 Who amongst the following was a great
(a) Kashmir (b) Srinagar finance and revenue minister during
(c) Jammu (d) Ladakh Akbar’s period in Kashmir?
(a) Jahangir
21 Who succeeded Sultan Habib Shah, the last (b) Sultan Habib Shah
Shah Mir ruler? (c) Raja Todermal
(a) Gazi Chak (b) Habha Khatun (d) None of the above
(c) Qasim (d) None of these
27 Who amongst the following built the Hari
22 Who founded the Chak dynasty in Parbat Fort in Jammu and Kashmir?
Kashmir? (a) Shahjahan
(a) Ali Shah Chak (b) Akbar
(b) Ghazi Shah Chak (c) Jahangir
(c) Qasim Khan (d) Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin
(d) Yusuf Shah Chak
28 Who built Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh
23 Which Chak ruler was brought to Delhi for in Jammu and Kashmir?
talks with Akbar but imprisoned by him in (a) Akbar (b) Jahangir
Bihar where he died? (c) Aurangzeb (d) Shahjahan
(a) Ghazi Shah Chak
(b) Yusuf Shah Chak
29 Chashme Shahi garden was built in the year
(a) 1407 AD (b) 1560 AD
(c) Ali Shah Chak
(c) 1632 AD (d) 1700 AD
(d) Yaqub Shah Chak
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c)
CHAPTER 3
MODERN HISTORY OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Modern period of Jammu and Kashmir was the time when all three
regions i.e. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh were united and became
a complete Princely State namely, the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
After the end of Mughal rule in Jammu and Kashmir in Medieval period, the
modern period of Jammu and Kashmir proved to be a great transition period for the
state. The state remained in hands of the Afghan rulers, Sikh rulers, Dogra rulers
and finally became a part of Indian Union through the Instrument of Accession.
Afghan/Pathan Rule in Kashmir

During the reign of later Mughals i.e. after Aurangzeb, Kashmir faced great Chaos.
The later Mughals ruled Kashmir through 14 Governors who looted and plundered
people and showed religious intolerance. Due to this misrule, two Kashmiri
noblemen, Miri Muquim Kant and Khwaja Zahir Didmari, invited Ahmad Shah
Abdali Durrani of Kabul (Commander of Nadir Shah), who was at Lahore in 1752
AD to capture Kashmir. He agreed and sent an Afghan army to occupy Kashmir.
With the defeat of Mughal Governors, Afghan rule was established in the state in
1752 AD till 1819 AD.
The 67 years of Afghan rule is known as the Darkest Period in the history of
Jammu and Kashmir. The rulers and subedars (Governors) showed cruelty towards its
people. The first Afghan Governor of Kashmir, Abdullah Khan Aqasi started a
reign of terror. People began to be looted by Afghan soldiers, they even were not safe
in their houses. Even during this dark period, a Hindu Governor Raja Sukh Jivan
was able to restore peace in Kashmir but only for sometime (1754-1762 AD) as he
was defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali Durrani. After the death of Abdali (1772 AD)
Amirs (subedars) were changed rapidly. In 67 years of Afghan rule, 28 subedars were
changed. This uncertain dismissal made the situation even worse as the subedars
became ruthless looted people mercilessly. Thus, the Pathan rule in Kashmir is
remembered only for its cruel rulers.
Due to terror of Afghan rule, two Kashmiri, Pandit Birbal Dhar and his son Pandit
Rajakak Dhar, went to Lahore and requested Maharaja Ranjit Singh to conquer
Kashmir. Thus, Maharaja sent 30000 Sikh soldiers in 1819 AD to conquer Kashmir.
Sikh Rule in Kashmir

With the defeat of Afghan rulers, the state became a part of Sikh empire from 1819
to 1846 AD. The Sikh ruled Kashmir for only 27 years through its ten Governors.
The first Sikh Governor of Kashmir was Diwan Moti Ram. The Sikh rulers were
too far from Kashmir as they were seated at Lahore so they paid very little attention
towards Kashmir. Natural calamities i.e. premature snowfall famine and neglect of
the rulers made the condition even worse.
During this period, two British officials of the East India Company visited Kashmir
i.e. Mr William Moorcroft (1822 AD) and Mr Reynell Taylor (1846 AD). They
found the condition of Kashmir and its people very miserable. Poverty and
starvation were everywhere in the state, villages were half deserted and the
remaining people were fighting with severe illnesses. After the death of Ranjit Singh
in 1839 A D Punjab faced mutiny of Sikh Army and a period of confusion started.
During first Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846 AD), Lahore was captured by the East
India Company. After the downfall of Sikh empire in Punjab in 1846 the position of
governors in Kashmir also weakened. The last Sikh Governor of Kashmir was
Sheikh Imam-ud-din. Sikh Army Chief Gulab Singh Dogra decided to annex
Kashmir thus starting a new rule in the valley.
Dogra Rule in Kashmir

Sikh Army Chief Gulab Singh (title given of Raja by Maharaja Ranjit Singh) joined
hands with the British Government to annex Kashmir. The Treaty of Amritsar
motoriously known as ‘Sale of Kashmir’ was signed between the British
Government and Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu on 16th March, 1846 AD.
According to this treaty, Kashmir was sold to Maharaja Gulab Singh for ` 75 lakh
and provided independent possession to him and his male heirs. He got all the hilly
areas, Eastward of Indus river and Westward of the Ravi river, including Chamba.
But still Maharaja was bound to acknowledge the supremacy of the British
Government and was supposed to pay a token tribute annually and join the British
troops whenever employed. After defeating the last Sikh Governor of Kashmir who
still was unwilling to surrender the province, Maharaja Gulab Singh finally acquired
the possession on Kashmir on 9th November, 1846 AD. He politically united the
three regions i.e. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh and established a princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir. He remained in power till 1857 AD and established a sound
system of administration and once again established peace in the region.
Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir 19
Some of the important rulers of Dogra rule were as follows:
Maharaja Ranbir Singh

He ascended the throne in 1857 AD and remained on the seat till 1885 AD. He was
the son of Maharaja Gulab Singh. Both these Maharajas built the Raghunath
temple complex at Jammu. This temple complex became the centre of Sanskrit
teachings for Brahmin students. During his reign, the Trans-Himalayan territories
of Gilgit, Astore, Hunza-Nagar were annexed and became a part of Jammu and
Kashmir.
He also built Ranbireshvaram temple, the biggest Shiva temple in North India, and
other temples at Jammu and Utter Behani. Dharmartha Trust was also established
by him to look after these temples. He established a Research and Translation
Bureau called ‘Daarul Tarjunah’, a great Pathshala and Modern schools in the state.
He also started the work on the Banihal-cart road (now Jammu-Srinagar Highway).
Maharaja Pratap Singh

He ascended the throne in 1885AD. He was the son of Maharaja Ranbir Singh.
During his reign a British resident was appointed to advise Maharaja on important
matters. He built Jhelum valley road and completed Banihal cart road. He
constructed a bridge on the Tawi river and Jammu was linked with a railway line to
Sialkot. He also dug two canals namely Ranbir canal and Pratap canal in the state.
During his reign, the state got its first Hydro-electric project at Mohra about
22.5 km from Baramulla towards Uri. For the cities of Jammu and Srinagar,
Municipal committees were also formed.
Maharaja Hari Singh

He ascended the throne in 1925 AD. He was the nephew of Maharaja Pratap Singh.
He did many reforms in the state like made primary education compulsory,
introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and opened places of worship for the low
castes. He set up the first legislature of Jammu and Kashmir in 1934 under the
Constitution Act of 1934 AD. This legislature consisted of the Council comprising
of the Prime Minister and Ministers appointed by him and the Assembly
comprising of 75 members and known as ‘Praja Sabha’.
Administration During Dogra Rule

The administration of Dogra rule in Kashmir was as follows:
n
During Dogra rule, Jammu province covered the entire territory from the rivers
Ravi to the Jhelum lying South of the Pir Panjal range. It included the whole of
Dugar region together with Mirpur area of theWestern Punjabi speaking people.
n
Kashmir province included the whole of Kashmir valley and theWestern district of
Muzaffarabad. The valley was divided into two districts Anantnag and Baramulla.
n
Srinagar was made the summer capital of the State; which until then was governed
from Jammu.
n
The frontier region of Ladakh was put under the charge of a Thanedar. A number
of efficient and capable Thanedars like Magna, Mehta Basti Ram and Mehta
Mangal gave modern administration to Ladakh for the first time.
n
Baltistan with its main town of Askardu was put under the charge of another
Thanedar.
n
Later, both Ladakh and Baltistan were joined together and put under the charge of
one administrator who had his headquarters at Leh in summer and Askardu in
Winter.
n
Gilgit area was made a separate administrative unit with its headquarters in the
town of Gilgit.
n
This administrative set up continued right until the end of Dogra rule in 1947 till
India’s independence.
Emergence of Jammu and Kashmir as an State

of Indian Union
India gained independence from British rule and divided into two independent
countries, namely, India and Pakistan in 1947. Jammu and Kashmir Princely State,
which was under the rule of Dogra king Maharaja Hari Singh had the option to
join either India or Pakistan or remain independent with certain reservations.
Maharaja Hari Singh finally decided to sign the Instrument of Accession to the
Indian Union in October 1947 due to revolution by his Muslim subjects along the
Western borders and the intervention of Pashtun Tribesmen from Afghanistan. Due
to this Accession to India, Pakistani troops captured most of the state and Maharaja
Hari Singh took refuge in India. India sent its troops in Jammu and Kashmir and
also submitted a formal complaint to the UN Security Council in January, 1948.
The localised warfare ended with the intervention of the United Nations in January
1949 and in July 1949, India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line, the ‘Line of
Control’ (LoC), which divided the two countries. Thus, the entire Jammu and parts
of Kashmir was divided along the line of control. This line is still maintained.
Yuvraj Karan Singh, Son of Maharaja Hari Singh, was appointed as Regent of the
state in 1949. In 1952, the Monarchy was abolished and Karan Singh was appointed
as Sadar-i-Riyasat (Head of State) and later became the first Governor of Jammu
and Kashmir from 1965 to 1967.
In April, 1951, he issued a proclamation constituting a Constituent Assembly for
framing the Constitution for the State of Jammu and Kashmir. In November, 1956
the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was passed and became enforceable on
26th January, 1957.
Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir 21
Later, many proposals were made to end the dispute over Kashmir but no final
outcome took place and resulted in Chinese incursion into Ladakh in 1962,
(Sino-Indian War) and warfare between India and Pakistan in 1965. This warfare
was ended by signing the Takshkent Agreement in 1966.
Again in 1971, India-Pakistan war took place and resulted into the ‘creation of
Bangladesh’. Several other agreements also were made, e.g. ‘Shimla Agreement’ in
1972, but Kashmir still remains a subject of conflict between the two countries,
India and Pakistan. The Line of Control is often violated and tention in the valley
continues.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Who was invited by two Kashmiri 7 The last Sikh Governor of Kashmir was
noblemen, Mir Muquim Kant and Khwaja (a) Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Zahir Didmari, to capture Kashmir in (b) Sheikh Imam-ud-din
1752 AD? (c) Gulab Singh
(a) Nadir Shah (d) Ranbir Singh
(b) Gulab Singh
8 Who among the following was the first
(c) Ranjit Singh
(d) Ahmad Shah Abdali
Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Maharaja Gulab Singh
2 In which year, Afghan rule was established (b) Maharaja Ranbir Singh
in Kashmir? (c) Maharaja Hari Singh
(a) 1652 AD (b) 1700 AD (d) Yuvraj Karan Singh
(c) 1752 AD (d) 1800 AD
9 Which tready was notoriously known as
3 Which of the following rules is known as ‘Sale of Kashmir’?
the darkest period in the history of Jammu (a) Treaty of Kashmir(b) Treaty of Lahore
and Kashmir? (c) Treaty of Jammu (d) Treaty of Amritsar
(a) Sikh rule (b) Afghan rule
10 In which year Maharaja Gulab Singh
(c) Mughal rule (d) Dogra rule
finally acquired Kashmir?
4 The first Afghan Governor of Kashmir was (a) November, 1819 AD
(a) Nadir Shah (b) Ahmad Shah (b) October, 1840 AD
(c) Abdullah Khan (d) Gulab Singh (c) November, 1846 AD
(d) March, 1920 AD
5 In which year, Kashmir became a part of
Sikh empire? 11 Who among the following politically
(a) 1640 AD (b) 1752 AD united the three regions, i.e. Jammu,
(c) 1819 AD (d) 1900 AD Kashmir and Ladakh into a Princely State
of Jammu and Kashmir?
6 The period of Sikh rule in Kashmir was
(a) Maharaja Ranjit Singh
(a) 1819-1846 AD
(b) Maharaja Hari Singh
(b) 1840-1860 AD
(c) Maharaja Gulab Singh
(c) 1890-1900 AD
(d) Maharaja Ranbir Singh
(d) 1902-1930 AD
12 Who ascended the throne of Jammu and 19 Who made primary education compulsory
Kashmir after Maharaja Gulab Singh? in the state of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Maharaja Ranbir Singh (a) Maharaja Hari Singh
(b) Maharaja Hari Singh (b) Maharaja Gulab Singh
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh (c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh
(d) Yuvraj Karan Singh (d) None of the above
13 Which of the following territories were 20 In which year, the first legislature of
conquered by Ranbir Singh? Jammu and Kashmir was established?
(a) Gilgit (b) Astore (a) 1819 AD (b) 1890 AD
(c) Hunza-Nagar (d) All of these (c) 1934 AD (d) 1970 AD
14 Who built Ranbireshvaram temple at 21 What was the summer capital of Jammu
Jammu region? and Kashmir during the Dogra rule?
(a) Maharaja Ranjit Singh (a) Srinagar (b) Anantnag
(b) Maharaja Gulab Singh (c) Baramulla (d) Leh
(c) Maharaja Ranbir Singh
(d) Maharaja Hari Singh 22 Who was the ruler of Kashmir Princely
State at the time of Independence of India,
15 Who established a Research and 1947?
Translation Bureau called ‘Daarul (a) Maharaja Gulab Singh
Tarjumah’ in Kashmir? (b) Maharaja Hari Singh
(a) Maharaja Gulab Singh (c) Maharaja Kharak Singh
(b) Maharaja Ranbir Singh (d) Maharaja Ranbir Singh
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh
(d) None of the above 23 When was the cease fire line LoC defined
between India and Pakistan with UN
16 Who built Jhelum valley road and intervention?
completed Banihal-cart road in Jammu and (a) January 1948
Kashmir? (b) August 1947
(a) Maharaja Gulab Singh (c) July 1949
(b) Maharaja Ranbir Singh (d) December 1952
(c) Maharaja Pratap Singh
(d) Maharaja Hari Singh 24 In which year the Monarchy was abolished
in the state of Jammu and Kashmir?
17 Who constructed Ranbir canal and Pratap (a) 1947 (b) 1952
Canal in the state of Jammu and Kashmir? (c) 1969 (d) 1989
(a) Maharaja Ranbir Singh
(b) Maharaja Pratap Singh 25 The first Governor of Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Maharaja Gulab Singh was
(d) None of the above (a) Hari Singh (b) Karan Singh
(c) Gulab Singh (d) Pratap Singh
18 During whose reign, the state of Jammu
and Kashmir got its first Hydro-electric 26 In which year, the Constitution of Jammu
project at Mohra? and Kashmir became enforceable in the
(a) Maharaja Hari Singh state?
(b) Maharaja Gulab Singh (a) 26th January, 1947
(c) Maharaja Pratap Singh (b) 21st December, 1950
(d) Maharaja Ranbir Singh (c) 26th January, 1957
(d) 1st August, 1988
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c)
CHAPTER 4
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is the Northernmost state of India.
It lies in the Himalayan mountains. A large portion of the terrain of
the state is hilly area which varies from 3000 feet (914 m) to 22740
feet (6931m) in height above sea level. Jammu and Kashmir is also
comprised of several valleys namely, Kashmir valley, Tawi valley,
Poonch valley, Sind valley, Chenab valley and Lidder valley.
Location
Jammu and Kashmir lies between 32°17 ′ N and 36°58′ N latitudes and 73° 26′ E and
80°30′ E longitudes. The state has an area of 222236 sq km. A large part of the state
is under the control of Pakistan and China. Thus, Indian Government has an area
about 101387 sq km of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir is the 5th largest
state of India and occupies about 6.76% of the country’s total geographical area.
Population wise it is the 19th largest state of the country.
Boundaries
The state of Jammu and Kashmir shares its borders with Indian states of Himachal
Pradesh and Punjab in the South, Pakistan in the West, Afghanistan in the North
and China in the North-East. The Line of Control (LoC) separates it from
Pakistani administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Balistan in the West
and North-West respectively.
Physiographic Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir

Geographically, the state is divided into seven physiographic divisions. These
divisions are closely linked with the structural components of the Western
Himalayas. These divisions are:
1. Plains 2. Foothills 3. Lesser Himalayas
4. Greater Himalayas 5. Valley of Kashmir 6. Upper Indus Valley
7. The Karakoram Region
1. Plains
The plains of the state were formed by the eroded bedrock material brought down
by the mighty river chenab, Ravi, Tawi, Ujh, Basantar etc. The outer plains are
locally known as ‘Andarwah’ or ‘Bajwat’. The outer plains is traversed by numerous
hill torrents known as Khad most of the year these Khads are dry, but in rainy
seasons these torrents turn into huge gushing rivers. Here we find weed growth,
locally known as Khar or elephantine grass. This region stretches in the Southern
parts of Akhnoor, Ranbirsingh Pura (RS Pura), Samba and Kathua areas of Jammu
and Kashmir.
2. Foothills
The foothills of the Himalayas are known as Shiwaliks which are made of the
younger tertiary rocks. The width of the Shiwaliks in the state is between 20 to
50 km. The foothills of the Himalayas form the outer and inner zones having a
height of 600 m to 1500 m in the state.
The outer zone of foothills is comprised of long ridges and longitudinal valleys,
called Duns e.g. Duns of Udhampur and Kotli. These Duns are a result of erosion of
sandstone, clay and silt of the region. The inner zone has steep slope and plateau
residue due to folding and erosion activities on the sedimentary rocks. The
undulating slopes of Shiwalik between Ravi and Chenab rivers are known as Kandi.
It is adjacent to the plains upto a height of 300 m. The areas of the state which lie in
the Shiwalik hills are Jammu, Mirpur, Udhampur and Riasi.
3. Lesser Himalayas
It is also known as Middle Himalayas which lie between the Ravi (in the East) and
the Poonch (in the West). This region is composed of volcanic rocks of granite,
gneiss, quartz, etc. The average elevation of this region is 3600-4600 m. Two
important ranges namely Pir Panjal (5000 m) and Dhauladhar are part of this
region. In Jammu region, these ranges are locally known as Pahar. Pir Panjal is the
longest and the i.e. Westernmost range of this region.
Vaishno Devi cave is situated on a peak of Trikuta mountain in this region. Many
rivers have their source in the middle Himalayas like Tawi, Manawar-Tawi, Basantra
and Ujh rivers.
4. Greater Himalayas
This zone lies to the North of the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges, having an
average heights between 4500 to 6100 m. In the North, Kashmir range forms the
part of Zanskar range and also forms the North-Eastern border of the Kashmir
valley. There are a few peaks in the Zanskar range having a height of 4500 m to
6100 m above sea level. The altitude of this region increases to the North till the
K-2 (Godwin Austin) peak on the Karakoram or Mustang range. K-2 is the second
highest peak of the world with a height of 8611 m. The ranges of Greater
Himalayas prevent the cold winds of the Central Asia to enter into India.
Physiography of Jammu and Kashmir 25
5. Valley of Kashmir
It is deep asymmetrical basin which lies between the Pir Panjal and the i.e. Western
end of the Great Himalayan ranges. These mountain range rising upto a height of
5500 m. It is filled by sediments of lakes and alluvium deposited by the upper
Jhelum river. There are extensive elevated plateau of alluvial and lacustrine material.
These deposits or plateaus are known as Karewas.
Within the valley of Kashmir, there are three important side valleys namely, the
Lidder valley, the Sind valley and the Lolab valley. It comprises Anantnag,
Baramulla, Bodgam, Srinagar, Pulwama, Kupwara, Bandipora, Ganderbal, Kulgam
and Shopian districts of the state.
6. Upper Indus Valley

This valley includes the areas from the Tibetan border to the point in the Pakistani
region of Kashmir (Westward). The Indus river in this valley flows through Nanga
Parbat (8126 m) to the Southward forming deep gorges. The upper part of Indus
river is bounded by gravel terraces. Each tributary of this river builds an alluvial fan
in the main valley. Leh town is located (3500 m) in this valley.
7. The Karakoram Region

It lies in the Indian and Pakistani Kashmir and comprises of some of the world’s
highest peaks. For example, K-2, (8611 m) which lies on the Pakistani border and
one of the Chinese-administered enclaves. It is made of granite and gneiss rocks.
There are other peaks in this region which have a height more than 7300 m above
sea level. The Karakoram region remains heavily glaciated all the year round. The
Karakoram, along with other areas in and around the Himalayan region is known as
the ‘Roof of the World’.
Famous Mountains in Jammu and Kashmir

Most of the part of Jammu and Kashmir state is formed by mountains, thus
mountains have a great importance for the state. The Kashmir valley is surrounded
by high mountain ranges and a narrow gorge at Baramulla. The Southern part of the
state has Shiwalik hills and the Northern part is also covered by the lofty mountains.
Some of the important mountains are discussed below:
Amarnath
It is located in Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir. It is about 5186 m in
height. It is also famous for its holy cave, Amarnath which can be reached through
the Mahagunas pass (1475 m). The mountain has Lidder valley where Gwasharan
(5450 m) is situated towards Pahalgam. Kolahi Glacier is situated here. This valley
also has ‘Sheshnag mountain’. Amarnath cave is believed to be the ancient and
among most sacred places for pilgrimage in Hinduism.
Afarwat
This mountain spreads through the Gulmarg valley. It is about 4390 m in height.
Alpathar spring lies on it peak. Nullah Nagal has its origin from this spring which
flows down and meets the Wular lake.
Burzil
This mountain divides Kashmir and Ladakh region where Burzil pass is situated at a
height of 4100 m. Burzil pass is an ancient pass and caravan route. The pass lies
close to the Line of Control demarcating India and Pakistan route between Srinagar
(Kashmir) and Gilgit.
Karakoram and Kyunlun

These ranges lies in the North and North-East part of Jammu and Kashmir which
separate the state from Russian Turkistan and Tibet. The Hindukush range extends
towards the Karakoram range in the North-West part, where K-2 peak lies.
Gasherbrum (8570 m) and Masherbrum (7827 m) peaks are also situated here.
Karakoram pass (5352 m) and Nubra pass (5800 m) are used by people for travelling
purpose from Ladakh to Chinese Turkistan and Khattan. In the same way Khardung
La pass (5557 m) and Chang La pass (5609 m) are also used from Ladakh to Tibet.
Nanga Parbat
This mountain range lies in Gilgit. It is about 8107 m in height and the 9th highest
mountain in the world. It is utterly devoid of vegetation. It is located in the Pakistani
administered sector of Kashmir. In local language, it is known as ‘Diamer’ which
means ‘King of Mountains’.
Harmukh Mountain
It is also known as mount Harmukh. It is located at an elevation of 5142 mts in
Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a part of the Himalayan range and is
located between Nallah Sindh in the South and Neelum river in the North. It is
mostly climbed from the North-Western side of Bandipore. It is considered one of
the sacred mountains by Hindus, as according to Hindu mythology it is the abode of
Lord Shiva.
Nun Kun
It lies between Ladakh and Kashmir border. It is about 7135 m in height. Kullu lies
on its South-East part and Kargil tehsil of Ladakh lies on its North-West part.This
mountain massif comprises of two peaks of Himalayas namely Nun (7135 m) and
Kun (7077 m). Nun is the highest peak in the part of the Himalayan range lying on
the Indian side of the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir. Bawalocha pass
(4891 m) lies between Leh and Kullu.
Pir Panjal
This mountain range lies in the lesser Himalayas and separates Kashmir valley from
the outer Himalayas. It is about 5000 m in height and comprised of mostly volcanic
rocks. Its two important peaks Deo Tibba (6001 m) and Indrasan (6221 m) lie on
the Eastern end of this mountain. Gulmarg town in Kashmir lies in this mountain
range. It has many passes like Pir Panjal pass (3480 m), the Bidil pass (4270 m),
Golabghar pass (3812 m), Banihal pass (2835 m), Baramulla pass (1582 m), and
Haji Pir pass (2750 m).
Shiwalik
It extends from the North of the outer plains to middle mountains/lesser Himalayas.
This mountain range has an average height of 600 m to 1500 m. It extends from
Jammu and Kashmir to the Brahmaputra valley. Mohan pass is the main pass in this
mountain range. It is also known as Manak Parbat in ancient times.
Toshmaidan and Kajinag

Toshmaidan (4270 m) and Kajinag (3700 m) are situated in the inner Himalayas.
These are snow-clad mountains but in summer their snow provides water to the
Jhelum river. Important passes of this mountain range are Basmai Gali (3962.4 m)
and Poonch Gali.
Volcanic Mountains
Two volcanic mountain peaks are situated in Jammu and Kashmir. Soyamji (1860 m)
volcanic peak lies in North Machhipura (Handwara), which was once erupted for 13
months in 1934 and is now a dormant volcanic peak. The other volcanic peak is,
Kharewa which lies in Pahalgam tehsil, which is a dead volcanic peak. These
volcanic mountain are the cause of earthquakes in Kashmir.
Zanskar
This mountain range separates the Indus valley from the Kashmir valley. It also
separates Zanskar from Ladakh. It is about 6000 m in height. It is helpful in
preventing South-West cold winds from entering into Kashmir region. At Zoji La
pass (3529 m), Ladakh region ends and Kashmir valley begins. Poat pass (5716 m)
also lies in this range.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The latitudinal extent of Jammu and 10 The undulating slope between Ravi and
Kashmir is Chenab rivers is known as
(a) 32 °17 ′N to 39°56′N (a) Duns (b) Kandi
(b) 34 °17 ′N to 40°51′N (c) Andarwah (d) Bajwat
(c) 32 °17 ′N to 36°58 ′N
(d) 73 ° 26′N to 80° 30′N 19 Sheshnag mountain is
(a) Lidder valley
2 The total area of Jammu and Kashmir is (b) Betaab valley
(a) 222236 sq km (c) Kashmir valley
(b) 659213 sq km (d) None of the above
(c) 231531 sq km
(d) 3287263 sq km 11 The longest mountain range of Lesser
Himalayas is
3 Area wise Jammu and Kashmir is on which (a) Dhauladhar (b) Shiwalik
place among Indian states? (c) Pir Panjal (d) Burzil
(a) 2nd (b) 3rd
(c) 5th (d) 6th 12 Vaishno Devi cave is situated in which
zone of Jammu and Kashmir?
4 Population wise Jammu and Kashmir (a) Greater Himalayas
secures which rank among Indian states? (b) Lesser Himalayas
(a) 15th (b) 16th (c) Upper Indus Valley
(c) 18th (d) 19th (d) The Karakoram Range
5 The Jammu and Kashmir state shares its 13 The average height of the Greater
Southern boundary with Himalayan zone of Jammu and Kashmir is
(a) Punjab and Haryana (a) 4500 to 5000 m (b) 4500 to 5500 m
(b) Pakistan (c) 4500 to 6100 m (d) 4500 to 6500 m
(c) Punjab and Himachal Pradesh
(d) Afghanistan 14 Which zone of Jammu and Kashmir lies
between the Pir Panjal and the Western
6 Geographically, the state of Jammu and end of the Great Himalayan ranges?
Kashmir comprises of how many zones? (a) Upper Indus valley
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 8 (b) Valley of Kashmir
7 The outer plains of Jammu and Kashmir (c) The Karakoram range
are locally known as (d) Lesser Himalayas
(a) Andarwah (b) Bajwat 15 Which town is located on one of the
(c) Duns (d) Both (a) and (b) alluvial fans of the upper Indus valley
8 The foothills of Himalayas have a height of zone?
(a) 300 m to 400 m (a) Pahalgam (b) Kulgam
(b) 400 m to 500 m (c) Leh (d) Samba
(c) 600 m to 900 m
16 The K-2 or Godwin Austin, the second
(d) 600 m to 1500 m
highest peak of the world lies in which of
9 The longitudinal valley of outer zones are the following region of Jammu and
known as Kashmir?
(a) Duns (a) Greater Himalayas
(b) Bajwat (b) Upper Indus valley
(c) Andarwah (c) Karakoram range
(d) None of the above (d) Lesser Himalayas
17 The height of K-2 is 26 Name the mountain range whies lies in the
(a) 8848 m (b) 8611 m lesser Himalayas nad separates Kashmir
(c) 8600 m (d) 8100 m valley from the outer Himalayas.
(a) Pir Panjal (b) Nun Kun
18 In which district of Jammu and Kashmir (c) Zanskar (d) None of these
Amarnath cave is located?
(a) Poonch (b) Udhampur 27 Baramulla pass lies in which mountain
(c) Ganderbal (d) Leh range of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Pir Panjal
20 Which of the following mountain ranges (b) Shiwalik
spreads through the Gulmarg valley? (c) Afarwat
(a) Burzil (b) Pir Panjal (d) Karakoram
(c) Afarwat (d) Nanga Parbat
28 Which mountains is also known as ‘Manak
21 Which mountain divides Kashmir and Parbat’?
Ladakh region? (a) Pir Panjal
(a) Burzil (b) Afarwat (b) Nanga Parbat
(c) Toshmaidan (d) Kajinag (c) Shiwalik
22 Which of the following mountain ranges (d) None of these
separate the state of Jammu and 29 Which of the following mountains lie in the
Kashmir from Russian Turkistan and inner Himalayas and they remain clad
Tibet? with snow throughout the year?
(a) Zanskar (a) Toshmaidan (b) Afarwat
(b) Nun Kun (c) Burzil (d) Pir Panjal
(c) Karakoram and Kyunlun
(d) Toshmaidan 30 In summer season, the snow water of
Toshmaidan provides water to which
23 The Nubra, Khardung La and Chang La
river?
Pass lies in which of the following
(a) Chenab River (b) Beas river
mountain ranges? (c) Ravi river (d) Jhelum river
(a) Nun Kun
(b) Karakoram 31 Which of the following volcanic peaks
(c) Burzil is/are in a dormant state?
(d) Amarnath (a) Soyamji
(b) Kharewa peak
24 Which mountain range is also known as
(c) Both (a) and (b)
‘Diamer’? (d) None of the above
(a) Nanga Parbat (b) Zanskar
(c) Shiwalik (d) Afarwat 32 Which mountain range separates the Indus
valley from the Kashmir valley?
25 Which of the following is situated between
(a) Zanskar (b) Nanga Parbat
Kashmir and Ladakh border? (c) Shiwalik (d) Pir Panjal
(a) Chang La Pass
(b) Burzil 33 Poat pass is a famous pass in which range?
(c) Nun Kun (a) Nun Kun range (b) Afarwat range
(d) None of the above (c) Zanskar range (d) Shiwalik range
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (c)
CHAPTER 5
CLIMATE OF JAMMU
AND KASHMIR
The climate of Jammu and Kashmir, unlike other states of India, shows
some distinct characteristics. It ranges from sub-tropical to temperate and
Arctic cold desertic climate.
Climatic Zones of Jammu and Kashmir

The state of Jammu and Kashmir has a distinct climatic pattern due to its varied
topography. It has hilly terrain with high mountains and valleys. The South-Western
part of this state comprised of plains with low elevation. As the state is divided into
three regions, namely, Jammu, Kashmir valley and Ladakh, all the three regions have
a distinct climatic zone. These climatic zones are as follows:
1. The Sub-tropical region of Jammu
2. The Temperate Kashmir valley
3. The Arctic cold desert areas of Ladakh
Sub-tropical Region of Jammu

This region has varied topography like plains, valleys, hills and mountains of Pir
Panjal and Shiwalik ranges. This region comprises of Kathua, Jammu, Samba
Udhampur, Riasi, Doda, Ramban, Kishtwar, Rajouri and Poonch districts of the
state.
The South-West part of Jammu region has a typical tropical monsoon climate. The
Southern parts record maximum temperature i.e. 45°C in summer season especially
in June which is hottest month in Jammu region. During this period hot dry winds
called ‘loo’ blow. January is the coldest month in winter season of this region. The
mean minimum temperature of the region as a whole remains 3°C in January. But in
this month the mean minimum temperature varies from -1.9°C in the Northern
high altitudinal areas to 7.8°C in the Southern plains. Due to the Western
disturbances, a much lower temperature is experienced during winter season.
Climate of Jammu and Kashmir 31
The Temperate Kashmir Valley

The valley of Kashmir lies between Pir Panjal range and Western end of the Great
Himalayan ranges. This region comprises of Anantnag, Budgam, Bandipora,
Kulgam, Shopian, Pulwama, Srinagar, Ganderbal, Baramulla and Kupwara districts
of the state. July is the hottest month in summer which records the mean maximum
temperature in the valley of about 27°C. Usually, summers are pleasant in the valley
with short duration (mid March to July). Winter season in the valley is very cold and
of long duration (November to March). January is the coldest month which records
the mean minimum temperature about -5°C. In the winters, the mean maximum
temperature remains 5°C.
The Arctic Cold Desert Areas of Ladakh

The Ladakh region is situated on the rain-shadow side of the Himalayan mountains
and has high altitudinal areas. It comprises only two districts namely, Leh and
Kargil. March is the hottest month in this region which records the mean maximum
temperature about 25.3°C and mean minimum temperature about 10°C. During
April to October, the barren locations of Ladakh region remains very dry and hot.
Due to having both the Arctic and desert climate, Ladakh is known as the Cold
Desert.
Due to its high altitude (3650 m), the Ladakh plateau records the minimum
temperature ranging from -20°C to -40°C from December to February (in winters).
January is the coldest month of this region which records a mean minimum
temperature of about -14.4°C and mean maximum temperature about -2°C.
Local Names for the Seasons of Jammu,

Kashmir and Ladakh Region
Season Local Term
Spring Sont
Summer Retkol (Grishm)
Rainy Waharat
Autumn Harud
Winter Wandah
Ice Cold Shishur
Rainfall Distribution in Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir receives about 103 cm of its total annual precipitation. The
precipitation occurs in the form of rain and snow. The Western Disturbances bring
heavy snowfall in the state during winter season. The heaviest snowfall occurs in the
months of January and February. Rainfall in the state varies due to its varied
topography.
Rainfall in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Region

Jammu Region
This region receives high rainfall. Riasi district (in Jammu) receives maximum
rainfall (132 cm) in a year. The South-West part of Jammu region receives rainfall
mostly during South-West monsoon season. The Northern and North-Eastern areas
of Jammu region receive snowfall. The total annual rainfall of the region is about
136 cm.
Kashmir Valley Region

This region due to frequent Western disturbances receives heavy rainfall and
snowfall in winter and pre-monsoon season. The total annual rainfall of this region
is about 86 cm.
Ladakh Region
This region receives very less rainfall. It is the driest part of Jammu and Kashmir.
Leh district (in Ladakh) receives the minimum rainfall i.e. 10 cm in a year. This
region receives its annual rainfall from pre-monsoon (32%), South-West monsoon
(29%), post monsoon (10%) and winter season (29%).
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The state of Jammu and Kashmir is divided 5 The hottest month in the Kashmir valley is
into how many climatic zones? (a) March (b) May (c) June (d) July
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
6 Which season is of longer duration in
2 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir valley of Kashmir?
comes under the sub-tropical climatic (a) Summer season
zone? (b) Winter season
(a) Kashmir (b) Jammu (c) South-West monsoon season
(c) Ladakh (d) Jammu and Ladakh (d) Post-monsoon season
3 Kathua, Samba and Udhampur lie in 7 Which place is also known as cold desert?
which climatic zone of Jammu and (a) Kargil (b) Ladakh
Kashmir? (c) Jammu (d) Kashmir
(a) Sub-tropical zone 8 Arctic cold desert areas of Ladakh comprises
(b) Temperate zone which of the following district(s)?
(c) Arctic cold desert area
(a) Kagril (b) Leh
(c) Udhampur (d) Both (a) and (b)
4 Which part of Jammu records maximum 9 Summer season in Kashmir and Ladakh
temperature in summer season? valley is also known as
(a) Northern (b) Southern (a) Wandah (b) Shishur
(c) Eastern (d) Western (c) Grishm (d) Harud
Climate of Jammu and Kashmir 33
10 The total annual rainfall of Jammu and 14 Match the following

Kashmir is
(a) 100 cm (b) 103 cm List I List II
(c) 110 cm (d) 125 cm A. Spring 1. Harud
11 Which district of Jammu division receives B. Summer 2. Sont

the maximum rainfall in a year in Jammu C. Rainy 3. Waharat
and Kashmir? D. Autumn 4. Retkol
(a) Leh district (b) Udhampur
(c) Kathua (d) Riasi Codes
A B C D
12 Kashmir valley receives heavy rainfall and (a) 2 4 3 1
snowfall in winter and pre-monsoon (b) 4 2 3 1
season due to (c) 1 2 4 3
(a) Western disturbances (d) 3 4 1 2
(b) Eastern disturbances
(c) Varied topography 15 Which one is not correct?
(a) Ice Cold Shishur
13 Which district receives the minimum (b) Autumn Harud
rainfall in Jammu and Kashmir?
(c) Winter Wandah
(a) Leh (b) Riasi
(c) Kathua (d) Samba (d) Spring Grisham
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d)
CHAPTER 6
DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The drainage system of Jammu and Kashmir consists of rivers,
lakes, springs and glaciers. The main rivers of Jammu and
Kashmir include Jhelum, Chenab and Indus. Important lakes
include Dal lake and Wular lake. Important glaciers include
Nubra, Rimo and Siachen. All these, play a very important role
for environment and economic conditions of the state.
Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir

There are many rivers which originate from high mountains and flow through the
state. The Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Indus and Tawi rivers are the important
Himalayan rivers of the state. The rivers of Jammu and Kashmir can be divided into
three regions. These are:
i. Rivers of Jammu region ii. Rivers of Kashmir region
iii. Rivers of Ladakh region
i. Rivers of Jammu Region

Chenab River
The ancient name of the Chenab river is Asikni. This river originates from Baralacha
La pass in Lahaul and Spiti region of the of Himachal Pradesh. It is formed by two
streams namely, the Chandra and Bhaga. It is also known as Chandrabhaga.
Its total length is about 960 km long. It covers the length of 504 km in Jammu and
Kashmir. It drains the Eastern section of the Southern slope of Pir Panjal. It enters
into Jammu and Kashmir near Paddar at Kishtwar and cross Doda, Ramban, Reasi
and Akhnoor districts. It leaves Jammu and Kashmir at Akhnoor district and enters
into Sialkot district of Pakistan. Many hydel power projects are located on this river
like Salal, Dalhasti, Sawalkot and Baghilar.
Drainage System of Jammu and Kashmir 35
Important tributaries of Chenab river are Miyar Nala, Marusudar (biggest right
bank tributary), Tawi (biggest left bank tributary) Bhut Nala, Lidrari, Sohal and
Thirot. Marusudar and Tawi river are discussed below:
Marusudar River
It originates from Lahaul valley at an elevation of about 5175 m. In the beginning
two streams namely Batkot and Gumbar merge to form Warwan river. In the lower
areas Warwan river is known as the Marusudar. The Marusudar flows almost the
North to South direction. Its catchment is almost fan shaped. The upper part of the
river is covered with glacier and the permanent snow line is considered generally
around 4700 m.
Tawi River
This river originates from Kailash Kund glacier located in Bhadarwah of Doda
district ( Jammu). Its total length is about 141 km. Its catchment area covers Jammu,
Udhampur and small parts of Doda districts. The river flows through the Chenani
town of Udhampur and Jammu and then joins the Chenab river in Sialkot district of
Pakistan. After passing through these regions, the river enters into Pakistan.
Chenani hydro power project is constructed on this river.
Ravi River
The ancient name of Ravi river is Parusni. This river originates from the Himalayas
at Bara Bhangal near Rohtang pass in the state of Himachal Pradesh. Its total length
is about 720 km long. The river passes through two mountain ranges namely, Pir
Panjal and Dhauladhar on its South and North, respectively. It flows through the
North-Western regions of India and then turns to South-West at the boundary of
Jammu and Kashmir. It flows about 80 km along the Indo-Pak border, before
entering Pakistan. Important tributaries of this river are Budhil, Naior Dhona, Seul
and Siawa.
Ujh River
This river originates from the Domal structure of Seojdhar range in the middle
Himalayas. The river is about 65 km long in the state. It is the second most
important river of Kathua district after Ravi river. It is a branch of Ravi river that
comes from Ramkot side of Jammu, passes through Kathua district and enters
Pakistan. Water is used for irrigation purpose and transportion of timber from hills
to plains. Important tributaries of this river are Naaz and Bhinni Nala.
ii. Rivers of Kashmir Region

Jhelum River
The ancient name of Jhelum river is Vitasta. It is the main waterway in the Kashmir
valley where it is also known as Vyath. This river originates from Verinag spring
which lies 80 km South-East of Srinagar district. The total length of the river is
about 725 km. It covers a length of 177 km in valley of Kashmir.
In Srinagar district many tributaries join this river and thus, it becomes navigable
from Khannabal to Wular lake. Jhelum river is also called the lifeline of Srinagar and
it bifurcates the city into two parts. This river flows through Baramulla district and
across the Jammu region, after that it leaves for Pakistan and merges with Indus
river. Srinagar, Baramulla and Anantnag cities are situated on both the sides of
Jhelum river. Many hydel power projects are located on this river e.g. Ganderbal,
Lower Jhelum, Upper Sindh, Uri-I, etc. It has about 24 tributaries. Important
tributaries are Sindh, Pohru, Vishow, Rambaira, Pohru, etc.
Lidder River
This river originates from the Kolahoi glacier in the North-Western Himalayan
range about 26 km North from Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir. It covers a length
of 73 km in Kashmir valley. It is the second major tributary of river Jhelum and
meets it in North of Anantnag town. Pahalgam is situated in the center of Lidder
valley. It has two main tributaries, Lidder East and Lidder West.
iii. Rivers of Ladakh Region

Indus River
This river originates in the Northern slopes of the Kailash range in Tibet from
Mansarovar lake. Its total length is 2900 km. It covers a length of 1114 km through
India. The river flows between the Ladakh range and Zanskar range and covers the
areas of Ladakh, Baltistan and Gilgit. Through a deep gorge (5181 m) near Attock, it
crosses the Himalayas and then take a turn towards South-West direction and enters
into Pakistan. The important tributaries of this river are Shyok, Suru, Zanskar, Jhelum,
Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
Kishanganga River
This river originates from Drass (Kargil) in Ladakh. It is also known as Neelum
river. Its total length is about 245 km long. It covers a length of 50 km in the state. It
flows through Gurez, Keran and Karnah mountain tracks and joins the Jhelum river
at Domel (Muzaffarabad). The river has Kishanganga hydroelectric power project. It
has ice cold water which is famous for trout fish. Important tributaries are Sindh and
Lidder rivers.
Shyok River
This river originates from Rimo Glacier which is a part of Siachen glacier. It is also
known as River of Death because it is a difficult route to cross. Its total length is
about 550 km long and flows through Ladakh and Ghangche district of
Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan. From its origin place, Shyok flows in the South-East
direction and joins the Pangong range, then it turns towards North-Western
direction and again flows parallel to its previous path. It joins Indus river at Skardu
city (Pakistan). Important tributaries of this river are Chang Chen Mo, Galwan
Nubra and Saltoro.
Suru River
This river originates from the Penzella glacier. Its total length is about 185 km. It
flows through the towns of Tongul, Suru, Grantung, Goma and Kharul. Kargil town
is the largest city situated on the bank of this river. Suru valley is formed by this
river. It meets the Indus river at Nurla village in Leh district. Its important tributary
is Shafat Nala.
Drass River
This river originates from Machoi Glacier near Zoji La pass. Its total length is about
86 km and flows through Kargil district of Ladakh. It flows through the town of
Matayan, Kharbu and Kakshar. At Kharbu, the Shingo river joins Drass river and at
Kharul, both of these rivers join the Suru river. It formed the Drass valley, where this
river is joined by its two tributaries, the Mashko river and Gomru Nala.
Nubra River
This river originates from the Siachen glacier. It is a tributary of Shyok river. It flows
through Nubra valley in the Northern part of Ladakh region and then joins the Indus
river in Skardu, Pakistan. Then, it flows towards South-East to join the Shyok river.
▲ RIVERS MAP OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Important Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir

The state of Jammu and Kashmir has many lakes and most of these lakes are of
glacial origin. These lakes can be divided into three regions i.e. Jammu, Kashmir and
Ladakh region. Some of the important lakes are discussed below:
Lakes of Jammu Region

Mansar Lake
This lake is situated 55 km East of Jammu at a height of 666 km in the Shiwalik
range. It is a freshwater lake. Mansar lake is a very small lake which is about 1204 m
in length and about 645 m in the width. Sheshnag Shrine is situated on its Eastern
bank. People take a holy dip in it on festive occasions.
Surinsar Lake
This lake is situated about 40 km to the North-East of Jammu in the Western
Shiwaliks, the foothills of Himalayas at a height of 605 m. It is a freshwater lake. It
is about 888 m in length and 444 m in width. It is a much loved picturesque tourist
spot in Jammu region.
Lakes of Kashmir Region

Anchar Lake
This lake is situated in Srinagar. It is about 8 km long and 3 km wide. This lake lies
at an altiude of 1585 m above mean sea level. About half of its area become a
marshland. The Sind Nala feeds this lake. On its North-West bank Ganderbal town
is situated.
Dal Lake
This lake is situated in the East of Srinagar. The lake covers 18 sq km area which
makes it the second largest lake in the state. This lake is one of the most beautiful
lakes of India and has a great ecological and socio-economical significance in
Kashmir. It attracts national as well as international tourists.
It is about 8 km in length and 6.4 km in width. It is also known as ‘Jewel in the
Crown of Kashmir’ or ‘Srinagar’s Jewel’. The lake is surrounded by Mughal Garden.
The lake has floating gardens where different types of vegetables are grown.
Gangabal Lake
This lake is situated on the North-East slopes of Harmukh mountains at a height of
approx 3600 m above mean sea level. The lake is located 45 km North of Srinagar.
Hokersar Lake
This lake is situated 13 km from Srinagar. It is about 5 km in length and 1.5 km in
width. It is a home of migratory birds which came in winter season, e.g. waterfowls,
shorebirds and trans-Himalayan species.
Due to its ecological value, the lake has been declared as Conservation Reserve
under the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978. In 2005, the lake
has been declared as Ramsar site under Ramsar Convention.
Konsarnag Lake
This lake is situated between the peaks of Pir Panjal range in extreme South-West of
Kashmir valley. It is located at a height of 400 m above mean sea level. The lake is
about 5 km long and 3 km wide.
Manasbal Lake
This lake is located 29 km from Srinagar. The lake covers an area of 2.81 sq km in
the state. It is about 5 km long and 1 km wide. A canal connects this lake with the
Jhelum river near Sumbal.
Sheshnag Lake
This lake is situated on the North-Eastern side of Dachnipora town of Anantnag
district of Kashmir region. It is situated at a height of 3600 m above mean sea level.
This lake is about 2 km long and 1 km wide.
Wular Lake
This lake is situated at the Northern part of Kashmir valley and 32 km North-West
of Srinagar. It is the largest freshwater lake of India, which covers an area of about
189 sq km. It is 16 km long and 9.6 km wide. It provides water to Jhelum river. On
its South-West shore, the town of Sopore lies and to its North-East part an island
lies which has about 15th century ruins.
Lakes of Ladakh
Pangong Lake
This lake is situated around 160 km away from Leh district. It is located at a height
of 4350 m above mean sea level on Changtang plateau in Eastern part of Ladakh.
This lake covers total area of 604 sq km. The lake is about 134 km long and 5-6 km
wide. It is a salty lake and also known as Hollow Lake.
Tso Moriri Lake

It is located in Changtang area. The lake is about 28 km in length, 4-6 km wide and
248 feet in depth. It is also known as Tso Moriri Wetland Conservation Reserve.
The water of this lake is less brackish as compared Pangong lake, thus supports more
bird life.
Springs in Jammu and Kashmir

Important springs of the state are:
n
Verinag (the source of Jhelum), Martand, Achabal, Kokernag, Chirnagand
Vasaknag in Anantnag district.
n
Tulamula or Khirbhawani (a sacred spring), Vicharanag, Sukhnag, Vishansar and
Harmukat Ganga and Chashma Shahi (famous for its fresh and digestive water,
situated near Srinagar on one side of Boulevard road) in Srinagar.
n
Khoon spring in Udhampur district.
n
Marwa spring in Kishtwar district.
n
Parnala spring and Fort spring in Doda district.
Glaciers in Jammu and Kashmir

A glacier is a large mass of ice which moves slowly. Glaciers are found near the poles
and at high altitudinal mountains. Some important glaciers of Jammu and Kashmir are
given below:
Baltoro Glacier
It is located in the Baltistan area of Jammu and Kashmir, on the Southern slopes of
the Central Karakoram range. It is the second largest glacier of the Himalayan
region, having a length of 62 km. This glacier provides water to Shigar river which is
a tributary of Indus river.
Two large tributary glaciers, one from the South-Western slopes of the Gasherbrum
peak and second from the North-Western slope of the Masherbrum peak provide
water to this glacier. This glacier can be accessed via Skardu in Ladakh.
Biafo Glacier
This glacier is located in the Baltistan area of Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh), on the
Southern slopes of the Karakoram range. It is about 60 km in length. Shigar river
gets water by main stream of this glacier. This glacier is fed by small valley glaciers.
This region is devoid of vegetation.
Hispar Glacier
It is located in the Baltistan area of Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh), on the Southern
slopes of the Karakoram range. It is the third largest glacier of the Himalayan region
having a length of 60 km. Many smaller glaciers meet this glacier on both sides. This
region is devoid of vegetation. This glacier provides water to the Shigar river.
Nubra Glacier
It is located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, on the Southern slopes of
the Karakoram range. Nubra river gets water from this glacier which ultimately
flows into the Shyok river. Many large tributary glaciers drains this glacier.
For example, valley glaciers from the North-Western slopes of the Sasser La Massif
and the South-Eastern slopes of the Karakoram range and small glaciers in hanging
valleys provide water to this glacier. Along the edges and the junction of the
tributary glaciers and the main glacier, lateral moraines are found. This region is
above the snow line, thus, no vegetation is found here.
Rimo Glacier
This glacier consists of three glacier groups which lie to the East of Siachen glacier.
These three glacier groups are North, Central and South which are located at a
height between 6000 m to 7000 m above mean sea level. Rimo glacier provides
water to Shyok river.
Saltoro Glacier
It is located on the India and Pakistan border, situated near a basin in a mountain in
the Saltoro massif. This glacier provides water to one of the two streams of the
Saltoro river.
Siachen Glacier
It is located in the North Central part of Jammu and Kashmir on the Northern
slopes of the Karakorm range. It is the largest glacier in the world outside the Polar
region, having a length of 72 km. This glacier provides water to Muztagh or
Shaksgam river that flows parallel to Karakoram range before entering into Tibet.
Mamostong and Shelkar Chorten are its large tributary glaciers.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Which of the following river rise in the 11 Name the river which originates from the
Himalayan contour of Lahaul and Spiti? Kolahoi glacier in the North-Western
(a) Jhelum (b) Ravi Himalayan range.
(c) Tawi (d) Chenab (a) Indus (b) Ravi
(c) Lidder (d) Tawi
2 The confluence of which two rivers makes
the river Chenab? 12 The Indus river rises from which lake
(a) Shyok and Suru (a) Mansarovar Lake (b) Anchar Lake
(b) Chandra and Bhaga (c) Wular Lake (d) Hokersar Lake
(c) Zanskar and Neelum
(d) Indus and Ravi 13 Which of the following rivers is/are a
tributary of the Indus river?
3 Chenab river enters into Jammu and (a) Shyok (b) Zanskar
Kashmir at which district of the Jammu (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
region?
(a) Doda (b) Kishtwar 14 The Neelum river is also known as
(c) Rajouri (d) Samba (a) Kishanganga (b) Koba
(c) Jhelum (d) Nubra
4 The lower areas of Warwan river is known
as 15 The Kishanganga or the Neelum river
(a) Marusudar river (b) Tawi river
meets the Jhelum river at
(c) Ravi river (d) None of these (a) Jammu (b) Wular lake
(c) Muzaffarabad (d) Ladakh region
5 Name the river which originates from
16 Which river is known as River of Death?
Kailash Kund glacier of Doda district.
(a) Suru river (b) Shyok river
(a) Tawi (b) Marusudar
(c) Drass river (d) Nubra river
(c) Ujh (d) None of these
17 Suru river originates from the
6 Chenani hydro power project is
(a) Penzella glacier
constructed on which river?
(b) Baltaro glacier
(a) Ravi (b) Tawi
(c) Biafo glacier
(c) Ujh (d) Jhelum
(d) Hispar glacier
7 The length of Ravi river is about 18 Which river originates in the Machoi
(a) 300 km (b) 420 km glacier near the Zoji La pass?
(c) 720 km (d) 900 km
(a) Drass (b) Tair
8 Naaz and Bhinni Nala are the tributaries of (c) Kishanganga (d) Shyok
(a) Ujh (b) Tawi 19 The Nubra river merge with which river in
(c) Ravi (d) Jhelum South-East?
9 The source of Jhelum river is (a) Jhelum (b) Ravi
(a) Marwa spring (c) Shyok (d) Tawi
(b) Parnala spring 20 Mansar lake is situated in which
(c) Verinag spring mountainous range?
(d) Khoon spring
(a) Pir Panjal (b) Dhauladhar
10 The Jhelum is the main waterway of the (c) Karakoram (d) Shiwalik
valley of Kashmir. Its total length in the 21 Which lake of Jammu region is a much
valley is loved picturesque tourist spot?
(a) 87 km (b) 177 km (a) Anchar lake (b) Surinsar lake
(c) 300 km (d) 500 km (c) Dal lake (d) None of these
22 Ganderbal town is situated on the bank of 32 Tso Moriri Wetland Conservation Reserve
which lake? is located in
(a) Anchar lake (b) Kounsarnag lake (a) Changtang area (b) Ladakh region
(c) Sheshnag lake (d) Gangabal lake (c) Karakoram range (d) None of these
23 Which lake is situated East of Srinagar? 33 Which of the following are the famous
(a) Dal lake (b) Wular lake springs of Kashmir valley?
(c) Kounsarnag lake (d) Gangabal lake (a) Verinag and Martand
(b) Sukhnag and Tulamula
24 Which lake is known as ‘Jewel in the crown (c) Both (a) and (b)
of Kashmir’? (d) None of the above
(a) Dal lake (b) Gangabal lake
(c) Manasbal lake (d) None of these 34 Which of the following glaciers is the
second largest glacier of the Himalayan
25 Which lake is situated on the North-East region?
slopes of Harmukh mountains? (a) Siachen glacier (b) Baltoro glacier
(a) Gangabal lake (b) Manasbal lake (c) Hispar glacier (d) Biafo glacier
(c) Sheshnag lake (d) Anchar lake
35 Which is the third largest glacier of the
26 Which lake is a home of migratory birds Himalayan range?
like waterfowls, shorebirds and (a) Nubra (b) Hispar
trans-Himalayan species? (c) Biafo (d) Rimo
(a) Dal lake (b) Wular lake
(c) Hokersar lake (d) Konsarnag lake 36 Which glacier is divided into three glacier
groups?
27 Which lake is situated between the peaks of (a) Rimo glacier (b) Nubra glacier
Pir Panjal range in extreme South-West of (c) Baltoro glacier (d) Biafo glacier
Kashmir valley?
(a) Manasbal lake (b) Konsarnag lake 37 Which glacier is located on the border of
(c) Sheshnag lake (d) None of these India and Pakistan?
(a) Baltoro (b) Saltoro
28 Sheshnag lake is situated in which district (c) Hispar (d) None of these
of Kashmir region?
(a) Kulgam (b) Shopian 38 Which of the following is the largest glacier
(c) Budgam (d) Anantnag in the world outside the Polar regions?
(a) Siachen glacier (b) Biafo glacier
29 Which one of the following is the largest (c) Baltoro glacier (d) Nubra glacier
freshwater lake in India?
(a) Wular (b) Dal 39 Which one is not correct?
(c) Manasbal (d) Anchar
(a) Biafo glacier Devoids of vegetation
30 Wular lake provides water to which river? (b) Hispar glacier Provides water to the
(a) Ravi river Shigar river
(b) Jhelum river
(c) Ujh river (c) Nubra glacier Nubra river gets
(d) Kishanganga river water from it which
flows into Shigar river
31 Which lake is known as Hollow lake?
(d) Siachen glacier Largest glacier in the
(a) Pangong lake (b) Tso Moriri lake
world
(c) Sheshnag lake (d) Gangabal lake
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (c)
CHAPTER 7
SOILS AND MINERALS OF

JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The region of Jammu and Kashmir has many types of soils.
Generally soils are loamy and have little clay content in them. Soils
are classified on the basis of area and from the agricultural point of
view. In terms of minerals, the state of Jammu and Kashmir is not
well developed. But minerals like coal, gypsum, sapphire, iron ore,
sulphur, gold, mica, etc are found here.
Soils are complex mixtures of minerals, water, air, organic matter and countless
organisms that are the decaying remains of once living things. It is regarded as the
‘skin of Earth’ which plays a very significant role in the growth of plants and the life
on Earth.
Classification of Soils on the Basis of Area

Generally, the soils of Jammu and Kashmir are classified into eight groups These are
given below:
1. Brown Earth or Brown Forest Soils
2. Degraded or Grey Brown Podzolic Soils
3. Red and Yellow Podzolic Soils 4. Hill or Mountain Forest Soils
5. Mountain Meadow Soils 6. Lithosols
7. Saline Alkali Soils 8. Alluvial Soils
Brown Earth or Brown Forest Soils
These soils are mainly found in parts of Kathua, Udhampur, Doda, Poonch, Rajouri,
Baramulla, and Anantnag districts of the state. The colour of these soils is dark
brown. These soils are of silt loam to clay in texture and fine granular in structure.
These soils contain organic carbon, nitrogen and calcium carbonate contents and
also have some water holding capacity. It is ideally suited for safflower crop. But
crops like, maize, wheat and fruits like cherry, pear and apple are grown in these
soils.
Soils and Minerals of Jammu and Kashmir 45
Degraded or Grey Brown These have high water holding capacity

Podzolic Soils (51%-61%) as compared to other soils of
These soils are found in parts of the state.
Bhaderwah, Poonch, Gulmarg, Lithosols
Ramnagar and Pahalgam regions of the
These soils are mainly found on steep
state. These soils are grey to brown in
slopes in the foothills up to 400 m to
colour. The texture of these soils are of
600 m height of Jammu, Udhampur,
loam to clay at surface and clay loam to
Kathua, Rajouri and Poonch districts.
clay at sub-surface level. These soils
These soils are gravelly loam to gravelly
have fine granular well developed
silty loam in texture.
angular block structure. These are acidic
in reaction. These soils are slightly alkaline in
nature. The structure of these soils is
Red and Yellow Podzolic Soils coarse to weak granular. The soils have
These soils are mainly found in parts of organic carbon content and low water
Udhampur, Kathua, Rajouri and Poonch holding capacity. Crops like rice,
districts of the state. These soils are red sugarcane and vegetable are grown in
to yellow in colour. These soils have these soils.
coarse texture and its water holding
capacity is of 40%. Saline Alkali Soils
These soils are mainly found in alluvial
Hill or Mountain Forest Soils belt of Jammu (Ranbir Singh Puran,
These soils are red or yellow in colour. Bishnah tehsils), Kathua (Ramkot
These soils are sandy loam to loam in Challain) and Changthang area of
texture along with fine to weakly Ladakh region. Crops like sugarcane,
granular structure. These soils are mustard, rice, maize, redgram, green
moderately alkaline and calcareous gram sunflower, lineseed, etc are grown
(calcium carbonate content) in nature. in these soils.
These soils have some water holding
capacity. Crops like coffee, tea, wheat, Alluvial Soils
maize, barley, etc are grown in these These soils are found in plains of
soils. Kathua, Rajouri, Jammu, Poonch,
Udhampur, Valley of Kashmir and Sind
Mountain Meadow Soils in Ladakh sub-divisions. These soils are
These soils are mainly found in reddish-brown in colour.
Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Gurez, Baramulla,
These soils are divided into old and new
Lolab, Sonamarg and Changthang
alluvial soils. Old alluvial soil contains
regions. The texture of these soils are
high amount of calcium carbonate and
sandy loam to clay loam along with fine
are slightly to moderately alkaline. Crops
to coarse granular structure. These soils
like wheat, rice, barley, maize, bajra,
are alkaline in nature and have high
jowar, etc can be grown in these soils.
organic carbon.
Classification of Soils on Karewa Soils

the Basis of Agriculture These soils are found mainly in Shopian,
Budgam, Kulgam, Qazigund, Tangmarg,
The Kashmiri farmers on the basics of
Gulmarg, Baramulla, Lethapora,
their emperical experience recognize
Chandhara, Pampore, Bijbehara,
different Glasses of soils. These are as
Islamabad (Anantnag), Mattan, Tral and
follows
Ganderbal. The colour of these soils
Peaty Soils vary from light and red coloured soils to
These soils are found near the banks of dark black soils. These soils are
the Jhelum River. In the region of composed of silt and are poor in
Wular, Manasbal and Anchar lakes, the comparison to valley soils. The finer
rich peaty soil is found locally known as variety of Karewa soils are found in the
Nambal. These soils are dark brown to central parts of the Kashmir valley.
black in colour. These are soils high in These soils are economically very
organic matter content. In the years of important and used for growing
normal rainfall and moderate snowfall, commercial and cash crops like almond,
nambal soils give good yields of apples, walnut, peaches, cherry, plum
rape-seed, mustard, maize, oats, pulses along with orchards and saffron beds.
and fodder. The Pampore karewa soil is famous for
its saffron cultivation all over the world.
Mountainous Soils
These soils are found on the slopes of Clayey Soils
mountains and reclaimed from the These soils are found in the flood plains
forests. It is locally known as Tand soil. of Jhelum in the Southern parts of
The colour of these soils in snowy area Srinagar city and gets silt deposition
is white and in deserts is pale brown. every year. These soils are locally known
These soils are mostly silty and clayey. as Gurti. The texture of these soils is
These soils are rich in humus. These clayey loam. These soils have high
soils are slightly acidic and are fertile. percentage of clay and silt. It has high
These soils give good yields of maize, water retaining capacity, thus in
pulses and fodder. non-rainy seasons it can be used for
cultivation. But during heavy rains, the
Alkaline Soils soil gets compacted and achieves the
These soils are formed when the land shape of hard cakes due to which the
lose its fertility and develop alkaline ploughing becomes difficult.
formations due to excessive irrigation.
These soils are also known as Loamy Soils
Zabelzamin. These soils have sodium These soils are found on the right bank
carbonate content. These soils are of Jhelum above the level of flood plain.
unproductive from the agricultural point These soils are locally known as Bahil.
of view unless especially treated with These soils are dark brown to black in
gypsum, water and manures. colour.
It is a combination of loams, silt, clay and sand which has high humus content. Thus
this soil is very fertile and ideal for paddy cultivation. Due to its natural high fertility,
the soil does not require heavy manuring, but if it gets over manured it becomes too
strong in which rice crop shows more vegetative growth.
Sandy Loam Soils

These soils are generally confined to the Sind valley in the North-West of Srinagar.
These soils are locally known as Sekil. The soil has light loam and higher sand
content. With artificial irrigation the soil provides good crops of rice in the summer
season.
Sandy Silt Soils

These soils are mainly found in the low-lying areas near the swamps, but it
sometimes occurs in the hilly areas also. These soils are locally known as Dazanlad.
The soil shows a peculiar characteristic when the irrigation water stands in the fields
it turns red in colour. The soil contains sand and clay and becomes more warm in the
summer season. With controlled irrigation and use of high yielding variety, seeds,
rice can be grown successfully in this soil.
Other Soils
Locally, there are few more soil types like Surhzamin (vegetable soil), Lemb (tracts
served by a spring), Radh (floating garden soil), Kharzamin (Saline soil), Shath
(sandy soil alongside rivers) and Tads (stoney and gravelly soil).
Soil Erosion in Jammu and Kashmir

As per the National Bureau of Soil Sciences and Landuse Planning (NBSS & LUP)
Report, 32% land of the Jammu and Kashmir is affected by various soil
degradational problems, out of which 78% area is under severe erosion. Average soil
loss in the state per year is higher than the national average. The faulty land use,
deforestation, over grazing of pasture lands, over exploitation of natural resources,
construction of infrastructure/development activities has also increased the problems
of soil erosion in the state.
The heavy rains and subsequently similar situations result into large scale soil
erosion in the shape of landslides, landslips and soil loss including loss of life and
property in the entire state. Some places of soil erosion in the state include Glass
Daji, Guespati, Manigah, Mori, Narikoot, Nagsari, Khurkhama, Satkoji, Kharbagh,
etc.
Department of Soil and Water Conservation of Jammu and Kashmir

In order to conserve and manage the soil and water resources of the state, the
Government of Jammu and Kashmir established the Department of Soil and Water
Conservation of Jammu and Kashmir in 1978.
The important functions of the department are as follows:

n
Conduct need based research for soil conservation and management.
n
Formulate schemes based on soil conservation and management.
n
Create awareness among people of the state about soil and water conservation with
the help of appropriate communication technology.
n
To monitor, evaluate and coordinate the soil conservation activities of departments
like, Forest, Agriculture, Irrigation, etc.
Minerals of Jammu and Kashmir

The State of Jammu and Kashmir is not well-developed in terms of mineral wealth.
The region of Jammu has much of the states mineral deposits. The mountainous
regions also have varied mineral wealth in the state. In Jammu and Kashmir the first
survey of minerals wealth was done by a renowned geologist, Mr Middlemiss in
1924 in collaboration with the State Government.
In 1956, the intensive mineral survey was done on the basis of systemic
investigation, when the State Government considered the mineral exploitation
important for the development of the state.
Important minerals of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:

Minerals Location Uses
Coal Metka, Moghla, Baryal/Kotla coal mines of Used in brick kilns, cement plants,
Rajouri and Udhampur districts. manufacture of battery covers and
Kalakot coal field (famous for good quality as a fuel.
coal) in Rajouri.
Gypsum Buniyar (Baramulla district), areas of Used in making Plaster of Paris,
Ramban district, Assar (Doda district), cement and gypsum boards
Kathua district manufacturing, pharmaceutical
industries, etc.
Sapphire Paddar area (Doda district). Used in Jewellery.
Limestone All districts of Kashmir valley, Kathua, Used in cement manufacturing
Udhampur, Rajouri, Poonch, Kargil and Leh
Borax Puga valley in Leh district of Ladakh region Used in the manufacture of paper,
ceramics, glass, etc.
Copper Ore Sumbhar (Anantnag), Lashtial (Baramulla), Used in making cooking utensils.
Ganderbal, Doda district
Iron Ore Sharda (Karnah tehsil in Kupwara district) Used in the production of iron.
Khrewa, Haral (Handwara), Uri tehsil, Garez
(Sopore tehsil) and Lolab valley of Kashmir
Uranium Ladakh Used as a fuel.
Ochre Uri tehsil in Baramulla district (Kashmir Used in paints and varnishes, etc.
region)
Minerals Location Uses

Graphite Brari Pora, Uri, Karnah, Malogam, Used in manufacture of lead
Baramulla district in Kashmir region pencils.
Sulphur Puga valley, Leh district Used in pigments, fibres,
pharmaceuticals, etc.
Fuller’s Earth Baramulla district Used in manufacture of country
soap and for filling paper.
Marble Kupwara, Kargil and Leh Used as decorative building stone.
Slates Poonch, Kathua, Doda and Baramulla Used in building material.
Lignite Nicha Hama in Handwara tehsil Kupwara, Used as a fuel.
(Inferior Baramulla, Lolab valley in valley of Kashmir.
quality of
coal)
Granite Kargil, Leh, Ganderbal, Baramulla, Poonch Used as decorative building stone.
and Doda
Bauxite Udhampur and Ramban districts Used in manufacture of aluminium
and aluminium products and
aircraft industry.
Quartzite Anantnag, Baramulla and Kupwara Used in glass and IT industry.
Dolomite Rajouri, Udhampur and Reasi Used in making refractory bricks.
China Clay Doda and Udhampur districts. Used in ceramics, pottery, etc.
Gold Kargil, Ladakh and Sonamarg Used in making jewellery.
Mica Doda, Ramban and Riasi Used in paints as pigment.
Department of Geology and Mining

In order to explore the mineral wealth and groundwater resources in the state, the
Government of Jammu and Kashmir established the Department of Geology and
Mining in 1960. The important functions of the department are as follows:
n
To explore minerals, gemstones and work on engineering assignments.
n
To explore and develop groundwater.
n
To conduct exploratory drilling.
The department has played a significant role in overall economical development of
the state by providing various mineral deposits, which enabled the State
Government in granting of mining leases and prospecting licenses for the
establishment of mineral based industries and generation of employment scope in
Jammu and Kashmir.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Which type of soil is best suited to 9 Mountainous soils give good yields of
safflower crop? (a) Maize (b) Pulses
(a) Brown Earth Soil (c) Fodder (d) All of these
(b) Grey Brown Podzolic Soil
(c) Mountain Forest Soil 10 Which soil is known as Zabelzamin?
(d) Mountain Meadow Soil (a) Peaty
(b) Alkaline
2 Which type of soil is loam to clay at surface (c) Karewa
and clay at sub-surface level? (d) None of the above
(a) Brown Earth Soil
(b) Grey Brown Podzolic Soil 11 Which one of the following soil is
(c) Red and Yellow Podzolic Soil economically very important?
(d) Hill or Mountain Forest Soil (a) Red soils
(b) Highland soils
3 Crops like coffee, tea, wheat, maize, barley (c) Karewa soils
are grown in (d) None of the above
(a) Mountain Forest Soil
(b) Brown Earth Soil 12 Which type of soil is suitable for growing
(c) Mountain Meadow Soil saffron crop?
(d) Grey Brown Podzolic Soil (a) Valley Soil (b) Highland Soil
(c) Karewa Soil (d) None of these
4 Which type of soil has high water holding
capacity as compared to other soils of 13 Gurti soil is a type of
Jammu and Kashmir? (a) Clayey soil
(a) Hill or Mountain Forest Soil (b) Loamy soil
(b) Mountain Meadow Soil (c) Sandy loam soil
(c) Red and Yellow Podzolic Soil (d) Sandy soil
(d) Lithosols 14 Which soil is considered ideal for paddy
5 Which type of soil is found in the steep cultivation in Jammu and Kashmir?
slopes in the foothills of Jammu and (a) Bahil soil (b) Karewa soil
Kashmir upto a height of 400 m to 600 m? (c) Sekil soil (d) Dazanlad soil
(a) Lithosols 15 With artificial irrigation which soil
(b) Saline Alkali Soil provides good crop of rice in the summer
(c) Alluvial Soil
season in Jammu and Kashmir?
(d) Mountain Meadow Soil
(a) Gurti soil
6 Which is the major type of soil found in the (b) Bahil soil
Kashmir region? (c) Sekil soil
(a) Valley soil (b) Highland soil (d) Dazanlad soil
(c) Karewa soil (d) All of these 16 Which soil turns red in colour when
7 Alluvial soils are irrigation water stands in the field?
(a) divided into new and old (a) Gurti soil (b) Sekil soil
(b) reddish-brown in colour (c) Behil soil (d) Dazanlad soil
(c) slightly to moderately alkaline
17 Which one is not correct?
(d) All of the above
(a) Surhzamin – vegetable soil
8 The local name of the peaty soil is (b) Rad – floating garden soil
(a) Nambal (b) Tand (c) Kharzamin – Saline soil
(c) Zabelzamin (d) None of these (d) Tads – sandy soils
18 The Department of Soil and Water 26 In Jammu and Kashmir Iron ore is found
Conservation of Jammu and Kashmir was in .......... .
established in the year (a) Sharda, Krewa (b) Haral, Uri
(a) 1920 (b) 1947 (c) Lolab valley (d) All of the above
(c) 1978 (d) 2003
27 Uranium is found in which region of
19 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir has Jammu and Kashmir?
much of the state’s mineral deposits? (a) Kashmir (b) Jammu
(a) Jammu (c) Ladakh (d) All of these
(b) Kashmir
(c) Ladakh 28 Which mineral is used in manufacture of
(d) Equally distributed in all regions lead pencil?
(a) Ochre (b) Graphite
20 When was the first mineral survey was (c) Granite (d) None of these
done in Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) 1924 (b) 1947 29 In Jammu and Kashmir marble is found in
(c) 1960 (d) 1984 (a) Kupwara
(b) Kargil
21 When was the intensive minerals survey (c) Leh
conducted in the state? (d) None of the above
(a) 1947 (b) 1950
(c) 1924 (d) 1956
30 Which of the following type of minerals is
an inferior quality of coal?
22 The Rajouri and Udhampur districts are (a) Lignite (b) Gypsum
the major areas for the mining of coal. (c) Borax (d) Fuller’s Earth
Which are the mines that fall in these
31 The Department of Geology and Mining of
areas?
Jammu and Kashmir was established in
(a) Metka and Moghla
(b) Metka and Baryal
which year?
(a) 1924 (b) 1948
(c) Kotla and Moghla
(c) 1960 (d) 1988
(d) Metka, Moghla and Kotla
23 Kalakot mine is famous for which mineral 32 Match the following

of Jammu and Kashmir? List I List II
(a) Gypsum (b) Coal
A. Quartzite 1. Used in making refractory
(c) Limestone (d) Borax
bricks
24 Paddar area of Doda district has deposits of B. Dolomite 2. Used in ceramics, pottery
which mineral?
(a) Coal C. China Clay 3. Used in paints as pigment
(b) Limestone D. Mica 4. Used in glass IT industry
(c) Sapphire
(d) Borax Codes
A B C D
25 Puga valley in Leh district has a large (a) 1 4 3 2
deposits of which mineral? (b) 4 1 2 3
(a) Borax (b) Limestone (c) 2 1 3 4
(c) Uranium (d) Iron ore (d) 4 3 2 1
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (b)
CHAPTER 8
FORESTS OF JAMMU
AND KASHMIR
Forests are one of the most important resources of Jammu and
Kashmir. The total forest cover of the state is more than 10% of its total
geographical area. The State Government revised its forest policy to
maintain and protect the forest resources and wildlife of the state.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir has a good forest cover. Here a number of tree
species are found such as chir, poplar, deodar, fir, pine, kail, mulberry, fruit trees and
so on. Some medicinal herbs are also found in the state such as belladonna,
hyoscyamus, digitalis, menthol, rubus, artemisis and so on. Due to its vast forest
cover many forest based industries are dependent on these forests like paper, sports
goods, silk, furniture and wood carving, herbal drugs, silk industry and so on.
Recorded Forest Area

According to India State of Forest Report, 2017, the recorded forest area of Jammu
and Kashmir is 20230 sq km, which is 9.10% of the total geographical area of the
state. This recorded forest area is divided into three types of forests which are as follows:
Reserved Forests Those forests which are permanently marked either for the
production of timber or other forest produce in which right of grazing and
cultivation is allowed are known as ‘reserved forests’. As per the State of Forest
Report, 2017, the reserved forests (17643 sq km) cover 87.21%.
Protected Forests Those forests where the right of grazing and cultivation is
subjected to a few minor restrictions are known as ‘the protected forests’. As per the
State of Forest Report, 2017, protected forests (2551 sq km) cover 12.61%.
Unclassed Forests Those forests which largely consists of inaccessible forests or
unoccupied wastes, are known as unclassed forests. As per the State of Forest Report,
2017, unclassed forests (36 sq km) cover 0.18%.
Out of total forest area, 90.68% are under coniferous forest while 9.32% are claimed
by non-coniferous or non-commercial-forest. Forests are largely distributed in
Kashmir valley and Jammu region.
Forests of Jammu and Kashmir 53
Due to having cold desert and harsh climatic condition, Ladakh has very few forest
area in the region. Region wise distribution of forest cover are as follows:
Kashmir Valley Region 8128 sq km (50.97% of its total geographical area).
Jammu Region 12066 sq km (45.89% of its total geographical area).
Ladakh Region 36 sq km (0.11% of its total geographical area).
Forest Cover
According to State of Forest Report, 2017, the forest cover of the Jammu and
Kashmir is 23241 sq km (10.46% of the state’s geographical area). Jammu and
Kashmir has about 4075 sq km area under very dense forest, 8579 sq km area under
moderately dense forest and 10,587 sq km area under open forest. The highest forest
cover lies in the altitude zone of 2000-3000 m due to the average height. Whereas,
the lowest forest cover is found above 4000 m altitude.
District–Wise Forest Cover

The Outside LOC district has the highest forest cover with 7229 sq km. The Kargil
district has the lowest forest area of 46 sq km. The district-wise distribution of forest
over has been given in the table below:
District-wise Forest Cover (2017) (in sq km)

District Geographical Area 2017 Assessment
Very Dense Moderately
Open Forest Total
Forest Dense Forest
Anantnag 3,984 149 617 621 1,387
Baramulla 4,588 445 321 391 1,157
Budgam 1,371 108 69 135 312
Doda 11,691 589 1,663 1,567 3,819
Jammu 3,097 0 315 581 896
Kargil 14,037 0 1 45 46
Kathua 2,651 111 618 645 1,374
Kupwara 2,379 468 369 313 1,150
Leh 45,110 0 14 78 92
Outside LOC 1,20,848 1,347 2,460 3,422 7,229
Poonch 1,674 187 289 239 715
Pulwama 1,398 104 102 292 498
Rajouri 2,630 48 437 759 1,244
Srinagar 2,228 162 217 207 586
Udhampur 4,550 357 1,087 1,292 2,736
Total 2,22,236 4,075 8,579 10,587 23,241
* India State of Forest Report, 2017
Classification of Forest in Jammu and Kashmir

Forests of the state are spread over three broad geo-climatic zones covering, Jammu,
Kahsmir and Ladakh region. Vegetation and climate can broadly be categorised into
sub-tropical, temperate and alpine zones. The state has five types of forest such as:
Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen Forests

These forests are found at an altitude about 1000 m above sea level in Shiwaliks
( Jammu and Kashmir) and Western Himalayan regions. These forests are
characterised by low scrub forest with small evergreen restricted trees and shrubs.
The most predominant species of these forests are olive, babool and kakkar.
Sub-tropical Pine Forests

These forests are found at an altitude between 1000 to 2000 m above sea level in the
Western Himalayan region. The most predominant species of these forests is chir,
which is used for furniture making and for buildings.
Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests

These are found at an altitude between 1500 to 3300 m in the temperate zone of the
Himalayas. These are mainly found in the Kashmir valley region. These are open
forests with dense growth of shrubs which have species like rhododendrons and
some bamboos. Important species of these forests are oak and conifers. Other tree
species are pine, cedar, silver fir, spruce, etc.
Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests

These are found in the inner dry ranges of the Himalayan region e.g. in Ladakh
region of Jammu and Kashmir. Important species of these forests are xerophytic
shrubs with coniferous forests which include deodar, oak, olive tree species.
Sub-alpine and Alpine Forests

Apine forests are found at high altitudes above 3500 m. Sub-alpine forests are a part
of Alpine forests which are found at altitudes between 3100 to 3500 m mainly in
Ladakh region. The important characteristics of these forests are presence of a
mixture of coniferous trees (30 m in height) and broad leaved trees (10 m in height),
like, fir, spruce and rhododendron species.
Here epiphytic mosses (flowerless plants) and lichens are found in abundance. In
Alpine forests, dwarf trees with or without conifers are found at lower level and at
higher level scrubs and scattered xerophytic shrubs merge with alpine meadows.
Important plant species of alpine forests are junipers, betula, pinus, abies, pyrus,
shrubby rhododendrons, salix, etc. The alpine or sub-alpine forests in the inner valley
of Kashmir are locally known as margs.
The Jammu and Kashmir State Forest Policy, 2010

The Jammu and Kashmir Government launched a new Forest Policy which aimed at
conserving biodiversity, rehabilitation and protection of degraded forests, protection of
forest land and creating a sustained people’s movement for healthy forests in the state.
Important objectives of the State Forest Policy of Jammu and Kashmir, 2010 are as follows:
n
To preserve the natural forests with the vast variety of flora and fauna.
n
To restore degraded forests in order to optimise their productivity.
n
To improve productivity of existing forests and encourage forestry activities,
schemes and programmes in order to supply forest produce to the people who are
dependent on forests. This will help to remove poverty.
n
Use integrated watershed management techniques and practices in order to check
denudation and soil erosion in catchments.
n
To develop forest fringe belt into high production tree strips. It will help to reduce
pressure on forests.
Important Strategies for Forest Protection and

Conservation
Important strategies for forest protection and conservation under the Jammu and Kashmir
State Forest Policy, 2010 are as follows:
Participatory Forest Management and Forest Extension The Government of Jammu
and Kashmir is trying to involve forest dependent communities to protect and
conserve forest resources. So, to achieve this goal, it is important to create livelihood
opportunities for forest dependent communities and their involvement in the
decision-making process. In order to aware people about the value of forests, wildlife
and nature, the government will involve media and educational institutions.
Maintaining Forest Cover Under the Forest Policy-2010, the State Government is
working in the direction to maintain the adequate forest cover in various regions of
the state, with due consideration for the cold desert conditions of Ladakh region. As
Ladakh region is mostly devoid of vegetation and supports many rare and endemic
species of both flora and fauna.
Conservation of Natural Forests As per the forest policy atleast one-fourth of the
forest area in each division will be conserved for regeneration of open forests and
conservation of biodiversity. To achieve this aim, many working plans will be
formulated, or revised for each division. Conservation and commercial exploitation
of germplasm of valuable medicinal plants will be done in a sustainable manner. A
systematic treatment of the forest areas, which are affected by the invasive weeds like
Lantana Camera, will be done to increase the supply of fodder, firewood, timber and
other produce. To check the soil erosion and denudation in catchments, integrated
watershed management approach will be adopted.
Expanding Forest and Tree Cover The following strategies will be used by the state to
bring maximum geographical area of the state under forest and tree cover, such as:
n
Planting more trees along roads, railway lines, canals, streams and rivers and the
unutilised lands which comes under state, institutional or private ownership.
n
The village and community lands will be used to develop the tree crops and fodder
species with the help of local people.
n
The government will provide quality growing stock and other technical inputs to
farmers and develop market linkages for their produce in order to develop farm
forestry and agro-forestry.
n
In order to encourage planting of tree crops on farm lands and to facilitate
marketing of produce from such plantations, the felling and transit rule and other
relevant laws will be rationalised.
Non-Timber Forest Produce The farmers will be encouraged to cultivate medicinal
plants and tree species on non-forest lands and private lands. The government
with also facilitate the handling, processing, transportation and marketing of such
plants. For conservation of medicinal plants in natural forests, the State Government
will encourage the local people to form co-operatives at village level for
non-destructive harvesting, processing and marketing of these plants and other
species of commercial value.
Jammu and Kashmir Forest Department

The Forest Department of Jammu and Kashmir came into existence in 1883. In
order to bring the functioning of the department on scientific lines, the State
Council issued Forest Regulation No. 1 in the year 1895. Important objectives of the
Forest Department are as follows:
n
To protect, conserve and develop the forest resources and wildlife of the state.
n
Expand the forest and tree cover in the state.
n
Conduct and monitor participatory forest management, forestry extension and
forestry research.
n
To develop infrastructure and human resources.
Jammu and Kashmir State Forest Corporation

The Jammu and Kashmir State Forest Corporation is a Statutory Corporation
established under the Jammu and Kashmir State Forest Corporation Act, 1978. The
Government Lumbering Undertaking (GLU), which used to carry out extraction
and sale of timber in the state, was merged into the State Forest Corporation. The
objectives of the corporation are better preservation, supervision and development of
forests and better exploitation of forest produce.
The functions of the corporation are defined in the Jammu and Kashmir SFC Act, as
under:
n
To undertake removal and disposal of trees and exploitation of forest resources
entrusted to it by the government.
n
To undertake research programmes relating to forest and forest products and
render technical advise to government on matters relating to forestry.
n
To manage, maintain and develop such forests as are transferred and entrusted to it
by the government till these are handed back to the government.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Which of the following industries depend on 6 The highest forest cover lies in Jammu
the forest resources of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in the altitude zone of
and Kashmir? (a) 1000-2000 m
(a) Silk industry (b) 2000-2500 m
(b) Furniture and wood carving industry (c) 2000-3000 m
(c) Paper industry (d) None of the above
7 As per the India State of Forest Report
2 As per the India State of Forest Report 2017, 2017, which district of the Jammu and
the recorded forest area of Jammu and Kashmir has the lowest forest cover?
Kashmir is (a) Poonch
(a) 20230 sq km (b) Pulwama
(b) 31440 sq km (c) Rajouri
(c) 50000 sq km (d) Kargil
(d) 61003 sq km
8 The forests in Jammu and Kashmir is
3 Which type of forests cover the largest area classified into
of the recorded forest of Jammu and (a) four types
Kashmir? (b) five types
(a) Reserved forests (c) six types
(b) Protected forests (d) seven types
(c) Unclassed forests
9 Which of the following forests is found at
an altitude about 1000m above mean sea
4 Which type of forests cover the least area of level?
the recorded forests of Jammu and Kashmir? (a) Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen Forests
(a) Protected forests (b) Sub-tropical Pine Forests
(b) Unclassed forests (c) Himalayan Moist Temperature Forests
(c) Reserved forests (d) Sub-alpine and Alpine Forests
(d) None of these
10 Chir is the predominant species of which
5 As per the India State of Forest Report 2017, forests?
which region of Jammu and Kashmir has the (a) Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen Forests
highest forest cover in the state? (b) Sub-tropical Pine Forests
(a) Ladakh (b) Jammu (c) Himalayan Moist Temperature Forests
(c) Kashmir (d) All of these (d) Sub-Alpine and Alpine Forests
11 Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests are 16 ‘Lantana Camera’ is a

found at an altitude between ............ . (a) Forest type
(a) 1000 to 1500 m (b) Weed
(b) 1500 to 3300 m (c) District of the State
(c) 2000 to 3500 m (d) None of the above
(d) 3000 to 4000 m
17 In Jammu and Kashmir the village and
12 Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests are community lands are used to
found in (a) develop the tree crops
(a) Ladak region (b) develop fodder species
(b) Kashmir region (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Jammu region (d) establish small scale industries
(d) None of these
18 The Forest Department of Jammu and
13 The height of coniferous trees is about Kashmir came into existence in
(a) 5 m (b) 10 m (a) 1883 (b) 2000 (c) 2005 (d) 2010
(c) 30 m (d) 50 m
19 The Jammu and Kashmir State Forest
14 Junipers, betula, pinus, abies, shrubby Corporation is a statutory corporation
rhododendrons, salix, etc are the important established under the Jammu and Kashmir
species of which type of forests? State Forest Corporation Act of .......... .
(a) Alpine Forests (a) 1978 (b) 1975 (c) 1980 (d) 1985
(b) Himalayan Dry Temperature Forests
(c) Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen Forests
(d) Sub-tropical Pine Forests (a) Sub–tropical Dry Olive, babool
Evergreen Forest and Kakkar
15 Which of the following is the important
strategy of forest protection and (b) Sub–tropical Pine Chir
conservation of Jammu and Kashmir? Forests
(a) Area under forest (c) Himalayan Moist Oak, Conifers
(b) Participatory Forest Management and Temperate Forest
Forest Extension
(c) Conservation of natural Forests (d) Himalayan Dry Junipers,
(d) All of the above Temperate Forests Betula
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d)
CHAPTER 9
NATIONAL PARKS AND

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
The state of Jammu and Kashmir presents a variety of
geographical regions, climate and vegetation which provide
shelter to a number of wildlife in the state. These wildlife
include mammal species, bird species and so on. National
parks and wildlife sanctuaries in Kashmir provide brilliant
option for wildlife tourism. Wildlife week is celebrated in the
first week of October every year in Jammu and Kashmir.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is richly endowed with diverse forests ranging
from subtropical to temperate to alpine because of the distinctive geo-climatic
conditions prevalent in the state. The basic objective of the State Forest Policy of
Jammu and Kashmir is the conservation of biodiversity and natural habitat throught
preservation of natural forests with the vast variety of flora and fauna. To achieve
this goal the State Government established large number of national parks and
wildlife sanctuaries here.
National Parks in Jammu and Kashmir

National park is a strictly reserved area which is used for the protection of the
wildlife and bio-diversity. Many activities like developmental forestry, poaching,
hunting and grazing or cultivation are not permitted on this land. Hemis National
Park is the largest national park in Jammu and Kashmir.
The important national parks of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Hemis National Park

It is located in the Eastern Ladakh of Jammu and Kashmir. The area of the park is
about 3350 sq km. It is known as the largest national park in the South Asia which
was established in 1981. The park is considered to have the highest density of snow
leopard of any protected area in the world.
Thus, it is known as the Snow Leopard Capital of India. It is the only national park
in India in the North of the Himalayas. The park is situated on very rugged and
mountainous topography having a altitute between 3300 to 6000 m.
The park is also famous for the 400 year old Hemis Monastery which is located
within the park. Indus and Zanskar rivers meet at the park’s boundary which has a
beautiful scenic view. The park also has Stok Kangri peak. The forests of this park
are mostly Alpine forests and steppe vegetation. Forests of junipers, subalpine dry
birch, populus-salix forests. The park is considered the only habitat of Ladakhi Urial
or Shapu in India. The fauna of this park include snow leopard, Asiatic ibex, bharal
(Blue Sheep), wolf, Tibetan argali, Tibetan wild ass or kiang, Himalayan marmot,
etc. Some of the common birds found in this park are golden eagle, Himalayan snow
cock, Tibetan snow finch, chukar, fire-fronted serin, etc.
Kishtwar National Park

It is located in Kishtwar district. The area of the park is about 425 sq km. It was
established in 1981. The main aim of the park is to protect the Snow Leopards
which is highly endangered species. The park is surrounded by the Rinnay river to
the North, Kibar nala catchment in the South, main divide of the Great Himalayas
in the East and Marwa river to the West.
The flora of this park include coniferous, alpine, meadows and scrub forests. The
important tree species are chilgoza pine, Himalayan cedar, Persian walnut, oak, etc.
Herbs are also found here like purple false brome, anemone, mugwort, sundrops, etc.
The fauna of this sanctuary include musk deer, Himalayan black and brown bear
hangul or Kashmiri stag, snow leopard, serow, ibex, etc. Around 50 species of birds
are found here which includes Himalayan monal, bearded vulture, white cheeked
bulbul, koklass, Indian mynah, etc.
Dachigam National Park

It is located 22 km from Srinagar. The area of the park is about 141 sq km. The park
has been a protected area since 1910. It was established by the then Maharaja of
Jammu and Kashmir in the year 1981. It is the Northernmost and most elevated
reserve in the Indian sub-continent. Markar lake is the important lake in this region
which flows out of Dagwan river.
The park has about 500 species of herbs, 50 species of trees and about 20 speices of
shrubs. Coniferous forests cover a large area. The mountain sides of the forest are
thickly covered with wild trees. There are alpine pastures, meadows, waterfalls and
scrub vegetation with deep gullies, locally known as Nars. The wild tree variety
include wild cherry, peach, apple, apricot, chinar, birch, pine, etc.
The fauna of this park include Hangul (State animal) or Kashmiri Stag, the species
of the red deer, Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan black bear, musk deer, langur,
Himalayan marmot, yellow throated morten, leopard, etc.
National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries 61
The park has 150 species of birds. The important species are monal, koklas, bearded
vulture, griffon vulture, golden eagle, grey heron, starling, golden oriole, paradise
flycatcher, Western yellow-billed blue magpie, kestrel, peregrine falcon, black
bulbul, etc.
Salim Ali National Park

It is located in the Srinagar district. The area of the park is about 9 sq km. The
earlier name of this park was the City Forest National Park. It was established in the
year 1992. The park was named after the renowned ornithologist and naturalist,
Mr Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali. Mangrove Shrubbery is the important flora of the
park. The fauna of this park include Kashmiri antelope, jackal, flying fox, leopard,
Himalayan black bear, musk deer, crocodile, etc. The park has about 70 species of
birds. Some of the important bird species are ring dove, paradise flycatcher,
Himalayan snowcock, kingfisher, Himalayan monal.
Kazinag National Park

Kazinag or Qazinag National Park is situated in North bank of Jhelum close to Line
of Control in Baramulla district about 70 km away from Srinagar. It is part of a
proposal for a trans-Karakoram peace park with Pakistan. The national park was
created after the Kargil War and based on the increasing pressure to protect the
endangered and rare Markhor Wild Goat. The park is made out of the Limber and
Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuaries and the Nagnari Conservation Reserve.
The park has more of coniferous forests of deodar at lower altitudes, spruce and fir
in the middle to upper elevation and fail from lower to upper elevations. Birch can
be found only in sub-alpine zones. The sub-alpine and alpine scrubs are found at
higher elevations and have more of Junipers. Nearly 20 species of animals can be
found in the park which includes endangered Markhor Wild Goat, Musk deer,
Brown bear, Black bear, small Kashmir flying squirrel, Leopard to name some. The
Kazinag National Park is home to about 120 species of birds which include Golden
Eagle, Sparrow Hawk, Kashmir Red breasted Flycatcher, Snow Pigeon, The Cuckoo
Himalayan pied Kingfisher etc. It is home to 17 Species of Butterflies which include
Regal Apollo, Brown Argus, Common Red Apollo, Mountain Argus etc.
Wildlife Sanctuaries in Jammu and Kashmir

A sanctuary is a reserved area which is used for the conservation of animal. Only
certain human activities are allowed on these lands like harvesting of timber,
collecting minor forest products and private ownership rights until these cause any
harm to the protected animals. Boundaries of sanctuaries are not well defined and
controlled biotic interference is permitted. The largest wildlife sanctuary of Jammu
and Kashmir is Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary.
Some important wildlife sanctuaries of Jammu and Kashmir are discussed below:
Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuary

It is located 58 km away from the Jammu city. It spreads over an area of 98 sq. km.
There are two lakes. This sanctuary has got its name from these lakes. It was
established in 1981. The vegetation of the sanctuary includes the mixed scrub forest
which comprises mainly of broad leaved species which are mixed with stands of Pinus
Gerardiana. The common broad leaved species are kamala tree, acacias, Indian
rosewood, orchid tree, sacred fig, etc. The fauna of this sanctuary include goral, wild
boar, barking deer, leopard, etc. The bird species of this sanctuary include black
partridge, red jungle fowl, peafowl, grey partridge, green pigeon, blue rock pigeon, etc.
Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary

It is located on the bank of river Ujh, Northwards of village Jasrota in Kathua
district. It spreads over an area of 25.75 sq km. It was established in 1987.This
Wildlife Sanctuary is rich in flora which is dominated by bamboo plantations. The
main species found are North Indian rosewood, khair, Indian ash tree, etc. Major
shrub associates are bush plum, big-sage and hopbush. The sanctuary is the natural
habitat for a wide variety of mammals. The fauna of this sanctuary include cheetal,
barking deer, wild boar, rhesus monkey, etc. The bird species of this sanctuary include
peafowl, red jungle fowl, jungle bush quail, green pigeon and blue rock pigeon.
Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary

It is located approximately 48 km from Srinagar. Blessed with immense natural
beauty this paradise spreads over an area of 180 km. It was established in 1987. This
sanctuary includes Gulmarg Biosphere Reserve. This Bioshphere Reserve is located
at an altitude between 2400 m to 4300 m above sea level. In Srinagar it is a home of
several rare and endangered species such as the musk deer and a rich and varied
avifauna flora.
The flora of this sanctuary include about 90% area is covered by coniferous forest.
Important flora of the reserve are cedrus deodara, pinus griffithii, abies pindrow,
aesculus indica etc. Important shrubs are indigofera heterantha, sorbaria tomentosa
etc. Dicotyledonus herbs dominate the area. The fauna of this sanctuary include
hangul, serow, brown bear, leopard, black bear, red fox, etc. The birds species of this
sanctuary include griffon, vulture, snow cock, koklas, blue rock, pigeon, Kashmir
roller, European hoopae, jungle crow, etc.
Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary

It is located in Anantnag district. It spreads over an area of 425 sq km. It was
establised in 1987. The sanctuary encompasses the Overa-Aru Biosphere reserve
which is a biodiversity hotspot in the world. This Biosphere Reserve is located at an
altitude between 3000 m to 5425 m above sea level.
The flora of this sanctuary include Himalayan Moist Temperate and Himalayan
Dry Temperate forests which have riverian vegetation (like blue pine, horse
chestnut), Coniferous forest (like blue pine, fir, spruce), Alpine Scrubs and Pastures
(like birch, juniper, rhododendron) and shrubs. It also have some medicinal plants
like Indian atees, Himalayan arnebia, etc.
The fauna of this sanctuary include Kashmir red deer or hangul, Kashmir musk deer,
Asiatic ibex, Himalayan serow, common leopard, Asiatic black bear, Himalayan
brown bear, etc. It has about 120 species of birds. It has one endangered bird species
like Egyptian vulture, one vulnerable species like Kashmir flycatcher and two near
threatened species like European roller, and tytler’s leaf-warbler.
Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary

It is a high altitude wildlife sanctuary which is located in the Easternmost part of
the Karakoram range in Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. Being the largest wildlife
sanctuary it spreads over an area of 5000 sq km. It was established in 1987. The
sanctuary is one of the few places in India which has a migratory population of the
Chiru or Tibetan Antelope. As it is a cold desert region, the vegetation is very sparse
but some important medicinal plants are found there. For example, Arnebia
euchroma, Bergenia stracheyi, etc.
The fauna of this sanctuary include Tibetan gazalle, Himalayan ibex, bharal, wild
yak, snow leopard, lynx, wolf, red fox, Himalayan mouse hare, Himalayan marmot,
common otter, wooly hare, Ladakhi urial, argali, double hump camel, etc. The bird
species of this sanctuary include gadwall, tufted duck or tufted pilchard, goosander
or merganser, short-teed eagle, booted eagle, golden eagle, etc.
Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary

It is a cold desert wildlife sanctuary which is located in the East of Leh district and
encloses two high altitude lakes, Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri. It spreads over an
area of 4000 sq km. It was established in 1987. It is a part of the Hindu Kush
Himalayas which is situated at a height of 14000 to 19000 ft above mean sea level.
The Indus river passing through the sanctuary divides it into two parts. It has many
lakes and swamps. Around 200 species of wild plants are found here. The fauna of
this sanctuary include Kiang (Tibetan wild ass), snow leopard, lynx, wolf, wild dog,
Tibetan gazelle, Tibetan argali, blue sheep, wild yak, Ladakh urial, etc. The bird
species of this sanctuary include black necked crane (migratory bird), brahminy
ducks, brown-headed gulls, etc.
Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary

It is located about 38 km from Jammu on National Highway-1A. It spreads over an
area of 33.34 sq km. It was established in 1981. The sanctuary is named after
Nandini village. This sanctuary is covered with forests of fir and pine trees. It is the
home of a large number of rare and endangered species of mammal and birds.
The fauna of this sanctuary include leopard, wild boar, rhesus monkey, goral, grey
langur, pheasants, etc. The bird species of this sanctuary include Indian mynah, blue
rock pigeon, peafowl, red jungle fowl, chir pheasants, chakor, etc.
Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary

It is located in Anantnag district of Kashmir, 85 km South of Srinagar. It spreads
over an area of 20 km. It was established in 2002. The vegetation types present in
this sanctuary include dense coniferous forests and sub-alpine pastures. In dense
coniferous forests, kail pine, spruce, fir, birch, deodar and juniper trees are
predominant. The fauna of this sanctuary include Himalayan black bear, hangul,
and musk deer. The bird species of this sanctuary include black eared kite,
Himalayan griffon vulture, white backed vulture, monal, Himalayan snow cock,
chucker, koklas, blue rock pigeon, etc.
Wildlife Sanctuaries in Jammu and Kashmir

Year of Area
Wildlife Sanctuary District
Establishment (sq km)
Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary Jammu 1981 33.34
Ramnagar Rakha Wildlife Sanctuary Jammu 1981 31.50
Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuary Jammu 1981 98
Trikuta Wildlife Sanctuary Udhampur 1981 31.77
Baltal-Thajwas Wildlife Sanctuary Ganderbal 1987 210.50
Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary Leh 1987 4000
Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary Srinagar 1987 180
Hirapora Wildlife Sanctuary Shopian 1987 110
Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary Kathua 1987 25.75
Karakoram (Nubra Shyok) Leh 1987 5000

Wildlife Sanctuary
Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuary Baramulla 1987 80
Limber Wildlife Sanctuary Baramulla 1987 26
Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary Anantnag 1987 425
Hokersar Wildlife Sanctuary Srinagar 1992 13.75
Rajparian (Daksum) Wildlife Sanctuary Anantnag 2002 20
* Source: www.wiienvis.nic.in
Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Protection

Department
The Wildlife Protection Department, Jammu and Kashmir was established in 1978.
It aims to provide protection to the flora and fauna of the state and also to manage
the protected areas of Jammu and Kashmir. It celebrates the first week of October as
the wildlife week every year.
Important objectives of the department are as follows:
n
To manage and improve the protected areas of the state.
n
To conduct drives in respect of anti-poaching and anti-smuggling.
n
To formulate and implement wildlife protection plans.
n
To conduct research and training programmes.
n
To provide awareness and nature education.
Central and State Government Initiatives for Wildlife

Protection
Project Snow Leopard
The Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India, launched the
Project Snow Leopard in 2009 in Trans-Himalayan regions of Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. The aim of the
project is to safeguard and conserve India’s natural heritage of high altitude prey
wildlife population and their habitats.
It also aims to promote conservation through participatory policies and actions. The
actions include habitat improvement through pasture development, patrolling, micro
level planning and eco-development activities. The state has about 60% of the
project area and 60% to 65% of the snow leopard population.
Project Hangul
The Government of Jammu and Kashmir prepared a Project Hangul for the
protection of the Hangul or Kashmir stag habitat in 1970s with the help of IUCN
(International Union for Conservation of Nature) and World Wildlife Fund
(WWF). This animal species comes under the Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972 and the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978.
Its population increased till 2009 and after 2009, its population started decline. As
per the latest census 2017, its number has fallen drastically. To protect this species, a
captive preeding centre was opened at Shikargarh on Srinagar-Anantnag highway
by the States Wildlife Department, but it could not function well and has been
disfunctional and non-operative.
Markhor Recovery Programme under Campa

This programme was launched in 2009. The programme was formulated by the
Wildlife Protection Department, Jammu and Kashmir and supported by the State
Government, the Ministry of Environment and Forests. It was formulated in
Hirpora in Southern Kashmir, Lachipora Limber Wildlife Sancturies and Kazinag
National Park in North Kashmir. It was formulated to protect markhor (wild goat),
from hunting by the local communities. The Markhor Recovery Plan provides for
actions like habitat improvement, afforestation, soil and water conservation,
development of infrastructure like offices, guard huts, check posts, measures for
mobility and communications, anti grazing/anti poaching activities and publicity
and awareness generations.
Pir Panjal Markhor is the largest wild goat in the world found only in the state of
Jammu and Kashmir. It comes under Schedule I species (provide absolute
protection) of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and the Jammu and
Kashmir Wildlife Protection Act, 1978.
Conservation Reserves in Jammu and Kashmir

Districts Conservation Reserves
Anantnag Khiram
Bandipora Ajas
Baramulla Hygam, Malgam, Naganari
Budgam Mirgund, Narkara
Doda Jawahar Tunnel
Jammu Bahu, Gharana, Kukarian, Nanga, Pargwal, Sangral-Asa Chak
Kargil Boodh Karbu
Kathua Thein
Leh Norrichain, Sabu, Tsomoiri (Ramsar Site)
Pulwama Chatlam, Pampore, Khanagund, Khonmoh, Khrew, Manibugh,
Panyar, Shikargah
Srinagar Brain-Nishat, Hokera (Ramsar Site), Khimber/Dara/Sharazbal,
Shallabugh, Wangat/Chatergul, Zaloora, Harwan
Udhampur Sudhmahadev
* Source : www.wiienvis.nic.in
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The area covered by Hemis National Park 10 Which Naitonal Park was named after the
is renowned ornithologist and naturalist Mr
(a) 3350 sq km (b) 4500 sq km Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali?
(c) 6000 sq km (d) 8100 sq km (a) Hemis National Park
(b) Salim Ali National Park
2 Which National Park is considered as the (c) Dachigam National Park
largest National Park in the South Asia? (d) Kishtwar National Park
(a) Dachigam National Park
(b) Hemis National Park 11 The earlier name of which national park
(c) Kishtwar National Park was the city ‘Forest National Park’?
(d) City Forest National Park (a) Salim Ali National Park
(b) Hemis National Park
3 Hemis National Park have the highest (c) Dachigam National Park
density of which of the following animal? (d) None of the above
(a) Ibex (b) Hangul
(c) Snow Leopard (d) Black Bear 12 Kazinag National Park is situated in
(a) Baramulla (b) Rajauri
4 Which National Park is known as the (c) Poonch (d) None of these
‘Snow Leopard Capital of India’?
(a) Hemis National Park 13 This park is made out of the Limber and
(b) Dachigam National Park Lachipora wildlife sanctuaries and the
(c) Kishtwar National Park Nagnari Conservation reserve. Name the
(d) City Forest National Park national park.
(a) Salim Ali National Park
5 Kishtwar National Park was established in
(b) Hemis National Park
which year? (c) Kazinag National Park
(a) 1891 (b) 1981 (c) 1991 (d) 1982 (d) None of the above
6 Which National Park was founded to 14 Name the wildlife sanctuary which has two
protect the snow leopards? lakes?
(a) Hemis National Park (a) Jasrota (b) Surinsar Mansar
(b) Kishtwar National Park (c) Gulmarg (d) None of these
(c) Dachigam National Park
(d) None of the above 15 Which Wildlife Sanctuary included mixed
scrub forests comprises mainly broad
7 Trees species found in Kishtwar National
leaved species mixed with stands of Pinus
Park are
Gerardiana?
(a) Chilgoza Pine
(a) Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary
(b) Himalayan Cedar
(b) Surinar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuary
(c) Persian walnut, Oak
(c) Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary
8 Dachigam National Park is situated 22 km
16 Name the wildlife sanctuary which is
from
located on the bank of river Ujh.
(a) Pulwama (b) Srinagar
(a) Surinsar Mansar (b) Jasrota
(c) Leh (d) Shopian
(c) Gulmarg (d) Overa-Aru
9 In which year Dachigam was established as
17 Gulmarg Biosphere Reserve is located in
a National Park?
(a) Shopian (b) Baramulla
(a) 1981 (b) 1982
(c) Srinagar (d) Udhampur
(c) 1991 (d) 1992
18 Which of the following sanctuary is about 26 Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary was

90% covered by coniferous forests? established in which year?
(a) Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary (a) 2000 (b) 2001 (c) 1995 (d) 2002
(b) Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary
27 The Wildlife Protection Department of
(c) Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary
Jammu and Kashmir celebrated wildlife
week in which month every year?
19 Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary is located in (a) July (b) August
(a) Anantnag (b) Baramulla (c) October (d) April
(c) Udhampur (d) Shopian
28 The Project Snow Leopard was launched in
20 Overa-Aru Biosphere Reserve is situated (a) 2001 (b) 2005 (c) 2009 (d) 2011
at what altitude above the sea level?
(a) 3000-5425 m (b) 5000-7000 m 29 The Project Snow Leopard covers
(c) 7000-9000 m (d) 7000-11000 m (a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim
21 Himalayan moist temperate and (c) Uttarakhand and Arunachal Pradesh
Himalayan dry temperate forest are the (d) All of the above
main flora of
30 IUCN stands for
(a) Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary
(a) Indian Union for Conservation of Nature
(b) Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary
(c) Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary (b) International Union for Conservation of
(d) Ramnagar Rakha Wildlife Sanctuary Nature
(c) Indian Union for Conservation of
22 The largest Wildlife Sanctuary of Jammu National Parks
and Kashmir is? (d) International Union for Conservation of
(a) Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary National Parks
(b) Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary
(c) Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary 31 The largest wild goat in the world found
(d) Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary only in Jammu and Kashmir is
(a) Pir Panjal Markhor
23 Which of the following Wildlife Sanctuary (b) Snow Leopard
has a migratory population of Tibetan (c) Both (a) and (b)
Antelope? (d) None of the above
(a) Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary
(b) Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary
32 Match the following
(c) Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary List I List II
(d) Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary (Wildlife Sanctuary) (District)
24 Which wildlife sanctuary is a part of the A. Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary 1. Ganderbal
Hindu Kush Himalayas? B. Limber Wildlife Sanctuary 2. Baramulla
(a) Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary
C. Baltal Thajwas Wildlife 3. Jammu
(b) Ramagar Wildlife Sanctuary
Sanctuary
(c) Trikula Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuary D. Hokersar Wildlife 4. Srinagar
Sanctuary
25 Which wildlife sanctuary is situated on
National Highway-1A? Codes
(a) Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary A B C D A B C D
(b) Limber Wildlife Sanctuary (a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary (c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 1 2 4 3
(d) Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (a)
CHAPTER 10
AGRICULTURE AND
IRRIGATION IN
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Essentially a mountainous state, Jammu and Kashmir has only
30% of the reporting area under cultivation yet agriculture
supports around 70% of the population. Therefore, the state has
an agrarian economy. The State Government has initiated many
schemes to boost its agricultural economy.
The climatic diversity of the state from sub-tropical to temperate to cold provides a
variety of crops, fruits, vegetables and flowers. However, the contribution of
agriculture in State Gross Domestic Product is 15.8 per cent.
Agro-Climatic Zones
Jammu and Kashmir is divided into four major agro-climatic zones:
1. Low altitude sub-tropical zone ( JK-1)
2. Mid to high altitude intermediate zone ( JK-2)
3. Mid to high altitude temperate zone ( JK-3)
4. Cold arid zone ( JK-4)
1. Low Altitude Sub-tropical Zone (JK-1)

This zone is characterised by monsoon, concentration of precipitation, hot spell of
summer, relatively dry but pronounced winter. It comprises of whole Jammu district
and lower parts of Kathua, Udhampur, Poonch and Rajouri districts. Maximum
rainfall in this zone is received during July-September. The mean height above sea
level ranges from less than 300 m to 1350 m. Hottest months are May, June and July
and coldest months are December, January and February. Its sub-zone is outer hills,
with slightly higher elevation than the sub-tropical zone. Alluvial soil is found in
this zone. Maize, wheat, cereals are grown here.
2. Mid to High Altitude Intermediate Zone (JK-2)

This zone is characterised by monsoon, concentration of precipitation, relatively
wetter, cold winters and higher mean annual rainfall.
This zone is sub-tropical temperate transition and comprises of the mid and high
altitude areas of the Panjal trap. It includes all the areas above outer hills, including
the districts of Doda, Poonch, parts of Rajouri, Udhampur and Kathua.
The soils in this zone is scattered and not thick. This zone receives rainfall from
South-West monsoon mostly in summers and North-West disturbances in winters.
The zone varies in elevation from 800 to 1500 m in mid altitude and upto 4000 m in
higher altitude. River Chenab and its tributaries constitute the major drainage basin.
Its sub-zone marks the limit between valley temperate and cold arid zone. Wheat
and sugarcane are grown here.
3. Mid to High Altitude Temperate Zone (JK-3)

This zone experiences wet and severe winters with frost, snow and rain and relatively
dry and warm summer. This zone essentially covers the Valley of Kashmir
comprising of the districts Anantnag, Pulwama, Srinagar, Budgam, Baramulla and
Kupwara.
The soils of Kashmir Valley are alluvial in nature with irrigated area of about 62 per
cent. Therefore, this zone is also known as cultivator’s paradise. This zone receives
annual rainfall of around 680 mm, of which nearly 70 per cent is received in winter
and spring season (from December to May). The overall average temperature in
different months varies from 1.2°C to 24.5°C.
The elevation in valleys varies from 1560 to 1950 m. In mid belts it ranges from
2400-3000 m and 4200 m in snow bound areas. Rice followed by wheat, maize and
sugarcane are grown here. Oilseeds are also grown in this zone. The elevation in
valleys varies from 1560 to 1950 m. In mid belts it ranges from 2400-3000 m and
4200 m in snow bound areas. Rice followed by wheat, maize and sugarcane are
grown here. Oilseeds are grown in this zone.
4. Cold Arid Zone (JK-4)

This region in the Northernmost tip of Asian sub-continent between Karakoram
and Greater Himalayan ranges and is interwoven with rugged mountains. Arid zone
comprises the cold arid region of Western Himalayas, and the hot arid region of
Indo-Gangetic plains and peninsular India. The cold arid region of Western
Himalayas mainly comprises Ladakh. Cultivation is very limited due to extreme
conditions. Barley is the main crop grown here.
Agriculture and Irrigation in Jammu and Kashmir 71
Restrictions to the Growth of Agriculture

There are two legislations enacted by State Legislation that restrict the growth of
agriculture and horticulture in the state, viz.
(i) Conversion Act It restricts the cultivator from converting the irrigated land into
orchard.
(ii) Kuth Act It restricts the cultivators from growing wild trees having medicinal
value as this hampers the growth of some areas.
Due to these acts, the expansion of agriculture has not happened. Being a
mountainous state, the agricultural activities are highly restricted naturally.
Cropping Pattern in Jammu and Kashmir

Due to climatic diversity of the state from sub-tropical to temperate to cold, there
are varied cropping patterns in the three regions of the state viz. Jammu, Kashmir
and Ladakh.
Crops in Jammu Region

The plains and hills in Jammu are dominated by wheat, rice, maize, pulses, fodder
and oilseeds. Kharif crops are grown in summer and harvested in autumn. They
require more temperature and rainfall. Rice, maize, jowar are kharif crops. Rabi crops
are grown in winters and harvested in spring. They are wheat, barley, oilseeds, peas
and fodder crops. Zaid crops are grown under artificial irrigation in between rabi
and kharif crops. They are called Zaid kharif or Zaid rabi. Leafy and tuber
vegetables are grown in Jammu.
Crops in Kashmir Region

The Kashmir Valley is well known for fruits such as apple, peach, cherry and for
crops like rice, maize and wheat in few areas. In Kashmir, land generally produces
one crop a year, therefore it is known as Ekfasli. The highly cultivated garden lands
in Srinagar and in some other towns give more than one crop a year. There is no
rotation of crops otherwise.
Rice and maize are sown in March-April and harvested in September-October. Rice
takes longer time to ripen here than in the plains of Punjab and Haryana where it is
sown in July. Wheat and barley are sown in October-November and harvested in
June-July. Linseeds are also harvested in July and August. Cotton pricking
commences in August-September.
Crops in Ladakh Region

In Ladakh, like Kashmir, no customary rotation of crops is followed. However, wheat
is not grown on the same land for more than 2 or 3 consecutive years, as it reduces
soil fertility. Wheat is always followed by gram, pear or mustard seeds for a year as
the roots strengthen the soil by back the soil nutrients.
In some villages, land called Dofasli, gives two crops a year. The time of sowing in
the frontier districts differs from area-to-area. In the low-lying areas, where the
kharif crop maize follows wheat, the former crop is sown anytime from 15th
November to 15th January, when the soil is not frosty.
Maize is sown in July and August. In the villages, where gram is raised as rabi crop
instead of wheat, the former is sown immediately after 15th January to give the
cultivators sufficient time for growing and harvesting maize in the kharif.
Important Crops of Jammu and Kashmir

Rice, wheat, maize, oilseeds, pulses, saffron, barley are important crops of the state.
They are explained as follows:
Rice
Rice is the staple food of the Kashmiris. It is a kharif crop and is sown in
March-April and harvested in autumn. Cultivation of rice requires hot and moist
climate. It is grown mostly in the Valley of Kashmir at 2100 m above sea level. The
Kashmir Valley is called Rice Bowl of the state.
In the plain areas of Jammu region, rice is sown in June-July and harvested in
autumn. The tehsil of Ranbir Singh Pora of Jammu is famous for basmati rice and is
also exported. Anantnag, Baramulla, Kupwara, Srinagar, Pulwama and Kathua are
the major rice producing districts.
Wheat
It is a kharif crop in Ladakh region and a rabi crop in Jammu and Kashmir region.
Wheat requires a cool and somewhat moist climate in the beginning and warm and
dry weather at harvest time. It is sown in August and harvested in March-April. The
average rainfall should be 50 to 70 cm at regular intervals.
It is cultivated in the entire outer plains and outer hills. Important wheat producing
areas are Kathua, Kabirsingpora, Samba and Reasi. In Kashmir, it is grown like grass.
Maize
It is an important crop of the state and covers around 30 per cent of the cropped
area. It is sown in May-July and harvested in August-November. It requires hot dry
climate. Rainfall required for maize varies from 75 cm to 125 cm.
It is cultivated on Karewa lands (elevated lands which are flat from top) in the Valley
of Kashmir. The leading producers are Rajouri, Doda, Poonch, Kupwara, Baramulla
and Anantnag.
Saffron
It is an important cash crop of the state. The state is the largest producer of saffron.
Out of 5700 hectares (approx) of cultivated area for saffron in India, 4490 hectares
(approx) lie in Jammu and Kashmir. Moderate weather conditions i.e. neither too hot
nor too cold is needed for it. It requires 75-120 cm of rainfall. Sowing is done in June
and harvesting in November. The crop is expensive to grow and requires lot of
manual labour since the threads of a flower (its stigma and styles) have to be
collected. It is grown in the Pulwama district where saffron cultivation is the primary
occupation. Pampore town, 15 km from Srinagar is world famous for producing high
grade saffron. Around 2128 kg of saffron is grown annually in the state.
Oilseed
It requires hot and moist climate. It is grown all over Kashmir region. They are
grown as a rabi crop, sown in November and harvested in June. It requires 70 cm of
rainfall. The major oilseed producing areas are Anantnag and Srinagar.
Pulses
Hot and dry climate of the state is suitable for their cultivation. They are largely
grown on small patches of land and the pulses of Kashmir Valley are well known for
their quality. It is also grown as a rabi crop. In Jammu it is a minor kharif crop.
Barley
It is the staple crop in Ladakh. It is grown in summer months along with millets,
peas and mustard. It requires very little rainfall around 30-60 cm and ripens in a
span of 4 months.
TAJIKISTAN
AGRICULTURE IN
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
Kupwara Kargil Leh
Baramulla Srinagar
CHINA
Kulgam Kishtwar
CROPS
Maize
Rice
Wheat
Sugarcane HIMACHAL
PUNJAB PRADESH
Oil Seeds
▲ AGRICULTURE MAP OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Schemes and Initiatives for Agriculture

Development
Following are the major schemes under implementation in the state by the Agriculture
Production Department:
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)

This scheme was launched in 2007. This scheme is funded by Government of India
on 100 per cent assistance. The RKVY aims at achieving 4 per cent annual growth
in the agriculture sector during the 11th Five Year Plan period, by ensuring a
Holistic Development of Agriculture and Allied Sectors.
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

NMSA has been formulated for enhancing agricultural productivity especially in
rainfed areas focusing on integrated farming, water use efficiency, soil health
management and synergising resource conservation. Its objective is to make
agriculture more productive, sustainable, remunerative and climate resilient by
promoting location specific Integrated/Composite Farming Systems.
Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA)

This is a Central Government scheme started on 29th March, 2005. The scheme is
90 per cent funded by Central Government and 10 per cent by State Government.
The objective is the transfer of latest agricultural technology to the farmers. For this,
ATMA established Farm Information Advisory Centres (FIAC) in all the blocks of
the chosen districts.
Initially, 5 districts were chosen i.e. Anantnag, Budgam, Kupwara, Leh and Kargil.
In 2009-10, seven more districts were chosen i.e. Srinagar, Ganderbal, Pulwama,
Shopian, Baramulla, Bandipora and Kulgam.
Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development

Authority (APEDA)
It is a Central Government department initiated in 1985 to establish agricultural
export zones in each state.
Agri-Export Zones in Jammu and Kashmir

Apple export zones are established in Srinagar, Baramulla, Anantnag, Kupwara,
Kathua and Pulwama. Walnut export zones are established in Srinagar, Baramulla,
Anantnag, Kupwara, Kathua, Pulwama, Doda, Poonch, Udhampur and Rajouri.
National Agriculture Market (NAM)

Under this, four important terminal mandis are linked digitally. They are at Narwal
( Jammu), Jabilpora (Anantnag), Parimpora (Srinagar) and Sopore (Baramulla).
These mandis are given for electronic auction also.
Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)

This scheme was started on 9th October, 2015. Under this scheme, the State
Government buys the crops so that the export price of agricultural products can be
stabilised. The products are then exported to international markets. This project is
launched on pilot basis in Sopore in Baramulla district, Shopian and Dachipora in
Anantnag district.
Scheme for Mushroom Development

This is a state sponsored scheme. To encourage the production of button mushrooms
three divisions are done. The first is the Indo-Dutch Project that is at Harran
(Budgam district). It was started in 1985. Second is the Mushroom Research Centre
at Lalmandi (Srinagar) and third sub-project is the establishment of Cluster Units in
Budgam, Tangmarg and Sumbal.
Seed Multiplication Farms

The Agriculture Department of the state started special farms where research and
development by hybrid seeds takes place. Seed Multiplication Farms for paddy,
maize, oats, oilseeds, pulses and saffron are located at Padgampora (Pulwama),
Allowpora (Shopian) and Markundal (Bandipora).
Potato Development Farm is at Gurez, Sedow and Gulmarg. Vegetable
Development Farms are at Sumbal, Trikanjan, Harran and Dailgam. Two state run
agricultural universities are running at Jammu and Srinagar that provides research
facilities in agriculture and horticulture.
Horticulture in Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir is famous for its horticulture produce both in India and abroad.
The state offers good scope for cultivation of all types of horticulture crops covering
a variety of temperate fruits like apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, almonds, cherry
and sub-tropical fruits like mango, guava, litchi, etc. Horticulture, emerging as a fast
growing sector, contributes about 7-8 per cent to the state’s economy and about
45 per cent to agricultural sector of the state. The largest fresh fruits producing
district of Jammu and Kashmir is Baramulla which is in Kashmir Valley.
Some of the important fruits of the state are discussed below:
Apple
Around 80 per cent of the horticultural land in Kashmir is under production of
apples. The state is the largest producer of apple in India and it is a main cash crop.
Its cultivation first started in 1930 in Sopore town. Kashmir region produces a
number of varieties of apples such as Amri, American trel, Sunheri, Firdous, Shireen,
Shalimar, etc. The fruit matures during September-October. In 2016-17, Baramulla
district was the largest producer of apples.
Pear
The state grows two varieties of pear i.e. Nakh Kashmiri and Williams. Pears grow
well in cool and humid climate. It grows well in Kashmir Valley.
Peach and Apricot

They require cool weather throughout and humid weather during the growing
period. They are grown in the hilly areas of the Kashmir region.
Walnut
Kashmir is also famous for walnuts and they are even exported. The state produces
90 per cent of walnut production on all India basis. Three varieties are produced viz
Kagzi, Sulaiman and Burzil. Walnut requires 20-30° temperature throughout and
75 cm of rainfall. Kupwara, Baramulla, Pulwama, Anantnag and Shopain are major
districts for walnut production. Other important fruits are strawberry, cherry, plum
and almond (both thick and thin skinned). The Valley of Kashmir is also known for
the high production of potato, turnip, carrot, spinach, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower,
radish, onion, lotus-stalk, brinjal, groundnut, bitter gourd, etc.
According to the Statistics at Kashmir’s Department of Agriculture, Budgam
district is the largest producer of vegetables like spinach, cabbage, potato, tomato,
onion and peas. It is also called Mini Punjab. Other districts that produce vegetables
are Pulwama, Ganderbal, Kupwara, Anantnag, Baramulla and Bandipora.
Agro-Climatic Zones and Fruits Grown

Zone Areas Suitable Fruits
Temperate Entire Kashmir Valley, parts of Poonch, Apple, pear, cherry, walnut,
Zone Rajouri, Doda, Kathua and Udhampur almond, chestnut, strawberry,
districts of Jammu division. stone fruits and grapes, etc.
Sub-Tempera Parts of Kathua district, parts of Poonch Stone fruits (like peach, pulm,
te (Mid Zone) district (Surankote), parts of Rajouri apricot almond, pear, pecan nut
district (Rajouri and Kalakote), parts of and olive)
Udhampur district, parts of Reasi, some
parts of Doda district, Ramban and
Kishtwar besides minor locations in Uri
Tehsil of Baramulla district and Kamah
Tehsil of Kupwara district.
Sub-Tropical Jammu district, parts of Kathua district, Mango, citrus, guava, litchi, pear,
Zone parts of Rajouri district, parts of amla and grapes.
Udhampur district and lower areas of
Reasi, parts of Doda district (Ramban).
Arid Districts of Leh and Kargil Grapes (resin type), prunes and
Temperate drying varities of apricots. Seabuck
Zone thorn besides cultivation of apple,
walnut and currants in certain
areas of this region.
Horticulture Schemes and Initiatives

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture
It is a Central Government run scheme, started on 1st April, 2014. It covers the
areas of pre, during and post production management, processing and marketing of
fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, saffron, flowers and aromatic plants. It also supports
capacity building, opening of colleges and polytechnics. It is running High Density
Apple Plantation Scheme at Zainapora (Shopian) and Rangreth (Budgam).
Other plantation schemes are at:
Scheme Location
Mango Plantation Scheme Khour-Mallapoda village
Akhnoor-Sungli village
Apricot Plantation Scheme Hardas
Pecan Nut Plantation Scheme Rajouri (Saskoti, Manjakote, Doongi)
Poonch (Sagra, Gani, Harni, Bainch)
Infrastructure Development Scheme

The state is developing fruits and vegetable mandis in many places. There are 3
functional terminal markets at Narwal, Parimpora and Sopore and 10 satellite
markets (connected through digital technology). The satellite markets are at
Kulgam, Shopian, Pulwama, Chari Sharief, Handwara, Batingoo and Udhampur.
Akhnoor Phase I and Kathua are functional at present.
Apni Mandi These are primary markets in rural areas being developed in the state.
They are at Nunmai (Kulgam), Mari (Reasi), Mandi Poonch, Tapyal, Raya Bagala,
Dyala Chak (Chadwal), Pouni (Reasi), Khan Sahib (Budgam) and Gharian
(Udhampur).
Kishan Ghar These are wholesale markets for farmers developed at Rajbagh
(Srinagar) and Jammu.
National Saffron Mission

This is a Central Government run scheme started in 2010 to enhance the
production of saffron. It is implemented under the Jammu and Kashmir Saffron Act
2007. It is implemented in district Pulwama which is the major saffron producing
district of the state. Saffron Park at Dusso (Pulwama) is being developed.
Walnut Plantation Scheme

Walnut is an export oriented product of the state. The State Government is setting
up 10 walnut processing units in various districts. It also gives loans to set up walnut
nurseries and 50 per cent subsidy for walnut plantations. The government
encourages setting up of commercial orchards, fresh walnut plantations and
rejuvenation of old and sick walnut orchards.
Floriculture in Jammu and Kashmir

State of Jammu and Kashmir have ideal climatic conditions for floriculture. The
climate of the three regions of the state viz Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh are
sub-tropical, temperate and cold-arid. Department of Garden, Parks and
Floriculture develop and maintain parks and gardens at suitable locations to upgrade
the aesthetic value in the state. Some potential areas are being developed as
demonstration units by the department.
One of the landmark achievement of Floriculture Department has been the
establishment of Tulip Garden, first of its kind in Siraj Bagh, Srinagar. It is the
largest Tulip Garden of Asia situated at the foothills of Zabarwan mountains. The
garden witnesses highest inflow of tourists.
Flower Producing Regions

In the Jammu region Kathua, Udhampur and Rajouri are cultivation areas for
marigold, gladiolus and tuberose. Lilium and gerbera are grown in shaded net
conditions. Rose, tulip, carnation and garbera are grown in high altitude regions of
Kishtwar, Zanskar region of Kargil. Hollyhock and pansy are also grown in dry
regions of Kargil.
Irrigation in Jammu and Kashmir

Irrigation is one of the indicators for measuring the development of agriculture in
any state. It affects agricutural productivity directly. In Jammu and Kashmir, the
net area irrigated is 355190 hectares which is 43.3 per cent of the net irrigated
sown area. Irrigation is done through canals, wells, tubewells and other sources.
8.6 per cent of irrigation in the state is done by canals, 6 percent by wells and
tubewells and 8 per cent by others (tanks, etc).
Methods of Irrigation
The following are the methods of irrigation used in the state of Jammu and Kashmir :
Canals These form the most important system of irrigation in the outer plains and
in the broad Valley of Kashmir where the soil is soft and alluvial and canals can be
easily dug. Moreover, the Jhelum and its tributaries supply water to the canals
throughout the year. About 486072 acre of agricultural land in Kashmir is irrigated
by canals.
Lift Irrigation In this styem, the land is irrigated by pumping water to higher level
and then carrying it to the field through canals.
Lever System It is used wherever water is available at the depth of 1 or 2 m.
Irrigation in the Outer Plains of Jammu Region

The plains of Jammu are located in the Shiwalik foothills between 250-460 m. The
plains have stream and rivers due to which surface irrigation is possible here.
Jammu region receives surface irrigation facilities from the following canal systems:
Ranbir Singh Canal

It is drawn from of the left bank of Chenab and its headworks lies at Akhnoor in
Jammu district. The productive plains of Jammu and Ranbir Singhpura are irrigated
by this canal. This canal has helped in the cultivation of High Yielding Varieties of
rice and wheat in the Jammu plains, especially in the Tehsil of Ranbir Singhpura.
The Pratap Canal

It is drawn from the right bank of Chenab at Akhnoor. About 20000 acres of area of
Akhnoor Tehsil is irrigated by this canal. It provides water to rice, wheat, oilseeds,
orchards, fodder and vegetables of the command area.
The Ravi-Tawi Irrigation Complex

It is a comprehensive irrigation project, designed to connect Ravi and Tawi river by a
network of canals. This project irrigates about one and a half lakh acres of land in
the Kandi and plain areas of the Jammu division. The complex is based on the
gravity canals and lift irrigation projects.
The project consists of two canals:
i. The Ravi Canal It is drawn from the right bank of Ravi at Shahpur-Kandi
Barrage. It has a length of 76 km. It has been linked with the Tawi Lift
Irrigation Project at Vijaipur.
An ongoing project will connect Kathua Canal and Ravi Canal at Lakhanpur
which will provide water to the rice and wheat growing areas of the Kathua
and Jammu Tehsils.
ii. The Tawi Canal It is drawn from the left bank of the Tawi river near Bahu
Fort. At this point the water of Tawi river is raised to a height of about 31 m
by lift pumps and fed into the main canal. This canal has a length of about
29 km which has been constructed from Jammu to Ramgarh. It commands an
area of about 15000 acres, stretching over the blocks of Bishna, Jammu and
Vijaipur.
Irrigation in the Kashmir Region

The Kashmir region has dense network of canals. Rice is the main crop grown here
as rice requires lot of water and irrigation facilities which are abundant in this
region. The Jhelum river valley and the Upper Karewas form the main
hydro-geological units of the Kashmir valley, which is at a height of 1600-1900 m.
Over 486072 acres of land are irrigated Chhatapura. It irrigates the fields in in
by the canals, wells and lift irrigation the Khurram, Bichhanpura, Anantnag
system in Kashmir valley out of which and Sarharna area. It is 19 km long and
the district of Anantnag constitutes 50 irrigates about 8000 acre of land.
per cent. The Mahind Canal It was constructed in
Kashmir region receives irrigation facilities 1956. It takes its water from Nullah
from the following canal systems: Lidder at Sakhras. It irrigates the fields
The Martand Canal It takes its water in Seyria, Bichhanpura and Anantnag. It
from the river Lidder at Ganeshpora, is 16 km long and irrigates about 2500
Kashmir. It is the oldest canal in acre of land.
Kashmir. It is about 50 km long and The Avantipura Canal It was
irrigates about 9500 acre of land around constructed in 1953. It takes its water
Matan, Dichhanpur, Khavapura and from the Nullah Lidder at Doohjan. It is
Anantnag. 36 km long and irrigates 5000 acres of
The Shakful Canal It takes its water land of the East of Pampore.
from the Nullah Sind and irrigates many The Sumbal Canal It takes its water from
villages from Manigam to Safapore. the Nullah Sukhang at Kosa. It is 35.5
Flowing at a higher level, the canal has km long and irrigates Sonawari area and
been utilised to produce hydel power. flows back into the river Jhelum at
The Sharabkul Canal It takes its water Shadipur. More than 5000 acre of land
from the Harwan lake and flows upto is irrigated by this canal.
Chashme Shahi to the East of Dal lake. The Zarkul Canal It is an old canal and
Its water is mostly used for small was constructed during the reign of
patches of cultivation. It also irrigates Zain-ul-Abidin, Badshah. It takes its
orchards. water from the Nullah Sind at Prang
The Lalkul Canal It takes its water from and irrigates about 20000 acre of land.
the Nullah Pohru at Bubhama near It irrigates upper land Karewa on the
Kupwara. It irrigates the fields in Manasbal Lake, Manasbal, Lar, Asham
Uttarmachhipora, Kupwara, Drugmul, and Ganderbal.
Sopore and Handwara. It is about 3 km The Zainapur Canal It takes its water
long and irrigates about 75000 acre of from the river Vishav at Bharijug. It is
land. 32 km long and irrigates 6000 acre of
The Zainagir Canal It takes its water land in Kulgam and Zainapur area.
from the river Madhumati. It flows The Kayal Canal It was constructed in
through Bandipora on the bank of the 1953. It takes its water from the Nullah
Wular lake at Sonawari. It is 47 km Rambrara at Patipore. It is 50 km long
long. It moves in loops till it enters and irrigates about 5500 acre of land.
Sopore irrigating about 13300 acre of
land. The Nur Canal It is a model of the canal
The Dadikul Canal It takes its water that was constructed by Suya during
from the Nullah Lidder at Kotsu near Avantivarman’s reign. It takes its water
from the river Jhelum at Shadipur and Irrigation in the Ladakh

then flows into the Wular lake. It
irrigates Andarkut village. It is about
Region
13 km long. The entire region of Ladakh receives
The Nandikul Canal It takes its water water for irrigation from the Indus and its
from the Nullah Anantnag at Lassipur tributaries as well as Nullah, Drass, Suru,
and was originally constructed during Kangi and Wakha. In this region, the
reign of Avantivarman. It is 30 km construction of tubewells is possible due to
long and irrigates 8000 acre of land in the presence of thick rocks. In Ladakh
the Northern areas of Anantnag. region, there are several small canals,
locally known as Mayur. These canals
The Parimpur Canal It takes its water
(Mayurs) play a vital role in the
from the Khud-Ganga at Parimpura.
agricultural landuse of Ladakh. Some of
It is 8 km long.
these are as follows:
The Rishipora Canal It was
The Chushot Canal It has been taken out
constructed in 1956. It takes its water
of the left bank of the Indus at Stakna. It
from the river Vishav at Mitrajan. It commands about 200 acres of land in the
is 18 km long and irrigates about 3000 villages of Chuchot, Gongma, Shama,
acre of land. Yokma and Balam. Wheat, grim (a type of
The Babul Canal It was constructed in barley), vegetables and fodder are the main
1956. It takes water from the Nullah crops irrigated by this canal.
Ferozpur at Tangmarg. It is 22.5 km The Thikasay Canal It has been taken out
long and irrigates about 4500 acre of from the right bank of the Indus river. It
land below Gulmarg. Besides these, provides water to the villages of
Chandosa, Beoarachani, Gand, Ranbirpura, situated on a low terrace of
Malora, Rikhiletar, Gorkha, Awantipur the Indus. About 120 acres of cultivated
and Brinjal are other small canals in area of Ranbirpura village is irrigated by
the valley that irrigates about 15000 the Thikasay canal.
acre of land in the surrounding areas. The Igophey Canal The Igophey Irrigation
Project in Leh district started in 1979. It is
yet to be completed as the rugged
topography makes it difficult to manage. It
is on the right side of the Indus river.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The people of Jammu and Kashmir are 8 Which of the following is the staple food of
largely engaged in which of the following the Kashmiris?
sectors of economic activities? (a) Wheat (b) Rice
(a) Manufacturing sector (c) Maize (d) Pulses
(b) Service sector
(c) Agriculture or Primary sector 9 The State of Jammu and Kashmir is the
(d) Tertiary sector leading producer of which of the following
crops?
2 Which of the following is a part of Jammu
(a) Rubber (b) Saffron
and Kashmir agro-climatic zones?
(c) Rice (d) Millets
(a) Sub-Tropical
(b) Temperate 10 Pulwama district is most famous for the
(c) Cold Arid Desert Area production of which agricultural product?
(d) All of the above (a) Saffron (b) Apple
3 Which of the following Acts of the Jammu (c) Rice (d) Walnut
and Kashmir State restricts the cultivators 11 Which of the following places or region of
from growing wild trees having medicinal the valley known for the cultivation of
value as it hampers the growth of some Saffron crop?
areas? (a) Pampore
(a) Conversion Act (b) Jammu
(b) Kuth Act
(c) Anantnag
(c) Forest Act
12 Which among the following districts have
4 Which of the following Acts restricts the
agri export zone for walnuts?
cultivators from converting the irrigated
(a) Poonch and Rajouri
land into orchards? (b) Kathua and Kargil
(a) Conversion Act (c) Jammu and Samba
(b) Kuth Act (d) Kargil and Leh
(c) Forest Act
(d) None of the above 13 Narwa in Jammu holds importance for
(a) Largest saffron producing area
5 ‘Maize’ and ‘wheat’ are the prominent (b) Agric export zone for apples
crops of which area? (c) Terminal mandi with electronic auction
(a) Jammu region (b) Kashmir valley (d) Potato development farm
(c) Ladakh region (d) None of these
14 Where in Jammu and Kashmir, is the
6 Which of the following is a major rabi crop Indo-Dutch project for Mushroom
grown in winters in State of Jammu and Development established?
Kashmir? (a) Sumbal
(a) Rice (b) Wheat (b) Dailgam
(c) Maize (d) Pulses (c) Padgampora
(d) Harran
7 Which of the following cropping patterns
is followed in the Kashmir region? 15 Which of the following horticulture crops
(a) Multiple cropping grown in the State of Jammu and
(b) Jhum farming Kashmir?
(c) Dofasli (a) Apples (b) Pears
(d) Ekfasli (c) Plums (d) All of these
16 Which of the following is the main fruit 24 High Density Plantation scheme at
producing district in the valley? Zainpora in Shopian district is implemented
(a) Srinagar for the production of which fruit?
(b) Baramulla (a) Pecan nut
(c) Samba (b) Apricot
(d) Kulgam (c) Plum
(d) Apple
17 Amri, Sunheri, Shireen, Firdous are
varieties of what cultivated in Jammu and 25 Rajbagh in Srinagar is being developed as a
Kashmir? (a) Satellite market
(a) Apples (b) Apricot (b) Apni Mandi
(c) Rose (d) Almond (c) Kishan Ghar
(d) Mango Plantation
18 Which district is the largest producer of
vegetables in the state of Jammu and 26 Which is the largest source of irrigation in
Kashmir? Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Bandipora (b) Jammu (a) Canals
(c) Budgam (d) Pulwama (b) Wells
(c) Tanks
19 Which district is also called ‘Mini Punjab’ (d) Tubewells
due to large scale production of vegetables
in Jammu and Kashmir? 27 Jammu irrigates its region from which of
(a) Ganderbal the following canal system?
(b) Anantnag (a) Ranbir Canal System
(c) Baramulla (b) Pratap Canal System
(d) Budgam (c) Ravi-Tawi Irrigation Complex
20 Which among the following fruits are
grown in sub-tropical zone of Jammu and 28 Which of the following is the oldest canal
Kashmir? in the valley used for irrigation?
(a) Apple and Pear (a) Martand Canal
(b) Mango and guava (b) Shakul Canal
(c) Grapes and prunes (c) Zainagir Canal
(d) Cherry and almond (d) Lalkul Canal
21 Jammu and Kashmir is the largest 29 Which of the following canals irrigates the
producer of places of Kupwara, Sopore and
(a) Apples Handwara?
(b) Saffron (a) Martand (b) Zainagir
(c) Walnut (c) Lalkul (d) Sharabkul
30 Which of the following canals was built by
22 Which of the following places known for Zain-ul-Abidin?
the largest Tulip Garden of Asia situated (a) Zarkul Canal
at the foothills of Zabanwan mountains? (b) Mahind
(a) Jammu (b) Srinagar (c) Nandikul
(c) Kulgam (d) Doda (d) None of the above
23 The Tulip Garden of Srinagar is the largest 31 Which of the following canals was
Tulip garden of Asia, situated at the constructed by Suya during
foothills of which of the following? Avantivarman’s reign?
(a) Zabarwan Mountains (a) Nur Canal
(b) Shiwalik Mountains (b) Sambal Canal
(c) Pir Panjal Mountains (c) Kayal Canal
(d) None of the above (d) Rishipora Canal
32 The canal which takes its water from the Code

River Jehlum and flows into the Wular A B C D A B C D
lake? (a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 4 3 2 1
(a) Dadikul (c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 2 1 3 4
(b) Nur 35 Which among the following is not true.
(c) Sumbal (a) The Pratap canal irrigates the outer
(d) Mandikul Jammu Plains.
(b) Thiksay canal irrigates the Ladakh
33 The entire Ladakh region receives irrigated region.
water for cultivation from the Indus and (c) Sumbal canal draws water from river
its tributaries, which of the following is not Chenab.
a tributary of river Indus? (d) The Mahind canal is in Kashmir valley
(a) Nullah region.
(b) Drass
(c) Suru 36 Consider the following statements
(d) Vishav I. The Ranbir Canal takes water from
the left bank of Chenab.
34 Match the following II. The Martand canal takes its water
from Ravi river.
List I List II
Which of the statements given above
A. Saffron 1. Karewa lands is/are correct?
B. Barley 2. Valley of Kashmir (a) Only I
(b) Only II
C. Rice 3. Ladakh
(c) Both I and II
D. Maize 4. Pampore (d) None of the above
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (a)
CHAPTER 11
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The state of Jammu and Kashmir provides conducive environment for
the growth of animal husbandry in the state. Animal husbandry is a
branch of agriculture concerned with the care and management of
livestock. Animal husbandry deals with the feeding, breeding, housing
and healthcare of livestock for getting maximum benefit from them.
Livestock is an integral part of the farm economy of Jammu and Kashmir. It also
provides income and employment to the weaker sections in the rural areas. As per
Economic Survey 2016-17, livestock contributes about 5.67% to the Gross State
Domestic Product (GSDP). Livestock of Jammu and Kashmir constitutes cattle,
buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry, etc. About 73% (Census 2011) of the population in the
state lives in rural areas and depends largely on the income generated by the
agricultural and animal husbandry sector. Cattle and poultry amongst all livestock
are most important for the development of rural economy.
Animals are used for transportation, meat, dairy production, hides, bones and
organic manure. Highest livestock population is found in the Jammu region followed
by Kashmir and Ladakh regions. As per Integrated Sample Survey (2011-12),
livestock population of Jammu region had demonstrated an increase of 8.40%,
Kashmir region witnessed an increase of 4.63% as livestock population but Ladakh
region had slipped by 1.44% in livestock population.
Livestock Rearing in Jammu and Kashmir

Sheep
As per the 19th Livestock Census (2012), Jammu and Kashmir is on the 5th
position with regard to sheep population in the country. Sheep provides valuable
manure for improving agricultural productivity. Their skin has high commercial
value. Fine quality of wools are found from the breed of sheep like Merino and
Remboulette. These are comparable to the best wool breeds of the world. Important
sheep breeds are Changthangi, Poonchi, Gaddi, Gurez, Karnahi and Bakerwali.
Goat
Pashmina wool, which is a very soft, fine and warm wool is obtained from Pashmina
or Changra goats. The pastoral farming of this goat is done in Changthang area of
Ladakh around 4300 m above sea level. The State Government has taken important
steps to improve productive potential of goats.
Yak
Yaks are mainly found in Ladakh region. It provides a number of products like meat,
hide, etc. The hide is used for making leather, ropes, grain bags, tents (‘Rebo’), shoes,
sweaters, etc. Its tail hairs are used for making ceremonial fly whisks (Chauri). As
per the 19th Census livestock (2012), Jammu and Kashmir is on the 2nd position in
respect of Yak population in India.
Rabbit
Rabbit farming is an age old practice in India. Jammu and Kashmir has an ideal
environment for rabbit farming. Rabbits can be produced for meat, wool,
pharmaceutical and tourism industry. It requires a less initial investment thus
affordable for poorest section of the society. In Kashmir, there is one government
rabbit farm and few private farms. Government should take steps for setting up
rabbit farm which can create job opportunities for thousands of unemployed youth
in the state.
Other Domestic Species

Some other domestic species in the state are horses and mules, donkeys, pigs, camels,
rabbits, etc. As per the 19th Census livestock (2012), Jammu and Kashmir is on the
2nd position in respect to horses and mules population and on the 6th position in
respect to donkeys population in the country.
Dairy Development
The state of Jammu and Kashmir provides suitable environment for dairy
development. The state has registered a steady growth in milk production. The
growth is not at par with other states, like Punjab and Gujarat, which are the
pioneers in the field of dairy development. Thus, there is need for more emphasis on
the dairy development in the state.
The state has high number of local breed of cattle than Punjab but lacks in terms of
cross breed milk animals, which produce three times more milk than the local
breeds. Cattle is mainly found in Jammu and Kathua regions. Buffaloes, pigs and
camels are mainly found in Jammu region. The Jammu region has shown the
potential to increase milk production and also market the surplus milk to other
regions of the state. There is a need to improve the condition of dairy farming in all
over the state.
Animal Husbandry of Jammu and Kashmir 87
For this the State Government should:

n
provide nutritious feed and fodder for animals, timely institutional credits, timely
veterinary care to the small dairy farmers.
n
establish more milk societies in the state.
n
provide advanced dairy technologies according to the socio-economic size and
agro-climatic conditions of the region, size of dairy farm, market approach of the
farmers and so on.
Poultry Development
There has been a tremendous growth in the poultry industry both in the government
and private sectors of the state. Poultry farming has given employment to a number
of people and raised the economic status of poor farmers. Some important poultry
farms are located in Srinagar, Pulwama, Kupwara, Baramulla, Budgam, Anantnag,
Leh and Kargil districts. There are some Poultry projects in the state, one each at
Hariparbath-(Srinagar) and Mattan-(Anantnag), one Broiler Project at Hariparbath
and one Duck Breeding Farm at Sumbal under Integrated Poultry Development
Programme. There objectives are:
n
Production of quality day old chicks at the project for sale to poultry farmers.
n
Supply of chicks to various poultry organisations in the Kashmir Division for further
distribution among the progressive farmers after attaining the age of 2-3 months.
n
Providing necessary inputs and training to the progressive farmers for setting up of
broiler units.
n
Providing marketing support to the poultry farmers for sale of poultry birds.
Fisheries Sector
Fisheries sector has been recognised as a powerful income and employment avenue
for the state. Fisheries in Jammu and Kashmir has tremendous potential to grow
exponentially as the state is bestowed with a network of both cold and warm water
streams, perennial rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.
All the three regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh offers potential for promotion
of different varieties of fishes. The brackish water fisheries resources are required to
be exploited in the state to boost employment generation. There is a big gap
between the demand and supply of fish. Fish is a valuable element of diet of the
local people throughout the year. There is also a demand for fish from the defence
personnel and tourists. There are about 1248 lakes including water bodies which
give an indication of the potential for Fisheries sector in the state.
Fish farming has been successfully introduced in the private sector and under
various state and centrally sponsored schemes, viz, the Prime Minister’s package,
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), National Mission for Protein Supplement
(NMPS), a total of 1237 fish ponds/trout units have been established to provide
employment opportunities.
The State Government established reservoir fisheries, recreational fisheries,

wholesale fish market and retail fish antlets to encourage fish farming. Moreover,
two centrally sponsored schemes for welfare of fishermen are in operation in the
state.
Departments for Development of Animal Husbandry

Jammu and Kashmir Animal Husbandry Department
There are two departments of Animal Husbandry in Jammu and Kashmir, one is for
Jammu and the other is for Kashmir. The Kashmir Animal Husbandry Department
was established in the year 1927 by the then Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
After 1947, with the strong demand of the development of animal husbandry,
agriculture and allied sectors, the Civil Veterinary Department got transformed into
the Animal Husbandry Department of Kashmir. The Jammu Animal Husbandry
Department was established in 1982 by the State Government. The main objectives
of the department are to improve the livestock of the state and socio-economic
upliftment of the poor farmers.
Department of Animal and Sheep Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir

The department of Animal and Sheep Husbandry of Jammu and Kashmir plays a
very important role for the overall development of the livestock of the state. Some
functions of the department are:
n
It monitors overall matters relating to production, protection and improvement of
livestock, dairy and poultry of the state.
n
It implements and evaluates the Central Acts, Schemes and Developmental
Programmes in the state.
n
It also ensures financial and administrative regulations of the state in respect of
implement various central and state plan schemes regarding livestock.
Major Schemes/Programmes of Animal Husbandry

Important schemes and programmes of animal husbandry in Jammu and Kashmir are
discussed below:
Frozen Semen Project In 1980, the Frozen Semen Project at Ranbirgarh was started
under Indo-Danish programme. The Danish Government provided the required
equipments for production and processing of Frozen Semen. The Frozen Semen
Project is catering to the centres in Kashmir valley, Kargil and Ladakh districts.
The objectives of this project are as follows:
n
Increasing milk production of individual cows.
n
To implement cattle breeding policy in the state.
n
To produce and distribute the graded quality germplasm in order to genetically
upgrade the local cattle breeds.
Establishment and Strengthening of Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries (ESVHD)

Establishment of new hospitals and dispensaries of the department is taken up
under the scheme for strengthening the infrastructure for providing proper and
timely healthcare to the sheep and goat production in Jammu and Kashmir.
Integrated Sample Survey (ISS) The scheme is funded by Department of Animal
Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Government of India on 100% central share.
This scheme has been taken up by Sheep Husbandry Department, Jammu in Pooch,
Rajouri, Udhampur and Reasi district of Jammu division. The State Government
took some initiative by taking the new steps like
n
Mini-sheep farms are established in different districts of Jammu division.
n
Genetic improvement and construction of existing labs.
n
Strengthening of government farms by way of land development.
n
Improvement of goat in Private Sector for Mutton and Milch.
Livestock Health And Disease Control It is a centrally sponsored scheme which is
being implemented since 10th Five Year Plan (2002-07). It has been revised in
August 2010 and during 12th Five Year Plan. During 2015-16, the scheme has been
categorised under state plan as ‘Veterinary Services and Animal Health’. Later, it
merged with scheme ‘Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana’ as ‘Veterinary Services’.
National Livestock Mission This mission was launched in the year 2014-15 by the
Central Government. It aims to improve livestock production systems both
quantitatively and qualitatively and also enhance capacity building of all stakeholders
of livestock economy. NLM is being implemented in all the states of India. This
scheme mainly covers development of poultry, fodder, skill development and
employment generation components.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The majority of the local inhabitants of 9 Yaks are mainly found in
Jammu and Kashmir depend on which of (a) Kashmir region
the following for their livelihood? (b) Ladakh region
(a) Animal Husbandry (c) Jammu region
(b) Horticulture (d) All over the state
(c) Sericulture
(d) None of these 10 Jammu and Kashmir ranks 2nd in India in
the population of
2 Livestock have formed an integral part of (a) Cows (b) Buffaloes
the economy, animals are valued for their (c) Yaks (d) Goats
(a) meat, hides, bones
(b) dairy product 11 Jammu and Kashmir is in 2nd position in
(c) provide income and employment India in terms of population of
(d) All of the above (a) Horses/Ponies
(b) Mules
3 The highest livestock population is found (c) Goats
in which region of Jammu and Kashmir? (d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) Jammu
(b) Kashmir 12 Jammu and Kashmir has high number of
(c) Ladakh local breed of which livestock than Punjab
(d) All of the above state?
(a) Cattle (b) Goats
4 The state of Jammu and Kashmir ranks 5th (c) Rabbits (d) None of these
in India in the population of
(a) Sheep (b) Mules 13 There is a tremendous growth in the
(c) Yaks (d) Donkeys poultry industry in
(a) the public sector
5 Fine quality of wools are found from the (b) the private sector
breed of sheep like (c) as the small scale industry
(a) Merino (d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Remboulette
(c) Kedarnath 14 Some poultry projects of Jammu and
(d) Both (a) and (b) Kashmir are established in
(a) Hariparbath
6 The Changthangi, Poonchi, Gaddi are (b) Mattan
names of the famous breeds of which (c) Sumbal
livestock of Jammu and Kashmir? (d) All of the above
(a) Goats (b) Sheep
(c) Yak (d) Buffaloes 15 How many lakes are there in the state of
Jammu and Kashmir?
7 The high quality fabric ‘Pashmina Wool’ is (a) 1500 (b) 1248
obtained from which of the following (c) 1350 (d) 1450
livestock?
(a) Sheep (b) Yak 16 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana and
(c) Goat (d) Camel National Mission for Protein Supplement
are developing
8 The pastoral farming of Pashmina goats is (a) Fish farming
done in (b) Poultry farming
(a) Shopian (b) Nubra (c) Leather goods industry
(c) Khalsi (d) Changthang area (d) None of the above
17 The Kashmir Animal Husbandry 22 Livestock Health and Disease Control

Department was established by the then Scheme was launched in which Five Year
Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir in the Plan?
year (a) First (b) Third
(a) 1910 (b) 1920 (c) 1927 (d) 1930 (c) Sixth (d) Tenth
18 Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu 23 National Livestock Mission came in which

was established in year?
(a) 1920 (b) 1940 (a) 2001-02 (b) 2005-06
(c) 1962 (d) 1982 (c) 2010-11 (d) 2014-15
19 The Frozen Semen project was started 24 Which one is not correct?
under which programme? (a) Sheep Bakerwali
(a) Indo-French
(b) Indo-Spanish (b) Goat Changra
(c) Indo-German (c) Yak Gaddi
(d) Indo-Danish
(d) Fish Trout
20 The Frozen Semen Project at Ranbirgarh is
catering to the centres in 25 Consider the following statements
(a) Kashmir valley i. The Jammu Animal Husbandry
(b) Kargil Department was established in 1985
(c) Ladakh by the State Government.
(d) All of the above ii. The department monitors overall
matters relating to production,
21 Integrated Sample Survey (ISS) has been protection and improvement of
taken up by Sheep Husbandry livestock, dairy and poultry of the
Department, Jammu in state.
(a) Poonch, Rajouri (a) Both i and ii
(b) Udhampur, Reasi (b) Only i
(c) Gurez, Guzrau (c) Only ii
(d) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (c)
CHAPTER 12
INDUSTRIES OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Industries are very important for the development of a region. But
due to geographical location and severe climatic conditions,
Jammu and Kashmir has not achieved a good level of large scale
industrial development. However, the state has abundant cottage
industries that produces handloom fabrics is wool and silk that are
famous for their exquisite craftswork.
The Industrial Sector of Jammu and Kashmir is playing an important role in the
economic development of the State and in generating employment opportunities for
the unemployed youth. The state has developed many small and medium scale
industries like, food processing, textile industries, agro-based industries, handlooms,
handicrafts industries, etc. Hosiery, basic metal products, wood and food products
and handloom industries form the industrial base of Jammu and Kashmir.
Major Industries of Jammu and Kashmir

As per Economic Survey 2017-18, Jammu and Kashmir has about 103 large and
medium scale industries and 32226 small scale registered units. Some major
industrial areas in Jammu and Kashmir are industrial growth centre in Samba,
integrated infrastructure development in Udhampur, industrial complex in Bari
Brahmana, industrial estate in Zabura and industrial growth centre in Ompora.
Some of the major industries of the stv ate are discussed below:
Agro-based Industries
Agro-based industries uses raw materials from agriculture and allied activities. These
are as follows:
Processing of Rice
Rice is the staple food of the state and is extensively grown in the plain areas of the
Jammu division and Kashmir region.
Srinagar has a rice mill at Barbarshah which is quite large and several other small
scale set up of flour mills. A modern rice factory was set up Lethpora (Pulwama
district) in 1981. Soap-making industry uses fatty oil which comes from rice husk
and rice bran. Therefore, it is also a small scale industry in the state.
Food Processing Industry

Apples, walnut, cherry, peach, orchards and pear are extensively grown in the
Kashmir valley. These are used in the industries which are indulged in processing of
fruits, making jam, jelly, juice, fruit canning, etc. Baramulla and Anantnag districts
have many fruit processing and canning factories.
Silk Industry
Silk textile is one of the most ancient industries of Jammu and Kashmir state.
Kashmiri silk goods are renowned the world over for their quality, colour and shades.
During the medieval period, the Mughals were the great lovers of silken clothes.
They patronised this industry in the Valley of Kashmir. This industry provides raw
material for shawl making, carpet, gabha, namda, hosiery and embroidery making.
Moreover, it helps in the utilisation of culturable waste and less productive tracts for
the various activities of silk textile. Silk clusters are being developed in the state at
Nowshera in Jammu and Srinagar.
Forest-Based Industries
The state has a large area under forest cover which provides raw materials to a
number of forest-based industries, e.g. paper, pulp, delicate boxes, match, joinery,
sports goods, furniture, toys, artefacts, etc. These are found mainly in the Kashmir
valley. Joinery mills are mills that combine different wooden items to provide a
complete set. They are large wholesale dealers of wooden furnitures also. Joinery
mills are mainly found in Srinagar, especially along the Srinagar-Baramulla Road,
Pampore and Jammu regions. Sports goods factory is mainly found in Miran-Sahib
( Jammu district) and rural areas of Anantnag district.
Forest produce like lac is used for manufacture of polish, gramophone-records,
printing ink and adhesive, etc. Boat industry is also found in Kashmir region which
is quite old in the state.
Wood Carving
Wood carving is a traditional industry in the state specially in the Kashmir region
that has abundant supply of walnut trees and willow trees (for sports goods). Wood
carving is a form of cottage industry where craftsmen etch floral and other patterns
on wood by using mallet and chisel. It is done on furniture items like coffee tables,
chairs, writing desks, decorative panels and articles of personal use like jewellery
boxes, photo frames, etc. Bijbahera in South Kashmir is an important centre for
wood carving industry.
Resins and Turpentine Industry

Resins and turpentine oil are forest products that form the base of many chemical
industries. Resin processing and manufacturing centres are situated at Miran Sahib
( Jammu), Sunderbaui (Rajouri). Resin is collected from pine trees in Jammu region.
The resin and turpentine oil is obtained from the forests and processed into useful
products.
Papier Mache
This is a cottage industry that uses lacquer which is made of resin which is a forest
product. Pen boxes, tables, cabinet, trays, jewellery boxes are made of papier mache.
It has a huge international market. This industry in confined to the city of Srinagar
and its adjacent areas.
Handloom Industry
It is an old age traditional occupation of people of Jammu and Kashmir in which
weaving by hand is done by local people of the state. It is a major cottage industry of
the state. Important handloom fabrics of the state are Pashmina shawls, Raffal
shawls, Kani shawls, Kishtwari blankets, Silk sarees, Chashme Bul Bul blankets in
hilly areas, cotton check bed sheets and long cloth of woven coarse threads
(especially in Jammu and Kathua districts). Block printed bedsheets of Samba
district are very famous.
The state has about more than 3000 handloom units and more than 500 registered
handloom industrial cooperative societies. The state has about 100 training centres
which provide training in making readymade garments, Pashmina Spinning Kani
shawl weaving, etc.
Carpet Industry
Carpet making or weaving is one of the oldest industries of the state. Carpets
(Kaleens) are made by using coarse cotton and woolen threads. Silk and synthetic
fibers are also used to make design patterns. Silken carpets occupy an international
market. Therefore carpet making is a key economic activity of the state. The main
carpet manufacturing centres are in Srinagar, the Cottage Industry Exposition
(CAE), Kashmiri Carpet Factory, Oriental Carpet Factory and John Carpet Factory.
Namda and Gohha are woolen carpets of Kashmir that are very popular.
Woolen Textile Industry
It consist of two type of products. The shawls that are woven with soft, fine woolen
threads combined with silk and fine cotton threads. They are quite expensive and
exclusive. The other is blankets and darries (coarse carpets) that are woven with very
thick woolen threads. They are also in great demand due to their quality to retain
warmth during winters. Darries use both woolen and thick cotton threads. Karan
Nagar, Bemina, Naushera (Srinagar) are major centres of woolen textiles. Jammu is
famous for woolen hosiery items.
Mineral-Based Industry
The state of Jammu and Kashmir has a number of mineral based industries. These
industries are mainly found in Srinagar, Budgam, Pulwama, Anantnag, Baramulla,
Kupwara, Leh, Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur and Poonch districts of the state.
Cement Industry
The state has many cement factories. e.g. Wuyan Cement factory is located at
Srinagar which is the largest cement supplier in the Kashmir valley. It was
established in 1962. It gets its raw materials from Uri and Baramulla. Another large
cement factory is located at Khrew in Pulwama district. It was established in 1982.
It is known as the Jammu and Kashmir Cements Ltd.
Metalwares
Brassware, copperware and silverwares form an important mineral based industry of
the state. The wares comprises of Samovars (tea kettle), pots, mantel pieces, statues
and other household items. Exquisite motifs are etched on the wares that show the
artwork of skilled craftsmen. These metalwares are famous in national and
international market.
Tourism Industry
Jammu and Kashmir provides vast scope for the development of tourism sector in
the state. The state is a global tourist destination and also provides scope for
adventure, pilgrimage, spiritual and health tourism. Jammu is known as City of
Temples whereas Kashmir valley is well-known for its lakes and gardens. Ladakh
which is also known as Little Tibet is famous for its perfect mountains and
Buddhist culture. This sector is one of the major contributors to the state’s economy
and also provides employment opportunities to both skilled and unskilled persons.
The State Government is working hard to develop the tourism sector of the state.
Information Technology (IT) Industry

It is a developing industry and emerging sector in Jammu and Kashmir which
provide direct employment to more than two million youths. It has a great scope for
development as there is a provision of increased investment in IT industry under the
State Industrial Policy. It is often referred as Sunrise Industry.
The State Government has established two Software Technology Parks (STP) at
Rangreth in Srinagar district and at Ompora in Budgam district. The state has also
achieved many developments in the IT sectors like Wi-fi facility at tourist locations
and civil secretariats in Jammu and Srinagar, e-Public Distribution System,
development of Computerised Personal Information System (CPIS), etc.
IT Kiosks named ‘e-khidmat centres’ are developed to provide IT services in villages
which are considered the base of cottage industries.
Important Public and Private Sector Industries (Large Industrial Units)

Industries Location
Woollen Textile Industries Srinagar, Karan Nagar, Bernina, Nowshera, Anantnag
Silk Industry Srinagar
Wool Combing Industry Bari Brahmana (Samba district, Jammu)
India Telephone Industry Hyderpora (Srinagar) (a branch of ITI Bengaluru)
Jammu and Kashmir Industries Baramulla in Kashmir (produces pharmaceuticals and
matches)
Hindustan Lever Ltd. Bari Brahmana, (Jammu)
HMT Watches Factory Zainakote in Srinagar (a branch of HMT, Bengaluru)
Cement Factory Wuyan (Srinagar), Reasi district, Basholi (Kathua
district)
Sports Goods Factory Miran Sahib (Jammu)
Brick and Tile Industry Pampore (Pulwama district), Bari Brahmana (Samba
district)
Rice Flour Mills Jammu, RS Pura (Jammu district), Vijaypur (Samba
district), Kathua, Hiranagar (Kathua district) in Jammu
region. Srinagar, Awantipora (Pulwama district),
Baramulla, Sapore (Baramulla district) and Anantnag in
Kashmir region.
Biscuit Factory Gangyal, (Jammu district)
Bottling Company Gangyal (Jammu district)
Cottage Industries in Jammu and Kashmir

Popular cottage industries in Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Jammu Region
Industries Location
Calico Printing Samba and Jammu districts
Utensils Making Kathua and Jammu districts
Chappals and Shoes Muthi (Jammu district)
Wines RS Pura, Simbal Camp (Jammu district) and Bari Brahmana
(Samba district)
Bee-keeping Bhaderwah (Doda district), Basholi (Kathua district), Bishnah
(Jammu district) and Ramnagar (Udhampur district)
Nara Making Bishnah (Jammu district)
Kashmir Valley Region

Industries Location
Shawls Kashmir valley
Carpets Srinagar
Namdas Srinagar and its suburbs
Gabbas Anantnag
Pattu and Lois Srinagar, Bandipora, Shopian district of Kashmir
valley region
Papier Mache Rainawari (Srinagar district)
Silver Waves Kashmir valley
Wicker Willow Harwan, Hazratbal, Soura, Sheltang (Srinagar district)
Embroidery (locally known as Kashmir valley
Kashidakari)
Khuttam Bandi Kashmir valley
Industrial Clusters in Jammu and Kashmir

Industry Place
Industrial Complex Bari Brahmana (Jammu)
Industrial Estate Gangyal (Jammu)
Industrial Growth Centre Samba (Jammu)
Export Promotion Industrial Park Katholi (Jammu)
Industrial Area Kathua
Integrated Infrastructure Development Project Udhampur
Electronic Complex Rangreth (Srinagar)
Industrial Complex Khanmoh (Srinagar)
Industrial Complex Zainakote (Srinagar)
Industrial Complex Zakura (Srinagar)
Industrial Growth Centre Ompora (Budgam)
Industrial Complex Lassipora (Pulwana)
Special Economic Zone

The state of Jammu and Kashmir has nine Special Economic Zones set up so far.
Economic zones in Rangreth, Khamoh, Zainakote and Zakura lies in Kashmir while
economic zones of Bari Brahma, Gangyal, Katholi and Samba lies in Jammu.
Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)

The first state owned enterprise which set up in the year 1960 was Jammu and
Kashmir Minerals Limited. It was set up to exploit mineral resources and
establishing mineral based industries in the state. In 1963, the Jammu and Kashmir
Industries Limited ( JKL) was set up.
Though PSUs were set up in the state for the industrial development but these face
heavy losses except some PSUs i.e. Jammu and Kashmir Power Development
Corporation Limited, Jammu and Kashmir Minerals Limited, Jammu and Kashmir
Projects Construction Corporation and Jammu and Kashmir Handloom
Development Corporation.
The State Government has closed two corporations namely Jammu and Kashmir
Himalayan Wool Combers Limited and its subsidiary Jammu and Kashmir
Handlooms, Handicrafts, Raw Material Supplies Organisation after declaring them
sick. As per MOU (Memorandum of Understanding), the Indain Government
withdraws 10% budgetary support annually since 1998-99 to phase out the sick and
non performing units from Jammu and Kashmir.
Industrial Policy of Jammu and Kashmir, 2016

The first Industrial Policy of Jammu and Kashmir came in the year 1995. However,
the first detailed and comprehensive State Industrial Policy came in the year 2004.
In order to attract subtantial investment in the state’s industries and generate huge
employment by utilising the available resources, the Jammu and Kashmir
Government has launched the New Industrial Policy in March, 2016. It aims to
promote industries in the state within a duration of ten years i.e. from 2016 to 2026.
The State Government has divided the districts into two zones depending upon the
level of industrial development. They are as follows:
Zone Districts
Zone A (a) Srinagar, Budgam, Pulwama, Candarbal, Baramulla, Anantnag in
Kashmir region
(b) Jammu, Udhampur, Samba and Kathua in Jammu region.
Zone B (a) Kulgam, Shopian, Bandipora and Kupwara in Kashmir region
(b) Reasi, Ramban, Dada, Kishtwar, Rajouri, Poonch in Jammu region
(c) Leh and Kargil in Ladakh region
The Industrial Policy of Jammu and Kashmir, 2016 has the following objectives:
n
To encourage industrial development of all the three regions of the state along
with employment generation.
n
To promote cottage industries in Handicrafts and Handlooms sectors in order to
provide employment to a large number of skilled and unskilled labour.
n
To encourage the Hi-Tech and knowledge based industries including Electronics and
Information Technology and also promote the growth of thrust industries in the state.
n
To create a pool of skilled/technical manpower through the promotion of Human
Resources Development (HRD) and Technical Education.
n
To attract an investment of ` 2000 crores in the manufacturing, trade and service
sectors.
n
To establish green industries, use green technologies, pollution control devices and
encourage eco-friendly and environmentally sustainable industrial growth in the
state.
Government Departments for Industrial Development

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Institute, Jammu
and Kashmir (MSME)
It was formally known as Small Industries Service Institute. It was established in
1958 at Srinagar. It works for all the districts of the state. It provides services for the
development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the state. For example, it
provides facilities for consultancy services in the fields of Mechanical, Metallurgy,
Electrical, Leather and Footwear, Glass and Ceramic, Chemical and Biotechnology.
Jammu and Kashmir Industries Limited

It is a State Owned Company incorporated in October, 1963. The main objective/
functions of the company as per its Memorandum and Articles of Association aims
to run, manufacture and administer the State Industrial Undertaking in a manner
that would ensure their economical working.
Jammu and Kashmir Khadi and Village Industries Boards (KVIB)

This board was established under the Act namely, Jammu and Kashmir Khadi and
Village Industries Board Act, 1965. The Chief aim of this board is to develop,
organise, regulate and encourage Khadi and Village industries in the state of Jammu
and Kashmir. This Act has been amended two times i.e. in 1966 and in 1973.
The main objectives of the KVIB are: to provide employment, produce saleable
items/products, to build up a strong rural community spirit and create self-reliance
amongst the poors and to promote co-operative societies for Khadi and Village
industries in the state.
State Industrial Development Corporation, Jammu and Kashmir (SIDCO)

SIDCO was established in 1967 to accelerate the industrial development in Jammu
and Kashmir. It works as a nodal agency to promote and develop different types of
industries in the state. It has been assigned many projects for the development of
industry in the state, such as to identify technically and financially viable projects for
the state, to develop infrastructural facilities for medium/large scale industrial
projects. It already has established 7 industrial estates in the state and provides them
infrastructure facilities. and it is also working in the direction to establish Industrial
Growth Centres and Export Promotion Industrial Parks in both Jammu region and
Kashmir region and providing them infrastructure facilities.
Directorate of Industries and Commerce (DIC)

It was established in the year 1970 along with the process of new industrialisation in
Jammu and Kashmir. In 2007, it has divided into two branches namely, Directorate
of Jammu and Directorate of Kashmir division.
The major functions of this department are to promote and develop industries in the
state, to plan and develop industrial estates in Jammu and Kashmir, to provide
rehabilitation to sick industrial units, to implement Prime Minister’s Employment
Generation Programme (PMEGP) and to coordinate industrial activities with
SIDCO, SICOP and Government of India.
Small-Scale Industries Development Corporation Limited (SICOP)

It was established in 1975. It is a fully owned organisation of Jammu and Kashmir
Government which works to promote and develop the Small Scale Industries in the
state. The main objectives of this corporation are to promote sustainable industrial
development in all the regions of the state, to promote modernisation in the existing
industrial units for a fair and good competition and to encourage research and
development in the industrial sector.
Industrial and Technical Consultancy Organisation Limited (ITCO)

It was established in 1977. It is a Public Sector Undertaking promoted by all India
Financial Institutions such as SIDBI, IFCI Ltd, Jammu and Kashmir Bank in
collaboration with Nationalised Banks and State Level Corporations and
Institutions such as Jammu and Kashmir SIDCO, Jammu and Kashmir SFC and
Jammu and Kashmir SICOP. It is engaged in providing low cost consultancy
services in almost all spheres especially preparing detailed project reports, skill
development training, capacity building, market research study, monitoring and
evaluation, etc.
Jammu and Kashmir Handloom Development Corporation Limited

The Jammu and Kashmir Handloom Development Corporation Limited was
established in 1981. It was mainly set up to undertake the promotion of handloom
sector of the state and to implement centrally sponsored projects.
The main objectives of this corporation are as follows:
n
To enable weavers by providing resources, technical and managerial assistance so
that they could improve their methods of manufacturing, production techniques
and marketing.
n
To set up production/design centres, processing houses and provide manufacturing
of handloom items and raw material required by handloom industry.
n
To participate and organise exhibitions and trade fairs, to display and exhibit the
handloom products of the state handloom industry.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The industrial base of Jammu and 9 Papier Mache Industry is located at
Kashmir consists mainly of (a) Srinagar
(a) handlooms (b) Bandipora
(b) basic metal products (c) Shopian
(c) wood and food products (d) Anantnag
10 Important handloom fabrics of Jammu and
2 Rice mill is located in which district of Kashmir are
Jammu and Kashmir? (a) Pashmina Shawls
(a) Srinagar (b) Pulwama (b) Raffal Shawls
(c) Baramulla (d) Both (a) and (b) (c) Kani Shawls
3 Which district in Jammu and Kashmir is
known for the location of fruit processing 11 Chashme Bul Bul is a variety of
and canning industries? (a) Saree (b) Blanket
(a) Doda (b) Rajouri (c) Jewellery (d) Handicraft
(c) Anantnag (d) Leh
12 Which district of Jammu and Kashmir is
4 Fruit processing and canning factories are famous for Block printed bedsheets and
located in which places of Jammu and Masnads?
Kashmir? (a) Kathua
(a) Jammu (b) Baramulla (b) Kishtwar
(c) Anantnag (d) Both (b) and (c) (c) Samba
(d) Srinagar
5 Joinery mills an mainly found in which
place of Jammu and Kashmir? 13 Which of the following is/are the main
(a) Baramulla-Srinagar road carpet manufacturing centres?
(b) Pampore (a) Cottage Industry Exposition
(c) Srinagar (b) Kashmiri Carpet factory
(d) All of the above (c) John Carpet factory
6 The traditional industry of wood carving
generally uses wood of which tree found 14 Karan Nagar, Bemina, Naushera are major
abundantly in the state of Jammu and centres of which industry?
Kashmir? (a) Silk Industry
(a) Bamboo (b) Walnut (b) Silverwares
(c) Pine (d) Teak (c) Fruit Processing
(d) Woolen Textile Industry
7 Resin processing and manufacturing
factories are located at which regions of 15 Mineral-based industries are located at
Jammu and Kashmir? which place of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Jammu (b) Rajouri (a) Kupwara (b) Leh
(c) Anantnag (d) Both (a) and (b) (c) Kathua (d) All of these
8 Which among the following flourishing 16 Which among the following metal in made
in Jammu and Kashmir uses forest into beautiful wares with exquisite
products? carvings on it?
(a) Carpet Industry (a) Gold
(b) Resin and Turpentine Industry (b) Aluminium
(c) Papier Mache (c) Copper
(d) Both (b) and (c) (d) Bronze
17 Wuyan Cement Industry is located at 27 Jammu and Kashmir Minerals limited was
which district of Jammu and Kashmir? set up in which year?
(a) Jammu (b) Anantnag (a) 1901 (b) 1930
(c) Srinagar (d) Pulwama (c) 1960 (d) 1990
18 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir is 28 The first state owned enterprise of Jammu
known as ‘City of Temples’? and Kashmir was
(a) Jammu (a) Jammu and Kashmir Minerals Limited
(b) Kashmir (b) Jammu and Kashmir Handicrafts
(c) Ladakh Corporation Limited
(d) None of the above (c) Jammu and Kashmir Cements Limited
(d) Jammu and Kashmir Forest
19 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir is
Corporation Limited
known as ‘Little Tibet’?
(a) Kashmir 29 In the year 1963 which public sector
(b) Jammu undertaking was set up in Jammu and
(c) Ladakh Kashmir?
(d) None of the above (a) Jammu and Kashmir Handloom
Development Corporation Limited
20 Which industry of Jammu and Kashmir is
(b) Jammu and Kashmir Industries
known as ‘Sunrise Industry’?
Limited
(a) Silk Industry
(c) Jammu and Kashmir Cements Limited
(b) Food Processing Industry
(d) Jammu and Kashmir State Road
(c) Information Technology Industry
Transport Corporation Limited
(d) Tourism Industry
21 Software technology park is set up at which 30 Which Public Sector Corporations have
place is Jammu and Kashmir? been wind up by the State Government of
(a) Srinagar (b) Budgam
Jammu and Kashmir?
(c) Kathua (d) Both (a) and (b) (a) Jammu and Kashmir Himalayan Wool
Cambers Limited
22 India Telephone Industry is located in (b) Jammu and Kashmir Handlooms,
(a) Anantnag (b) Srinagar Handicrafts, Raw Material Supplies
(c) Jammu (d) Kathua Organisation
(c) Jammu and Kashmir Horticulture
23 Jammu and Kashmir Industries for Production, Marketing and Processing
pharmaceuticals is located at Corporation Limited
(a) Bari Brahmana (d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Zainakote
(c) Wuyan 31 The First Industrial Policy of Jammu and
(d) Baramulla Kashmir came in the year.
(a) 1947 (b) 1965 (c) 1995 (d) 2001
24 HMT Watches Factory is located at
(a) Zainakote (b) Reasi 32 The New Industrial Policy of Jammu and
(c) Miran Sahib (d) Pampore Kashmir came in the year?
(a) 2001 (b) 2004 (c) 2010 (d) 2016
25 Which of the following factories are located
at Gangyal? 33 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise
(a) Biscuit factory Development Institute Jammu and
(b) Bottling company Kashmir was established in
(c) Rice and flour mill (a) 1924 (b) 1930
(d) Both (a) and (b) (c) 1958 (d) 1990
26 Calico Printing Industry is located in 34 Jammu and Kashmir Khadi and Village
(a) Samba (b) Kathua Industries Board came in the year?
(c) Jammu (d) Both (a) and (c) (a) 1958 (b) 1965 (c) 1972 (d) 1980
35 Which of the following government Codes

department was set up in 1970 along with A B C D
the process of new industrialisation in (a) 1 4 3 2
Jammu and Kashmir? (b) 2 3 4 1
(a) SICOP (b) DIC (b) 4 1 2 3
(c) SIDCO (d) MSME (b) 3 2 1 4
36 Match the following 37 Consider the following statements

1. SIDCO was formed in 1967 to
List I List II promote the development of
industrial units.
A. J&K KVIB 1.To provide low cost
consultancy services to 2. Several SEZs are being developed in
industries the state for the promotion of
industries in Jammu and Srinagar.
B. J&K SIDCO 2.To develop strong rural 3. Ladakh has major concentration of
industries carpet industries
C. J&K SICOP 3.To develop infrastructure Which of the following in true?
for small industries (a) Only 1 and 2
(b) Only 2 and 3
D. J&K ITCO 4.To develop small scale
(c) Only 1 and 3
industries
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (a)
CHAPTER 13
ENERGY SOURCES OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Jammu and Kashmir has tremendous renewable energy sources
such as wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy biogas and
water resources for hydropower, etc. Despite of having many energy
sources, the state is still one of the energy starved states of India
due to many reasons.
The per capita consumption of power in the state is 993 units which is very near to
India’s per capita consumption of 1075 units. The Jammu and Kashmir State has
sufficient resources that are not harnessed property. If these resources are harnessed
on priority, they could transform its economy and bring socio-economic
development. Among the major natural resources, water as a resource forms the base
for its hydroelectric power.
Hydro Power in Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir is a hydropower generating state. As per Economic Survey
2017-18, It has about 20000 Megawatts (MW) hydropower potential. The state has
identified only 16475 MW hydropower potential (out of the total), out of which
only 20% has been exploited (of identified potential). The Chenab river basin has
the highest power potential (11283 MW) followed by Jhelum river basin
(3084 MW), Indus river basin (1608 MW) and Ravi river baisn (500 MW).
Major Power Projects

The major power projects in the state are Baglihar hydropower project (Doda
district), Salal hydropower project (Reasi/Udhampur districts), Uri (8 km from
Baramulla district) and Dul Hasti hydropower project (Kishtwar district). As the
demand for electricity is increasing day by day, there is a need to enhance the power
generation capacity of the state.
Energy Sources of Jammu and Kashmir 105
Some major power projects of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:

Baglihar Hydro Power Project It is a power project on the Chenab river in the
Southern Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. The construction of this project
started in 1999. It has a total installed capacity is 900 MW. It is divided into two
stages i.e. Stage I and Stage II. The Stage I of the Baglihar Dam was commissioned
in 2005 which has installed capacity of 450 MW. The Stage II of the Baglihar Dam
was commissioned in 2008 which also has installed capacity of 450 MW.
Salal Hydro Power Project It is a power project on the Chenab river in
the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir. The construction of this project started in
1970. It has a total capacity of 690 MW. It is divided into two stages i.e. Stage I and
Stage II. The Stage I was commissioned in 1987 which has installed capacity of 345
MW. The Stage II was commissioned in 1995 which also has installed capacity of
345 MW.
Uri Hydro Power Project It is a power project on the Jhelum river near Uri in
Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located very near to the Line of
Control, the between India and Pakistan. The project is largely built under a hill
with a 10 km tunnel. It was commissioned in 1997. It has installed capacity of 480
MW.
Dul Hasti Hydro Power Project It is a power project in Kishtwar district of Jammu
and Kashmir built on Chandra river, a tributary of Chenab river. It was
commissioned in 2007. It consists of a 70 m (230 ft) tall gravity dam. It has installed
capacity of 390 MW.
Other Projects Running in the State

The Northern state of Jammu and Kashmir is a mountainous state of India. Some of
the hydro electric projects in this state do not has much water storage facilities due
to lack of flat lands. Such projects are called run of the river hydro electricity project.
These are as follows :
Name River District and Year
Ratle Hydroelectric Project Chenab Doda, under construction from
June 2013
Pakal Dul Project Marusadar Kishtwar
(tributary of Chenab)
Dumkhar Project Indus Leh, 2003
Nimoo Bazgo Project Indus Alchi village, Leh, 12th August,
2014
Chutak Project Suru (tributary of Indus) Kargil, January 2013
Kishanganga Project Kishanganga (tributary of Bandipore, Halted due to water
Jhelum) sharing controversy with
Pakistan
Sewa Project Sewa River Kathua, 2010
(tributary of Ravi)
106 Know Your State Jammu and Kashmir
Minor Power Projects

Projects Installed Capacity (MW) Location
Ganderbal 15 Srinagar
Upper Sindh-I, II, III 105 Srinagar
Karnah 12 Kupwara
Chenani-I,II, III 30 Udhampur
Iqbal 3.75 Kargil
Sumoor 0.10 Nobra (Leh)
Igo-Mercellong 3 Leh
Haftal 1 Zanskar (Kargil)
Marpachoo 0.75 Drass (Kargil
Stakna 4 Leh
Sanjak 1.26 Kargil
Jammu and Kashmir Hydroelectric Projects Development

Policy, 2017
The new Jammu and Kashmir Hydroelectric Projects Development Policy came in
2017. This policy came after 2011 Hydroelectric Projects Development Policy. The
main aim of this policy is to facilitate the partnerships with private sector and work
in a time bound manner and also to implement the hydropower projects in an
environmentally sustainable manner. This policy includes all the hydel projects
which have a capacity above 10 MW to 100 MW. Any of the private sector entities,
public sector entities, State Governments or non-government entities or their joint
ventures are eligible to generate power under this policy. Jammu and Kashmir State
Power Development Corporation ( JKSPDC) is the nodal agency of this policy.
Renewable Energy Source in Jammu and Kashmir

The state has some sources of renewable energy. These are as follows:
Solar Energy
The state mainly depends on hydel projects and diesel sets for electricity supply.
Hydel power plants remain closed during winter season due to freezing of river
water and they also remain closed during some of the summer months due to high
siltation in rivers. Due to these situations, the people of the state are compelled to
rely on conventional fuels like coal and lignite which cause environmental hazards.
In September, 2009 about 27 villages of the Gurez tehsil (Bandipora district) got
solar energy-powered electrical lighting systems under the Central Government’s
Remote Village Electrification (RVE) Programme. In order to solve the issue of
repair and maintenance of solar power equipments, the State Government has
opened some Akshay Urja Shops in districts like Jammu, Kishtwar, Srinagar,
Anantnag, Bandipora, Baramulla, Ganderbal, Shopian, Kupwara and Budgam.
These Akshay Urja shops sell, repair renewable energy devices and also provide
information about availability of these energy sources. The State Government has
also provided about 91000 solar lights to households in unelectrified villages of
Jammu and Kashmir under the Remote Village Electrification Programme. The
state also has a rooftop power plant at Katra railway station.
Solar Energy in Ladakh
Ladakh has high potential to tap solar energy (solar radiation) due to its climatic
conditions. It is called the Solar Capital of India. The nodal agency of the Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India and the Ladakh
Renewable Energy Development Agency (LREDA) is trying to implement
renewable energy technologies in this region.
Solar Photovoltaic Technology (SPV)
It is a type of renewable energy technology which enables direct conversion of
sunlight into electricity without moving any parts and without causing pollution.
The SPV device can be used for lighting purpose, to run various equipments of
domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. The Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MMRE), Government of India is working in this direction to promote the
use to SPV in the country by providing subsidy.
Solar Power Policy, 2013
Solar Power Policy was launched in the year 2013 by the Jammu and Kashmir
Government. It came to promote solar energy use in the state and large scale Grid
connected solar power plants to achieve the collective targets set by Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE) by the year 2022.
The main objectives of this policy are as follows:
n
To generate green and clean power in the state by using solar energy.
n
To create environmental consciousness among citizens.
n
To use wastelands in a productive and help in socio-economic transformation.
n
To establish care technical competence in professionals to initiate sustain use and
effective management of newer energy applications.
Geothermal Energy
It is an eco-friendly energy source. The Geological Survey of India has done a
preliminary Survey in Puga valley in Ladakh and estimated that there could be
present around 40 MW of geothermal energy. This can improve the power situation
of the state. Thus, the Government of India is planning to set up 100 MW
goethermal projects in Reasi district and other places of Jammu and Kashmir. The
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has sanctioned about 68 villages of
Anantnag, Kulgam, Budgam, Ganderbal, Pulwama and Shopian for electrification.
Thus, it is the responsibility of the State Government to develop geo-thermal energy
in a planned way.
108 Know Your State Jammu and Kashmir
Biogas
It is a safe and renewable source of energy. Jammu and Kashmir has a potential to
develop this source of energy, as the state has good number of livestock population
which can provide a large amount of dung to produce biogas. The state has more
than 2000 biogas plants. Jammu region has more number of biogas plants as
compared to Kashmir valley region, because Kashmir valley has temperate climatic
conditions which reduce the capacity to generate biogas during winter season.
In order to remove such obstacle, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Sciences and
Technology of Kashmir, with the help of Department of Science and Technology,
Government of India, has developed such biogas technology which could help to
produce biogas even in temperate climatic conditions. Some areas of Jammu and
Kashmir have model biogas plants i.e. Rohama in Baramulla. New Theed town
(Srinagar district) and Safapora village (Ganderbal district).
Wind Energy
Some districts of Jammu and Kashmir has a potential to generate wind energy such
as Leh (7000 kwh), Kupwara (5500 kwh), Anantnag, Baramulla and Udhampur
(5000 kwh each). Thus, it is expected from the State Government to play a major
role to develop and utilise such valuable energy source for the welfare of the state.
Government Departments
Jammu and Kashmir State Power Development Corporation ( JKSPDC) The Jammu
and Kashmir State Power Development Corporation ( JKSPDC) is a private limited
company which was established by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir on 16th
February, 1995. The main functions of this corporation are to takeover, execute,
complete, operate and maintain all power stations and power projects of the state.
JKSPDC have the right to include projects above 100 MW or exclude projects
below 100 MW in the state.
Jammu and Kashmir Energy Development Agency ( JAKEDA) JAKEDA is a
government agency set up in 1989 formed under the Department of Science and
Technology. It is a nodal agency for the promotion of renewable energy programmes.
n
To plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of electric
power in all its aspects.
n
To investigate, research, design and preparation of preliminary feasibility and
detailed project reports.
n
Construction, generation, operation and maintenance of power stations and sale of
power and construction of transmission lines and ancillary works for timely and
coordinated supply of power.
State Government Initiatives

Saubhagya Scheme The State Government launched the Saubhagya Scheme is
December 2012 which is also known as Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana. It aims to
provide free electricity connections to poor people in the state. The scheme is
collaborating with the Central Government scheme to provide free electricity
connections to poor people.
Ujala Scheme This is a Central Government run scheme, in the state of Jammu and
Kashmir along with other states. Under this scheme, the State Government
distributes the LED bulbs among the people. Consumers can purchase upto 5 LED
bulbs at a rate of ` 20 each. This will reduce the electricity cost. Under this scheme,
7 and 9 Watt bulbs are being distributed in the state. People are required to show
their past electricity bills or identity cards.
Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana It is a Central Government scheme for
100% rural electrification. A total of 14 small schemes are sanctioned to be
commissioned in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh regions. It targets below poverty line
families and provides electricity in remote areas of the state.
First Thermal Power Project

The state faces severe power shortage in winters due to freezing of the rivers.
To combat this situation, the state signed an agreement with National
Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and J&K State Power Development
Corporation. The project will generate 660 MW of energy. Kundanli-Luburi
coal mine in Odisha is allocated for this project.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The Jammu and Kashmir has abundant 4 Baghlihar power project is located in
water resources and great potential for (a) Doda (b) Kathua
hydropower, estimated at over (c) Srinagar (d) Udhampur
(a) 20000 MW (b) 22000 MW 5 Salal hydroelectric project is located on
(c) 1 Lakh MW (d) 88000 MW which river?
2 Which river has the highest power potential (a) Chenab river (b) Ravi river
in Jammu and Kashmir? (c) Indus river (d) Jhelum river
(a) Jhelum river (b) Indus river 6 The Uri hydro power project is situated on
(c) Chenab river (d) Ravi river which river?
3 The major power projects of Jammu and (a) Jhelum
Kashmir are (b) Chenab
(a) Baglihar (b) Salal (c) Indus
(c) Uri (d) All of these (d) Chandra
7 Which of the following power projects is 15 The Solar Power Policy of Jammu and
located in Leh district? Kashmir came in which year?
(a) Haftal (b) Sumoor (a) 1905 (b) 1947
(c) Dumkhar (d) All of these (c) 1990 (d) 2013
8 Which among the following run of the 16 Puga valley in the Ladakh region is a
river project is situated in Leh district of potential source for which of the
Jammu and Kashmir? following?
(a) Kishanganga (a) Solar energy
(b) Pakal Dul (b) Geothermal energy
(c) Nimoo Bazgo (c) Hydro energy
(d) Ratle (d) All of the above
9 Iqbal Hydroelectric Project is located in 17 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir has
which district of Jammu and Kashmir? more number of biogas plants?
(a) Kargil (b) Doda (a) Ladakh
(c) Reasi (d) Udhampur (b) Jammu
(c) Kashmir
10 The new Jammu and Kashmir (d) None of the above
Hydroelectric Projects Development
Policy came in the year 18 Which district of Jammu and Kashmir has
(a) 2000 (b) 2005 (c) 2010 (d) 2017 a potential to generate wind energy?
(a) Leh (b) Kupwara
11 Which of the following are renewable (c) Baramulla (d) All of these
energy sources?
(a) Solar energy 19 In which year the Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Wind energy State Power Development Corporation
(c) Biogas was set up?
(d) All of these (a) 2008 (b) 1995
(c) 2016 (d) 1998
12 Which of the following districts has
Akshay Urja Shops in Jammu and 20 Which scheme was started in 2012 with a
Kashmir? aim to provide free electricity connections
(a) Jammu (b) Kishtwar to poor people in Jammu and Kashmir?
(c) Srinagar (d) All of these (a) Ujala Scheme
(b) Bijli Scheme
13 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir has
(c) Vidyutikaran Scheme
the high potential to tap solar energy?
(d) Saubhagya Scheme
(a) Ladakh (b) Jammu
(c) Kashmir (d) None of these 21 The first thermal power project of the state
14 Solar Photovoltaic Technology is the of Jammu and Kashmir will take coal from
conversion of which state of India?
(a) Jharkhand
(a) sunlight into electricity
(b) solar energy into Hydropower (b) Odisha
(c) electricity solar energy (c) West Bengal
(d) All of the above (d) Chhattisgarh
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (b)
CHAPTER 14
TRANSPORT AND
COMMUNICATION OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Transport and communication play an important role in the
development of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The state has few
railway lines and limited water transport. Thus, road transport is the
main means of transport in the state. The state also has air transport
facility. Through communication network in the state, it is possible to
connect with the widespread and inaccessible regions.
Transport System of Jammu and Kashmir

The transport system of Jammu and Kashmir is divided into four types which are as follows:
1. Road transport 2. Rail tansport
3. Air transport 4. Water transport
1. Road Transport
It is the most important transportation system for the people of the state. In Jammu
and Kashmir, roads are maintained by the Public Works Department (PWD),
Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and various other State Government
Departments. According to Economic Survey 2017-18, the road length in Jammu
and Kashmir is 35289 km. Jammu region has maximum road length (15920 km)
followed by Kashmir (14803 km) and Ladakh (4566 km). The state has the lowest
road density among all Indian states which is 34.81 km per 100 sq. km of area
(2016-17).
National Highways
National Highways are considered as the important lifeline of any region due to
their connectivity with various places. The National Highways of Jammu and
Kashmir has a length about 2423 km (as per the National Highway Authority of
India, till November 2018).
The National Highways are given below:

NH No. State Route Length (km)
1 1A, 1D Uri, Baramula, Srinagar, Kargil and terminating at Leh 422.0
301 Kargil (NH-1) - Zanskar Road 234.0
501 Junction with NH-1- Panchtarni - Chandanwari - Pahalgam - 90.0
Batakut - Martand - Khanabal (NH-44)
701 Baramula (NH-1) - Rafiabad - Kupwara - Tangdhar 126.0
701A Junction with NH-1 near Baramula - Gulmarg 39.0
3 Himachal Pradesh Border - Leh 170.0
44 1A Punjab Border - Kathua - Samba - Jammu - Udhampur - Batot - 541.0
Ramban - Khanabal - Awantipur - Pampore - Srinagar
144 1C NH No. 44 near Domel - Katra, Riasi, Pauni-junction with NH No. 90.0
144A near Bamla
144A Jammu - Akhnur - Naoshera - Rajauri - Punch 230.0
244 1B Near Chenani junction (NH-44) - Sudh Mahadev - Goha - Khelani 274.0
- Kishtwar - Sinthan Pass - Near (Khanabal (NH-44)
244A The highway starting from its junction with NH-44 near Jammu 57.2
and terminating at its junction with NH-44 (Nagrota Bypass) in the
state of Jammu & Kashmir (Jammu Ring Road)
444 Srinagar - Badgam - Pulwama - Shupiyan - Kulgam - Quazigund 150.0
Sub Total
* Source www.nhai.org
Important Road Links

Some important road links in Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Jhelum Valley Road It connects Srinagar, Pattan, Baramulla, Mohra and Uri. It is
about 132.5 km long and is very important from military point of view.
Srinagar-Shopian Road It connects Srinagar, Pampore, Pulwama and Shopian. It is
about 53 km long.
Srinagar-Kulgam Road It connects Srinagar, Khanabal and Kulgam. The length of
this road is 71 km.
Srinagar-Gulmarg Road It connects Srinagar, Tangmarg and Gulmarg. It is about
29 km long.
Srinagar-Pahalgam Road It connects Srinagar, Awantipur, Khanabal, Mattan, Aish
Mugam and Pahalgam. It is about 95.5 km long. From Pahalgam, a bridle path leads
to Amarnath cave. Chandanwari, Sheshnag and Panchtarni stations lie on this route.
Srinagar-Bandipur Road It connects Shalateng and Bandipur. From Bandipur, it
goes to Sopore and Gurez. It serves as a military defence road.
Srinagar-Wayal Road It connects Anantnag, Achabal and Kukarnag. It is about
85 km long.
Transport and Communication of Jammu and Kashmir 113
Srinagar-Charar-e-Sharif Road It has been constructed over the Karewa to the

South-East. It leads to the well-known shrine Charar-e-Sharif.
Sopore-Tetwal Road It connects Sopore, Handwara, Trehgam, Chowkibal and
Tetwal. It is about 95 km long. From Srinagar to Chowkibal, the road is used by
both public and military, but from Chowkibal to Tetwal, only military vehicles run.
The road remains close during winter when there is heavy snowfall.
Srinagar-Ganderbal-Baltal Road It connects with many other roads, the important
one is Kheer Bhawani or Tula Mula road. The main road passes through the entire
valley of the Sind Nullah up to Baltal. After crossing Baltal, road leads to Matayan
and to Drass. It is 117 km long up to Baltal and from Baltal to Drass, it is 45 km
long.
Srinagar-Ladakh Road It connects Srinagar, Ganderbal and Sonamarg, Machai,
Drass, Karyal and Leh. The total length of this road is 430 km.
Kargil-Askardu Road It connects Kharalpul, Awiding, Bagicha Talse, Madhopore,
Gole and Theggo. It is about 151 km long.
Pulwama-Yus-Gogjipathar Road It connects Pulwama, Parkota, New Kalipura,
Ramopakherapora, Kanidanwan and Yus-Gogjipathar.
Highest Motorable Road in Ladakh

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) has built the world’s highest motorable road
in Ladakh region. It is about 86 km long which passes through Umling La Top and
connects Chismule and Demchok villages located about 230 km away from Leh
district.
It is about 19,300 ft above the mean sea level and constructed under Project
Himank. Under Project Himank, some other roads have also been constructed like
Khardung La (17,900 ft) and Chang La Pass roads (17,695 ft) in Leh district, by
connecting Nubra valley and Durbuk valley in the cold desert.
The Chenani-Nashri Tunnel

The Shiwalik mountain range of Himalayas has been drilled for the
construction of India’s longest all weather road tunnel which is named as the
Chenani-Nashri Tunnel. It connects Srinagar with the rest of the country
and was completed in the year 2017. The tunnel has been opened for the
general public in April, 2017. The length of the tunnel is 9 km that reduces
the traffic jams on NH-1A that occur due to snowfall and avalanches in
winters at Patnitop. The 288 km distance between Jammu and Srinagar has
been reduced to 238 km by this tunnel.
Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation (JKSRTC)

The Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation came into existence on
1st September, 1976, under Road Transport Corporation Act of 1950. The
corporation works for the development of transportation in the state.
The objectives of this corporation are as follows:

n
Making the transport system convenient to the public, tourism, trade, industry and
various other agencies.
n
Providing adequate transport services for both public and commodities within and
outside the state.
n
Sharing the responsibilities of emergencies like natural calamities, war, floods
earthquake, etc.
Schemes Sanctioned by the State and Central Governments for Road

Development
Some main programmes/schemes sanctioned by the State and Central Governments are
given as under:
n
The objective of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is to provide
connectivity by way of all weather roads to the unconnected habitations in rural areas.
n
Government has notified the Jammu and Kashmir Road Safety Policy on 8th
September, 2016.
n
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India has
implemented Institute of Drivers Training and Research (IDTR) for imparting
high quality training to the drivers and for upgrading their skills.
n
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India has
implemented Inspection and Certification Centre (ICC) for mechanical inspection
of the vehicles.
2. Rail Transport
Jammu and Kashmir has very low rail-road mix of transport. Jammu city is the rail
head for the state. The Maharaja Pratap Singh was the first who explored the
possibility of a railway line connecting Jammu with Srinagar in 1898, but he was not
successful. In 1905, the Maharaja approved rail line between Jammu and Srinagar
via Riasi through Mughal road. Before 1947, Jammu was connected to Sialkot by a
rail line. But due to partition in 1947, Sialkot went to Pakistan and a new railway
line was constructed to Jammu from Pathankot in 1972.
Important Railway Stations in Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu-Tawi Railway Station It is the largest railway station in Jammu and
Kashmir state. It is a major railhead for other places in the state and for tourists
heading towards the Kashmir valley. It is in the Firozpur division of Northern
railways. The second longest running train in India, in terms of time and distance,
the Himsagar Express used to originate from here in the past.
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Railway Station This railway station is a train station
on the Jammu-Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Railway Link in the Indian state of
Jammu and Kashmir. It belongs to the Firozpur Division of Northern Railway Zone
in Jammu and Kashmir. It serves Katra town and the Sri Mata Vaishno Devi temple.
Baramulla Railway Station This railway station is situated in notified area of

Baramulla. It is the first station of 130 km long railway line which connects Kashmir
valley with Banihal. The station is situated at an elevation of 1582.79 m above mean
sea level.
Anantnag Railway Station This railway station lies on the Northern railway
network. It is the headquarters of Anantnag division of Northern Railway zone. The
station is basically located in rice fields. It is approximately 4.5 km far from
Anantnag town.
Qazigund Railway Station It lies on Northern railway network zone of Indian
railways. It is the main transport hub for the people of Qazigund. The station is
situated near Qazigund town in Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir. The station
is situated at an elevation of 1671 m above sea level.
Banihal Railway Station This railway station is a part of Jammu-Baramulla Line
Mega Project. It is situated in Banihal in Ramban district, Jammu and Kashmir. It
was opened on 26th June, 2013 and passenger trains run from Banihal to Qazigund.
It is intended to link Kashmir valley with Jammu-Tawi and the rest of Indian
railway network.
Important Railway Lines in Jammu and Kashmir

In 1983, the railway line from Jammu to Udhampur was started. In 2002, the
Jammu-Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Railway Link (USBRL) was declared as the
line of National Project.
The length from Udhampur to Baramulla is 292 km which is divided into three sections:
Leg-1 Extending 25 km from Udhampur to Katra, completed in July, 2014.
Leg-2 Extending 129 km from Katra to Qazigund.
Leg-3 Extending 119 km from Qazigund to Baramulla.
Since independence, the Jammu-Udhampur-Katra-Qazigund-Baramulla railway
line is the biggest project in the construction of a mountain railway.
The other sections of USBRL are:
n
From Jammu to Udhampur which is 53 km long and have completed in 2005.
n
From Anantnag to Rajwansher which is 66 km and opened in 2008.
n
From Rajwansher to Baramulla which is 35 km and opened in 2009.
n
From Qazigund to Anantnag which is 18 km and opened in 2009.
Shri Shakti Express

This train was inaugurated on 4th July, 2014 by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi. It is a part of the ambitious Kashmir Rail Link Project.
It is a super fast express train that links New Delhi and Shri Mata
Vaishno Devi Katra railway stations. It is run by Indian railways.
India’s Longest Railway Tunnel : Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel,

Jammu and Kashmir
Pir Panjal railway tunnel is India’s longest railway tunnel in Jammu and Kashmir. It
is about 11.2 km long. It is a part of Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link
project. It was completed in 2013. It links Quazigund and Baramulla in Jammu and
Kashmir through Pir Panjal mountain range.
3. Air Transport
Jammu and Kashmir is connected to Delhi, Chandigarh and the rest of the country
through air transport as well. There are 4 major airports in the state in Jammu,
Srinagar, Leh and Kargil. These are discussed below:
i. Jammu Domestic Airport It is also called Satwari airport. It is the main airport
of the Jammu part of the state in India. The international boundary of India
and Pakistan falls 14 km from the Jammu airport.
ii. Srinagar International Airport It is located in Srinagar which is a part of
Jammu and Kashmir state in India. It was inaugurated on the 14th of
February, 2009, with an Air India flight coming from Dubai. The Srinagar
airport has been upgraded to international level named as Sheikh-ul-Alam
Airport.
iii. Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Domestic Airport It is located at 10,682 ft above the
sea level in Leh district. It holds the distinction of being among the highest
airports all over the world. The airport is named in the memory of Kushok
Bakula Rinpoche (Buddhist Lama).
iv. Kargil Defense Airport It is the main airport falling under the district of
Kargil. Kargil is located around 6 km from the Kargil airport and Srinagar is
located around 210 km from it. The Airports Authority of India is responsible
for the foundation of the Kargil Airport. In January, 2012, Air Mantra held
the distinction of being the very first commercial company to have landed a
civilian airplane at the Kargil Airport.
As the state is sparsely populated and has many inaccessible regions thus there is a
great need to establish more airports for better connectivity. The state also provides
helicopter services. Some areas have been covered by helipads like Sanjhi Chhat
helipad which provides helicopter service between Katra and Sanjhi Chhat. The
Government of Jammu and Kashmir is planning to provide Air-taxi services
between Katra-Bhaderwah to increase tourism sector.
4. Water Transport
It was the most common mode of transport used by passengers before the
introduction of road transport in the state. The Jhelum river is used for navigation
purpose from Khanabal to Baramulla in the valley of Kashmir. The state is very
famous for decorated Shikaras (wooden boats) especially in Dal lake for tourists.
Doongas are also used for carrying passengers (upto 50) in water transport. For
carrying goods like grains, stones, bricks, timber, etc, Khoch and Bahach are
commonly used.
Communication System in Jammu and Kashmir

As the state of Jammu and Kashmir is a hilly region thus, communication system is
very much important for the state. Some of the important communication systems
of Jammu and Kashmir are print media, mass communication system and
telecommunication system. These are discussed below:
Print Media
Print media plays a great role in the life of people. Even in this modernised world
where internet has become one of the basic needs of people, print media still holds a
good place in the state. First Printing Press in the commercial sector was started in
1924 by late Shri Mulk Raj Saraj in Jammu. Print media consists of newspapers and
magazines.
Newspapers
The state published several daily, biweekly and monthly newspapers. Some of these
newspapers are discussed below:
Ranbir The first daily newspaper of the state is Ranbir. It is an Urdu newspaper. It
was first published in 1924 in Jammu.
Kashmir Observer It is one of the first English newspapers. It is a daily newspaper
which is published in Srinagar. It is an online newspaper which is a global face of the
daily Kashmir Observer on the internet. It also publishes the Bazar Observer,
Kashmir’s first business newspaper.
Kashmir Times It was first started in 1954 as a weekly newspaper and then
converted into a daily newspaper in 1964. It is an English newspaper. It is the oldest
and largest circulated newspaper of the state which has a total readership of about
two million.
Greater Kashmir It is the leading English newspaper which is published from
Srinagar. In 1987, it was published as a weekly newspaper, and 1993 it started its
first daily publication.
Jammu and Kashmir Newspapers

Newspaper Region Language
Daily Excelsior Jammu English
State Times Jammu English
Cashmere News Srinagar English
Daily Aftab Srinagar Urdu
Daily Roshni Srinagar Urdu
Newspaper Region Language

Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar English
Kashmir Herald Srinagar English
Kashmir Live Srinagar English
Kashmir Media Service Srinagar English
Kashmir News Service Srinagar English
Kashmir Newz Srinagar English
Rising Kashmir Srinagar English
Wadi Ki Awaz Srinagar Urdu and English
Jammu Prabhat Jammu Dogri
Magazines
Some important magazines of Jammu and Kashmir are:
Magazine Language Region
Awaz-e-Gurjar Urdu (monthly) Jammu
Street Voice English (monthly) Jammu
Apilogue English (monthly) Jammu
The Kashmir Walla English (monthly) –
Kashmir Magazine Bilingual –
Maib International Magazine Kashmiri Srinagar
Mass Communication
Besides print media, the state also has other sources of mass communication. These
are described below:
Radio
The first radio station named Radio Kashmir in Jammu, was set up on 1st
December, 1947 under All India Radio. The Maharaja Hari Singh and Sardar
Vallabh Bhai Patel inaugurated the radio station (the then Union Home Minister of
India). It covers areas of Jammu, Udhampur, Kathua, Doda, Rajouri, Poonch, Punjab,
Himachal Pradesh. It broadcasts programmes in Hindi, Dogri, English, Urdu, Gojri,
Pahari, Bhaderwani, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sanskriti and Mirpuri. Some other radio
stations are as follows:
n
Radio station at Srinagar was commissioned on 1st July, 1948. Then Sheikh
Abdullah was the Chief Minister. It covers areas like Srinagar, Pulwama, Baramulla
and Anantnag. JN Zntshi was the first Director General of Radio Kashmir.
n
Radio station at Leh was commissioned on 25th June, 1971. It covers areas like
Leh and Kargil districts.
n
Radio station at Kargil was commissioned on 14th August, 1997.
Apart from these there are other radio stations in Jammu and Kashmir which
broadcast various programmes in different languages. In 2015, the Government of
India has approved 15 new FM channels in Jammu and Kashmir. These are 3 FM
channels in Kathua, 3 FM channels in Bhaderwah, 3 FM channels in Kargil, 3 FM
channels in Leh and 3 FM channels in Poonch district.
DD (Doordarshan) Kashmir
It is a regional channel which was set up in 2003 in Jammu and Kashmir. It is owned by
Broadcasting Ministry of India. Its headquarters is in Jammu. It is an Urdu language
satellite channel. Doordarshan studios lie in Srinagar, Jammu, Leh and Rajouri.
Postal Communication
The state of Jammu and Kashmir provides postal services throughout the state
which facilitate communication and connectivity. The Jammu and Kashmir Postal
Circle provides postal services to the entire state. The state has about 1702 post
offices as on October 2017. The Jammu and Kashmir postal circle provides faster
delivery of parcels along with real time (online) tracking of the parcels, speed posts,
media post, greeting post, logistic post, express post, business post, etc.
This department is also boosting the tourism industry as they dispatch large
numbers of handicrafts, blackest, etc to various places in other states. The
department also provides other services and many schemes like Electronic Money
Order (EMO) with internet connectivity, Recurring Deposits schemes, Time
Deposits schemes, Public Provident Fund schemes, Senior Citizen Savings schemes,
etc.
Telecommunication
The state provides telecom services through satellite technology to connect the
inaccessible and widespread regions and mountainous areas of the state. The state of
Jammu and Kashmir is well connected through wireless and wire line connections.
The wireless connections are more as compared to wireline connections due to
presence of hills and mountains. Important mobile and telephone service providing
companies in the state are Aircel, Bharti Airtel, BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam
Limited), Idea and Vodafone. These cover the whole state of Jammu and Kashmir
and provide telephone and mobile service to far reaching places.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The main means of transport in Jammu 9 The objective of the Pradhan Mantri Gram
and Kashmir is Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is
(a) Railways (a) To provide good quality roadways all
(b) Roadways over India.
(c) Airways (b) To provide connectivity by way of all
(d) Waterways weather roads.
(c) To connect the unconnected
2 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir has habitation in rural areas.
maximum road length? (d) Both (b) and (c)
(a) Ladakh
(b) Jammu 10 Under which of the following road
(c) Kashmir development schemes the Government of
(d) None of these India has implemented Inspection and
Certification Centres for mechanical
3 As per the NHAI the total length of
inspection of the vehicles?
National Highways in Jammu and
(a) Jammu of Kashmir Road Safety Policy
Kashmir is
(b) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(a) 2423 km (b) 3032 km
(c) Ministry of Road Transport and
(c) 1518 km (d) 2525 km
Highways
4 As per the Economic Survey 2017-18 the (d) Both (a) and (b)
total road length in Jammu and Kashmir is
11 Which of the following first explored the
(a) 20210 km (b) 35289 km
possibility of railway line in the State of
(c) 55600 km (d) 60110 km
Jammu and Kashmir?
5 Which road is important for military point (a) Gulab Singh
of view in Jammu and Kashmir? (b) Pratap Singh
(a) Jhelum valley road (c) Hari Singh
(b) Srinagar-Shopian road (d) Lord Dalhouise
(c) Srinagar-Gulmarg road
12 Which is the largest railway station in
(d) Srinagar-Pahalgam road
Jammu and Kashmir?
6 The world’s highest motorable road lies in (a) Jammu – Tawi (b) Baramulla
(a) Ladakh (c) Anantnag (d) None of these
(b) Jammu
(c) Kashmir 13 Why Katra town is famous?
(d) None of the above (a) For Sri Mata Vaishno Devi temple
(b) Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary
7 Which of the following is the India’s (c) Hemis National Park
longest all weather road tunnel? (d) None of the above
(a) Chenani-Nashri tunnel
(b) Jawahar tunnel
14 Name the first station which connects
(c) Banihal-Qazigund tunnel Kashmir valley with Banihal?
(d) None of the above (a) Baramulla (b) Katra
(c) Anantnag (d) None of these
8 In which of the following years JKSRTC
came into existence? 15 Banihal Railway station was opened
(a) 1976 (b) 1950 on ................ .
(c) 1964 (d) 1966 (a) 26th June, 2010 (b) 26th June, 2013
(c) 26th June, 2003 (d) 20th June, 2013
16 In which year Jammu-Udhampur- 25 First printing press in Kashmir was

Srinagar-Baramulla railway link was started for commercial sector in 1929 by
declared as the line of national (a) Gulzar Ahmed
importance? (b) Shri Mulk Raj Saraj
(a) 1947 (b) 1990 (c) Masood Ahmed
(c) 2002 (d) 2017 (d) Shujaat Bukhani
17 The railway line from Udhampur to Katra 26 The first daily newspaper of Jammu and
was completed in Kashmir is
(a) 1980 (b) 2000 (a) Ranbir
(c) 2005 (d) 2014 (b) Greater Kashmir
(c) Kashmir Observer
18 In which of the following years Shri Shakti (d) Daily Excelsior
Express was flagged off by Prime Minister
Modi? 27 Kashmir’s first business newspaper is
(a) 2013 (b) 2016 (a) Kashmir Times
(c) 2015 (d) 2014 (b) Kashmir Economic Express
(c) Bazan Observer
19 The longest Railway Tunnel of India is (d) None of the above
(a) Chenani-Nashri Tunnel
(b) Pir Panjal Tunnel 28 Which one is the oldest and largest
(c) Banihal-Qazigund Tunnel circulated newspaper of Jammu and
(d) Jawahar Tunnel Kashmir?
(a) State Times
20 One of the airports in Jammu and Kashmir (b) Kashmir Live
named as Sheikh-ul-Alam Airport and has (c) Kashmir Times
been upgraded to international level. The (d) None of the above
airport is in
(a) Jammu 29 Daily Roshni newspaper is published in
(b) Srinagar which language?
(c) Leh (a) Urdu (b) Kashmiri
(d) Pahalgam (c) Hindi (d) English
21 Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Domestic 30 Wadi Ki Awaz of Jammu and Kashmir is

Airport is situated in which district? published in
(a) Ladkh (b) Kargil (a) Urdu
(c) Leh (d) Jammu (b) English
(c) Hindi
22 Which river is used for navigation purpose (d) Both (a) and (b)
from Khanabal to Baramulla?
(a) Ravi river 31 Kashmir Walla magazine is published in
(b) Chenab river which language?
(c) Jhelum river (a) English (b) Urdu
(d) Indus river (c) Hindi (d) Kashmiri
23 Jammu and Kashmir is famous for the 32 Radio Kashmir in Jammu was set up in
decorated wooden boats especially in Dal (a) 1902 (b) 1930
lake which are known as? (c) 1947 (d) 1988
(a) Shikaras 33 Radio station at Leh was commissioned in
(b) Khoch
(a) 1971 (b) 2000
(c) Doongas
(c) 2005 (d) 2010
34 Radio station Kargil was commissioned on
24 Which of the following are used to carry
14th August,
the passengers in water transport? (a) 1977 (b) 1987
(a) Khoch (b) Shikaras (c) 1997 (d) 2000
(c) Doongas (d) Banach
35 DD Kashmir channel was set up in Codes

(a) 2003 (b) 2009 (c) 2010 (d) 2013 (a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 4 3 2 1
36 Which of the following is the important (c) 2 3 4 1
mobile and telephone service providing (d) 3 2 1 4
companies of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) BSNL (b) Airtel 38 Find the incorrect pair.
(c) Aircel (d) All of these
List I List II
37 Match the following (a) NH1 Longest Highway
List I List II
(b) Highest Motorable Ladakh
(Newspaper) (Language)
Road
A. Daily Aftab 1. English
(c) Shri Shakti Express 2014
B. State Times 2. Urdu
(d) Chenani-Nashri Longest Railway
C. Wadi Ki Awaz 3. English
Tunnel Tunnel
D. Rising Kashmir 4. Bilingual
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (d)
CHAPTER 15
TOURISM PROFILE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Jammu and Kashmir is one of the best locations for tourism in the
world. The state is famous for its scenic beauty, beautiful valleys,
famous temples, monasteries and many more places.
Since historic times, many writers and philosophers wrote about the scenic beauty of
Kashmir valley. One of those was Kalhana, who wrote in his ‘Rajatarangini’ that
Kailasha is the best place in the three worlds and the Himalayas are the best part of
Kailasha and Kashmir.
Tourism industry contributes a major part of the state’s economy and also has
immense potential to develop it further in future. The three regions of Jammu and
Kashmir are famous for their tourist places. For example, Jammu region is famous
for its temples like Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine, Raghunath temple, etc, Kashmir
valley is well-known for its scenic beauty and lush green gardens and valleys and
Ladakh region is famous for it monasteries and gompas.
Tourist Places in Jammu Region

Jammu is the Winter Capital of Jammu and Kashmir state. It is also the Gateway to
the Kashmir valley. Jammu is popularly known as City of Temples. Important tourist
places of this region which include forts, temples, masjids and gurdwaras are as follows:
Akhnoor Fort
Akhnoor is the historical town where the Akhnoor fort is located. The town has
archeological remains of Harappan civilisation, which is about 28 km away from
Jammu district. Akhnoor fort is situated on the right bank of the Chenab river. Mian
Tej Singh (Dogra Sikh Commander) started its construction in 1762 AD and Raja
Alum Singh, his successor, completed the fort in 1802 AD. It is a protected area of
Archeological Survey of India.
Amar Mahal Palace

This palace is located on the bank of Tawi river in Jammu. It was built in the 19th
century by Raja Amar Singh, a Dogra king. In 1975, it was converted into a
museum.
It has many things to exhibit such as a golden throne weighing 120 kg, Pahari
miniature and Kangra miniature paintings, a library of 25000 antique books and
many rare art collections. It was the last residence of the Dogra kings. It is now a
heritage hotel on Jammu-Srinagar National Highway.
▲ AMAR MAHAL PALACE WAS PLANNED BY A FRENCH ARCHITECT IN 1862
Balidan Stambh
This stambh or pillar is established in Jammu city near the Bahu Fort. It was
constructed in 2008 and inaugurated in 2009 by the Indian government in the
memory of Indian soldiers (martyrs) who fought wars in Jammu and Kashmir since
independence. The pillar is about 60 m in height.
Bahu Fort
This fort is located in Jammu city on the left bank of Tawi river. It was originally
built by Raja Bahulochan about 3000 years ago. In the 19th century, it was rebuilt by
the Dogra Rulers. The fort has a temple of Mahakali which is locally known as
‘Bave Wali Mata’ temple.
Tourism Profile of Jammu and Kashmir 125
The temple organises Bahu Mela twice during Navratras. It is heritage site of
Jammu and Kashmir. The fort also has a garden known as Bagh-e-Bahu. Near the
fort a fish-shaped aquarium has been made which is the largest underground
aquarium in the country.
Bhaderwah
It is a valley town in the Doda district. It is situated 80 km from Batote. The town is
also known as Mini Kashmir and Land of Snakes. Tourists also observe many fairs
and festivals here like Mela Pat, Sobar Dhar Mela. It is also famous for Kud dance,
Pahari folk songs and music. The place has many heritage sites like Bhaderwah fort
which was earlier used as district jail, hundred years old masjid and an ancient
Vasuki Nag temple.
Gurudwara Sunder Singh

It is located near Raghunath Bazar in Jammu district. It was built by S Sunder Singh
Khurana Ji who lived in Amritsar about 166 years ago. Colourful floral motifs on the
walls enhance this historical monument.
Jama Masjid
It is located in Talab Khatikan near Raghunath Bazar in Jammu district. It is the
oldest and the biggest masjid of Jammu district. A large number of devotees observe
prayer in this masjid on the festival of Eid and on Fridays.
Mubarak Mandi Palace Complex

This complex is situated in Jammu city. Mubarak Mandi Palace Complex was
founded by Raja Dhruv Dev (1707-1733). The subsequent rulers of Jammu
including Dogra rulers also built many buildings and palaces in this complex. This
remained the main seat of Maharajas of Dogra dynasty till 1925 AD when Maharaja
Hari Singh moved to the Hari Niwas Palace in the Northern part of Jammu.
The palace is built in both Rajasthani and Mughal architecture style. The main
attraction of this palace complex are Sheesh Mahal and Pink Hall. The Pink Hall
has Dogra Art Museum which has miniature paintings of the various hill schools of
Kangra, Jammu and Basholi. A gold painted bow and arrow of Mughal emperor
Shah Jahan also increases its attraction.
Mata Vaishno Devi

It is one of the oldest shrines of India and is administered and controlled by the
State Government. It is located at a height of 5200 ft on the holy Trikuta Hills of
the Shiwalik hill range. The holy cave is 12 km from the Basecamp Katra, which is
located in Riasi district. The town Katra is 48 km away from Jammu.
The abode of Goddess Vaishno Devi lies in a 98 ft long cave. The shrine also has
three natural pindis of Mata Maha Saraswati, Mata Maha Lakshmi and Mata Maha
Kali. There is no certain record about the establishment of this temple. However,
geological studies show that it may be about a millions year old.
▲ MATA VAISHNO DEVI IS CONSIDERED TO BE AN INCARNATION OF THE THREE

SUPREME ENERGY i.e. MATA MAHA KALI, MAHA LAXSHMI AND MAHA SARASWATI
Panchvaktar Temple
Panchvaktar (five faces) Mahadev temple is considered as one of the oldest
Shivalayas in Jammu city. It is believed that Shankaracharya visited this place in the
9th century.
The temple was much later constructed by Raja Guje Singh of Jammu (AD
1687-1703). The Lingam in this temple is self manifested. The temple is also known
as ‘Rupaywala Mandir’ and earlier was connected with Amarnath Yatra.
Patnitop
It is a hill top resort located in Udhampur district. It is situated on the National
Highway-1 A in the Shiwalik belt of the Himalaya at a height of 2024 m above
mean sea level. The river Chenab flows in this region. This resort provides facilities
of paragliding, horse riding and other activities.
Peer Kho Temple

This temple is located on the bank of Tawi river in Jammu city. It is believed that a
Jogi Guru Garib Nath came to Jammu and resided at Peer Kho (cave). The then
Raja Ajaib Dev built a temple at this cave for Jogi or Peer Guru Garib Nath during
15th century. The cave has a Shivalinga where a large number of devotees come
during Puranmasi, Amavasya, Ekadashi and Shivratri.
Purmandal Temple
This temple is located at a distance of 40 km from Jammu city in Samba district. It
is a temple complex devoted to Lord Shiva. It is also known as Chota Kashi and
located on the banks of Devika river, the underground river. During the time of
Shivaratri and Chaitra Chaudashi, a large number of devotees visit this temple. The
history of this temple is 2600 years old.
Ranbireshwar Temple
It is the well known Shiva temple in Jammu dedicated to Lord Shiva. Maharaja
Ranbir Singh built it in 1883. In Ranbireshwar temple, there are twelve Shiva
Lingams of crystal measuring 15 cm to 38 cm galleries with more than one lakh
‘bona lingam can be seen fixed on stone slabs inside the temple.
Raghunath Temple
This temple is located in Raghunath Bazar in Jammu city. It was built by the
Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1857 AD. The idols of Lord Rama, Mata Sita and Shri
Lakshman Ji are placed in the main temple. The unique fact of this temple is that its
inner walls are covered with gold sheets on three sides. There are many galleries of
Shaligrams. This temple also has a Sanskrit manuscripts library.
▲ RAGHUNATH TEMPLE IS THE LARGEST TEMPLE COMPLEX OF NORTH INDIA

Thanamandi
This is an important historical place which is famous from the time of Mughals. It is
located in Rajouri district. Mughals used this place as a residence during their
journey from Delhi to Kashmir and vice-versa. This is a health resort due to its
pleasant climate. It is also famous for its artistic wooden products. The famous
shrine of Shahdara Sharif is 6 km from this place.
Some Other Tourist Places of Jammu Region
Name Location Important Features
Shah Dara Sharif Rajouri It was constructed by Gulab Singh in 19th century.
It is dedicated to Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah.
Dhani Dhar Fort Rajouri It was built by Mian Hathu, Governor of Rajouri, in
1855 AD. The main aim to construct this fort was
to keep Dogra forces safe.
Dogra Art Gallery Pink Hall of the It has about 800 rare paintings and articles of
Mubarak Mandi Dogra dynasty. It has paintings which belong to
Complex, Jammu city schools of Kangra, Basholi and Jammu.
Tourist Places in Kashmir Region

Amarnath Cave
It is one of the most famous Hindu temples, dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is situated
in a narrow gorge at the farther end of the Lidder valley at an altitude of 3888 m
and is 141 km from Srinagar. According to Hindu mythology, this is the cave where
Lord Shiva told about the secret of life to his divine partner Parvati and hence this
shrine holds a very special value to the Hindus. The Amarnath Yatra is organised by
the State Government in collaboration with Shree Amarnath Shrine Board.
▲ ICE LINGAM AT AMARNATH CAVE

Avantipora
This village was founded by Utpala king, Avanti Varman between the periods of
AD 855 to 883. It is located in Pulwana district of Kashmir valley. The place is
known for the presence of two temples Shiva-Avantishvara and Avantiswami,
dedicated to lord Vishnu. The archeologists found here countless number of
antiquities and coins belonging to Indian, Chinese and Muslim dynasties.
Chashme Shahi
It is located at the foothills of Zabarwan mountains in Srinagar. Chashme Shahi or
the Royal Spring was laid by Shah Jahan in AD 1632. It is famous for the spring of
refreshing digestive mineral water. This garden has three terraces with fountains laid
right through the middle. This garden is host to multiple kinds of fruit and flower
plants. It is smallest of the three Mughal gardens of Srinagar.
Charari Sharief
It is one of the most sacred Muslim shrines in India. It is situated in Budgam
district, enroute to Yusmarg near PoK (Pakistan occupied Kashmir). It is a wooden
shrine approximately 600 years old. It is popularly known as Hazrat Sheikh
Noor-ud-din Wali. The shrine was built to commemorate Sheikh Noor-ud-din
Noorani, a Sufi Saint who was the first one to start Rishism in the valley.
Gulmarg
It is located in the Baramulla district of Kashmir valley region. It is known as the
meadow of flowers. It is a world famous tourist spot situated at an altitude of
2730 m above mean sea level. It was first discovered by the British in 1927 during
Colonial rule. It is Asia’s only heli-skiing resort which is surrounded by dense forests
of tall conifers. Gulmarg has a green 18 hole golf course which is the world’s highest
golf course. It is premier resort for winter sports in the country.
Hazratbal Masjid
It is located in the village of Hazratbal on the left bank of the Dal lake in Srinagar.
Its perfect white marble elegance is reflected in the waters of the lake. Earlier this
place was a site of Ishrat Mahal and a garden built by Shah Jahan’s Subedar Sadiq
Khan in 1623 AD.
In 1634, Shah Jahan ordered him to convert into a place for offering prayer. The
construction of this white marble structure started in 1968 AD and completed in
1979. Hazratbal’s special significance is derived from the fact that it houses a sacred
hair of the Prophet Mohammed. Thus, it is the holiest shrine of Kashmir. This is
displayed to the public on religious occasion, usually accompanied by fairs.
Apart from these occasions, Friday prayers are offered at Hazratbal and attended by
many of people. Hazratbal is remarkable for being the only domed masjid in
Srinagar; the others have distinct pagoda like roofs.
▲ HAZRATBAL MOSQUE SITUATED ON THE WESTERN SHORE OF DAL LAKE
Harwan Garden
It is a huge garden which is located in the district of Srinagar. It has flower beds and
massive Chinar trees and a canal passes through its centre. This is a popular picnic
spot and a gateway to the famous Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary and Mahadev
Mountain. A beautiful canal, fed by a lake just behind the garden passes through its
centre. The big lawns, carpeted with green grass, draw people automatically towards
this place.
Hari Parbat Fort

It is located in Srinagar. It was first built by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1590
AD, but could not be completed. The present fort was built by the Afghan Governor
Shuja Shah Durrani in 1808 AD. The fort is very important from religious point of
view.
It has famous Sharika temple on the Western slope which is devoted to goddess
Jagdamba Sharika Bhagwati and the Southern side has the Muslim shrine of
Makhdoom Sahib and Akhund Mullah Shah. Gurudwara Chatti Patshahi is also
situated within the fort. The main entrance to the fort is Kathi Darwaza.
Jama Masjid
It is located at Nowhatta town in Srinagar at which thousands of people congregate
for the Friday prayers. It was built by Sultan Sikandar in AD 1400 and enlarged by
his son, Zain-ul-Abidin.
It is a typical example of Indo-Saracenic architecture. It was destroyed thrice by fire

and rebuilt each time. The masjid as it now, was repaired during the reign of
Maharaja Pratap Singh.
▲ AN EXAMPLE OF INDO-SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE : JAMA MASJID IN SRINAGAR
Khanqah of Shah Hamadan

It is one of the oldest Muslim shrines which is located on the right bank of Jhelum
river in Srinagar. It was constructed by Sultan Sikander in AD 1395 in the memory
of Sufi Saint Mir Syed Ali Hamadan, who came from Persia in the 13th century and
spread Islam in Kashmir.
The Khanqah is a wooden architecture which is a combination of Buddhist, Hindu
and Islamic styles. Its important features are its beautifully carved caves and hanging
bells.
Martand Sun Temple

It is located 64 km South-East of Srinagar. This temple was a Kashmri Hindu
temple dedicated to Surya. It was built by Lalitaditya Muktapida, the third ruler of
the Karkota dynasty in the 8th century CE.
It can be said that the temple had a mixture of Kashmiri architecture which includes
the Gandhar, Gupta, Chinese, Roman, Syrian-Byzantine and Greek forms of
architecture.
Nishat Bagh
This garden is situated on the banks of the Dal lake, with the Zabarwan mountains
as its backdrop in Srinagar. It was designed and built in AD 1633 by Asaf Khan,
brother of Nur Jahan.
It is the second largest Mughal garden which provides a view of the lake and the
Pir Panjal mountain range which stands far away to the West of the valley. The
garden has 12 terraces and a 15 feet high mountain spring in the middle of the
garden.
Pahalgam
This is a serence town and hill resort situated on the banks of Lidder river at a
height of 7200 feet in Anantnag district. It has a golf course at a height of 2400 m
above the sea level. Major attractions for tourists are Baisaran, Betaab valley, Aru
valley, Kolahoi glacier and Sheshnag lake. It is also a base camp for the pilgrims
of Amarnath.
Srinagar
It is also known as Kashmiri Venice or Venice of the East. It is famous for its lakes,
which includes Dal lake (second largest lake famous for its houseboats), Nagin lake,
Wular lake (largest freshwater lake), Manasbal lake, etc.
Srinagar is famous for its three Mughal Gardens i.e. Chashma-e-Shahi, Nishat Bagh
and Shalimar Bagh. It also has Naseem Bagh and Tulip Garden (Asia’s largest tulip
garden). The Sher Garhi palace has administrative buildings of the State
Government.
Shalimar Bagh
It is located on the right bank of the Dal Lake in Srinagar. It was built by Mughal
Emperor Shah Jahan for his wife Nur Jahan in 1619 AD. The original name of this
garden is Farah Baksh.
The area of the garden is 539 m by 182 m and it has four terraces, which rise one
above the other. A canal passes through its centre and receives water from Dal lake.
It is the largest Mughal Garden among the three Mughal gardens.
Sonamarg
It is located 80 km North-East of Srinagar in Ganderbal district. It is also known as
the Golden Meadow, situated at an altitude of 2740 m and is gateway to Ladakh. It
has sycamore forest and alpine flowers, silver birch, fir and pine trees. Sonamarg has
many treks which leads to important places.
For example, a trek leads to Amarnath cave and other major treks which pass
through mountain lakes i.e. Vishansar, Krishansar, Gadsar, Satsar and Gangabal. It
provides opportunities to adventure tourists like Thaji was glacier for sliding sport,
Krishansar lake angling and fishing, Apline skiing, paragliding and so on.
Shankaracharya Temple
The temple is located on the top of the hills of Shankaracharya known as
Takht-e-Sulaiman in the South-East of Srinagar. It is believed that this temple was
built by the ruler Raja Gopadatya in 371 BC and thus known as Gopadri. It was
devoted to Lord Shiva. The philosopher Shankaracharya stayed at this place when
he visited Kashmir 10th centuries ago to revive Sanatan Dharma. The temple was
repaired for the first time by the King Lalitaditya in the 6th century.
Some Other Tourist Places of Kashmir Region

Tulip Garden Srinagar It is the largest tulip garden in Asia. It was
inaugurated in 2008 by Smt Sonia Gandhi.
Kheer Bhawani Tula Mula Village It was built by Maharaja Pratap Singh in 1912 AD.
Temple near Srinagar It is devoted to Goddess Ragnya Devi, an
incarnation of Goddess Durga. During his exile
lord Rama worshipped the Goddess.
Jawaharlal Nehru Srinagar It was established in 1969 in the memory of India’s
Memorial Botanical first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. It
Garden has more than 300 species of flora.
Pari Mahal Srinagar It is a seven terraced garden. It was built in 17th
Century by Dara Shikoh, the oldest son of Shah
Jahan.
Tourist Places in Ladakh Region

Alchi Monastery
It is located in Alchi village in the Leh district. It was built by the great translator
Guru Rinchen Zangpo in AD 1000. The murals of this monastery depict the lives of
both Buddhist and Hindu kings of that time in Kashmir.
This monastery has temples like Vairocana Lhakhang (Buddha), Lotsava Lhakhang,
Jamyang Lhakhang (Goddess Manjusri temple) and Sumtsag Lhakhang temples.
The paintings of this monastery belong to Indian style.
Hemis Monastery
This monastery is located on the West bank of Indus river about 47km from Leh
district. It is the biggest and richest monastery of Ladakh region. It was built by the
1st incarnation of Stagsang Raspa Nawang Gyatso in AD 1630.
There is also a sacred hermitage near this monastery built by the great Gyalwa
Kotsang. A sacred mask dance is held here on 9th and 10th day of the fifth month of
Tibetan calender.
▲ THE BIGGEST MONASTERY OF LADAKH REGION : HEMIS MONASTERY
Kargil
It is the second largest town in Ladakh after Leh and situated of a height of 2704 m
above mean sea level. It is known for its snow laden peaks and the green meadows.
The place offers adventurous activities such as trekking and mountaineering. Sani
monastery which was built by the King Kanishka of the Kushana dynasty during the
1st century, is regarded as one of the oldest religious sites in Ladakh and Zanskar.
Other important tourist places of this town are Mulbekh, Rangdum, Zongkhul and
Stonday monasteries. The Kargil also host archery contest during the month of May.
Leh
It lies between Karakoram and the Himalayan ranges on the banks of Indus river at
a height ranging from 2300 m to 5000 m above mean sea level. It is considered as
the most significant and beautiful town in the region. Leh city is mostly covered by
ancient Buddhist monuments, mosques dating back to 16th and 17th century. It also
has a nine storeys palace Sengge Namgyal which was built in Tibetan architectural
style of medieval era. It is also known as the Land of Lamas (Buddhist monks) and
is mainly inhabited by Buddhist and Hindus. There are a number of interesting places
and monastries such as the Leh palace, the monastries of Shey, Hemis, Alchi, etc.
Nubra Valley
It is located North-East of Ladakh valley and 150 km North of Leh district where
two rivers meet namely Nubra river and Shyok river. The valley is known as the
Orchard of Ladakh. The valley has many tourist sites like Diskit village has the
oldest and largest Buddhist monastery in Nubra valley and Hunder place has
Hunder monastery.
Turtuk village in this valley has opened after 2010 for tourists which has distrinct
culture and scenic landscapes. Panamik village is well-known for its hot water
springs in the valley.
Phyang Monastery
This Buddhist monastery is located at the top of the Phyang hill, about 17 km West
of Leh district. Its initial name was Tashi Chozong which was founded in AD 1515.
This monastry led the formation of monastic community which started Digung
teachings under the guidance of Skyoba Jigsten Gonbo. It also has a museum which
has idols, colourful Thangkas (Tibetan Buddhist paintings) and ancient weapons. Gang-
Sngon Tsedup festival is celebrated here in the first month of the Tibetan calender.
Stok Monastery or Palace

It is located 15 km South of Leh district. It was founded in the 14th century by
Lama Lhawang Lotus. It has notable library including all 108 volumes of the
Kangjur (sacred books). A ritual mask dance held here annually in the first month of
Tibetan calender. It was used for some time as a residence by Ladakh royalty.
Shey Palace and Monastery

The Shey monastery or Gompa and the Shey palace complex are situated in Shey
village, South of Leh district. The palace was built by the King of Ladakh, Deldan
Namgyal, as a memorial of his father in AD 1655. It was used as a summer retreat
by the Kings of Ladakh. The monastery is noted for its giant statue of Shakyamuni
Buddha plated with copper and gold. This monastery organises two grand
celebration every year, one is Shey Loo Doo during the start of sowing season and
Shey Rupla in the harvest season.
▲ OUTER VIEW OF SHEY PALACE AND MONASTERY

Spituk Monastery
It is located 8 km from Leh district. It was founded in 11th century by Od-De, the
elder brother of Lha Lama Changchub Od. The monastery contains 150 monks and
a principal statue of Buddha. This monastery organises sacred dances of Gustor
festival in the 11th month of Tibetan calender. Stok, Saboo and Sankar monastries
are its branches.
Some Other Tourist Places of Ladakh Region

Saspol Caves Leh Rock-cut temples show Buddhist deities of
13th-15th century.
Nimmu valley Leh It is located at the confluence of Indus and Zanskar
river. Zanskar gorge is a dream destination for
trekkers.
Magnetic hill Leh It is located at a height of 14000 feet above mean sea
level. It is a gravity hill that is considered to have
strong magnetic properties that pull cars uphill.
Gurdwara Pathar 25 Miles away from It was built in AD 1517 to commemorate the visit to
Sahib Leh the Ladakh of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Jama Masjid Leh It was built by an agreement between the Ladakh
ruler Deldan Nangyal and the Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb in AD 1666-67. It is the biggest Masjid in
Ladakh region.
Hall of Fame Leh–Kargil road, 4 It was built by the Indian Army in 1986 in the
Museum km from Leh memory of the brave Indian soldiers who lost their
lives in the Indo-Pak wars.
Drass 60 km away from It is also known as the Gateway of Ladakh. It is the
Kargil coldest inhabited place in India and second coldest
inhabited place in the world after Siberia.
Tourism Development Authorities of

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation ( JKTDC) This corporation was
established on 13th February, 1970, as a fully owned company of Jammu and Kashmir
Government. The objective of the corporation is to run, manage, and administer
government hotels and catering establishments for promotion of tourism and providing
best transport facilities to the tourist.
The aim of the JKTDC is to provide best possible services/facilities to the esteemed
guests. The tourist facilitations managed by JKTDC are in all the important tourist
destinations of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Directorate of Tourism, Kashmir This authority looks after the tourism activities
in Kashmir valley and Ladakh region and also regulates the tourist inflow and
coordinates with the other related departments. The Directorate has the more
important assignment of publicity and marketing the tourism potential of the state
at national as well as globally, besides the huge pilgrim rush to Shri Amarnathji Cave.
The Directorate of Tourism, Jammu This autghority takes care of the tourism of
Jammu region and mainly regulates the pilgrim tourism arrivals in the region.
Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation ( JKTDC) undertakes
commercial activities like construction of accommodation facilities, running of
cafeterias, restaurants and organisation of the food festivals, tours and travel
activities in and outside the state.
Royal Springs Golf Course Society This society maintain the world famous Royal
Spring Golf Course located in the foot hills of Zabarwan and banks of the Dal lake.
Golf course attracts golfers from all over the world. The tourist rush in the year 1988
was recorded as the highest.
Eco-Tourism Policy, 2016

The vision of eco-tourism policy of Jammu and Kashmir is to protect aesthetic
landscapes in the state by regulating tourism in an ecologically sustainable manner
and to provide livelihood opportunities to local communities through eco-tourism.
The main objectives of the Jammu and Kasmir Eco-tourism Policy are as follows:
n
To provide common platform for promoting ecotourism and to lay down
framework for its growth in an ecologically, socially and economically sustainable
manner.
n
To provide livelihood opportunities to local communities through ecotourism and
to secure their involvement in conservation of natural resources.
n
To develop and enforce standards and norms for ecotourism activities.
n
To ecologically restore already existing popular tourist destinations which have
suffered. environmental degradation over a period of time.
n
To regulate tourism activities in a manner that maintains ecological and cultural
integrity of the area and communities.
n
To ensure compliance of existing laws, rules and regulations pertaining to forest,
wildlife and environmental conservation.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir is 11 Which of the following tourist places also
famous for its temples? known as Mini-Kashmir?
(a) Jammu (b) Kashmir (a) Bnaderwah
(c) Ladakh (d) All of these (b) Sanasar
(c) Patnitop
2 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir is
famous for its valleys?
(a) Jammu 12 Gurdwara Sunder Singh is located in
(b) Kashmir (a) Jammu (b) Doda
(c) Ladakh (c) Kathua (d) Srinagar
13 The oldest and biggest masjid of Jammu
3 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir is district is
famous for its monasteries and Gompas? (a) Jama Masjid
(a) Kashmir (b) Jammu (b) Chashm-e-Shahi
(c) Ladakh (d) All of these (c) Hazratbal Masjid
4 The winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir
is 14 The management of the Vaishno Devi
(a) Drass (b) Baramulla Shrine is administered and controlled by
(c) Kathua (d) Jammu (a) Vaishno Devi Shrine Board
(b) The Central Government
5 Akhnoor fort is located in which district of (c) The State Government
Jammu and Kashmir? (d) Both by Central and State
(a) Kargil (b) Leh Government
(c) Srinagar (d) Jammu
15 Mubarak Mandi Palace Complex was built
6 Amar Mahal palace is located on the bank by
of which river? (a) Gulab Singh
(a) Tawi (b) Ravi (b) Dhruv Dev
(c) Chenab (d) Indus (c) Hari Singh
7 The last residence of Dogra kings was
(a) Mubarak Mandi Palace Complex 16 Which temple is also known as
(b) Amar Mahal Palace ‘Rupaywala Mandir’ in Jammu city?
(c) Akhnoor Fort (a) Raghunath temple
(d) None of the above (b) Panchvaktar temple
(c) Ranbireshwar temple
8 Balidan Stambh was constructed in which
(d) Martand Sun temple
year?
(a) 1707 (b) 1800 (c) 1990 (d) 2008 17 Patnitop hill resort is located in
(a) Udhampur (b) Doda
9 Bave Wali Mata temple is located in
(c) Jammu (d) Srinagar
(a) Bahu Fort
(b) Patnitop 18 The height of Patnitop hill resort is about
(c) Akhnoor Fort (a) 500 m (b) 1100 m
(d) Amar Mahal Palace (c) 2024 m (d) 3000 m
10 Bhaderwah valley town is located in 19 Peer Kho temple is located in
(a) Jammu (b) Doda (a) Srinagar (b) Jammu
(c) Baramulla (d) Srinagar (c) Kargil (d) Leh
Tourism Profile of Jammu & Kashmir 139
20 Purmandal temple is located in 32 Hazratbal masjid is located at

(a) Samba (b) Doda (a) Srinagar (b) Jammu
(c) Kishtwar (d) Srinagar (c) Baramulla (d) Doda
21 Raghunath ji temple was built by 33 Which is the gateway of the famous

(a) Gulab Singh Wildlife Sanctuary of Dachigam?
(b) Dhruv Dev (a) Harwan Garden
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh (b) Shalimar Bagh
(d) None of the above (c) Nishant Bagh
22 Ranbireshwar temple is devoted to which
deity? 34 Hari Parbat Fort was first built by
(a) Lord Vishnu (b) Lord Krishna (a) Akbar (b) Jahangir
(c) Lord Shiva (d) Goddess Parvati (c) Shah Jahan (d) None of them
23 Thanamandi is located in 35 Which fort has Sharika temple?

(a) Doda (b) Kishtwar (a) Bahu Fort
(c) Rajouri (d) Kargil (b) Akhnoor Fort
(c) Amar Mahal Palace
24 Dogra Art Gallery is located in (d) Hari Parbat Fort
(a) Jammu (b) Srinagar
(c) Doda (d) Samba 36 Jama Masjid in Srinagar was built in AD
1400 by
25 Amarnath cave is dedicated to which deity?
(a) Auranzeb (b) Sultan Sikander
(a) Lord Shiva
(c) Babur (d) None of them
(b) Lord Vishnu
(c) Lord Rama 37 Khanqah of Shah Hamadan is devoted to
(d) Lord Krishna (a) Mir Syed Ali Hamadan
(b) Nizamuddin Aulia
26 The Amarnath Yatra is organised by which
(c) Sultan Sikander
of the following?
(a) State Government
(b) Shree Amarnath Shrine Board 38 Martand temple is dedicated to
(c) Both (a) and (b) (a) Lord Rama
(d) Central Government (b) Lord Surya
(c) Goddess Mahakali
27 The two temples Avantishvara and
(d) Lord Shiva
Avantiswami are located in
(a) Doda (b) Avantipora 39 Nishat Bagh is situated on the banks of
(c) Budgam (d) Srinagar (a) Dal Lake
(b) Wular Lake
28 Chashme Shahi is located in
(c) Nagin Lake
(a) Srinagar (b) Budgam
(c) Baramulla (d) Leh
40 The second largest Mughal garden of
29 Charari Sharif shrine is located in Kashmir is
(a) Budgam (b) Kathua (a) Nishat Bagh (b) Shalimar Bagh
(c) Rajouri (d) Leh (c) Tulip Garden (d) None of these
30 Which is the Asia’s only heli-skiing resort? 41 Baisaran valley, Betab valley, Aru valley
(a) Gulmarg (b) Sonamarg are located in
(c) Pahalgam (d) Leh (a) Gulmarg (b) Sonamarg
(c) Pahalgam (d) Leh
31 The world’s highest golf course is located
in 42 Which place is known as Kashmiri Venice?
(a) Gulmarg (b) Pahalgam (a) Sonamarg (b) Srinagar
(c) Sonamarg (d) Leh (c) Pahalgam (d) Jammu
43 Which is the second largest lake of Jammu 52 Which place is known as Land of Lamas?
and Kashmir? (a) Leh (b) Kargil
(a) Dal lake (c) Kishtwar (d) Doda
(b) Wular lake 53 Which place is known as Orchard of Ladakh?
(c) Tsomoriri lake (a) Nubra valley
(d) None of these (b) Hemis monastery
44 The largest freshwater lake of India is (c) Kargil
(a) Pangong lake (d) Stok monastery
(b) Tsomoriri lake 54 Gana-Sngon Tsedup festival is celebrated in
(c) Wular lake the first month of Tibetan calendar in
(d) Dal lake (a) Phyang Monastery
45 The largest Tulip garden is located in (b) Stok Monastery
(a) Doda (b) Kishtwar (c) Shey Palace Monastery
(c) Srinagar (d) Budgam (d) None of the above
46 The largest Mughal garden of Kashmir 55 Lama Lhawang Lotus founded the
valley is (a) Phyang Monastery
(a) Shalimar bagh (b) Stok Monastery
(b) Nishat bagh (c) Hemis Monastery
(c) Harwan garden (d) Alchi Monastery
(d) Naseem bagh 56 Which monastery was famous for the giant
47 Which is also known as Golden Meadow? state of Shakyamuni Buddha?
(a) Sonamarg (b) Pahalgam (a) Shey Monastery (b) Stock Monastery
(c) Leh (d) Gulmarg (c) Spituk Monastery (d) None of these
48 Takht-e-Sulaiman is located in the 57 Spituk monastery was founded in
(a) South-East of Srinagar (a) 2nd century
(b) West of Leh (b) 5th century
(c) South of Kishtwar (c) 11th century
(d) None of the above (d) 13th century
49 Alchi monastery is located in 58 Gurdwara Pathar Sahib was built on
(a) Leh (b) Kargil (a) AD 1000 (b) AD 1200
(c) Baramulla (d) Samba (c) AD 1517 (d) AD 1600
50 Which monastery is the biggest and 59 Which place is known as Gateway of
richest monastery of Ladakh region? Ladakh?
(a) Alchi (b) Hemis (a) Drass (b) Kargil
(c) Spituk (d) Shey (c) Kishtwar (d) Gulmarg
51 The second largest town of Ladakh is 60 The coldest place of India is

(a) Kargil (b) Leh (a) Drass (b) Kargil
(c) Doda (d) Samba (c) Sonamarg (d) Pahalgam
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (a) 58. (c) 58. (c) 59. (a) 60. (a)
CHAPTER 16
JAMMU AND KASHMIR :

CONSTITUTION
As per the Article 1 of the Indian Constitution, like other states,
Jammu and Kashmir is also a part of Indian Union and is
considered as a constituent state. Unlike other states, its relation
with the Indian Government is different. The functions and laws of
Jammu and Kashmir Government are dealt as per its own
Constitution.
The Constitution of India grants a special status to Jammu and Kashmir under
Article 370 of Part-XXI, thus, most of the provisions of the Indian Constitution do
not apply to the state. Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in the Indian Union,
which has its own State Constitution, which is named as the Constitution of Jammu
and Kashmir.
Historical Perspective
In 1947, when India became free, it was divided into two nations i.e., Indian Union
and Pakistan. There were about more than 500 Princely States at that time which
were free to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or remain independent. At that
time, Jammu and Kashmir was under the Hindu ruler, Dogra King Hari Singh and
had a large Muslim population.
In order to capture the state, Pakistani tribal invaded Kashmir in October 1947. To
save his state, Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession in favour of the Indian
Union on 26th October, 1947. This led to the Indo-Pakistan War of 1947.
In January 1948, the Indian Government moved to United Nations Organisation
(UNO). The UNO passed the United Nations Security Councils Resolution-47 on
21st April, 1948 to withdrew the tribesmen and Pakistani forces from the state.
This Resolution provided democratic liberty of accession to Jammu and Kashmir
with India or Pakistan. On 27th October 1950, the largest political party of the state,
Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, recommended to convene the
Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir in a resolution.
After that, a proclamation was issued by the then Head of the state, Yuvraj Karan
Singh which directed the formation of Constituent Assembly of Jammu and
Kashmir. For constituting Assembly of elected representatives, polls were held in
August-September 1951.
The election was won by Jammu and Kashmir National Conference under the
leadership of Sheikh Abdullah. Maulana Masoodi was appointed the Protem
Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq was elected as
the President of the Assembly.
Jammu and Kashmir National Conference won 75 seats under the leadership of
Sheikh Abdullah Sheikh Abdullah became the Prime Minister of Jammu and
Kashmir and addressed the first meeting of Constituent Assembly on 31st October,
1951 in Srinagar.
This meeting decided to frame the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution and provided
reasoned conclusion regarding accession. The Assembly cast an unanimous vote
which confirmed the state’s accession to India in February, 1954.
The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir

The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir came into force on 26th January, 1957. It
declared in the Section-3, Part-II of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution that the
State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India.
As per the provisions given in Part-XII of the State Constitution, the Section 3 of
Part-II can not be legally amended. The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir is a
written document having 158 Sections divided into 13 Parts. The state of Jammu
and Kashmir is governed by two sets of constitutional provisions. These are:
i. The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
ii. The Indian Constitution governs the state whenever applicable or situation
arises, with subject to certain mission and modifications, by the application to
Jammu and Kashmir Order–1954.
The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir provides its government the law and order
to work in a desired way for its people and the state. It is not contrary to the Indian
Constitution but complementary to it. The Constitution of the state has
characteristics of rigidity as well as flexibility at some places.
The Preamble to the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution

The Preamble to Jammu and Kashmir accepts the accession of the state to Indian
Union. It also defines the existing relations of the state with the Indian Union.
Jammu and Kashmir : Constitution 143
Preamble
WE, THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR, having
solemnly resolved, in pursurance of the accession of this State to India which took
place on the 26th October, 1947, to further define the existing relationship of the
state with Union of India as an integral part thereof and to secure to ourselves
JUSTICE Social, Economic and Political,
LIBERTY of Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith and Worship,
EQUALITY of Status and of Opportunity, and to Promote Among Us All,
FRATERNITY Assuring the Dignity of the Individual and the Unity of the Nation.
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this 17th November, 1965 do HEREBY
ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
The Schedules of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir

Schedules Provisions
First Schedule Omitted
Second Schedule Emoluments, allowance and privileges of the Governor
Third Schedule Salaries and allowances of the Speaker, Deputy Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly, the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of
the Legislative Council
Fourth Schedule Salaries, allowances and conditions of service of the Judges of the
High Court
Fifth Schedule Forms of oaths or affirmations
Sixth Schedule Regional languages
Seventh Schedule Provision as to disqualification on grounds of defections
Special Status of Jammu and Kashmir

Article 370 became operative on 17th November, 1952. It cannot be amended. Some
provisions of Article 370 which provide special status to Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
n
The state follows dual citizenship, Citizenship of Jammu and Kashmir and India.
n
The residuary power of the state lies with the Legislature of the Jammu and
Kashmir and not the Parliament of India.
n
Except for defense, foreign affairs, finance and communications, the parliament
needs the State Government’s concurrence for applying all other laws.
n
The national emergency declared in the ground of war or external aggression shall
have an automatic extension to the state.
n
The national emergency proclaimed on the grounds of armed rebellion, shall not
have an automatic extension to the state.
n
The Governor of the state is to be appointed only after consultation with the Chief
Minister of that state.
n
Financial Emergency under Article 360 of Indian Constitution cannot be imposed
on the state.
n
Directive Principle of Policy and Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Indian
Constitution are not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir.
n
Apart from the President’s rule, the Governor’s rule can also be imposed on the
state for a maximum period of six months.
n
The preventive detention laws as mentioned in Article 22 of Indian Constitution
do not have an automatic extension to the state.
n
The name, boundary or territory of the State of Jammu and Kashmir cannot be
changed by the Parliament without the concurrence of the State Legislature.
Exceptions to Jammu and Kashmir by Article 370

As per the Article 370, the provisions of Article 238 in Part-VII (deals with the
administration of the Indian states) is not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. It
limits the powers of Indian Parliament to make laws for Jammu and Kashmir on:
n
those matters which are mentioned in the Union List and the Concurrent List and
those matters which are specified earlier in the state’s Instrument of Accession
of external affairs, defence, communications and ancillary matters.
n
those other matters which are mentioned in the Union and Concurrent Lists and
are specified by the President of India with the consent of the State Government.
Important Amendment Acts of Jammu and Kashmir

Constitution
Some of the Amendment Acts of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution that made significant
changes are as follows:
1st Amendent Act, 1959

It came into force on 26th January, 1960. It made many changes in the Sections of
the State Constitution. In Section-95 (Appointment and Tenure of Office of
Judges) some words have been replaced in place of words like ‘A Judge will hold
office until he attains the age of 60 years’ following words are substituted “A Judge
will hold office in case of an additional or acting judge and in any other case, until he
attains the age of 60 years.”
In Section-98 (Salaries, allowances, etc of Judges) in Sub-section (2), some words
have been omitted. In Section-99, the Sub-section (2) and (3) have been omitted,
Section-100 (2) has been omitted and Section-100 A is inserted in the Jammu and
Kashmir Constitution. Section-106 has been omitted from the State Constitution.
5th Amendment Act, 1963

It came into existence on 14th October, 1963. By this amendment, Clauses (c) and
(d) of Section 50 (4) have been omitted. In Section-50 (6) 8 members instead of
6 are inserted which are nominated by the Governor of the state from different areas
like science, art, literature, cooperative movement, etc to the Legislative Council of
Jammu and Kashmir.

This Act came in April, 1965. It replaced the words Sadar-i-Riyasat and Prime
Minister by Governor and Chief Minister, respectively in the State Constitution.
The First Schedule has been omitted by this amendment.
This Act substituted many Sections in the Constitution e.g.
n
Section–27 (Appointment of Governor)
n
Section–29 (Qualifications for appointment as Governor)
n
Section–31 (Oath of office of Governor)
n
Section–33 (Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies)
Besides, this act omitted many sections from the State Constitution like, Section-32
and Sections from 148 to 152.

This Act came in October, 1975. This Act amended composition of Legislative
Assembly and Provision relating to Pakistan Occupied Territory . In Section-48 in
Clause (a) the words twenty five seats (reserved for Pakistan occupied Kashmir)
have been replaced by twenty-four seats.

This Act came into existence in February 1977. Under this Act the words five years
have been replaced by six years for Legislative Assembly of the state in Sub-section
(1) of Section-52.

This Act came in the year 1987. Under this Act, the Seventh Schedule was added to
the State Constitution. It deals with provisions as to disqualification on grounds of
defection.

This Act came into being in the year 1988. This Act amended Section 47 (1)
(Composition of Legislative Assembly) of the State Constitution and replaced the
Legislative Assembly seats from 100 seats to 111 seats.

This Act came into being in the year 1989. This Act reduced the voting age of
youths from 21 years to 18 years in Section-140 (Elections to the Legislative
Assembly) in the State Constitution.

This Act came in the year 1999. This Act amended Sixth Schedule and added
‘Gojri’, a regional language in this schedule of the State Constitution.

This Act came in the year 2000. In Sub-section of Section 49, the words
‘forty-three’ years have been replaced by ‘fifty-three’ years.

This Act came in the year 2002. This Act added a provision under Sub-section 3 of
the Section-47 which deals with the ‘Composition of Legislative Assembly of
Jammu and Kashmir’. According to it, until the data of first census is published after
the year 2026, no readjustment of the total number of seats for Legislative Assembly
and division of territorial constituencies will be done.
This Act added a provision under Sub-section-1 of the Section-49, which deals with
‘‘Provided that the referenee in this Explanation to the last preceding census of
which the relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures of the
first census taken after the year 2026 have been published, be considered as a
reference to the 1981 census.
Centre State Relationship

The important features of the special relationship of Jammu and Kashmir with the Indian
Union are discussed below:
n
As per Section-3 of Part-II of the State Constitution, Jammu and Kashmir is and
will remain an integral part of Indian Union.
n
As per the Part-I and Schedule-I of the Indian Constitution, Jammu and Kashmir
is a constituent state of the Indian Union.
n
The Indian Constitution is also provided that name, area or boundary of Jammu
and Kashmir cannot be changed by the Indian Union without the Consent of
Legislature of the state. Jammu and Kashmir is administered according to its own
Constitution.
n
As Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution, thus Part-VI of the Indian
Constitution shall not be applied (dealing with State Government) on this state.
It is mentioned that no provision of Indian Constitution regarding the denial of
Citizenship Rights of migrants to Pakistan is applicable to the permanent residents
of the state, who migrated to Pakistan and again come back to Jammu and
Kashmir for resettlement. As per the Constitution of India such person is
considered as Indian Citizen.
n
Part IV (dealing with Directive Principles of State Policy) and Part IV-A (dealing
with Fundamental Duties) of the Indian Constitution shall not be applicable to
Jammu and Kashmir. The State Government has provided certain special rights to
its permanent residents. For example, employment under the state, settlement in
the state, acquisition of immovable property in the state, scholarship and other
forms of aid.
n
The Parliament of India has power to make laws only on the subjects mentioned in
the Union List about Jammu and Kashmir. The President of India cannot declare a
financial emergency in Jammu and Kashmir. The State Government has residuary
powers in respect of Jammu and Kashmir.
n
Provisions of Part XVII of the Constitution apply to the state of Jammu and
Kashmir only if they relate to:
i. the official language of the Union.
ii. the official language for communication between one state and another;
or between a State and the Union.
iii. language of the proceedings in the Supreme Court.
The Fifth Schedule (deals with the administration and Control of Scheduled Areas
and Scheduled Tribes) and the Sixth Schedule (deals with the administration of
tribal areas) are not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 As per which Article of the Indian 5 On which year the resolution of
Constitution, the State of Jammu and Constituent Assembly of Jammu and
Kashmir is also a part of Indian Union? Kashmir had passed?
(a) Article 1 (b) Article 2 (a) 1950
(c) Article 4 (d) Article 5 (b) 1951
(c) 1952
2 During the time of India’s Independence, (d) 1957
Jammu and Kashmir had a large
population of 6 Who issued the proclamation regarding
(a) Hindus (b) Sikhs establishment of a Constituent Assembly
(c) Muslims (d) Christians of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq
3 In which year the Dogra ruler of Jammu (b) Maulana Masoodi
and Kashmir, Hari Singh, signed the (c) Yuvraj Kanwar Singh
Instrument of Accession in favour of the (d) Sheikh Abdullah
Indian Union?
(a) October, 1947 7 Who was elected as the President of the
(b) January, 1950 Constituent Assembly of Jammu and
(c) November, 1948 Kashmir?
(d) March, 1961 (a) Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq
(b) Maulana Masoodi
4 In which year the United Nations (c) Sheikh Abdullah
Organisation (UNO) passed the United (d) Yuvraj Kanwar Singh
Nations Security Councils Resolution 47?
(a) April, 1947 8 The first meeting of the Constituent
(b) April, 1948 Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir was held
(c) April, 1949 in which year?
(d) April, 1950 (a) 1951 (b) 1952 (c) 1953 (d) 1954
9 The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and 17 Which Schedule deals with the “Provisions
Kashmir came into existence in ………… . as to disqualification on grounds of
(a) 1950 (b) 1951 defection” in the Jammu and Kashmir
(c) 1952 (d) 1953 Constitution?
(a) First Schedule
10 The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (b) Second Schedule
came into force on (c) Sixth Schedule
(a) 26th August, 1950 (d) Seventh Schedule
(b) 26th January, 1957
(c) 15th August, 1960 18 In which year Article 370 became operative?
(d) 15th January, 1967 (a) 1950 (b) 1951 (c) 1952 (d) 1953
11 In which year the Constitution of Jammu 19 Which Article of the Indian Constitution
and Kashmir has declared that it shall be accords special status to the state of Jammu
an integrate part of Union of India? and Kashmir?
(a) 26th January, 1950 (a) Article 370 (1) (b) Article 361
(b) 26th January, 1952 (c) Article 360 (d) Article 370
(c) 26th November, 1957
(d) 26th January, 1957 20 The Parliament needs the State
Government’s (Jammu and Kashmir)
12 The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir is concurrence for applying all other laws
a written document having 158 sections except for
divided into (a) Defence, Foreign affairs
(a) 13 parts (b) 15 parts (b) Finance, Communications
(c) 17 parts (d) 20 parts (c) Both (a) and (b)
13 Which Schedule of the Jammu and
Kashmir Constitution deals with the 21 The financial emergency of Indian
Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges of Constitution cannot be imposed on Jammu
the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir? and Kashmir. It is under Article no
(a) First Schedule (a) 360 (b) 365 (c) 370 (d) 385
(b) Second Schedule
(c) Third Schedule
22 As per Article 370, the provisions of
(d) Fourth Schedule Article 238 in Part-VII of Indian
Constitution which deals with the
14 Which Schedule of Jammu and Kashmir administration of the Indian states, is
Constitution is related to salaries of (a) not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir
Chairman and Speaker of Legislature ? (b) applicable to Jammu and Kashmir
(a) Second (b) Fifth (c) applicable to Jammu and Kashmir with
(c) Third (d) Sixth some reservations
15 The Schedule of the Jammu and Kashmir
Constitution which deals with the Salaries, 23 The 1st Amendment Act of Jammu and
allowances and conditions of services of the Kashmir Constitution came into force in
Judge of the High Court of the state is (a) January, 1959 (b) January, 1960
(a) Third Schedule (c) September, 1961 (d) July, 1963
(b) Fourth Schedule
(c) Fifth Schedule 24 Which Amendment Act of Jammu and
(d) Sixth Schedule Kashmir Constitution inserted 8 members
instead of 6 members who are nominated
16 The Sixth Schedule of Jammu and Kashmir by the State Governor to the Legislative
is related to which of the following? Council of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Regional Languages (a) 1st Amendment Act, 1959
(b) Allowances (b) 5th Amendment Act, 1963
(c) Forms of Oaths (c) 6th Amendment Act, 1965
(d) Salaries (d) 12th Amendment Act, 1975
25 Which Amendment Act replaced the words 30 Jammu and Kashmir Government has
‘Sadar-i-Riyasat’, and ‘Prime Minister’ by provided which right to its Permanent
‘Governor’ and ‘Chief Minister’. residents?
respectively in the Jammu and Kashmir (a) Employment under the state
Constitution? (b) Settlement in the state
(a) 1st Amendment Act, 1959 (c) Acquisition of immovable property in
(b) 6th Amendment Act, 1965 the state
(c) 12th Amendment Act, 1975 (d) All of the above
(d) 18th Amendment Act, 1987
31 The Parliament can make laws with regard
26 In the 12th Amendment Act 1975, in to Jammu and Kashmir on the subjects of
Section-48 in Clause (a), the words which list?
‘twenty five seats’ (reserved for Pakistan (a) Union List
Occupied Kashmir) was replaced by (b) State List
(a) twenty seats (c) Concurrent List
(b) twenty three seats (d) All of the above
(c) twenty four seats
(d) twenty seven seats 32 Which two Schedules of the Indian
Constitution are not applicable to Jammu
27 Name the Amendment Act of the and Kashmir?
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (a) 1st and 2nd (b) 3rd and 4th
which replaced the Legislative Assembly (c) 5th and 6th (d) 7th and 8th
seats from 100 seats to 111 seats.
(a) 12th Amendment Act, 1975
(b) 16th Amendment Act, 1977 (a) First Amendment Act of J & K - 1959
(c) 18th Amendment Act, 1987 (b) Fifth Amendment Act of J & K - 1962
(d) 20th Amendment Act, 1988 (c) Sixth Amendment Act of J & K - 1965
(d) Twelfth Amendment Act of J & K - 1975
28 Under which Amendment Act, a regional
language ‘Gojri’ is added in the 6th 34 Consider the following statement:
Schedule of Jammu and Kashmir A. The state of Jammu and Kashmir
Constitution? follows dual citizenship, viz,
(a) 18th Amendment Act, 1987 citizenship of Jammu and Kashmir
(b) 20th Amendment Act, 1988 and India.
(c) 21st Amendment Act, 1989 B. The residuary power of the state
(d) 26th Amendment Act, 1999 does not lie with the Legislature of
Jammu and Kashmir and but with
29 Which Section of the Jammu and Kashmir the Parliament of India.
Constitution explains that the state is and Codes
will remain an integral part of Indian (a) Both (A) and (B) are true
Union? (b) Only (A) is true
(a) Section-1 (b) Section-2 (c) Only (B) is true
(c) Section-3 (d) Section-4 (d) Both (A) and (B) are false
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (a) 33. (c) 33. (b) 34. (b)
CHAPTER 17
JAMMU AND KASHMIR

EXECUTIVE
The executive is the organ of Governance, responsible for the
formation of policies and implementation of various programmes. In
other words, executive has the responsibility of mantaining
governance in the state. The executive executes and enforces the law.
The Part-V of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir deals with the executive of
the state. The executive consists of the Governor as the head of the state, the Chief
Minister as the head of the Government along with the Council of Ministers and
Advocate General of the state.
The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir

The Section-26 of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the Governor. The
Governor shall be designated as the head of the state and his executive powers of
the state shall be vested in him. He shall exercised his powers and functions either
directly or indirectly through officers sub-ordinate to him in accordance with the
Constitution.
During partition, there was the post of Sadar-e-Riyasat in place of the post of the
Governor. Dr Karan Singh was the first Sadar-e-Riyasat from 20th June, 1949 to
30th March, 1965. The term ‘Governor’ came after the 6th Amendment in the
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Act, 1965. From this date the post of
Sadar-e-Riyasat was removed and Dr Karan Singh became the first Governor of
Jammu and Kashmir with effect from 30th March, 1965.
Jammu and Kashmir Executive 151
Appointment and Term of Office

The Section-27 of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the appointment of
the Governor. The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir is appointed by the President
of India. He holds office as Governor until the remaining period of his term expires.
The Section-28 of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the term of office
of the Governor. The Governor of the state holds his office during the pleasure of
the President of India. The Governor may, by writing under his hand addressed to
the President, resign his office. The Governor holds office for 5 years from the date
he enters upon his office.
Qualifications, Emoluments and Allowances

The Section-29 deals with the qualification for appointment as Governor.
According to this section, a person can be appointed as the Governor of the state
who is the citizen of India and has completed the age of 30 years. The Section-30
of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the conditions of the office of the
Governor. It is mandatory that the person who is appointed as the Governor of
Jammu and Kashmir must not be a member of any House of Legislature.
And if he is the member of either House, he must vacate his seat on the same date
on which he appointed as the Governor. It is mandatory that he must not hold any
other office of profit. Governor shall be provided with allowances, emoluments and
privileges that are mentioned in Second Schedule of Jammu and Kashmir
Constitution. During the term of his office, these emoluments and allowances shall
not be diminished.
Oath or Affirmation
The Section-31 of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the oath of office of
the Governor. The oath taking ceremony of the Governor shall be done in the
presence of the Chief Justice of the High Court or, in his absence, the senior most
Judge of that court.
Powers and Functions of the Governor

The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir has the following powers and functions:
Executive Powers Under these powers the Governor appoints the Chief Minister,
Ministers of the state and Deputy Ministers of the state. These powers give him
rights to appoint higher rank officials of Jammu and Kashmir.
Legislative Powers Through these powers the Governor of the state has the right to
summon the sessions of each House of the Legislature time to time. He also has the
power to call and dissolve the Legislative Assembly. The Governor may give his
assent if a bill is passed by both the Houses of the Legislature.
Financial Powers According to these powers, money bill cannot be introduced in the
Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir without the prior recommendation of
the Governor.
Judicial Powers Under these powers, the Governor can pardon a prisoner but not
pardon a death sentence of the Subordinate Courts.
Discretionary Powers These powers give the Governor right to report about any
mismanagement happens in the State to the Centre Government. When the State
Government is unable to function well, this situation ultimately leads to the
Governor’s rule in Jammu and Kashmir after the approval by the President of India.
Some Other Roles of the Governor of Jammu and

Kashmir
The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir is the ex-officio Chancellor of Universities of
the state like University of Kashmir, Srinagar, University of Jammu, Jammu,
Sher-i-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar. The
Governor is considered as the patron of the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art,
Culture and Languages. The Governor has the authority to appoint the Chairman
and members of the Government Bodies like Jammu and Kashmir Public Service
Commission, Jammu and Kashmir Human Rights Commission and Jammu and
Kashmir State Information Commission.
Constitutional Position of the Governor

In estimating the Constitutional position of the Governor, reference has to be made
to the provisions of the Constitution of India. These are:
n
The Governor shall not be answerable to any court for the exercise and
performance of the powers and duties of his office or for any act done or pretend to
be done by him in the exercise and performance of those powers and duties.
n
No criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against the Governor in
any court during his term of office.
n
No process for the arrest or imprisonment of the Governor shall issue from any
court during his term of office.
n
No civil proceedings in which relief is claimed against the Governor shall be
instituted during his term of office in any court in respect of any act done or
pretend to be done by him in his personal capacity.
Governors of Jammu and Kashmir

Name Tenure
Karan Singh 30th March, 1965 15th May, 1967
Bhagwan Sahay 15th May, 1967 3rd July, 1973
Lakshmi Kant Jha 3rd July, 1973 22nd February, 1981
Name Tenure
Braj Kumar Nehru 22nd February, 1981 26th April, 1984
Jagmohan 26th April, 1984 July, 1989
Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao July, 1989 19th January, 1990
Jagmohan 19th January, 1990 26th May, 1990
Girish Chandra Saxena 26th May, 1990 12th March, 1993
Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao 12th March, 1993 2nd May, 1998
Girish Chandra Saxena 2nd May, 1998 4th June, 2003
Srinivas kumar Sinha 4th June, 2003 25th June, 2008
Narinder Nath Vohra 25th June, 2008 21st August, 2018
Satya Pal Malik 21st August, 2018 Incumbent
*As on 12th July, 2019
Governor’s Rule in Jammu and Kashmir

The Section-92 of the State Constitution deals with the Governor’s Rule in the
state. The Governor’s rule is imposed in the state when the constitutional machinery
fails to function well according with the State’s Constitution. The Governor’s rule is
only imposed after the consent of the President of India for 6 months. When the
constitutional machinery is not restored before the expiry of these 6 months, then
Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, i.e. President’s Rule is imposed in Jammu
and Kashmir. The State of Jammu and Kashmir has 8 times come under the
Governor’s Rule. These are from 26th March to 9th July, 1977, from 6th March to
7th November, 1986, from 19th January, 1990 to 9th October, 1996, from 18th
October to 2nd November, 2002, from 11th July 2008 to 5th January, 2009, from 9th
January to 1st March, 2015, from 8th January to 4th April, 2016, from 20th June,
2018 till present.
Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir

The Chief Minister is the head of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir. The
Section-35 of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the Chief Minister of
the state. The Section-36 deals with the appointment of the Chief Minister. The
head of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly is chosen as Chief Minister
of the state. He is appointed by the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.
A person who is a member of the State Legislature is eligible to become the Chief
Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. In case if a person is not a member of any House
of the State Legislature, then a period of 6 months is given to him/her to be a
member of either House of the Legislature. The Chief Minister enjoys his powers
till the time he has majority in the State Legislature or during the pleasure of the
Governor. The Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir hold office for 6 years. The
first Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir was Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq.
Powers and Functions of Chief Minister

The powers and functions of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir are discussed below:
The Leader of the Legislative Assembly On the advice of the Chief Minister, the
Governor summons, discontinue and dissolves the sessions of the house. The Chief
Minister of Jammu and Kashmir appoints all important designations in the
Legislative Assembly.
The Leader of the Council of Minister The Chief Minister is the head of the Council
of Ministers. The Governor on the advice of Chief Minister appoints and dismiss
other ministers. He has the power to assign and re-shuffle portfolios to his
Ministers. If a Minister does not resign from his post even after asking by the Chief
Minister, then the Chief Minister can ask the Governor to dismiss him.
Chief Advisor to the Governor and the Council of Minister The Chief Minister is the
important advisor to the Council of Ministers and the Governor. He also communicates
to the Governor, about all decisions of the Council of Ministers. In reality all the
powers are exercised by the Chief Minister which are designated to the Governor.
Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir

Name Took Office Left Office
Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq 30th March, 1965 12th December, 1971
Syed Mir Qasim 12th December, 1971 25th February, 1975
Sheikh Abdullah 25th February, 1975 26th March, 1977
Governor’s Rule 26th March, 1977 9th July, 1977
Sheikh Abdullah 9th July, 1977 8th September, 1982
Farooq Abdullah 8th September, 1982 2nd July, 1984
Ghulam Mohammad Shah 2nd July, 1984 6th March, 1986
Governor’s Rule 6th March, 1986 7th November, 1986
Farooq Abdullah 7th November, 1986 19th January, 1990
Governor’ Rule 19th January, 1990 9th October, 1996
Farooq Abdullah 9th October, 1996 18th October, 2002
Governor’s Rule 18th October, 2002 2nd November, 2002
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 2nd November, 2002 2nd November, 2005
Ghulam Nabi Azad 2nd November, 2005 11th July, 2008
Governor’s Rule 11th July, 2008 5th January, 2009
Omar Abdullan 5th January, 2009 8th January, 2015
Governor’s Rule 8th January, 2015 1st March, 2015
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 1st March, 2015 7th January, 2016
Governor’s Rule 7th January, 2016 4th April, 2016
Mehbooba Mufti Sayeed 4th April, 2016 19th June, 2018
Governor’ Rule 20th June, 2018 Present
Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir

The Deputy Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.
The first Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir was Bakshi Ghulam
Mohammad.
Council of Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir

The Section-35 deals with the Council of Ministers of the state. The Council of
Ministers are appointed by the Governor of the state on the advice of the Chief
Minister. They are assigned responsibilities in the various departments of the
Government. The executive authority of the state actually lies in the Council of
Ministers under the leadership of the Chief Minister.
The Advocate General of Jammu and Kashmir
The Section-42 of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the Advocate
General of the state. The Advocate General of Jammu and Kashmir is appointed by
the Governor of the state. His qualifications are equal to a High Court Judge. The
Advocate General gives advice to the Jammu and Kashmir Government on legal
matters and performs duties of a legal character which are assigned to him by the
Government. He holds office during the pleasure of the Governor of the state.
Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission (JKPSC)

JKPSC was set up on 2nd September, 1957 under Section-128 of the State
Constitution. The first Chairman of JKPSC was Major General Yadav Singh (from
September, 1957 to March, 1960). The Section-129 of the State Constitution deals
with the appointment and term of office of members of JKPSC. The Governor has
the authority to appoint the Chairman and other members of the JKPSC.
The term of office of a member is 5 years or until he/she attains the age of 65 years,
whichever is earlier. About one-half of the members of JKPSC must have held office
for at least 10 years under the state government. A member can resign his office by
addressing his resignation to the Governor of the state.
Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC)

LAHDC has two separate bodies administering neighbouring districts namely, Leh
and Kargil of the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir. These are discussed below:
1. LAHDC-Leh
This councial administers the Leh district of Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Council came into existence after commencement of the Ladakh Autonomous
Hill Development Council Act 1995, which enacted by the President in the 46th
year of the Republic of India. It was demanded by the People of Ladakh to make
Leh district a new Union Territory. Because they consider themselves religiously and
culturally different from rest of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Council was created on 28th August, 1995, which consists of 30 Councillors in
which 26 are directly elected from the territorial constituencies and 4 are nominated
by the Governor from principle religious minorities and women folk of the district.
The Council is also composed of a Chief Executive Councillor and four other
Executive Councillors.
The Chief Executive Councillor of LAHDC-Leh has the status similar to a
Cabinet Minister while the four Executive Councillors have the status similar to the
deputy ministers as per the Constitutional provision of the state. The Chief
Executive Councillor of LAHDC-Leh also serves as the Deputy Commissioner of
the district.
2. LAHDC-Kargil
It came into being in 2003. It aims to register advance monitoring of the
developmental work in the district along with transparency and accountability in the
District Administration. LAHDC-Kargil shall have 30 Councillors in which 26
Councillors shall be directly elected from the respective Constituencies and 4
Councillors shall be nominated by the Governor of the state from the principle
religious minorities and women folk of the district.
LAHDC-Kargil is also composed of a Chief Executive Councillor and four other
Executive Councillors, which have the status similar to Cabinet Ministers and
Deputy Ministers, respectively. The Chief Executive Councillor of LAHDC-Kargil
also serves as the Deputy Commissioner of the district.
Powers and Functions of the Council

The LAHDC Act 1955, provides following powers and functions to the Council:
n
It imposes certain taxes on trade and businesses like on places of entertainment
example, theatre, cinema, on owner of animals and vehicles which are hired for
some purposes, on boats, on pilgrimage, on mills and on such other matters which
may be approved by the state government.
n
It provides basic amenities like public health and sanitation, hospitals, dispensary,
education, etc to the folks of districts.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Which of the following is considered as the 9 Which Section of Jammu and Kashmir
organ of Governance in the state? deals with the qualification for
(a) Council of Ministers appointment as Governor?
(b) Chief Minister (a) Section-27 (b) Section-28
(c) Executive (c) Section-29 (d) Section-30
(d) Governor
10 According to the Jammu and Kashmir
2 Which part of Jammu and Kashmir deals Constitution what is the minimum age
with the Executive of the state? required for being appointed as the
(a) Part-I Governor of the state?
(b) Part-II (a) 25 years (b) 30 years
(c) Part-III (c) 32 years (d) 37 years
(d) Part-V
11 Which schedule of Jammu and Kashmir
3 Which Section of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the allowances,
Constitution deals with the Governor of emoluments and priviledges of the
the state? Governor of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Section-21 (b) Section-23 (a) First Schedule
(c) Section-25 (d) Section-26 (b) Second Schedule
(c) Third Schedule
4 Who is regarded as the head of the State in
(d) Fourth Schedule
Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) The Chief Minister 12 Which section of Jammu and Kashmir
(b) The Governor Constitution deals with the oath of office of
(c) The Advocate General the Governor of the state?
(d) The President (a) Section-30 (b) Section-31
5 In which year the term Sadar-e-Riyasat (c) Section-32 (d) Section-33
was removed? 13 Under which powers the Governor
(a) 1955 (b) 1965 appoints the Chief Minister of the state?
(c) 1969 (d) 1971 (a) Legislative Powers
6 Which Section of Jammu and Kashmir (b) Judicial Powers
Constitution deals with the appointment of (c) Financial Powers
Governor of the state? (d) Executive Powers
(a) Section-24 (b) Section-25
14 Through which powers the Governor may
(c) Section-26 (d) Section-27
call and dissolve the Legislative Assembly?
7 The Section-28 of Jammu and Kashmir (a) Executive Powers
deals with the (b) Judiciary Powers
(a) term of office of the Governor (c) Legislative Powers
(b) appointment of the Governor (d) Discretionary powers
(c) qualification of the Governor
(d) oath of office of Governor 15 Money bill cannot be introduced in the
Legislative Assembly of Jammu and
8 For how many years the Governor holds Kashmir without the prior
the office? recommendation of the ………… .
(a) 4 years (b) 2 years (a) Governor (b) Chief Minister
(c) 10 years (d) 5 years (c) Prime Minister (d) President
16 Which powers give the Governor right to 24 Who was the first Chief Minister of Jammu
report about any mismanagement and Kashmir?
happens in the state to the Centre (a) Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq
Government? (b) Sheikh Abdullah
(a) Executive Powers (c) Farooq Abdullah
(b) Legislative Powers (d) Omar Abdullah
(c) Discretionary Powers
(d) Judicial Powers 25 Who was the first Deputy Chief Minister of
Jammu and Kashmir?
17 Who is the ex-officio Chancellor of (a) Nirmal Kumar Singh
Universities of Jammu and Kashmir? (b) Tara Chand
(a) Governor
(c) Devi Das Thakur
(b) The President of India
(d) Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad
(c) Chief Minister
(d) The Advocate General 26 Which section of Jammu and Kashmir
18 The First Governor of Jammu and Constitution deals with the Advocate
Kashmir was..... General of the state?
(a) Lakshmi Kant Jha (a) Section-31
(b) Dr Karan Singh (b) Section-35
(c) Jagmohan (c) Section-39
(d) SK Sinha (d) Section-42
19 How many times the Governor’s Rule has 27 When was the Jammu and Kashmir Public
enforced in Jammu and Kashmir till Service Commission established?
2018? (a) 2nd September, 1967
(a) 4 times (b) 5 times (b) 2nd September, 1957
(c) 7 times (d) 8 times (c) 2nd September, 1947
(d) 2nd September, 1937
20 In which year for the first time, the
Governor’s Rule was enforced in Jammu 28 Under which Section of Jammu and Kashmir
and Kashmir? Constitution the Jammu and Kashmir
(a) 1944 (b) 1947 Public Service Commission was set up?
(c) 1970 (d) 1977 (a) Section-111
(b) Section-116
21 Which Section of Jammu and Kashmir (c) Section-120
Constitution deals with the Chief Minster (d) Section-128
of the state?
(a) Section-20 29 The first Chairman of Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Section-22 Public Service Commission was .......... .
(c) Section-32 (a) Sardar Abdul Hakim Khan Durrani
(d) Section-35 (b) AJ Kidwai
(c) Nazir Ahmad Khan
22 Who appoints the Chief Minister of (d) Major General Yadav Singh
Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Governor 30 Which Section of Jammu and Kashmir
(b) The President of India Constitution deals with the appointment
(c) The Prime Minister of India and term of office of members of Jammu and
(d) The Advocate General Kashmir Public Service Commission
(JKPSC)?
23 The tenure of the Chief Minister of Jammu (a) Section-100
and Kashmir is of.... (b) Section-110
(a) 5 years (b) 4 years (c) Section-120
(c) 6 years (d) 8 years (d) Section-129
31 Who appoints the Chairman and other 35 How many Councillors of LAHDC-Leh
members of the JKPSC? are nominated by the Governor of Jammu
(a) The President of India and Kashmir?
(b) The Chief Minister of the state (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) The Governor of the state
(d) The Advocate General of the state 36 The Ladakh Autonomous Hill
Development Council (LAHDC)-Kargil
32 The term of the member of Jammu and came into being in ……… .
Kashmir Public Service Commission (a) 2000 (b) 2001 (c) 2002 (d) 2003
(JKPSC) is
(a) 4 years
37 How many Councillors of LAHDC-Kargil
(b) 5 years are directly elected from the respective
(c) 6 years constituencies?
(d) 7 years (a) 21 (b) 24 (c) 26 (d) 30
33 In which year the Ladakh Autonomous 38 LAHDC–Kargil is composed of a Chief

Hill Development Council Act came into Executive councillor and
existence? (a) Two other Executive Councillors
(a) 1950 (b) 1965 (b) Three other Executive Councillors
(c) 1980 (d) 1995 (c) Four other Executive Councillors
(d) Six other Executive Councillors
34 The Ladakh Autonomous Hill
Development Council (LAHDC)-Leh was 39 Which act does provide powers and
created on functions to the LAHDC?
(a) LAHDC Act 1955
(a) 28th August, 1947
(b) LAHDC Act 1950
(b) 28th August, 1957
(c) LAHDC Act 1960
(c) 28th August, 1985
(d) LAHDC Act 1965
(d) 28th August, 1995
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (a)
CHAPTER 18
JAMMU AND KASHMIR

LEGISLATURE
The Legislature is the body of the government which formulates laws and
implement these with legal authority and force in the state. Before 1947,
Jammu and Kashmir was governed by the Dogra Rulers. The first
Legislature of Jammu and Kashmir, consisting of a Council of Ministers
and Assembly, was established by the Government of the Maharaja Hari
Singh in 1934 under the Constitution Act of 1934.
Section-46 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the Legislature of
the state. It states that the Legislature of the state shall consist of the Governor and
the two Houses known as the Legislative Assembly (Lower House) and the
Legislative Council (Upper House).
Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir

The Section-47 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the composition
of the Legislative Assembly (Lower House) of the state. Jammu, Kashmir and
Laddakh are its three region which have 37, 46 and 4 assembly seats respectively.
Initially, the Legislative Assembly was consisted of 100 members elected by direct
election from the territorial constituencies in the state. Subsequently, by the 20th
Amendment Act 1988, under the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, this was
raised to 111 members.
There is also a provision in the Constitution of the state for the nomination of two
women as members of the Legislative Assembly by the Governor, if the Governor
finds such situation that women are not adequately represented in the Assembly.
Legislature by law has the authority to divide the state into single member territorial
constituencies (for election of the members of the Legislative Assembly). The
Legislature by law may appoint such authority which shall readjust the number,
extent and boundaries of the territorial constituencies of the state after completion
of each census.
Jammu and Kashmir Legislature 161
The Section-48 of the State Constitution states that, out of 111 seats of the
Assembly, 24 seats shall remain officially vacant for the territorial constituencies of
the state that come under the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK). Thus, there are
89 members out of which 87 are elected and 2 are nominated (women).
The minimum age to become a member of the Legislative Assembly is 25 years. The
Section-48 A states two conditions due to which General Election can be done in
Jammu and Kashmir. These are:
i. If the Governor of the state finds that the General Election is necessary without
any delay and before the final readjustment of territorial constituencies (after
census).
ii. If the Legislative Assembly dissolves before its duration expires.
Thus, due to any of these conditions the Governor after consulting with the Election
Commissioner may direct that the General Election shall be conducted on the last
delimitation of territorial constituencies. The Section-49 states that there is a
provision of reserved seats in the Assembly for the Scheduled Caste (SC)
population. Their proportion shall remain the same to the total Assembly seats as
the state has the SC population proportion to the total population in the Cast
preceding census.
Duration of Legislative Assembly of the State

As per Section-52, the Assembly has the period of 6 years until it dissolves. If there
is a situation of proclamation of emergency as per Article 352 of the Constitution of
India, then its period may be extended for one year only for one time by the State
Legislature. After removal of such proclamation, only 6 months period can be
extended further. The Governor upon the advice of Chief Minister of Jammu and
Kashmir may dissolve the Assembly before the completion of the 6 year term. The
special sessions of both the Houses of the state are convened by the Governor of the
State.
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative

Assembly
The Section-57 of the State Constitution deals with the Speaker and Deputy
Speaker of the Assembly. Both of these members convened and administered the
Assembly of the state.
The Section-58 deals with the vacation, resignation and removal from the offices of
the Speaker and Deputy Speaker. Any one or both of these shall resign if they are
removed from the membership of the Assembly. The Speaker may hand over his
resignation to the Deputy Speaker and the Deputy Speaker may hand over his
resignation to the Speaker.
One of them or both may be removed from their designation by passing a resolution
in the Assembly with a prior notice of 14 days. The Section-59 deals with the power
of the Deputy or other person to perform the duties of the office of or to act as
Speaker. In the absence of the Speaker, his duties are performed by the Deputy
Speaker. When the Deputy Speaker is also not there, then the Governor appoints a
member of the Assembly to act as the Speaker.
The Section-60 of the State Constitution states that if any resolution for the
removal of the Speaker or Deputy Speaker is under consideration in the Assembly,
then they shall not preside the Assembly, even though they are present in the
Assembly. Section-59 will be applied in such situation.
The first Speaker of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly was Ghulam Rasool
Renzoo (from March 1954 to July 1957).
Political Parties of Jammu and Kashmir

Political Parties Description
National Political Parties
Indian National Congress (INC) It was founded by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji,
Dinshaw Edulji Wacha in 1885. It is a National Political Party.
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Many political parties were merged and formed the BJP in
1980. It is a National Political Party.
State Political Parties
Jammu and Kashmir National It was formed by Sheikh Abdullah and Chaudhry Ghulam
Conference Abbas in 1932.
Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir It is Islamic political group of Kashmir and a unit of
Jamaat-e-Islami. It was formed in 1953.
Jammu and Kashmir National It was founded in 1982 by Prof. Bhim Singh. It is a state
Panthers Party political party.
All Jammu and Kashmir Patriotic It was formed by Muslim Mujahedin which was an Islamist
Peoples Front Guerrilla group, in 1995.
Jammu and Kashmir People’s It was founded by Mufti Mohammad Sayeed in 1998.
Democratic Party (PDP)
Jammu and Kashmir Democratic This political party was formed by Shabir Shah in May 1998.
Freedom Party It is a separatist political party.
Democratic Janata Dal (Jammu and Earlier this political party was merged with the Jammu and
Kashmir) Kashmir National Conference in 1998. But it came into
existence as a separate political party in 1999.
Mallah Insaf Party It is a political party which was formed before the State
Legislative Elections of 2002.
Praja Parishad Jammu and Kashmir This political party was formed in 2005 by the dissidents of
the Bharatiya Janata Party which were in favour of the
Special Status of Jammu and Kashmir.
Jammu and Kashmir Legislature 163
Legislative Council of Jammu and Kashmir

The Section-50 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the composition
of Legislative Council of the state. The Legislative Council of Jammu and Kashmir,
also known as Vidhan Parishad, is the Upper House of the bicameral State Legislature
system. As per Section-50, the Legislative Council shall consist of 36 members. The
minimum age to become a member of Legistative Council is 30 years. This Section
also provides the criteria for the selection of these members. These criterias are:
n
The first criteria states that the Legislative Assembly will elect 11 such members
who are the residents of the Kashmir Province but not the members of the
Legislative Assembly. It provided that at least one shall be a resident of Tehsil
Ladakh and at least one shall be a resident of Kargil Tehsil.
n
The second criteria states that the Legislative Assembly will elect 11 such members
who are the residents of the Kashmir Province and among them at least one must
be a resident of Doda district and one must be a resident of Poonch district. But
they must not be the members of the Legislative Assembly.
n
The third criteria states that one member will be elected by the electorates which
works in the Province of Kashmir and Province of Jammu, namely, the members of
Municipal Council, Town Area Committees and Notified Area Committees of
both of the provinces.
n
The fourth criteria states that two members of the Legislative Council will be
elected by the electorates of Kashmir and Jammu Province to whom the Governor
may specify. These electorates are the members of the Panchayats and such other
local bodies in both the provinces.
n
The fifth criteria state that the Governor will nominate the 8 members of the
Council. Among them not more than 3 will belong to socially or economically
Backward Classes of the state. The rest members must have the special knowledge
or practical experience in the fields of literature, art, science co-operative
movement and social service.
Duration of Legislative Council
The Section-52 of the State Constitution states that the Legislative Council is not
subjected to dissolution. But on the expiration of every second year the one-third of
its member shall retire. Normally the members have a 6 year term.
The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council

The Section-61 of the State Constitution deals with the Chairman and Deputy
Chairman of the Legislative Council. Both of these members summon and
administered the Legislative Council. If one or both of these members’ office is
vacant then the Council of the state chooses a member to be Chairman or Deputy
Chairman. The first Chairman of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council was Shiv
Narayan Fotedar (from July 1957 to Sep 1971) and the current Chairman is Haji
Anayat Ali (as on September, 2018).
Common Provisions of the State Legislature

Powers of the State Legislature and its Members
The Section-72 of the State Constitution provides certain powers, privileges and
immunities to the State Legislature and its members. These are:
n
The members have the Freedom of Speech in the State Legislature. There shall be
no proceeding in any court against any member of the State Legislature in respect
of anything said or any vote cast by him in the State Legislature.
n
It is also mentioned that no member shall be liable in respect of the publication of
any report, paper, votes or proceedings by the authority of any house of the State
Legislature.
n
The State Legislature shall time to time define the powers, privileges and
immunities of both the Houses of it. But until these powers are defined, both the
Houses, their members and communities shall have the same powers and
priviledges as those of the Parliament of India, its members and communities.
Quorum of the State Legislature

The Section- 65 deals with the Quorum of both the houses of the State Legislature.
As per this Section, the minimum number of members to conduct a meeting of the
Legislative Assembly is 20 and for Legislative Council is 10.
Session, Prorogation and Dissolution of the State

Legislature
The Section-53 of the State Constitution states that the Governor of the state has
the power to call meetings of each House of the Legislature, time to time. But there
should not be the gap of 6 months between two meetings. The Governor has the
power to dissolve any house of the State Legislature.
Language Used in the State Legislature

The Section-87 of the State Constitution deals with the language used in the State
Legislature. As per this Section, Urdu or English shall be used to conduct the
proceedings in both the Houses. The Speaker or Chairman or any person acting on
their behalf, may give permission to a member to speak in Hindi, but if any member
cannot express himself adequately in the aforesaid languages, he may use his mother
tongue as well. English Language shall be used in text of all bills, amendments and
acts passed by the State Legislature.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 When was the first Legislature of Jammu 9 The Section-52 of the Jammu and Kashmir
and Kashmir established? Constitution deals with the
(a) 1947 (b) 1934 (a) Composition of the Legislative
(c) 1942 (d) 1957 Assembly of the state
(b) Duration of Legislative Assembly
2 Which Section of the Jammu and Kashmir
(c) The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of
Constitution states that the Legislature the Assembly
shall consist of Governor and two states? (d) Composition of the Legislative Council
(c) Section-48 (d) Section-45 10 The tenure of the Legislative Assembly of
the Jammu and Kashmir is
3 Which Section of the Jammu and Kashmir (a) 5 years (b) 6 years
Constitution deals with the composition of (c) 4 years (d) 7 years
the Legislative Assembly of the state?
(a) Section-46 (b) Section-43 11 Which Section of the State Constitution
(c) Section-47 (d) Section-49 deals with the Speaker and Deputy Speaker
of Legislative Assembly?
4 How many Legislative Assembly seats did (a) Section-57
Jammu have? (b) Section-49
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) Section-45
(c) 37 (d) 47 (d) Section-44
5 How many Assembly seats did Kashmir 12 Which section of the Constitution of
and Ladakh regions have? Jammu and Kashmir deals with the
(a) 46, 5 respectively vacation, resignation and removal of the
(b) 46, 4 respectively
speaker and Deputy Speaker?
(c) 49, 4 respectively
(a) Section 50
(d) 49, 8 respectively
(b) Section 57
6 According to Jammu and Kashmir (c) Section 58
Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of (d) Section 60
the state is consisted of 13 The first Speaker of Jammu and Kashmir
(a) 100 members (b) 111 members Legislative Assembly was
(c) 99 members (d) 124 members
(a) Nirmal Singh
7 As per the Section-48 of the Jammu and (b) Ghulam Rasool Renzoo
Kashmir Constitution, how many (c) Narayan Fotedar
Assembly seats shall remain officially (d) Anayat Ali
vacant for the territorial constituencies of 14 Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
the state that came under the Pakistan Political Party was founded in
Occupied Kashmir (POK)? (a) 1901 (b) 1920
(a) 21 seats (b) 22 seats (c) 1925 (d) 1932
(c) 23 seats (d) 24 seats
15 Name the founder of Jammu and Kashmir
8 Which section of the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party.
Constitution deals with the Reservation of (a) Prof. Amarjit Singh
seats for Scheduled Castes in the (b) Prof. Bhim Singh
Legislative Assembly of the state? (c) Prof. Sheikh Abdullah
(a) Section-40 (b) Section-42 (d) None of them
16 The founder of Jammu and Kashmir 21 How many members belong to socially or
People’s Democratic Party was economically Backward classes of the state
(a) Mufti Mohammad Sayeed are nominated in Legislative council by the
(b) Sheikh Abdullah Governor?
(c) Muslim Mujahedin (a) 4 members out of 8 members
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji (b) 3 members out of 8 members
(c) 2 members out of 10 members
17 In which year Democratic Janata Dal (d) 5 members out of 8 members
(Jammu and Kashmir) became a separate
political party in Jammu and Kashmir? 22 How many members of the Legislative
(a) 1970 (b) 1980 Council of Jammu and Kashmir retire
(c) 1999 (d) 2001 every two years?
(a) One-fourth (b) One-fifth
18 As per the Section-50 of the Jammu and (c) Two-third (d) One-third
Kashmir Constitution, the Legislative
Council of the state shall consist of 23 Who was the first Chairman of Legislative
(a) 30 members Council of Jammu and Kashmir?
(b) 32 members (a) Shri Narayan Fotedar
(c) 35 members (b) Amrit Malhotra
(d) 36 members (c) P Namgyal
(d) Anayal Ali
19 What is the minimum age to be a member
of the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and 24 Name the section of the Constitution of
Kashmir? Jammu and Kashmir which provides
(a) 25 years certain powers, privilages and immunities
(b) 30 years to the State Legislature and its members.
(c) 32 years (a) Section 58 (b) Section 60
(d) 35 years (c) Section 65 (d) Section 72
20 How many members of the Legislative 25 As per Section 87 of the Constitution
Council shall be elected from amongst the Jammu and Kashmir the language(s) used
person who are not a member of Legislative in the proceeding of both Houses in State
Assembly? Legislature is/are
(a) 10 (b) 11 (a) Hindi (b) Urdu
(c) 12 (d) 13 (c) English (d) Both (b) and (c)
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (d)
CHAPTER 19
JAMMU AND KASHMIR

JUDICIARY
The Judiciary also known as judicial system is the system of courts
that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. It also
provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes.
Earlier the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir functioned as the final authority in the
administration of Justice. For conducting the smooth administration in the state, the
British Government of India in 1889, asked Maharaja Pratap Singh, the then ruler
of Jammu and Kashmir to appoint a council and the law member of the council to
exercise all the appellate powers both on civil and criminal levels. This led to the
establishment of High Court in Jammu and Kashmir.
Establishment of the High Court

Initially, the Chief Judges of the two provinces of the state, Jammu and Kashmir
exercised the judicial authority under the superintendence and control of Law
Member of the Council. Later, the ruler abolished the Council and appointed a
Minister, equal to a judge of the High Court, to decide the judicial cases of the state.
The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir sanctioned a new Constitution of the State in
1927 and set up a Ministry in the Judicial Department instead of Law Member. It
was the period when the full-fledged High Court of Judicature of the state came
into being in 1928, along with the Chief Justice and two Judges.
Constitution of the High Court

According to Section-93 of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution, there shall be a High
Court for the state, consisting a Chief Justice and two other Judges. The first Chief
Justice of the State High Court was Lala Kanwar Sain (from April, 1928 to
February, 1931). Rai Bahadur Lala Bodh Raj Sawhney and Aga Syed Hussain
became the Puisne Judges ( Junior level Judges to Chief Justice). As per the
Section-101 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution, the places of sitting of the
High Court are Jammu and Srinagar. In 1957, by the Jammu and Kashmir
Constitution Act, an independent Judicial body with the High Court of Judicature
at the top was created.
The High Court of Jammu and Kashmir consists of 14 Judges of which 9 are
permanent Judges and 5 are additional Judges. Chapter VII of the Constitution of
Jammu and Kashmir deals with High Court. The administrative wing of the High
Court and its Chief Justice shift from Srinagar to Jammu at a fixed time period
throughout the year. For example, From May to October end, it is shifted to
Srinagar and from November to April end, it is shifted to Jammu.
In August, 2018, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court got its first and second
women Judges. Sindhu Sharma was appointed as a Judge and Justice Gita Mittal
was sworn in as the Chief Justice of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court on
11th August, 2018.
ENTRY GATE OF HIGH COURT
The High Court deals with cases pertaining to writ as well as civil jurisdiction.
There are 7 sections in the High Court for dealing with various types of cases. These
are: Letter Patent Appeal (LPA), Service Writ Petition (SWP), Other Writ Petition
(OWP), Civil Criminal, Habeas Corpus Petition, etc.
Chief Justices of Jammu and Kashmir

Chief Justice From To
Kanwar Sain 27th April, 1928 16th February, 1931
Birjor Dalal 16th February, 1931 24th November, 1936
Abdul Qayoom 24th November, 1936 20th July, 1940
Rachpal Singh 13th August, 1940 6th March, 1942
Ganga Nath 24th June, 1942 23rd October, 1945
SK Ghose 29th March, 1946 29th March, 1948
Janki Nath Wazir 30th March, 1948 2nd December, 1967
Jammu and Kashmir Judiciary 169
Chief Justice From To

Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali 3rd December, 1967 1st April, 1975
Raja Jaswant Singh 2nd April, 1975 23th January, 1976
MRA Ansari 23rd January, 1976 8th November, 1977
Mian Jalal-ud-Din 15th February, 1978 22nd February, 1980
Mufti Baha-ud-Din 7th March, 1983 23rd August, 1983
Vazhakkulangarayil Khalid 24th August, 1983 24th June, 1984
Adarsh Sein Anand 11th May, 1985 23rd October, 1989
SS Kang 24th October, 1989 14th May, 1993
SC Mathur 10th October, 1993 17th March, 1994
S Sagir Ahmed 18th March, 1994 22nd September, 1994
M Ramakrishna 10th October, 1994 15th June, 1997
Bhawani Singh 16th June, 1997 21st February, 2000
BP Saraf 21st February, 2000 22nd August, 2001
HK Sema 12th September, 2001 8th April, 2002
BC Patel 16th May, 2002 4th March, 2003
SN Jha 4th February, 2004 11th October, 2005
BA Khan 25th January, 2007 31st March, 2007
Aftab Alam 7th June, 2007 10th November, 2007
KS Radhakrishnan 7th January, 2008 28th August, 2008
Manmohan Sarin 4th September, 2008 19th October, 2008
Barin Ghosh 3rd January, 2009 13th April, 2010
Dr Aftab Hussain Saikia 13th April, 2010 6th April, 2011
FM Ibrahim Kalifulla 24th February, 2011 2nd April, 2012
MM Kumar 8th June, 2012 4th January, 2015
N Paul Vasanthakumar 2nd February, 2015 14th March, 2017
Badar Durrez Ahmed 1st April, 2017 15th March, 2018
Ramalingam Sudhakar 16th March, 2018 11th May, 2018
Alok Aradhe 11th May, 2018 11th August, 2018
Gita Mittal 11th August, 2018 Incumbent
Powers of the High Court

The High Court has power to issue to any person or authority the directions, orders
or writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari
(as per the section-103 of State Constitution). But as other High Courts of India,
the Jammu and Kashmir High Court has limited power as it cannot declare any law
unconstitutional. Unlike High Courts in other states, under article 226 of the
Constitution, it can not issue writs except for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
The High Court of Jammu and Kashmir works as a superintendent and controls all
courts which are subordinate to it (as per the Section-104 of State Constitution).
If the High Court finds that a pending case in a subordinate court (as per
Section-105 of State Constitution) has a substantial question of Law of the State
Constitution or Indian Constitution and it is necessary to determine this case for its
disposal, then the High Court may either dispose the case itself or may return this
case to the subordinate court for its disposal.
Appointment and Tenure of the Judges of the High Court

The Section-95 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the
appointment and tenure of the office of Judges. As per this section, the Chief Justice
is appointed by the President of India after consultation with the Chief Justice of
India and the Governor of the state. The other Judges of the High Court are
appointed by the President of India after consultation with the Chief Justice of the
High Court of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Chief Justice of the High Court shall hold office until he attains the age of
62 years and in case of other judges, they attain the age of 60 years (1st Amendment
Act, 1959). If any question arises on the age of a Judge of the High Court, then the
President has the right to consult about this question with the Chief Justice of India.
But the President’s decision will be final.
Qualifications for Appointment of a Judge of the High Court

The Section-96 deals with the qualifications for appointment of a Judge of the High
Court of the state. A person can be appointed as the Judge of the High Court of Jammu
and Kashmir if:
n
He/she is a citizen of India.
n
He/she has been for at least 10 years in a judicial office in Jammu and Kashmir or
in other states of India.
n
He/she has been an advocate of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court or of any
other High Court in the country or of two or more such courts in succession for at
least 10 years.
Oath or Affirmation by Judges of the High Court

The Section-97 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution deals with the oath or
affirmation by Judges of the High Court. The oath taking ceremony of a Judge shall
be done in the presence of the Governor of the state or in his absence, in the
presence of a person who is appointed by the Governor on his behalf. The oath shall
be done according to the form set out for the purpose in the Fifth Schedule.
Resignation or Removal of a Judge of the High Court

The Section-99 of the State Constitution deals with the resignation or removal of a
Judge of the High Court. As per this Section, a Judge of the High Court may resign
from his office by giving his resignation to the President of India.
Jammu and Kashmir Judiciary 171
Appointment of Acting Judges

The Section-100 of the State Constitution deals with the appointment of acting
Judges. As per this Section, if due to some reasons Chief Justice is unable to hold his
office, then the President of India appoints a Judge of the State High Court as
acting Chief Justice.
Subordinate Courts of Jammu and Kashmir

The subordinate courts, at the level of districts and lower, have almost similar
structure all over the country. They deal with civil and criminal cases in accordance
with their respective jurisdictions and administer the code of civil procedure and the
code of criminal procedure. Jammu and Kashmir is divided into judicial districts.
The subordinate judiciary in each district is headed by a District and Sessions Judge.
The state has 174 subordinate courts including 45 Courts of District Judges,
50 Sub-Judges’ Courts and 79 Courts of Munsiffs.
Appointment of District Judges

As per Section–109 of the State Constitution, the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir,
with the consultation of the High Court has the authority to appoint a person to be
a Judge of the District Court. His postings and promotions are done by the
Governor. A person can be appointed as a District Judge if he has been an advocate
or pleader for at least 7 years and is recommended by the State High Court.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Before the establishment of the High Court 4 Which section of the State Constitution
who functioned as the final authority in the deals with the places of sitting of the High
administration of Justice in Jammu and Court in Jammu and Kashmir?
Kashmir? (a) Section-100 (b) Section-101
(a) The Governor (c) Section-102 (d) Section-103
(b) The President of India
5 The High Court of Jammu and Kashmir
(c) The Ruler of the State
consists of
(a) 10 Judges (b) 11 Judges
2 The full fledged High Court of Judicature for (c) 13 Judges (d) 14 Judges
Jammu and Kashmir was established in the
year? 6 In which period of the year, the
administrative wing of the High
(a) 1925 (b) 1926 (c) 1927 (d) 1928
Court and its Chief Justice shift to
3 Who amongst the following was appointed as Srinagar?
the first Chief Justice of the High Court in the (a) From April to September end
year 1928? (b) From May to October end
(a) Lala Kanwar Sain (b) Khan Sahib Agha (c) From November to April end
(c) Rai Bahadur (d) None of these (d) From December to May
7 Which section of Jammu and Kashmir 12 Which section of Jammu and Kashmir
Constitution deals with the appointment Constitution deals with the resignation or
and tenure of the office of Judges of the removal of a Judge of the High Court?
state? (a) Section–91 (b) Section–93
(a) Section-91 (b) Section-92 (c) Section–96 (d) Section–99
13 If a Judge of the State High Court resigns
8 Who appoints the Chief Justice of Jammu from his office, to whom he address his
and Kashmir High Court? resignation?
(a) The Chief Minister of the state (a) The Chief Minister of Jammu and
(b) The Prime Minister of India Kashmir
(c) The President of India (b) The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir
(d) The Advocate General of the state (c) The President of India
(d) The Council of Ministers of the state
9 The other Judges of the High Court of
Jammu and Kashmir are appointed by the 14 Which Section of Jammu and Kashmir
President of India after consultation Constitution deals with the appointment of
with …… acting Judges of the High Court?
(a) The Chief Minister of the state (a) Section-91 (b) Section-95
(b) The Chief Justice of India (c) Section-94 (d) Section-100
(c) The Chief Justice of Jammu and
Kashmir High Court 15 Who appoints the acting Chief Justice of
(d) The Governor of the state the State High Court?
(a) The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir
10 Which section of Jammu and Kashmir (b) The President of India
Constitution deals with the qualifications (c) The Prime Minister of India
for appointment of a Judge of the High (d) The Chief Minister of Jammu and
Court of the state? Kashmir
16 The District Judge is appointed by whom in
the state?
11 The Section–97 of the Jammu and Kashmir (a) The President
Constitution deals with the ……… (b) The Governor
(a) Oath and affirmation by Judges of the (c) The Chief Justice of High Court
High Court. (d) The Chief Justice of India
(b) Salaries of Judges of the High Court 17 A person can be appointed as a District
of the state.
Judge of Jammu and Kashmir, if he/she has
(c) Appointment of the Judges of High
been an advocate or pleader for at least
Court of the state.
(a) 5 years (b) 6 years
(d) Qualifications for appointment of a
(c) 7 years (d) 10 years
Judge of the High Court.
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c)
CHAPTER 20
JAMMU AND KASHMIR :

PANCHAYATI RAJ
Panchayati Raj is a system of Local Self-Government which
functions for the development of people at local level and
provides effective participation to the people.
The people of Jammu and Kashmir organised a mass movement for the vision of a
empowerment in the state since 1931. Under the pressure of this mass movement,
Maharaja Hari Singh promulgated the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Regulation
Act No. 1 in 1935.
By an amendment in 1941, the list of functions of the 1935 Regulation were
widened. By an Act of 1951, the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) was adopted to be
re-established. Then, in 1958, government has replaced the act of 1951.
Later, it was realised that there is a need to have a sound institutional framework to
give a positive role to the community in the self-governance. Moreover people
should be mainstreamed into the developmental process of the democratic structure
in the state. After this realisation, Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989
came into existence.
The Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj

Act, 1989
The Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 was passed in March, 1989. In
July, 1989, the Governor of the state gave his assent to the Bill. This act implies the
promotion of Panchayati Raj in the state. It provides a three-tier model consisting of:
1. Halqa Panchayat (Village level)
2. Block Development Council (Block level)
3. District Planning and Development Board (District level)
Besides these, the Act also provides a Panchayati Adalat for every Halqa (village).
1. Halqa Panchayat
The Section-4 of the Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 deals with the establishment and
constitution of Halqa Panchayat in Jammu and Kashmir. As per this section each
village or Halqa will have a Halqa Panchayat known by the name of the place where
it is located. Halqa Panchayats will have Halqa Majlis which consist of the voters
who have their names in the electoral roll in the Halqa Panchayats.
If due to any reason, the Halqa Panchayat is dissolved before its period of expiration
(5 years), then the elections will be held within a period of 6 months. The
Section-24 in the Act states that at least one meeting in a month will be held by
each Halqa Panchayat. It is also mentioned in the Act that there will be a Panchayat
Advisory Committee in Halqa Panchayat which consists of members as may be
prescribed by the authority.
Disqualification for Membership
The Section-6 of Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 deals with the
disqualification for membership of Halqa Panchayat. It says that a person is not eligible
to become a member of Halqa Panchayat if:
n
He/she is not a permanent resident of Jammu and Kashmir.
n
He/she is a government employee or works in local body or the state.
n
He/she is not 25 years of age.
n
He/she does not have stable mind and declared so by a competent court.
n
He/she already has a designation of Lambardar or Village Chowkidar.
n
His/her name is not included in the electoral roll of any Halqa Panchayat.
Powers and Functions of Halqa Panchayat
The Section-13 of Jammu and Kashmir Panchayat Act, 1989 deals with powers and
functions of Halqa Panchayats. Some of the important powers and functions of Halqa
Panchayats are discussed below
n
Developmental plans for each Halqa or village are prepared by the Halqa
Panchayats.
n
Each Halqa Panchayat works for the soil conservation, water management, social
forestry, agriculture, sheep and animal husbandry, rural industrialisation and other
welfare programmes.
n
It works for the betterment of people of village by preparing and implementing
various programmes like Poverty Alleviation Programme, Employment Generation
Programme, Integrated Rural Development Programme, Housing for Scheduled
Castes and Backward Classes and Universalisation of Elementary Education and
other Educational Programmes.
Jammu and Kashmir : Panchayati Raj 175
n
The Halqa Panchayat levied some taxes on trade or professions like entertainment
tax on theatre, cinema, on the owners of animals and vehicles which are used for
transport, tax on boats, pilgrim tax, etc.
n
There are other functions and duties to be followed by the Halqa Panchayat, which
are assigned by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir, the District Planning and
Development Board and the Block Development Council, within the area in
which the Halqa is located.
Sarpanch and a Naib-Sarpanch of a Halqa Panchayat

It is mentioned in the Section-4 that the number of Panches shall not less than 7
and not more than 11 including the Sarpanch.
The Panch seats are also reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes of the state. The Panches are elected from the constituencies
which are determined by the prescribed authority.
Election Process The Sarpanch is directly elected by the electorate of the Halqa
Panchayat. Naib-Sarpanch is elected by the Panches of the Halqa Panchayat from
among themselves.
Tenure The Section-5 deals with the term of office of the Sarpanch, the
Naib-Sarpanch and every Panch of the Halqa Panchayat, which is of 5 years from
the date of its constitution.
Removal or Resign from Office The Section-7 of the Act deals with removal of
Sarpanch and Naib-Sarpanch. As per this Section, Sarpanch and Naib-Sarpanch
can be removed from their post by a Vote of No-confidence, passed by a majority of
not less than two-thirds of the total number of Panches of Halqa Panchayat. The
Section-11 of the Act deals with the resignation of Sarpanch, Panch and Naib
Sarpanch of Halqa Panchayats. If all or any one of them wants to resign his office,
then he may handover his resignation to such authority as may be prescribed.
Emoluments The Government of Jammu and Kashmir specifies the monthly salary
to each Sarpanch of Halqa Panchayats. It also specifies the sitting fee to each Panch
of Halqa Panchayats.
Powers and Functions of Sarpanch and Naib-Sarpanch
The Section-25 of the Act deals with the functions of Sarpanch and Naib-Sarpanch
of Halqa Panchayats. As per this section:
n
The Sarpanch call the meetings of Halqa panchayat and maintains the records of
Halqa Panchayat.
n
The Sarpanch is responsible for the financial and executive administration of the
Halqa Panchayat.
n
Due to any reason if the Sarpanch is unable to do his duties, then the Naib
Sarpanch does all his duties on his behalf.
2. Block Development Council

The Section-27 deals with the constitution for Block Development Council (BDC).
As per this Section, the state government will constitute for each block a Block
Development Council which will be known by the name where it is located.
The Block Development Council consists of a Chairman, all Sarpanches of Halqa
Panchayats within a block and Chairman of Marketing Society within the
Jurisdiction of the block.
If the state government feels that there is need of representation of women or
Scheduled Castes or any other class, then the prescribed authority will nominate not
more than 2 persons as members.
In case of Leh and Kargil districts, the Councillors of any council of the Ladakh
Autonomous Hill Development Council Act will be ex-officio members of Block
Development Council of such block in which his area falls. It is given in Section-34
in the Act that at least one meeting in a month will be held by each Block
Development Council.
Powers and Functions of the Block Development Council
The Section-30 of Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 deals with the powers
and functions of Block Development Council which are discussed below:
n
The main function of Block Development Council is to monitor the work and
provide technical and administrative guidance to Halqa Panchayats.
n
Inter-Halqa Panchayat Communication System is constructed, maintained and
supervised by the Block Development Council.
n
It works for the betterment of people of a block by supervising and monitoring the
implementation of various programmes.
n
Each Block Development Council works for rural development, agriculture,
animal husbandry, social forestry, education and public health, etc.
n
It also does other functions which are assigned by the Government of Jammu and
Kashmir and District Planning and Development Board.
Chairman and Vice-Chairman of Block Development Council

Any person can be elected as Chairman of Block Development Council who has the
same eligibility as for Panch of Halqa Panchayat. Vice-Chairman is elected by the
members of the Block Development Council from among themselves. The Block
Development Officer is the Secretary of the Block Development Council. The
Section-29 deals with the term of office of the Chairman of the Block Development
Council, which is of 5 years.
The Government of Jammu and Kashmir specifies the monthly salary to each
Chairman of Block Development Council. It also specifies the sitting fee to each
member of Block Development Council.
Powers and Functions of the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of Block

Development Council
The Section-31 of the Act deals with the powers and functions of the Chairman and
the Vice-Chairman of Block Development Council. As per this section:
n
The Chairman convenes the meetings of Block Development Council.
n
The Chairman exercises the general control and supervises the staff and affairs of
the Block Development Council.
n
Due to any reason if the Chairman is unable to do his duties, then the
Vice-Chairman does all his duties and functions on his behalf.
3. District Planning and Development Board (DPDB)

The section-45 of the Act deals with the constitution of District Planning and
Development Board (DPDB). As per this section, the state government will
constitute for each district a District Planning Development Board, which will
consist of:
n
Chairman of the Block Development Council of the districts.
n
Members of Parliament representing the area.
n
Members of the State Legislature representing the area.
n
Chairman of the Town Area Committees at the district.
n
President of the Municipal Council (if any).
The Government of Jammu and Kashmir nominates the Chairman of the Board
from among the members of the District Planning and Development Board. The
Vice-Chairman of the Board is elected by the members of the District Planning and
Development Board from among themselves. If a person is a government employee,
then he/she cannot be elected as Vice-Chairman of the Board. The District
Development Commissioner is the Chief Executive of the Board and to be assisted
by the district level heads.
Powers and Functions of the District Planning and Development Board

The Section-46 deals with the powers and functions of the District Planning and
Development Board which are discussed below:
n
The main functions of this Board are to consider and guide the formulation of
development programmes for the district and to review periodic progress and
achievement of such plans.
n
Wherever seems necessary, the Board indicates priorities for various other schemes
and finds out issues which become obstacles in the path of speedy development and
economic upliftment of the district.
n
It formulates periodic and annual plans and finalise the plan and non-plan budget
for the concerned district.
n
It formulates the policy guidelines for the Block Development Councils and Halqa
Panchayats.
n
It approves the budget, supervises and coordinates the work of Block Development
Councils.
n
It works for alleviating poverty and employment generation and provides assistance
to Halqa Panchayat for such issues.
n
It also does other functions which are assigned by the Government of Jammu and
Kashmir.
Panchayati Adalat
The Section-48 of the Act deals with the composition of Panchayati Adalats. As per
this section, each village will have a Panchayati Adalat which will consist of 5
members, to be nominated by the government out of the panel which will be
prepared and recommended by the Halqa Panchayat out of its electorate.
It is mentioned that to become a member of the Adalalat a person should be literate
and completed the age of 30 years. He/she should not be a government employee or
not work in a local body of the state and he/she should not be a Sarpanch,
Naib-Sarpanch or a Panch. The term of members of the Panchayati Adalat is 5
years. The quorum which is required to conduct a meeting is 3 members.
The Section-56 of the Act deals with the criminal jurisdiction of Panchayati Adalat.
As per this Section, a Panchayai Adalat has jurisdiction over the Halqa Panchayat
area for the trial of any offence and attempt to commit any offence. The Panchayati
Adalat can only impose a sentence of fine not exceeding 1000 rupees on a person. If
any complain is filed by a complainant who is affected by any offence, then the
Adalat may order to provide the whole or part of the fine to the complainant.
Chairman and the Members of Panchayati Adalat

The Chairman of Panchayati Adalat is appointed by the members of the Panchayati
Adalat from among themselves. If the Chairman is not elected within 30 days, then
the prescribed authority will appoint the Chairman from among the members. The
Secretary of Halqa Panchayat is also the Judicial Clerk to the Panchayati Adalat who
records its proceedings and decisions and does the assigned duties.
The Section-52 of the Act deals with the removal of the Chairman and the member
of Panchayati Adalat. If the Chairman or any member of Panchayati Adalat fails to
do his duties and found guilty of misconduct or disgraceful conduct, then the
government may suspend such member of the Adalat. If any person is removed due
to this procedure, then he/she cannot be eligible for the nomination to such Adalat.
The Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 2004

(Second Amendment)
The Act provides that the seats of Panches of Halqa Panchayat will be reserved for
the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of the area. It is mentioned that the
one-third Panch seats of women candidates (including SCs and STs women seats)
will be filled by the direct election.
As per the prescribed criterion, these seats will be allotted by rotation to different
constituencies in a Halqa Panchayat. This reservation of Panch seats will come into
effect only after the commencement of Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act,
2004 and will not affect the representation of the then existing Halqa Panchayat.
The Jammu And Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 2011

This Act came into force in 2011. It amended the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati
Raj Act, 1989. This Act inserted the clause which deals with the State Election
Commission.
State Election Commission

As per the Section-36 of Panchayati Raj Act, 2011, the State Election Commission
is the election authority which has the responsibility of superintendence, direction
and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for all general elections. All these
functions will be continued by the Chief Electoral officer of Jammu and Kashmir,
for the General Elections. It is also mentioned that the government, as per situation
may also vest these functions to any other law.
The State Election Commission will be appointed by the Governor of the state on
the recommendation of a Committee comprising of the Chief Minister (Chairman),
a senior Minister (Member), Speaker of Legislative Assembly (Member), Minister
Incharge of Panchayats (Member) and Leader of Opposition in Legislative
Assembly (Member).
State Election Commissioner

It is mentioned in this Act that to become the State Election Commissioner, the person
should have the following eligibilities:
n
He is holding a post or remained an Officer in the Indian Administrative Services
or hold a post in any civil service of the country or the state with the equal rank of
Commissioner Secretary to the government.
n
He must have knowledge and experience about conducting elections.
If a person is appointed as the State Election Commissioner, then he will receive
pension and other post retirement benefits after retirement of his duties. The oath
taking ceremony of State Election Commissioner will be held by the Governor of
the state or any other person nominated by him for this purpose.
The Section-36 (A) of this Act deals with the term of office of the State Election
Commissioner which is of 5 years or until he attains the age of 65 years, whichever is
earlier. The Section-36 (B) deals with the removal of the State Election
Commissioner. As per this section, if any misbehaviour or incapacity of State
Election Commissioner is found after enquiry conducted by a sitting or retired
Judge of the High Court, then the Governor of the state may remove him from his
post. The State Election Commissioner cannot attend his office during the enquiry.
The Governor may also remove the State Election Commissioner from his office, if
he is declared as insolvent or of unsound mind, if he engages in any other duties
outside his office during his term of office or if he is sentenced to imprisonment.
The Government of Jammu and Kashmir appoints the Deputy Election
Commissioner, the Secretary of the Commission (equal to the rank of Additional
Secretary to the Government) and other officer of employees of the Commission.
Powers and Functions of the State Election Commission
As per the Section-36 (D), the State Election Commission has the following powers and
functions:
n
It can appoint any government employee or officer for providing information about
such matters which may be useful for the Commission.
n
It provides necessary directions, regarding the efficient conduct of elections, to the
officials of government, or Panchayati Raj Institutions or statutory body or society,
whichever is necessary.
n
The Commission can entrust any of its powers to such government employees or
officers, to whom it considers important.
n
It has the power to conduct its proceedings, at a fix time and place.
n
It can exercise such powers which are assigned to it by the Government of Jammu
and Kashmir from time to time.
The Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 2013

This Act amends the Section-28 of the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act,
1989 and includes that there should be reservation for women on the one-third of
the total number of offices of Chairmen of Block Development Councils in every
district. It is also mentioned that as per the prescribed criterion, these reserved
offices may be allotted by rotation to different Block Development Councils in a
district. As per this Act, women can get their due representation at the level of
Block Development Council.
Jammu and Kashmir : Panchayati Raj
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 In which year Maharaja Hari Singh 9 Which of the following programmes are
promulgated the Jammu and Kashmnir implemented by Halqa Panchayat in
Panchayati Regulation Act No.1? Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) 1925 (b) 1930 (a) Proverty Alleviation Programme
(c) 1935 (d) 1940 (b) Employment Generation Programme
2 The Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj (c) Integrated Rural Development
Programme
Act which provides a three-tier model, was
passed for the first time in
(a) 1975 (b) 1988 (c) 1985 (d) 1989 10 Which of the following taxes are payable
3 Which section of Jammu and Kashmir under Halqa Panchayat?
Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 deals with the (a) Tax on trade
constitution of Halqa Panchayat? (b) Tax on pilgrim
(c) Tax on boats
(a) Section-1
(b) Section-2
(c) Section-3 11 The Halqa Panchayat consists of how many
(d) Section-4 Panches?
4 Who is known as Halqa Majlis? (a) More than 7
(a) Voters of Halqa Panchayat (b) Less than 11
(c) Not less than 7 and not more than 11
(b) Members of Halqa Panchayat
(d) More than 7 and less than 11
(c) Chairman of Halqa Panchayat
(d) All of the above 12 The Sarpanch of Halqa Panchayat is elected
by the:
5 If due to any reason the Halqa Panchayat is (a) Naib-Sarpanch of Halqa Panchayat
dissolved before its period of expiration, (b) Panches of Halqa Panchayat
then the elections will be held within a (c) Electorate
period of (d) All of these
(a) 1 month (b) 3 months
(c) 6 months (d) 8 months 13 The term of office of the Sarpanch, the
Naib-Sarpunch and Panches is
6 How many meetings are held by Halqa (a) 4 years
Panchayat in a month? (b) 5 years
(a) At least one (c) 6 years
(b) 2 meetings (d) 3 years
(c) 3 meetings
14 Which section of Jammu and Kashmir
(d) None of these
Panchayati Raj Act 1989 deals with the
7 Which section of Jammu and Kashmir removal of Sarpanch and Naib Sarpanch of
Panchayati Raj Act deals with the Halqa Panchayat of Jammu and Kashmir?
disqualification for membership of Halqa (a) Section-5 (b) Section-6
Panchayat? (c) Section-7 (d) Section-8
(a) Section-3 (b) Section-4 15 Which section of Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Section-5 (d) Section-6 Panchayati Raj Act 1989 deals with the
8 The minimum age to become a member of functions of Sarpanch and Naib-Sarpanch
Halqa Panchayat of Jammu and Kashmir is of Halqa Panchayats?
(a) 25 years (b) 30 years (a) Section-19 (b) Section-20
(c) 35 years (d) 40 years (c) Section-25 (d) Section-30
16 The powers and functions of Block 25 The State Election Commission is included
Development Council is described in in which section of the Jammu and
Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 2011?
1989 in its section no. (a) Section-31 (b) Section-34
(a) 30 (b) 26 (c) 28 (d) 35 (c) Section-36 (d) Section-40
17 Who is the Secretary of Block Development 26 To become the State Election

Council of Jammu and Kashmir as per the Commissioner of Jammu and Kashmir, the
Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act person should have
1989? (a) Hold a post or remained an officer in
(a) Chairman (b) Vice-Chairman the Indian Administrative Service
(c) Block Development Officer (b) Hold a post in any Civil Service of the
(d) All of the above country
18 The term of office of the Chairman of Block (c) Knowledge and experience about
Development Council is conducting elections
(a) 3 years (b) 4 years (d) All of the above
27 The term of office of the State Election
19 The District Planning and Development Commissioner is
Board comprises of which of the following? (a) 3 years
(a) Chairman (b) 4 years
(b) Members of Parliament (c) 5 Years
(c) President of Municipal Council (d) 6 Years
28 Which section of Act Jammu and Kashmir
20 How many members in Panchayati Adalat Panchayati Raj Act 2011 deals with the
are nominated by the Government of removal of the State Election
Jammu and Kashmir? Commissioner?
(a) 3 members (b) 4 members (a) Section-25
(c) 5 members (d) 6 members (b) Section-36
21 What is the minimum age to become a (c) Section-27
(d) Section-28
member of Panchayati Adalat?
(a) 25 years (b) 30 years 29 The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir may
(c) 35 years (d) 40 years remove the State Election Commissioner
22 What is the term period of the member of from his office, if he is
Panchayati Adalat? (a) Declared as insolvent or of unsound
(a) 6 years (b) 4 years mind
(c) 5 years (d) 7 years (b) Engaged in any other duties outside
his office during his term of office
23 How many members of the Panchayati (c) If he is sentenced to imprisonment
Adalat form the Quorum? (d) All of the above
(a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) Six
30 The Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj
24 Under the Jammu and Kashmir Act, 2013 amends which section of Jammu
Panchayati Raj Amendment Act, 2004, and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act 1989?
how many seats have been reserved for (a) Section-25
women in Panchayat? (b) Section-27
(a) None (b) One/fourth (c) Section-26
(c) One/third (d) Two/third (d) Section-28
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (d)
CHAPTER 21
DISTRICT PROFILE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Jammu and Kashmir is the Northernmost state of India which
mostly lie in the Himalayan mountains. The total area of the state
is about 2,22,236 sq km out of which only 1,01,387 sq km area
lies under the control of India.
For the administrative purpose the state was first divided into ‘Pargana’. It was
reorganised into ‘ Zilas’ and ‘Tehsils’ during the Dogra rule. Zilas again reorganised
into ‘Wazarats’. After 1947, when a large part of territory of the state was handed
over to Pakistan, the term ‘district’ replaced the ‘Wazarat’.
Jammu and Kashmir has 22 districts. These districts are also divided into tehsils,
blocks and Panchayats. Jammu and Kashmir has about 217 tehsils, 320 community
development blocks, 86 towns and about 6,671 total villages as per Census 2011.
Regions of Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir is divided into 3 regions for administrative purpose. These are:
1. Jammu Region 2. Kashmir Region 3. Ladakh Region
1. Jammu Region
The districts in Jammu rigion are as follows:
Doda District
Origin For a long time Doda was a part of Kishtwar and Bhaderwah principalities.
In 1931 it was amalgamated with Udhampur district. In 1948, Doda became a
separate district.
Location It shares its borders with Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir in the
South, Udhampur and Rampur districts in the West, Himachal Pradesh in the East
and Kishtwar and Anantnag districts in the North.
Famous For It is the largest district of Jammu region. The district mainly has agro-
based industry, ready-made garments embroidery industry, leather industry and
wooden based furniture industries. It is famous for minerals like lead, mica, gypsum,
manganese, marble, graphite, copper, etc. The blankets of Bhaderwah are famous in
the state.
Important statistical data about the district is given below:
n
Total Area – 2,625 sq km
n
Total Population – 4,09,936
n
Headquarters – Doda
n
Density – 46 sq km
n
Literacy Rate – 64.68%
n
Sex Ratio – 919 females per 1000 males
Jammu District
Origin This district was founded by Raja Jamboo Lochan in 1400 BCE. It is
known as ‘City of Temples’. It is the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir.
Location It shares its borders with Reasi district in the North, Udhampur in the
North-East, Samba district in the East and South-East, and Rajouri district in
North-West. It also shares boundary with POK (Bhimber) in the North-West and
Pakistan is West.
Famous For It is the most populous district of Jammu and Kashmir and have the
highest literacy rate in the Jammu region. It is famous for Raghunathji Temple,
Ranbireshwar Temple, Peer Kho Temple, Bowey Wali Mata Shrine, etc. It has many
industries like silk textile, woollen textile, resins and turpentine, calico printing
industries, etc.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Jammu
n
Density – 653 sq km (Highest)
n
n
Kathua District
Origin According to historians, Jodh Singh, a Rajput of Andutra clan came from
Hastinapur to Kathua about 2000 years ago and settled here. The three sons of him
viz. Teju, Kindal and Bhaju established three hamlets of Taraj Tajwal, Taraf Manjali
and Taraf Bhajwal which were collectively known as ‘Kathai’. Later it was called as
Kathua.
District Profile of Jammu and Kashmir 185
Location It shares its borders with Punjab in the South-East, Himachal Pradesh in
the North-East, Doda district and Udhampur district in the North and North-West,
Samba district in the West and Pakistan in the South-West. It is the gateway of
Jammu and Kashmir.
Famous For It is famous due to the presence of large number of Sufi Shrines of Peer.
Thus, it is also known as the ‘City of Sufis’. Important shrines are Nilakantheshwar
Shiv Temple, Sukrala Mata, Mata Bala Sundri, etc.
Important statistical data about the district is given belows:
n
n
n
Headquarters – Kathua
n
n
n
Kishtwar District
Origin This is a newly created district of Jammu region which was carved out of
Doda district. It was declared as district in 2007. Kishtwar derived its name from
Kishat Rishi who stayed here.
Location It is situated on the banks of Chenab river. It is surrounded by Kargil
district in the North and North-East, Himachal Pradesh in the South, Doda in the
South and South-West and Anantnag in the West and North-West.
Famous For It is the third least populous district of Jammu and Kashmir after Leh
and Kargil districts. It is known as the land of Saffron and Sapphire. It is also
famous for its Kishtwari craft like handmade woollen blankets, shawls, gubba, etc.
Besides, the district is also famous for its Bina work of wheat and paddy grass which
is a rare kind of art and craft. Its Trans-Himalayan treks, which lead to Kashmir,
Suru, Zanskar, Panikhar, etc lie here and are also very famous.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Kishtwar
n
n
Literacy Rate – 56. 20%
n
Poonch District
Origin According to historians, Poonch district got its name from the grandfather
of Ravana, Maharishi Palastya who worshipped here for a long duration. Then the
district was known as Pulast Nagar. Gradually, it was known by various names like
‘Printus’, ‘Prooms’ and ultimately got the name ‘Poonch.’
Huien Tsang, the famous Chinese traveller passed some time in this region in the
6th century and stated this area as a part of Kashmir which was known as ‘Mini
Kashmir’. Poonch was divided into two parts after the 1947-48 war between India
and Pakistan.
One part went to Pakistan and the other remained in India. In 1967, Poonch district
in India was divided into two parts for the administrative convenience, one was
Rajouri district and the other was Poonch district.
Location It shares its borders with Kashmir valley (Baramulla, Budgam, Shopian
and Kulgam districts) in the North and East, Rajouri district in the South and
Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK) in the West.
Famous For Poonch district is known as Mini Kashmir as it has similarity with
Kashmir region in respect to natural beauty, climatic conditions and geographical
aspects. Buddha Amarnath Yatra is conducted in Poonch, which is held for 10 days.
n
n
n
Headquarter – Poonch
n
n
n
Rajouri District
Origin Before 1947, Rajouri was a joint district along with Reasi. After 1947,
Rajouri was merged with the Poonch district. In 1967, Rajouri became a separate
district of Jammu and Kashmir.
Location It shares its border with Poonch district in the North, Kulgam district in
the North-East, Reasi district in the East, Jammu district in the South and Line of
Control (LoC) in the West.
Famous For It is famous for Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah Shrine where a large
number of pilgrims visit. A famous hot water Sulphur spring namely ‘Tatapani’ at
Kalakote which has medicinal property to cure bone, joint and skin diseases. Wood
carving craft of Shahdra Sharief is also very famous.

n
n
n
Headquarters – Rajouri
n
n
Literacy Rate – 68. 17 %
n
Reasi District
Origin It was a part of the Bhimgarh state which was established by Bhim Dev in
the 8th century. Before 1947, Reasi and Rajouri were a joint district which were
separated after the accession of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir to India in
1947.
After that Reasi was with the Udhampur district. Due to the constant efforts of the
people for the restoration of the district status to Reasi, it got the status of district on
1st April, 2007.
Location It shares its borders with Ramban and Udhampur districts in the East, Jammu
district in the South, Rajouri district in the West and Kulgam district in the North.
Famous For It is famous for Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine which is located in the lap
of Trikuta hills.
n
n
Total Papulation – 3,14,667
n
Headquarters – Reasi
n
n
n
Ramban District
Origin This is a newly created district of Jammu region which was carved out of
erstwhile Doda district. Ramban got the status of district on 1st April, 2007.
Location It shares its borders with Kulgam and Anantnag districts in the North and
North-East, Doda district in the South-East, Udhampur district in the South and
Reasi district in the West.
Administration It is divided into 7 tehsils and 4 blocks.
Famous For It is famous for Chenani-Nashri tunnel on NH44 (former name
NH-1A). It is India’s longest road tunnel. It is located at an altitude 1200 m which
reduces the travel distance between Jammu and Srinagar by about 40 km.

n
n
n
Headquarters – Ramban
n
n
n
Samba District
Origin It was established by Malh Dev, the son of Rai Saidu of Lakanpur in 1400
AD. It came under the supremacy of Jammu in 1816 AD during the reign of Hari
Dev. It was carved out of erstwhile Jammu district and became an independent
district on 27th October, 2006.
Location It shares its borders with Jammu district in the West, Udhampur district in
the North, Kathua district in the East and Pakistan in the South.
Famous For It has many famous forts like Samba Fort, Mohangarh Fort, Dhergarh
Fort and Bhupenrgarh Fort which have great historical importance. The district is
also famous for Puramandal village which is known as Chhota Kashi for its temple
complex.
n
Total Area – 904 sq km
n
n
Headquarters – Samba
n
n
Literary Rate – 81.41%
n
Udhampur District
Origin Around 1846 AD Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu and the British Government
signed the Amritsar Pact and he became the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. His
oldest son Udham Singh became fond of this place and selected this place for a
township. Thus, it got its name as ‘Udhampur’ after the name of Prince Udham Singh.
Location It is situated in the Shivalik range of the Himalayan mountains. The
district is known as Land of Devika and Land of Bowlis. It shares its borders with
Reasi and Ramban district in the North, Doda district in the East, Samba and
Kathua districts in the South and Jammu district in the West. The district has
Northern Command headquarters of the Indian Army.
Famous For It is famous for its tourist places like the mountain resort of Patnitop
and temple at Sud Mahadev which was believed to be over 2800 years old. Other
important tourists places are Gole Market, Jakhani Park, Devika Ghats, Ramnagar
fort, etc.

n
n
n
Headquarters – Udhampur
n
n
Literacy Rate – 68. 49%
n
Kashmir Region
The districts in Kashmir region are as follows:
Anantnag
Origin According to archaeologist, Sir A Stein, the district got its name from the
great spring ‘Ananta Naga’ issuing at the Southern end of its town, which means ‘the
land of countless Springs’. Kashmir was divided into 3 divisions viz, Maraz in the
South, Yamraj in the Centre and Kamraj in the North of this valley, before the
advent of Muslim rule in 1320 AD. There were two princess, Marhan and Kaman.
Marhan got the area which lies between Pir Panjal and Srinagar (now called as
Anantnag) and named after him Maraj. Till 1990s, the district of Anantnag was
called ‘Islamabad’ which was assigned to the town by one Island Khan, (Governor of
Kashmir during Mughal rule in 1663 AD). Raja Gulab Singh again changed the
name of the district to Anantnag and now, it is officially known as Anantnag district.
Location It is located in the Southern sector of Jhelum valley. It shares its borders
with Ganderbal district in the North, Kishtwar district in the East, Ramban and
Doda district in the South, Kulgam and Pulwama districts in the West and Srinagar
district in the North-West.
Famous For It is famous for its tourist locations like Verinag, Achabal, Kokernag,
Pahalgam, Dandipera, Daksum, Martand, etc. It is also known as ‘Land of Springs’.
Amarnath temple is located in this district which is very famous shrine dedicated to
Lord Shiva.
n
n
Topal Population – 10,78,692
n
Headquarters – Anantnag
n
n
n
Baramulla District
Origin Raja Bhimsina founded the city of Baramulla in 2306 BCE from which the
district got its name as ‘Baramulla district’. The district remained a place of various
visitors like Huien Tsang, a Chinese visitor and Moorcraft, a British historian.
Emperor Akbar came to this place in 1508 AD and during 1620 AD, Jahangir also
stayed at Baramulla.
The sixth Guru Shri Har Gobind also visited the city in 1894 AD. Until October
1947, it remained the Gateway of Kashmir valley by
Rawalpindi-Murree-Muzaffarabad-Baramulla road. After the signing of the
Instrument of Accession in October, 1947 by the Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu
and Kashmir, Baramulla district became a part of the Indian Union.
Location It is located on the banks of Jhelum river. Baramulla town has old town on
the North bank of Jhelum river and new town on the South bank of this river which
are connected by many bridges.
It is the largest district in the Kashmir valley. It shares its borders with Srinagar and
Ganderbal districts in the East, Line of Control (LoC) in the West, Kupwara
district in the North, Bandipore district in the North-West, Poonch district in the
South and Budgam district in the South-West.
Famous For It is called Paradise for tourists Gulmary village is a hill station and is a
well-known Ski-resort of the valley. Eco-park of Khadniyar is also a famous tourist
destination which is located at an island in the middle of the Jhelum river. Other
important tourist places are Tangmarg, Wular lake, Manasbal lake, etc.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Baramulla
n
n
n
Budgam District
Origin Before 1979, Budgam was a part of Srinagar which was also a part of
Anantnag district. It came into existence as a district in 1979. It was known as
‘Deelmarbag’ in the ancient period.
Location It shares its borders with Baramulla and Srinagar districts in the North,
Pulwama district in the East, Shopian district in the South-East, Kulgam district in
the South and Poonch district in the West.
Famous For It is famous for its tourist destinations like Yousmarg, Doodpather,
Nilnag lake, Sang-e-Safed (white rocks), etc.

n
n
n
Headquarters – Budgam
n
n
n
Bandipora District
Origin It was carved out of Baramulla district. It got the status of district in 2007.
Location It is located on the Northern banks of the Wular lake. It shares its borders
with Kupwara district in the West, Baramulla district in the South, Kargil in East
and Ganderbal districts in the South-East.
Famous For It has one of the sacred places of Hindus i.e. Danishwar, which is also
known as Chota Amarnath. It is a cave in forest of Arin village.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Bandipora
n
n
n
Ganderbal District
Origin It was carved out of Srinagar district. It got the status of district in 2007.
Location It is spread across the Sind river. It shares its borders with Srinagar district
in the South, Bandipora district in the North, Kargil district in the North-East,
Anantnag district in the South-East and Baramulla district in the South-West.
Famous For The district is world famous for its tourist destination Sonamarg where
river rafting tournaments are organised. The district is also famous for highest
number of lakes in the state and also known as the district of lakes, Manasbal lake,
Gangabal lake, lakes of Vaishnosar, Gadsar lake, etc.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Ganderbal
n
Density – 1,148 sq km
n
n
Kupwara District
Origin It was carved out of erstwhile Baramulla district in 1979.
Location It is situated on the North-West side of Kashmir valley. It is a border
district of Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir which lies on the Line of Control
that separates India and Pakistan. It is located between the mountainous regions of
Pir Panjal and Shamsbari mountain ranges. It shares its borders with Bandipora in
the East and Baramulla in the South.
Famous For It is famous for its meadows like Bangus, Ainch Behak, etc. It is also
famous for its religious tourism like Jama Masjid of Kupwara, Kheer Bhawani
Temple, Badra Kali Temple, etc.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Kupwara
n
n
n
Kulgam District
Origin It was carved out of erstwhile Anantnag district. It came into existence as a
district on 2nd April, 2007. The name ‘Kulgam’ is a sanskrit word, ‘kul’ stands for
‘clan’ and ‘gram’ stands for ‘village’.
Location It shares its borders with Budgam, Shopian and Pulwama districts in the
North, Anantnag district in the East, Ramban, Reasi and Rajouri districts in the
South and Poonch district in the West. It is situated near the Pir Panjal range.
Famous For It is majorly an agricultural district where rice cultivation is done
abudantly. Thus, it is known as Rice Bowl of Kashmir.
It is also famous because of many famous personalities like Sheikh Noor-ud-din
Noorani (founder of Rishi order), Nazir Ahmad Laway (Member of Parliament) and
Abdul Aziz Zargar (Former Minister) belonged to this district.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Kulgam
n
Density – 1,035 sq km
n
n
Pulwama District
Origin It was carved out of Anantnag district. It came into existence in 1979.
Location It shares its borders with Srinagar district in the North, Anantnag district
in the East, Shopian and Kulgam districts in the South and Budgam in the West.
Famous For Pulwama district is famous in the world for its Saffron cultivation
which mainly grown in Karewa lands of Pampore, Kakapora and Pulwama blocks.
It is also famous for its fruit cultivation and it is an agricultural district. It is also
famous for its archaeological monuments like the Avantishwar Temple, the Shrine
of Shah Hamdari and Temple Jwalamukhi, etc. It is known as ‘Anand of Kashmir’ or
‘Dudha-Kul of Kashmir’ due to its high milk production.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Pulwama
n
n
n
Srinagar District
Origin According to Kalhana’s Rajtarangini, (a 12th century text), a king named
Ashoka (member of Godhara dynasty) established a town known as ‘Srinagari’
before 1182 BCE. As per the text, a king named Pravarasena-II established Srinagar
as his capital during 6th century CE, which was then known as ‘Pravarapura’. Many
dynasties ruled this place. By signing the Instrument of Accession by Maharaja Hari
Singh, the district and Jammu and Kashmir state became a part of Indian Union and
Srinagar made as its capital.
Location It is the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir state which is located on
the banks of the Jhelum river. It shares its borders with Ganderbal district in the
North, Anantnag district in the East, Pulwama and Budgam district in the South
and Baramulla district in the West.
Famous For It is famous for its Mughal gardens e.g. Shalimar Bagh, Nishat Bagh,
Naseem Bagh, Chashma Shahi, Pari Mahal, etc. It is known as the ‘Venice of the
East’ or the ‘Kashmiri Venice’. The district also has Asia’s largest tulip garden which is
known as Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden, which was opened in 2007.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Srinagar
n
n
n
Shopian District
Origin It was carved out from Pulwama district. It became a district in 2007.
Location It shares its borders with Pulwama district in the North, Kulgam district in
the East and South and Budgam district in the West.
Famous For It is famous for horticulture sector and is known as Apple Bowl of
Jammu and Kashmir. Its forest areas are famous for its scenic beauty e.g. Sedow,
Hirpora and Keller. Jama Masjid and Aasar-i-Sharif Dargah are very famous
historical places in this district.
n
n
n
Headquarters – Shopian
n
n
n
Ladakh Region
The districts in Ladakh region are as follows:
Kargil District
Origin It was carved out of erstwhile Leh district. It became a district in 1979.
Kargil district derived its name from two words ‘khar’ and ‘rkil’. Khar means ‘castle’
and rkil means ‘centre’.
Thus, it is known as a place between castles of many kingdoms. Parvez Dewan, a
bureaucrat and historian, stated in his book ‘Kargil Blunder’ that the place got its
name as Kargil by a pioneer ‘Kargeel’ who cleared the forests in Poyen and Shilikchay
areas in order to dwell on this place before 8th century.
Location Kargil lies in the Himalayan mountains. It shares its borders with
Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan administered region) in the North-West, Bandipora,
Ganderbal, Anantnag and Kishtwar districts in the South-West, Leh district in the
East and Himachal Pradesh in the South.
Famous For It is the second largest district in Ladakh after Leh. It is famous for its
tourist places like Mulbekh Chamba area (dominated by Buddhists structures),
Mulbekh Monastery, Kargil War Memorial, Rangdum Monastery, etc. Drass town
in the district is the second coldest inhabited place in the world after Siberia.

n
Total Area – 14,036 sq km Total Population – 1,40,802
n
n
Headquarters – Kargil Density – 10 sq km
n
n
Literacy Rate – 71.34% Sex Ratio – 810 females per 1000 males
n
Leh District
Origin It came into existence in 1979 when the reorganisation of districts was
carried out in India. Thus, Ladakh region was divided into two districts, i.e. Leh and
Kargil districts.
Location It shares its borders with Pakistan Occupied Kashmir in the North-West,
China in the North and East, Lahaul and Spiti of Himachal Pradesh in the South
and Kargil district in the West.
Famous For It is famous for its cultural heritage and is popularly known as ‘Land of
Monks and Monasteries’. The district has the world’s highest motorable road (86
km long) about 230 km from Leh. This road is located at a height of 19,300 ft and
constructed by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under the project ‘Himank’.
It was completed in 2017.
n
Total Area – 45,110 sq km Total Population – 1,33,487
n
n
Headquarters – Leh Density – 3 sq km
n
n
Literacy Rate – 77.20% Sex Ratio – 690 females per 1000 males
n
AFGHANISTAN
Numbers in the map shows

the following districts:
1. Kathua
2. Jammu
3. Samba
4. Udhampur
5. Reasi
6. Rajouri
7. Poonch
8. Doda
18 9. Ramban
20
10. Kishtwar
17
19 16 21 11. Anantnag
22 12. Kulgam
PAKISTAN 15 13
13. Pulwama
7 14 11 14. Shopian
12
10 15. Budgam
9 16. Srinagar
6 5 8 17. Ganderbal
4 18. Bandipora
2 19. Baramulla
3 1 20. Kupwara
HIMACHAL
PRADESH 21. Kargil
PUNJAB 22. Leh
▲ DISTRICT MAP OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 For administrative purpose the state of 12 Which district is known as ‘Mini
Jammu and Kashmir was first divided into Kashmir’?
(a) Zilas (b) Pargana (a) Baramulla (b) Srinagar
(c) Wazarats (d) All of these (c) Poonch (d) Jammu
2 Jammu and Kashmir is divided into how 13 Tattapani, a famous hot water sulphur
many regions? spring is located in which district of
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12 Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Rajouri (b) Poonch
3 In which year, Doda became a separate
(c) Ramban (d) Baramulla
district of Jammu and Kashmir ?
(a) 1948 (b) 2000 14 Reasi district got the status of district in
(c) 2005 (d) 2009 the year
(a) 1947 (b) 1960 (c) 2000 (d) 2007
4 Which is the largest district of Jammu
region? 15 Ramban district was carved out of which
(a) Kathua (b) Rajouri erstwhile district of Jammu and Kashmir ?
(c) Doda (d) Reasi (a) Doda (b) Kishtwar
(c) Udhampur (d) Srinagar
5 Blankets of which place of Doda district are
famous in Jammu and Kashmir? 16 Puramandal village which is known as
(a) Bhaderwah (b) Thatheri ‘Chota Kashi’ for its temple complex is
(c) Gandoh (d) Bhalessa located in which district of Jammu and
Kashmir?
(a) Doda (b) Samba
known as ‘City of Temples’? (c) Ramban (d) Srinagar
(a) Kathua (b) Jammu
(c) Srinagar (d) Baramulla 17 Which district is known as ‘Land of
Devika’ and ‘Land of Bowlis’?
7 Which district is the most populous
(a) Samba (b) Udhampur
district of Jammu and Kashmir ? (c) Ramban (d) Kathua
(a) Srinagar (b) Baramulla
(c) Shopian (d) Jammu 18 Which district has the Northern Command
Headquarters of the Indian Army?
8 Ranbireshwar temple is located in which
(a) Udhampur (b) Kathua
district of Jammu and Kashmir? (c) Srinagar (d) Shopian
(a) Reasi (b) Poonch
(c) Jammu (d) Ramban 19 Which district is known as ‘Land of
Springs’?
9 Which district is known as the ‘Gateway of
(a) Anantnag (b) Srinagar
Jammu and Kashmir’? (c) Shopian (d) Kargil
(a) Kathua (b) Jammu
(c) Shopian (d) Baramulla 20 Amarnath temple is located in which
district of Jammu and Kashmir?
10 Which district is known as ‘City of Sufis’?
(a) Doda (b) Kishtwar
(a) Jammu (b) Kathua
(c) Anantnag (d) Leh
(c) Ramban (d) Udhampur
21 Which district is the largest in the Kashmir
11 Which district is known as ‘land of Saffron
valley?
and Sapphire’?
(a) Anantnag (b) Baramulla
(a) Kishtwar (b) Doda
(c) Srinagar (d) Kulgam
(c) Reasi (d) Samba
22 Which district is known as ‘Paradise for 32 Which district of Jammu and Kashmir is
tourists’ in the state of Jammu and known as the ‘Venice of East’ or ‘the
Kashmir? Kashmiri Venice’?
(a) Baramulla (b) Anantnag (a) Palwama
(c) Poonch (d) Budgam (b) Ganderbal
(c) Srinagar
23 Which district was formed in 1979 after (d) Baramulla
separating from Srinagar and Anantnag?
(a) Ganderbal (b) Bandipora 33 Asia’s largest Tulip garden is located at
(c) Budgam (d) Kupwara which place of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Srinagar (b) Kulgam
24 Bandipora district came into existence in (c) Palwama (d) Leh
which year?
(a) 1948 (b) 1979 34 Which district of Jammu and Kashmir is
(c) 2007 (d) 2010 known as ‘Apple Bowl of Jammu and
Kashmir’?
25 ‘Chota Amarnath Cave’ is located in which (a) Ganderbal (b) Srinagar
district of Jammu and Kashmir? (c) Shopian (d) Kulgam
(a) Doda (b) Baramulla
(c) Bandipora (d) Srinagar 35 Which among the following districts lie in
the Ladakh region?
26 Which district is known as the ‘District of (a) Leh and Kupwara
Lakes’? (b) Kargil and Leh
(a) Ganderbal (b) Anantnag (c) Leh and Shopian
(c) Shopian (d) Leh (d) Kulgam and Leh
27 Which among the following is a border 36 Mulbekh monastery is located in which
district lying on the Line of Control district of Jammu and Kashmir ?
between India and Pakistan? (a) Kargil (b) Leh
(a) Kargil (b) Udhampur (c) Jammu (d) Pulwama
(c) Reasi (d) Kupwara
37 In terms of area, which is the largest
28 Which district is known as ‘Rice Bowl of district in Jammu and Kashmir?
Kashmir’? (a) Leh (b) Pulwama
(a) Kulgam (b) Baramulla (c) Shopian (d) Budgam
(c) Poonch (d) Jammu
29 Which district is very famous in the world popularly known as ‘Land of Monks and
for its saffron cultivation? Monasteries’?
(a) Ganderbal (b) Pulwama (a) Jammu
(c) Kathua (d) Budgam (b) Leh
30 Which district is known as ‘Anand of (c) Srinagar
(d) Kupwara
Kashmir’ or ‘Dudha-Kul of Kashmir’?
(a) Ganderbal (b) Pulwama 39 Which district of Jammu and Kashmir has
(c) Srinagar (d) Kupwara the world’s highest motorable road which
31 Which district is the second most populous was constructed by Border Roads
district of Jammu and Kashmir? Organisation (BRO) of India?
(a) Jammu (b) Srinagar (a) Pulwama (b) Baramulla
(c) Baramulla (d) Shopian (c) Leh (d) Kulgam
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c)
CHAPTER 22
LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is a multilingual state. Generally,
the state is divided into three regions Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh.
People living in Kashmir mostly speak Kashmiri language, people
of Jammu mainly speak Dogri, whereas people residing in Ladakh
mostly use Ladakhi language. Literature of Kashmir has a long
history. Today a number of well educated youth write in Kashmiri
language.
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir

Some important languages spoken by the people of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Kashmiri Language
It is also known as Koshur. It is most widely spoken language in the state. It is
spoken in the Kashmir valley and the adjoining hilly regions. The Kashmiri is a
regional language which is mentioned in the 6th Schedule of the Constitution of
Jammu and Kashmir and is also got mentioned in the 22 scheduled languages of the
Indian Constitution.
This language belongs to the sub-group of the Indo-European languages, namely
Dardic languages which is a sub-group of Indo-Aryan Sanskrit languages. Later, the
influence of Dardic languages slowly declined with the advent of Sanskrit language.
During 14th century, Kashmiri language was influenced by Medieval Persian
language due to which some consonant sounds and vowel were added into it.
Kishtwari is the most popular dialect of Kashmiri language which is mainly spoken
in Kishtwar valley in the state. The Kashmiri language has been made a compulsory
subject in all secondary level schools in the valley of Kashmir since November, 2008.
In modern period Kashmiri language is written in two scripts namely Perso Arabic
Script and Devanagari Script.
Language and Literature of Jammu and Kashmir 199
Dogri Language
Dogri language is mainly spoken in Jammu region of the state. This language
belongs to Western Pahari sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages. Speakers of the
Dogri language are known as ‘Dogras’ and the Dogri speaking region is called
Duggar. The major group of this language is the Indo-European Language Group.
Earlier, Dogri language was written in the Dogri script which was similar to the
Takri Script. But in the modern times, it is written in Devanagari Script in India. It
is one of the India’s 22 scheduled languages.
Balti Language
It is spoken in the Nubra valley of Leh district and Kargil district of Jammu and
Kashmir. It belongs to Sino-Tibetan language Group and is the archaic/classical
form of Tibetan language. This language is closely related to Ladakhi, Parik and
Zangskari languages. From 727 AD to 14th century, Balti was written in Tibetan
alphabetic style. After 14th century, Persian alphatic style came into use. Many
efforts have been taken to revive the use of Tibetan alphabetic style again in this
language. In the 1970, the Central Institute of Indian languages devised a way of
writing Balti language with the Devanagari alphatic style. Important dialect of this
language is Chorbat.
Punjabi Language
It is spoken in Jammu, Kathua and Samba districts of Jammu region. It belongs to
Indo-Aryan language group. It is written in Gurmukhi script in India and
Shahmukhi script in Pakistan. It is one of the regional languages of Jammu and
Kashmir and one among India’s 22 scheduled languages. Important dialects of this
languages are Punjabi Proper, Majhi, Doabi, Bhatiyana, Powadhi, Malwai, etc.
Pahari Language
It is spoken in many areas of Jammu and Kashmir e.g. whole Kashmir valley and
some districts of Jammu region (Poonch, Rajaori, Doda, Reasi, Ramban, Udhampur,
Jammu, Kathua and Samba). It belongs to Indo-Aryan language group. Pahari
language group is divided into three groups i.e. Eastern, Central and Western Pahari.
Ladakhi Language
It is spoken in Leh district of Ladakh region. It belongs to Sino-Tibetan language
group. It is mainly written in Tibetan script. Important dialects of this language are
Lehskat, Shamskat, Stotskat, Nubra, Zangskari, Changthang, etc.
Gojri Language
It is mainly spoken in Anantnag, Baramulla, Ganderbal, Kulgam, Kupwara, Pulwama
and Shopian districts of Kashmir valley. It belongs to Indo-Aryan language group. It
is mainly spoken by Muslim Gujjars of the state.
It has become one of the regional languages of Jammu and Kashmir by the
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (26th Amendment) Act, 1999. Important
dialects of this language are Ajiri and Poonchi.
Urdu Language
It is the official language of Jammu and Kashmir. Urdu language is mainly spoken
by Muslim population in Kashmir region. It is mentioned in the India’s 22 scheduled
languages. It belongs to Indo-Aryan language group. As per Ethnologue’s 2017
estimates, it is the third most spoken language in the world along with standard
Hindi and the languages of the Hindi belt. It is written in Arabic script of Naksh
Variant, Arabic script of Nastaliq variant and Persian script. Important dialects of
this language are Dakhni and Rekhta.
Hindi Language
It is mostly spoken by Kashmiri Pandits and Gujjars in the Kashmir valley. It
belongs to Indo-Aryan language group. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of
India. It is written in Devanagari script. Important dialects of Hindi are Marwari,
Bundeli, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Kanauji, etc.
Literature of Jammu and Kashmir

According to historians, the Kashmiri Literature was started 2500 years back along
with Sanskrit and other language. But the original Kashmiri language literature was
started about 750 years ago. Kashmiri is considered the only Dardic language which
has a literature. Kalhana’s Rajatarangini was the earliest literature in which
Kashmiri language was used (12th century AD). But it was the Kashmiri
composition of Shitikantha Acharya, namely Mahanayaprakasa in which Kashmiri
language was first used extensively (13th century AD).
It was the first work of Shavism in the Kashmiri language. The next important work
in Kashmiri language was of Lalleshwari or Lal Ded (14th century), who was a
Kashmiri saint and mystic poetess and wrote mystical verses in the Vakh or four line
couplet style. Other important works of Kashmiri Literature include Bhattavatara’s
Banasuravadha earliest epic poem in Kashmiri Ganaka Prasasta’s ‘Sukhadukha
Charitam’ etc. Uttasoma wrote a treatise on music namely ‘Manaka’, Yodhabhatta
wrote ‘Jainacharita’ and ‘Jainaprakasa’ Bhattavatara wrote ‘Jainavilasa’.
These were the important Kashmiri poets in the court of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin.
During the early Sultan period in Kashmir, the Kashmiri language got a high status
in Literature (1500-1800 AD). Habba Khatoon was a renowned poetess
(1554-1606 AD). Other great poetesses were Rupa Bhavani (1621-1721 AD) and
Arnimal (1800 AD).
A Hindu poet Sahib Kaul (during the period of Jahangir) wrote ‘Krishnavatara’ and
‘Janamcharita’. Prakasarama wrote ‘Ramavataracharita’ (Epic of Lord Rama) and
‘Lavakusacharita’. During mid-19th century, translation of Persian literary works
into Kashmiri language were done by poets like Mahmud Gami and Waliullah
Mutoo. This was the time when Masnavis (couplets expressing one’s emotion) and
Ghazals were created and popularised.
In this period many Legendary Love tales also came in Kashmiri language like
Laila-Majnu, Shirin and Farhad, Sohrab-Rustum. In this period, Lila-poetry was
also created in which the name of Paramananda (1791-1864 AD) is very famous.
Urdu and English languages also influenced Kashmiri literature after the periods of
1800 AD.
Development of Modern Literature in Jammu and Kashmir

During the early decades of 20th century, mystical and secular poetry, ghazals,
masnavis and geets were written. Many narrative poems were written by Paramanada
like ‘Radhaswaymvara’, ‘Sudamacharita’ and ‘Sivalagan’. Abdul Wahab Pare
(1845–1913 AD) translated Firdaus’s Shahnama and Akbarnama into Kashmiri
language.
Two European scholars, namely, KF Burkhard and George Abraham A Grierson
promoted Kashmiri literature during this period. George Abraham Grierson wrote
that, ‘Kashmiri is the only one of the Dardic languages that has a literature’. One of
the earliest nationalistic poets of Kashmir was Pirzada Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor
(1885-1952 AD) who wrote several lyrical and patriotic poems with political
themes. The famous poet and dramatist of Kashmiri literature was Nandlal Kaul.
He wrote very famous dramas like ‘Ramun Raj’, ‘Satach Kahwath’, ‘Dayalal’ and
‘Prahlada Bhagat’. Bhagwad Gita was rendered into Kashmiri by Pandit Narayan
Khar.
The Post-Independence period also gave many renowned works in the Kashmiri
Literature. For example, many poems were written in Kashmiri by Dinanath Nadim
like ‘Yirada’, ‘Ba Gyavna Az’ and ‘Zindabad Shymji’. He also won the Sahitya
Akademi Award in 1986 for his work Shihal-Kul. Rahman Rahi also won Sahitya
Akademi Award (1961) for his work ‘Nauroz-i-Saba’. Akhtar Mohiuddin wrote
‘Sathsangar’ (collection of short stories) who also got the Sahitya Akademi Award
(1958) for this work. Other work of Mahiuddin were, two novels namely ‘Dod Dag’
and ‘Zuv ta Zolana’ and a collection of poems called ‘Swanzal’. Thus, the Kashmiri
literature has flourished by the efforts of many poets and writers from the historic
periods to present time.
Writers and Poets of ‘Songs of Habba Khatoon’ are still very

popular in Kashmiri which show the
Jammu and Kashmir desire of reunion with her husband
Lal Ded Yusuf Shah Chak, who was arrested by
She was born in 1320 AD. Lalleshwari Akbar, the great Mughal Ruler. She died
was a Kashmiri saint and mystic poetess in 1609 AD.
of Kashmiri Shaivism school of Mahmud Gami
philosophy. She was also known as Lal He was born in 1765 AD in a historical
Ded, Mother Lalla, Lalla Aarifa, Lal town of Doru Shahabad in South
Diddi, Lalishri, etc. She was born in Kashmir. He was a renowned poet and
Pandrethan in Srinagar in 1320 AD. introduced the Persian forms of the
She wrote mystical verses in ‘Vakh’ or Masnavi and Ghazal in Kashmiri. His
‘Vatsun’ meaning ‘Speech’. Her verses work is found mostly in Kashmiri
known as ‘Lal Vakhs’, are one of the language. His important work is ‘Yusuf
earliest compositions in the Kashmiri Zulaikha’ (poem) which was the first
language. During her life, she inspired and most popular masnavi in Kashmiri.
and interacted with many sufis of Other important works are ‘Shirin-
Kashmir, one of them was Sheikh Khusro’, ‘Laila-Majnu’. He is renowned
Noor-ud-din Wali or Nunda Rishi. She for his Ghazals which were based on
died in 1392 AD. Sufiana and love themes. He died in
Nund Reshi 1855 AD.
He was born in 1377 AD in Kulgam Rasool Mir
district. He was known as Sheikh He was born at Doru Shahabad in
Noor-ud-din Wali or Sheikh Anantnag district. He was one of the
Noor-ud-din Noorani. He was a famous renowned Kashmiri poet. He was also
Muslim Kashmiri mystic saint. He was known as ‘John Keats’ of Kashmir. It is
the founder of the ‘Reshi order’ in believed that he brought Ghazal to
Kashmir. He wrote ‘Shrukhs’ which Kashmiri poetry. His ghazals were based
were preserved in a book ‘Nur Nama’. It on themes like rivers, valleys, birds, fruits
was written by Baba Nasib-ud-din and imagery of Kashmir. He died in
Ghazi Persian. This book is preserved in 1870 AD.
the Shrine of Nur-ud-din at
Charar-i-Sharief in Srinagar. He died in Paramananda
1440 AD. He was born in 1791 in Seer village near
Mattan (Anantnag district) in Jammu
Habba Khatoon and Kashmir. He was a famous saint
She was born in 1554 in Chandrahar poet and philosopher of Kashmir.
village in Kashmir. She was one of the Earlier in his life, he wrote poetry in
great mystic poetesses of her era. She was Persian under the poetic title of
the wife of Chak ruler Yusuf Shah Chak. ‘Gharib’. His important works are
Habba Khatoon introduced ‘Lol’ lyric ‘Radhaswaymvara’, ‘Sudamacharita’ and
into Kashmiri poetry. ‘Sivalagan’. He died in 1864 AD.
Zinda Kaul He was awarded for his work by Nehru

He was born in 1884 in Habbakadal city Award in 1917. His first Kashmiri
in Srinagar. He was popularly known as poem was ‘Maej Kashir’ (1942). He
‘Master ji’. He was a writer, poet and wrote many poems in English, Hindi,
teacher and composed his work in Urdu and Kashmiri. He received
Persian, Hindi, Urdu and Kashmiri. He Sahitya Akademi Award in 1986 for
was the first Kashmiri poet who received ‘Shihul-Kul’, a collection of his poems.
the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1956 for His important poems are ‘Bombur Te
his book of poetry ‘Sumran’. His famous Yambarzal first Goperas’ ‘Trivanzah’
poems were ‘Sumran’, ‘Reply’, ‘Not (Monalogue), ‘Zit’nl (Fireflies), etc. He
Prepared’ and ‘Compulsion’. He started died in 1988.
writing in Kashmiri language in 1942. Nighat Sahiba
He wrote in mystical style and his
She was born in Anatnag district in
writings were influenced by Bhakti
1983. She is a Kashmiri poet who
tradition. He died in 1965.
writes in Kashmiri and Urdu. Her
Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor writings are based on conflict, rebellion,
He was born in 1887 in Pulwama romance, feminism, pain and
district. He was a renowned poet of existentialism. She was awarded Akbar
Kashmir valley. He was also known as Jaipuri Memorial Award in 2014 for
‘Shayar-e-Kashmir’ (the poet of her contribution in Urdu poetry and
Kashmir). He brought old Kashmiri also got Sahitya Akademi Award in
poetry into new one. His themes of 2017 for her contribution in Kashmiri
poetry involved freedom and progress in poetry collection namely ‘Zard Paneki
Kashmir which awakened nationalism Dair’ (Yuva Puraskar). Her important
among Kashmiri people. He also poems are ‘Piles of Palled Leaves’ and
revolutionised the traditional forms of ‘Betwixt the two’.
nazm and ghazal. His first Kashmiri
poem ‘Vanta hay Versy’ was published in Jammu and Kashmir
1918 AD. His important poems are
‘Flower of Nishat Bagh’, ‘I Long to Put Academy of Art,
on Saffron Robes’, ‘Let me rock you in Culture and Langauges
my Arms’ and so on. He died in 1954. It was established in 1958. The
Dina Nath Nadim academy was declared an autonomous
He was born in 1916 in Srinagar. He body in 1963 and its activities spread
was a famous poet of Kashmir. He led throughout the state. The State
the progressive writers movement in Government has assigned the academy,
Kashmir. It was the era of Modern the role of Sahitya Akademi, Sangeet
Kashmiri poetry. He contributed by his Natak Akademi and Lalit Kala
work in ‘Kwang Posh’ which was a Akademi to provide integrated
monthly journal run by the communists approach and coordination among the
of Kashmir. three wings under one authority.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Generally, people living in Jammu speak 10 Which of the following is the sub-group of
which language? the Pahari languages?
(a) Dogri (b) Kashmiri (a) Eastern Pahari
(c) Ladakhi (d) Urdu (b) Central Pahari
(c) Western Pahari
2 Which language is the most widely spoken
language in Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Kashmiri (b) Dogri 11 Ladakhi language is mainly written in
(c) Balti (d) Ladakhi which script?
(a) Sharada
3 Kashmiri language is mentioned in which
(b) Gurumukhi
Schedule of the Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Tibetan
Constitution? (d) Devanagari
(a) First (b) Third
(c) Sixth (d) Eighth 12 Gojri language is spoken in which place of
Jammu and Kashmir?
4 Kashmiri language belongs to which
(a) Anantnag (b) Baramulla
language group? (c) Ganderbal (d) All of these
(a) Sino-Tibetan
(b) Indo-European 13 Which language became the regional
(c) Dardic language of Jammu and Kashmir by the
(d) Both (b) and (c) Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (26th
Amendment) Act, 1999?
5 Important dialect of Kashmiri language is
(a) Balti (b) Dogri
(a) Chorbat (b) Kishtwari
(c) Gojri (d) Kashmiri
(c) Majhi (d) Doabi
14 Which of the following is the official
6 In which year, Kashmiri language has been
language of Jammu and Kashmir?
made a compulsory subject in all secondary
(a) Kashmiri (b) Dogri
level schools in the Kashmir valley?
(c) Urdu (d) Balti
(a) 1947 (b) 1980
(c) 2000 (d) 2008 15 Kashmiri Pandits mostly speak which of
the following language?
7 Dogri language belongs to which
(a) Urdu (b) Hindi
sub-group of Indo-Aryan language group? (c) Dogri (d) Balti
(a) Western Pahari
(b) Sino-Tibetan 16 The Kashmiri language was first used
(c) Dardic extensively in which Kashmiri
(d) None of these composition?
(a) Sukhadukha Charitam
8 Important dialect of Balti language is
(b) Banasuravadha
(a) Chorbat (b) Zangskari
(c) Mahanayaprakasa
(c) Dogri (d) None of these
(d) Ramavatara Charita
9 Which script is used to write Punjabi 17 ‘Ramavatara Charita’, Epic of Lord Rama,
language in India? was written by
(a) Shahmukhi
(a) Prakasarama
(b) Gurmukhi
(b) Habba Khatoon
(c) Devanagari
(c) Mahmud Gami
(d) Perso-Arabic
(d) Waliullah Matoo
18 Who translated ‘Akbarnama’ into 26 Which poet of Kashmir is also known as

Kashmiri language? ‘John Keats’ of Kashmir?
(a) Prakasarama (a) Rasool Mir
(b) Mahmud Gami (b) Zinda Kaul
(c) Abdul Wahab Pare (c) Paramananda
(d) Waliullah Matoo (d) Habba Khatoon
19 Nandlal Kaul was a famous 27 The poetic title ‘Gharib’ belongs to which
(a) Poet (b) Dramatist Kashmiri poet?
(c) Writer (d) None of these (a) Zinda Kaul
(b) Parmananda
20 Who rendered ‘Bhagwat Gita’ into (c) Rasool Mir
Kashmiri Language? (d) Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor
(a) Pandit Narayan Khar
(b) Dina Nath Nadim 28 Which of the following was the first winner
(c) Paramananda of Sahitya Akademi Award for Kashmiri
(d) Waliullah Matoo language?
(a) Zinda Kaul
21 Rahman Rahi got Sahitya Akademi Award (b) Abdul Sattar Asi
in which year? (c) Mirza Arif
(a) 1930 (b) 1940 (d) Dina Nath Nadim
(c) 1961 (d) 1998
29 Who got the title ‘Shayar-e-Kashmir’?
22 The important work of Lalleshwari was (a) Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor
(a) Shirin-Khusro (b) Rasool Mir
(b) Lal Vakhs (c) Parmananda
(c) Shrukhs (d) Zinda Kaul
(d) Laila-Majnu
30 Dina Nath Nadim got Sahitya Akademi
23 Who was the founder of ‘Reshi Order’ in Award for
Kashmir? (a) Trivanzah (b) Zit'nl
(a) Lal Ded (b) Nund Reshi (c) Shihul-Kul (d) Maej Kashir
(c) Habba Khatoon (d) Rasool Mir
31 Who got 2017 Sahitya Akademi Award
24 Who introduced ‘Lol Lyric’ into Kashmiri (Yuva Puraskur) for Kashmiri poetry?
poetry? (a) Nund Reshi
(a) Habba Khatoon (b) Rasool Mir
(b) Nund Reshi (c) Nighat Sahiba
(c) Rasool Mir (d) Zinda Kaul
(d) Mahmud Gami
32 The Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art,
25 ‘Yusuf Zulaikha’, a popular poem was the Culture and languages was established in
literary work of which year?
(a) Mahmud Gami (b) Rasool Mir
(a) 1947 (b) 1950
(c) Nund Reshi (d) Habba Khatoon
(c) 1958 (d) 1999
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c)
CHAPTER 23
ART AND CRAFTS OF

JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The art and craft of Jammu and Kashmir is very famous in

India and outside the country. The state’s art and craft has a
powerful imprint of the old tradition. The craft of the state is
rich by wood work and embroidery work. The Papier-Mache
craft of the state is worth noting all over the country.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is famous all over the world for its unique and
splendid work of art and craft. Travel through even the remotest part of the state
gives us an opportunity to observe the art and craft of the state.
The most mesmerising experience is the embroidery work done on the shawls and
clothes by the Kashmiri people. We also find the work of magic in paintings, papier
mache, metal and stone work, jewellery and wood works.
Art of Jammu and Kashmir

The art of Jammu and Kashmir is best known for its cultural heritage which has
prevailed since a very long time. The famous Basholi Qalam paintings which are
kept in famous museums across the world are found in Jammu and Kashmir. These
are the examples of famous painting styles of Jammu and Kashmir.
Painting Styles of Jammu and Kashmir

Painting styles of Jammu and Kashmir come under the Pahari painting style which
originated in the 17th-19th centuries from Jammu to Garhwal in the Himalayan
states of India. It was a miniature style of painting. This style of painting got its
origin from the Mughal style of paintings and influenced by the Rajput paintings.
Art and Crafts of Jammu and Kashmir 207
Important schools/styles of paintings of Jammu and Kashmir are given below:
Basholi School/Style of Paintings

Basholi is a town in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir. During late 17th and
18th centuries, Basholi emerged as a great centre of painting which was known as
Basholi School of Paintings. It is considered the first school of Pahari paintings. The
themes of this painting style are religious (Gita Govinda and Ramayana), historical,
secular, contemporary and literary.
The painting style includes strikingly blazing colours, bold lines, geometrical
patterns, use of shiny beetle wings for jewellery, rich symbols and peculiar features.
An important example of this painting style is the depiction of the ‘Rasamanjari’ or
‘Bouquet of Delight’ in 1664 AD (a long love poem written in 15th century by
Bhanudatta of Tirhut Bihar). It was painted by Devidasa under the patronage of
Raja Kirpal Pal.
▲ RASAMANJARI : AN EXAMPLE OF BASHOLI SCHOOL OF PAINTINGS
Mankot Style of Paintings

These paintings have similarities with Basholi style e.g. bold subjects with vivid
colours. This style of painting flourished during mid 17th century. Later, use of
subdued colours and naturalism became significant features of this style of painting.
Guler Jasrota Style of Paintings

Jasrota place lies in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu or Jasrota
painting style emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries which has a
similarity with the Kangra style of paintings. Shangri Ramayana paintings series
were produced in Jammu during late 17th and early 18th century.
Nainsukh was one of the famous artists of this style of painting, who was a
patronaged artist of Raja Balwant of Jasrota. He depicted the day-to-day activities of
Raja Balwant Singh in his paintings and also used Persian technique known as
Neem Kalam.
▲ PAINTING OF RAJA OF JASROTA MADE BY NAINSUKH
Crafts of Jammu and Kashmir

The crafts of Jammu and Kashmir has recognition all over the world and everyone in
the state is affiliated to this occupation in one way or another. Crafts in the state
vary from the embroidery to shawl weaving, wood carving to papier mache, carpet
weaving to namdas weaving and much more. Some important and famous crafts of
Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Textiles
The important textile works of Jammu and Kashmir are shawls and sarees. These are
discussed below:
Shawls
Kashmiri shawls are the most famous craft of Jammu and Kashmir. There are
different types of Kashmiri shawls e.g. Pashmina shawl, Ring shawl, Jamavar shawl,
etc wool of Kel goat is the main source of Pashmina shawl. This shawl is woven by
looms and some shawls are embroidered by hands after looming is done.
Ring shawl is given such name as its fabric is so sleek and smooth that can pass
effortlessly through a ring. The threads of Jamavar shawls dyed before weaving. The
shawl depicts architectural and mythological figures interwoven with landscape
designs. Other Shawls are Shahtoosh and Kani Jama shawls.
Sarees
Mulberry silk is used to produce quality sarees in Kashmir region. But this craft is
not practiced on a large scale in the state.
Embroidery
The embroidery work of Jammu and Kashmir is world famous. The state craftspersons
do different types of embroidery work such as:
Chain Stitch and Crewel Work

Chain stitch work is done by ari or hook (Aurah) on any type of fabric instead of
needle. It is also known as Zalakdozi. Under this stitch work the designs ranging
from floral patterns to animal and human forms. In this embroidery work, vibrant
colours are used.
Crewel work is more or less similar to chain stitch as it is done on white background
similar to chain stitch. But the slight difference between the two works is that crewel
work motifs and flowers are not embroidered on the entire surface. Wool is mainly
used in crewel work and vibrant colours are not used. These works are mainly done
on rugs, curtains, wall hangings, etc.
▲ AN EXAMPLE OF CHAIN STITCH WORK OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Kashidkari
It is a very famous embroidery work of Jammu and Kashmir. It is done on woollen
Kurtas, woollen rags, stales, sofa, cushions, etc. Important themes of this work are
birds, blooms, flowers, vines, chinar leaves, mangoes, lotus and trees.
Phulkari
It is a type of embroidery work which is done especially on brides’s trouser. It is also
done on salwar-kameez, dupatta, handkerchiefs, table covers, sofa, cushion covers,
wall hangings, jackets, bags, footwear, stole, etc. It is a traditional and domestic craft
of Jammu, which is practised by womenfolk.
▲ KASHMIRI PHULKARI WORK DONE ON STOLE
Sozni
It is the most delicate and beautiful embroidery work which takes years to complete
even one shawl. It is mainly done on Pashmina shawls, woollen shawls,
salwar-kameez and sarees with thin needles.
Tilla work
It is a traditional Kashmiri craft which is done on sarees, salwar-kameez, shawls,
pherans, etc. The themes of this embroidery work are lotus, chinar and almond. It is
especially done on a bride’s trouser.
Calico Printing
It is a type of block printing which is mainly done in Samba and Jammu
districts. The printing is done on hand woven cotton cloth and floor/bed
coverings in vegetable colours with the help of wooden blocks. This
printing is in great demand and widely popular.
Carpets
The Kashmir ruler Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin introduced the carpet industry in
Kashmir valley. There are mainly two types of carpets which are as follows:
i. Khabdan-Pile Carpets
It got its origin from Tibet. These carpets are woven in Ladakhi designs which are
mainly used in living rooms and monasteries for prayer. These carpets are woven by
the method of looming woollen yarn around an iron rod in which 48 knots per
square inch are made on a large perpendicular loom. Then craftsmen cut the loops
with a knife and remove the rod to get a pile surface. It is very famous in Ladakh
region which is also influenced by Chinese and Mongolian designs.
ii. Knotted Carpets

These are mainly made by hand. These are locally known as Kal baffi or ‘Kashmir
rug’. These rugs/carpets are superior in the world of hand-knotted rugs. These rugs
are mainly made in pure wool silk and very rarely in wool and silk beads. These are
very famous in Kashmir valley which have primarily floral and oriental styles.
Srinagar and rural areas of Kashmir are the source regions of these carpets.
▲ HAND-KNOTTED CARPET OF KASHMIR VALLEY
Rugs
Rugs are floor coverings of thick woven material or animal skin, typically not
extending over the entire floor.
There are different types of rugs such as:
Gabba-embroidered Rugs
Gabba is made by recycling old woollen blankets which are washed, milled and dyed
in various colours. After colouring these blankets these are stitched together and
backed with waste cotton cloth. Then craftsmen embroidered these by crewel work.
Chain stitched rugs are also formed by old woollens on which dissimilar cut outs are
done and covered with chain stitch. These rugs are mostly made by woollen/silk yarns
and very little by cotton yarns. Kashmiri floral patterns are used in embroidery work.
Namda Felted Rugs

These are floor coverings which are very famous in Kashmir valley. These are mainly
made by woollen and cotton fibres. These are less expensive and small in size than
the carpets. Emporiums in Srinagar have a large variety of namdas.
▲ AN EXAMPLE OF KASHMIRI NAMDA FELTED RUG
Tsug-Dul and Tsug-gdan-Woollen Pile Rugs

These rugs are made of fine woven strips that are stitched together. Tsug-dul is used
as a blanket and made of six strips, whereas tsug-gdan is used as a spread sheet along
the walls of rooms and kitchens in Ladakhi homes. It is also used as floor coverings
in times of festivals. It is made of three strips. Sheep wool, yak wool and goat hair are
used to make these rugs.
Papier-Mache
It is one of the famous crafts of Kashmir valley. It was introduced in Kashmir valley
by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin who invited accomplished artists and craftsmen from
Central Asia. It is a craft of paper pulp and adhesive solution. In the process to make
a product of papier-mache, first soaking paper is placed under water until it
disintegrates. After that, adhesive solution is mixed in this paper pulp and give shape
according to available moulded forms and then it left to dry. After drying the object,
it is painted by three categories of colours which are mineral, organic and vegetables
colours, then it is varnished to give it a shiny look. This process is very long and
tedious.
Important products of papier mache craft are picture frames, candle sticks, writing
sets, handkerchief, vases, ring boxes, bowls, ashtrays, bangles, etc. To make the
products more durable and useful, the craftsmen have introduced brass and
metal-lining work in papier mache craft.
Metal and Stone Work

Metal work is done in Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh regions. Ladakh’s
customary vessels, made out of iron and brass, are very famous. Fateh Kadal area of
Srinagar is very famous for copper vessels e.g. cooking pots, milk containers, water
jugs and ornamented glasses, etc. Copper is the most popular metal in Kashmir
which is used in household items like lota, samovar (tea kettle of Russian origin),
trays, etc. Some beautiful silver items are also produced in Kashmir. The silver
articles include bowls, tea sets, flower vases, scent chests, ornamental picture frames,
etc. Important patterns engraved on these articles are flora and fauna, leaves of
chinar and lotus, etc.
▲ COPPER VESSELS OF SRINAGAR : AN EXAMPLE OF METAL WORK

Jewellery
This craft work is done in all the regions of Jammu and Kashmir. The ornaments in
Jammu and Kashmir are designed with immaculate precision and require skilled
craftsmanship. Jewellery is mostly made by gold, silver and stones like turquoise,
coral and pearl. The women of Rajouri district wear silver cap or crown on the head
under the veil. It is known as chaunk phool. The gold bridal jewellery of Jammu are
tika, nose ring (called as balu) and fine gold filigree wrist ornament (called as band
or kada), etc.
Kashmir jewellery is mainly made by silver along with intricate designs and filigree
work and stones. Srinagar is famous for its precious and semi-precious jewellery of
both traditional as well as modern designs. Ladakhi jewellery is mainly made by
beadwork with extensive use of turquoise, corals, amber, pearls and semi-precious
stones.
Ladakhi women wear a wedding ornament known as sondus or branshil, which is
fixed on the left shoulder and has a few gold or silver discs connected by a number of
long silver strands. Due to historical reasons, the jewellery of the state is influenced
by Persian, Afghani and Tibetan cultures.
Wood Work
There are many varieties of wood work done in the state such as:
Wood Carving
Srinagar is famous for wood carving. Important products of wood carving are trays,
tables, bowls and other items of use.
Wicker Work
It is very famous in India as wicker is abundantly found in the state. Before making
any item it is cleaned and cut into strips-of about 5 mm width. It is a technique
which uses plant stalks, branches or shoots and a kind of weaving material.
Important regions which are famous for this work are Srinagar, Harwan, Hazratbal
Soura, Shelteng. Important products are basket, pannier, kangri, etc. Today plastic
strings are also in use.
Khatam Band
It is an old craft which is the speciality of Kashmir woodwork. Deodar wood is
mainly used in this wood work. Important products of Khatam Band are floating
boat houses and shikaras of Kashmir. Other items are bowls, boxes, screens, panels,
cupboards, cabinets, etc. One of the best examples of this craft can also be seen in
the shrine of Khwaja Naqshband, near Jama Masjid of Srinagar, Kashmir valley.
Walnut Wood Craft

This woodcraft was introduced in Kashmir by Sheikh Hamza Makhdoom and
Islamic Missionary during the period of Zain-ul-Abidin in 15th century. Important
products of this craft are boxes, bowls, trays, decorations, furniture, floor tiles and
other small products. It is expensive than maple and oaks but still costs less price
than other woods.
Walnut is still available in Kashmir at an altitude of 5500-7500 ft above sea level.
The wood is hard and durable, its close grain and even texture facilitating fine and
detailed work. A variety of articles, both decorative and utilitarian like trays, tables,
bowls, table lamps, etc are made from this. The art of wood carving is centred in the
city of Srinagar.
▲ WALNUT WOOD CARVING DONE ON A BOX
Cane and Bamboo Work

It is a famous wood work in the state. Bamboo is mainly found in Jammu on the
Shiwalik range of hills, the Jammu-Pathankot highway in Kathua district and
adjoining Dhar-Udhampur road. Important bamboo products are ladies bags
furniture, fruit and vegetable bowls, table lamps, other decorative items, etc. In
Kashmir region, willow rushes are mainly found in abundance in marshes and lakes.
These willows are used to produce shopping baskets, lamp shades and other
utilitarian objects. The local folk of Jammu and Kashmir are the conveyors of the
local folk tradition of bamboo and cane crafts of Jammu and Kashmir throughout
India.
Know Your State JAMMU AND KASHMIR
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Painting styles of Jammu and Kashmir 9 Important types of shawls of Kashmir is
came under the (a) Pashmina (b) Jamavar
(a) Pahari painting style (c) Ring (d) All of these
(b) Rajasthan painting style
(c) Mysore painting style 10 Kel goat is the main source of
(d) Tanjore painting style (a) Jamavar shawl
(b) Pashmina shawl
2 Basholi town is located in which district of (c) Ring shawl
Jammu and Kashmir? (d) None of the above
(a) Kathua
(b) Kishtwar 11 The threads of which shawl are dyed before
(c) Udhampur weaving?
(d) Srinagar (a) Shahtoosh (b) Kani Jama
(c) Jamavar (d) Pashmina
3 Basholi School of Paintings emerged
during 12 Chain stitch work is done by
(a) 2nd and 3rd centuries (a) Ari (b) Hook (Aurah)
(b) 7th and 8th centuries (c) Needle (d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) 17th and 18th centuries
13 ‘Zalakdozi’ is a type of
(d) 19th and 20th centuries
(a) wood work (b) embroidery
4 The painting of Rasamanjari was painted (c) metal work (d) None of these
by 14 Which of the following is an important type
(a) Raja Kirpa Pal
of embroidery work of Jammu and Kashmir?
(b) Devidasa
(a) Phulkari (b) Sozni
(c) Sultan Zain-ul Abidin
(c) Kashidkari (d) All of these
15 Which type of embroidery work is most
5 Jasrota place lies in which district of
delicate and beautiful in Jammu and
Jammu and Kashmir?
Kashmir?
(a) Srinagar (b) Jammu
(a) Phulkari (b) Sozni
(c) Baramulla (d) Kathua
(c) Chain stitch (d) Crewel
6 Jasrota style of painting has a similarity
16 Which type of embroidery work takes years
with which style of painting?
to complete even one shawl?
(a) Basholi
(a) Sozni (b) Phulkari
(b) Kangra
(c) Kashidkari (d) Zalakdozi
(c) Maukot
(d) None of these 17 Calico printing is mainly done in which
7 Nainsukh was a famous artist of which places of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Samba
style of paintings?
(b) Jammu
(a) Jasrota (b) Mankot
(c) Srinagar
(c) Kangra (d) Basholi
(d) Both (a) and (b)
8 Neem Kalam is a type of
18 Which of the following rulers introduced
(a) embroidery
the carpet industry into the Kashmir valley?
(b) Persian technique
(a) Akbar (b) Zain-ul Abidin
(c) wood work
(c) Raja Kirpal Pal (d) Devidasa
(d) papier mache work
19 Khabdan-pile carpet got its origin from 26 Which place is famous for copper vessels in
which place? Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Tibet (a) Fateh Kadal (b) Samba
(b) China (c) Kathua (d) Baramulla
(c) Bangladesh
(d) None of the above 27 Which place is famous for its precious and
semi-precious jewellery of both traditional
20 Khabdan-pile carpet is very famous in and modern designs?
which region of Jammu and Kashmir? (a) Baramulla (b) Srinagar
(a) Ladakh (b) Jammu (c) Jammu (d) Kathua
(c) Kashmir (d) None of these
28 Sondus is a type of
21 Kal baffi is a type of (a) Wood work
(a) Knotted carpet (b) Embroidery work
(b) embroidery work (c) Wedding ornament
(c) papier mache work (d) None of the above
(d) wood work
29 Wicker work is a type of
22 A type of rug which is made by recycling (a) Embroidery work
old woollen blankets is known as: (b) Wood work
(a) Namba (c) Metal work
(b) Knotted Carpet (d) None of the above
(c) Gabba
(d) Tsug-Dul and Tsug-gdan 30 Floating boathouse and shikaras of
Kashmir are examples of which work?
23 At which place emporiums having large (a) Walnut wood craft
variety of namdas are located? (b) Khatam band
(a) Jammu (b) Srinagar (c) Willow work
(c) Kashmir (d) Samba (d) Bamboo work
24 Tsug-Dul is a type of 31 Walnut wood craft was introduced in

(a) Blanket Kashmir by
(b) Wood work (a) Sheikh Hamza Makhdoom
(c) Embroidery work (b) Zain-ul-Abidin
(d) None of the above (c) Akbar
(d) Raja Kirpal Pal
25 Papier-mache craft was introduced into
Kashmir valley by which of the following 32 Cane and bamboo are used in Jammu and
rulers? Kashmir for
(a) Khwaja Naqshband (a) Making decorative objects
(b) Akbar (b) Making utilitarian objects
(c) Zain-ul-Abidin (c) Making houseboats
(d) None of the above (d) Both (a) and (b)
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (d)
CHAPTER 24
FOLK MUSIC
AND DANCE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The cultural sphere of Jammu and Kashmir is very distinctive in
nature as compared to other states of the country. Due to its
rich tradition and culture, the state attracts outsiders from every
part of the world. The people of the state celebrate every event
of their life with folk music and dances. These music and
dances make the life of people very colourful.
The folk music of Jammu and Kashmir is rich and distinct from music played in rest
of India. It is known as ‘Hindustani classical’ which is discussed in the ancient texts
like Neelmatapurana and Rajatarangini by Kalhana.
Folk Music of Jammu and Kashmir

Kashmiri music reflects the rich musical heritage and cultural legacy of Kashmir.
Kashmiri Valley music is closer to Central Asian music, using traditional Central
Asian instruments and musical scales, while music from Jammu is similar to that
of North India and Ladakhi music is similar to the music of Tibet. The music of the
state is mainly based on classical music, love songs and present social and political
conditions. Important forms of folk music of Jammu and Kashmir are given below:
Bakhan
This song is characterised by beautiful rhythms. This folk song is sung without the
use of any musical instrument. It is a widely prevalent form of mass entertainment in
Kashmir region. The song has irregular and various modulations in its tone and note.
This variation can be identified from the hand movements of the artists. The lyrics
of Bakhan songs are in Dogri language.
Folk Music and Dance of Jammu and Kashmir 219
Benthe Nend Baith

This folk song is sung in a chorus by a These songs are very famous among the
group of 5 to 7 people. This is founded farmers of Kashmir. These songs are
by the Bakarwal and Gujjar tribal groups sung by farmers in groups when they
of the state. This song is performed start their daily schedule at the time of
during major occasions and also to nend (removing weeds from newly
celebrate social ceremony. By singing grown plants). Farmers enjoy these
this song in chorus groups, the songs as these make the tough days easy
performers show the solidarity of the and increase their enthusiasm.
inhabitants of the valley.
Sufiyana Kalam
Chakri It is a form of song that contains Sufi
It is one of the most famous types of folk lyrics. The word Sufiana is related to
music which is very famous among the Sufis while the term Kalam means
Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims lyrics. The Sufiana Kalam songs are
during wedding ceremony. The folk widely sung and chanted in the
inhabitants of Kashmir perform this Kashmir valleys of India.
music form. Important musical
The origin of the Sufiana Kalam form
instruments which are used in this music
of music can be traced back to the 15th
are harmonium rubab, garaha and Sarangi.
century AD. It is a form of classical
Karak music that has its own maqam or ragas
or melodic modes. The instruments
This is a tale ballet, sung by Jogies. It is
used in this song are santoor, wasool,
performed along with dance. It is
sitar, tabla and harmonium.
popular amongst the jogi commuity in
Udhampur district. It is performed by It was during this period that the
three Jogies with accompaniment of people of Iran had brought with them
musical instrument known as Rabab. this form of music. There are two forms
of dance that are accompanied by this
Ladishah form of music. The Hafiza dance and
It is a sarcastical form of singing in the the Bacha Nagma dance are usually
Kashmir music tradition. It reflects the involving this sort of music.
present social and political conditions in
a humorous manner. During harvesting Song of Habba Khatoon
period, the singers move village to village It is a Kashmir music which is based on
and compose songs on the spot on issues the story of Habba Khatoon, a
relating to a specific village. As these renowned princess of Kashmir. This
songs reflect the truth, thus, singers song reflects the feelings of Habba
sometimes use harsh language but only Khatoon’s separation from her beloved,
for entertainment. the King Yusuf.
Surma Damman
This dance in Dogri reflects the pain of This instrument is made of 2 sets of
a newly married girl whose husband is kettledrums which are known as Mo
away in the army. Thus, this song also and Fo meaning male and female.
shows the desire of reunion. The instrument has a hole inside it,
through which water can pour inside it
Wanwan or Wedding and creates the deep and heavy sound.
Songs ‘Damshing’ i.e. small sticks are used to
These songs are sung at weddings in play this instrument.
Kashmir and without these songs King
wedding is considered incomplete.
It is the most interesting folk musical
These songs are sung in chorus by two
instrument of Jammu region. It has a
groups of women, who praise to the
long round wooden bar with two gourd
bride and the groom and give greetings
resonators placed vertically on it.
to the family with future blessings.
It is played especially in Karkan (ballads
Musical Instruments of having religious themes) music.
Jammu and Kashmir Rabab

The most popular string instrument in
The state of Jammu and Kashmir has
folk music is the Rabab. It was
many different types of musical
introduced by Zain-ul-Abidin in
instruments which are used in folk
Kashmir from Turkistan. It has a deep,
music of the state. Important musical
hollow wooden body serving as a
instruments are given below:
resonator.
Damian It is mainly used in singing Chakri and
The word ‘Da’ mean sound and ‘Mian’ Sufiana Kalam in the Kashmir valley. It
stands for sweet thus, its meaning is is played by plucking strings and
‘sweet sound’. This instrument is like a pressing them at different scales.
Guitar, made of 6 strings. The
instrument is very famous in the
nomadic people, who reside in the
Changthang, Ladakh region.
Dahara
This musical instrument is like a very
long rod of iron and has iron and bronze
rings to support it. Ladishah songs are
sung with the use of this instrument.
Saranda Sgra Snyan, Kon Kon in Ladakh,

This string musical instrument looks like Dukkar, Swarnari in Kashmir, Chimta,
‘Indian Sarangi’. Saints or Jogis of Jammu Gharah, Talli, Hauns, Algoza, Tooti in
region use this instrument. It is played Jammu.
with a bow.
Folk Dances of
Jammu and Kashmir
The folk dances of Jammu and
Kashmir attract not only Indians but
also people from all over the world.
These folk dances are performed on
different events like at the birth of a
child, in crop sowing and harvesting
season and on different occasions.
Saz-e-Kashmir Important folk dances of the state are
This instrument has its origin from discussed below:
Northern Iran. It is made of wood having 3
major gut strings. Two strings are made of Alley Yate
silk which produce music but the third one This folk dance is very popular in the
string is of no use, as it is not touch by the shepherd community in Zanskar area
bow, which is used to play this instrument. of Ladakh region. This is a combination
of poetry and dance. This dance is
Sitar
performed at the time when people go
This Kashmiri instrument is smaller than out of their homes with flocks.
an Indian sitar. It has seven strings fitted
by the hook, which is known as ‘Mizrab’. Bachha Nagma
Skaling This dance is quite popular in
This Kashmiri musical instrument is like Kashmir valley and performed during
two flutes are joined to each other. harvest season or marriage ceremony
by young boys. A light music is used in
Tumbaknari this dance form. The other name of
‘Nari’ in Kashmiri language is an earthen this dance form is ‘Bachha Gyavaun’
pot. This is a surahi shaped earthen which means ‘adolescent melodious
musical instrument. It is mainly used by voice’. This folk dance is performed by
women folk at various occasions like 6 to 7 boys in a group and among
marriages, etc. It has similar features with them one boy dresses up as a female
Irani instrument ‘Tumakh’. dancer who performs Hafiza style of
dance. All these dancers are singers,
Other Musical Instruments thus, they sing songs while dancing in a
Jammu and Kashmir also has other music melodious voice. The dresses of the
instruments like Daph, Diwang (fiddle), dancers look similar that of the
Dingjam, Bugjal (cymbals), Gling-Liu, Kathak dancers.
Bhand Jashan
The tradition and the history of the Bhand Jashan Dance is performed for many
generations. The dance plays an important part of the Kashmir life and culture. The
dance conveys the expression through various parodies made out of social situations.
This dance is normally performed in the village squares or in a wider arena in front
of a huge audience.
The dance is performed by the group of fifteen to twenty people, wearing traditional
styled attires. In this dance, all the performers put their hands on the waist of their
co-dancers and together move backward and forward with the light rhythm of the
beating of the musical instruments. The dance is accompanied by the classical
musical instrument like Surnai, Shehnai, Peshrao, Dhol and Nagara.
Cham
It is quite popular mask and costume dance of Buddhists of Ladakh monasteries. It is
believed that Cham dance was started by Guru Padmasambhava in the late 8th century.
This is performed in Buddhist festivals and considered as an act of cleansing of evil
forces.
LADAKHI MONK PERFORMING CHAM DANCE
Dandaras
This is one of the popular dance forms in the state which performed during the time
of Lohri festival. This is a highly professional dance in which a model of peacock,
made of bamboos and coloured paper, is carried by every group of dancers.
Every member in the group has a stick in his hand. While dancing, the performers
hit the stick in the hand of other person in different postures which makes it
difficult. This dance requires high level of skills and practice.
Dumhal
It is the most famous dance of Kashmir which is performed on set locations and set
occasions. In this dance, a banner is dig into the ground and a group of men dance
around it. They sing in a melodious voice in chorus and perform on drum beats.
Geetru
It is a dance form which is famous in Dogra Pahari area of Jammu. It is performed
on the occasion of feasts, festivals and marriages by the rural folks. Both male and
female by wearing their traditional costumes participate in this dance-song.
Gwatri
This dance reflects cultural tradition and historical heritage of Jammu and Kashmir.
In this form, singers narrate some text and Gwatri dancers enact it simultaneously.
This dance represents a harmonious mixture of enchanting melodious with unique
dance steps. It refreshes and re-energises the mind and soul of the audience.
Heren
This folk dance is mostly performed in the hilly areas of Jammu region. This
traditional theatre style dance form is mainly done during Lohri festival by 10 to 15
members.
Hafiz Nagma/Hafiza Dance

This is a Kashmiri folk dance which is related to Sufiana music. This dance is
performed during wedding ceremonies. Santoor, a musical instrument is used in this
dance. A female dancer known as Hafiza, dance along with her male counterparts
with instruments.
Jagarana
This dance style is performed by the females of the bridegroom’s house when men
folk have gone with barat. It is performed by a group of females consisting 15-20
members. It depicts emotions of women folk. It is mainly performed in Jammu
region.
Jabro
This dance is mainly performed by nomadic people of Changthang and Rong areas
of Ladakh region during Losar festival. While reciting melodious songs, both males
and females form two rows or circles and dance leaping hand-in-hand forward and
backward movements.
Kud
This ritual dance is performed in the honour of local deity by the farmers of Jammu
region during nights. During rainy season, around 20 to 30 people of all ages
participate in this folk dance. Narsingha, Chhaina, flute, drums, etc musical
instruments are used in this dance form.
Roul
It is a popular and common form of dance among the women of Jammu and
Kashmir. It reflects the unique cultural heritage and traditional legacy of the region.
It is performed mostly during special festive occasions of marriage or religious festivals.
The beautiful Roul dance is a delight for the local inhabitants as well as the tourists,
who are enchanted with the beautiful folk music and the unique dance steps.
Rouf
It is a famous customary dance of Kashmir region which is mainly performed on Eid
and Ramzan days by a group of girls. In this dance, performer stand face to face,
holding hands of the neighbouring partner and together sway their feet forward and
backward. It is also done on set of spring season and remained popular since ancient
times.
KASHMIRI WOMEN PERFORMING ROUF DANCE
Wuegi-Nachun
It is a ritual dance of Kashmir. It is performed after marriage ceremony when the
bride lefts for new home. The dance is performed by the Kashmiri Pandit women
who dance around the bridal rangoli.
Folk Theatres of Jammu and Kashmir

The state of Jammu and Kashmir has its own genre of theoretical performance
where no clear-cut categories of dance, drama or music are applicable. It is a sort of
total theatre i.e. a combination of many media. Achi Lamo and Mane-Pa in
Ladakh and the Ras and Bhagat in Jammu region have a fine combination of all
these form.
Achi Lamo
This performance usually depicts some Buddhist Jatik Katha, accompanied by dance,
music and drama. The performers normally come from Tibet where the
performance is called Topa Khamba. Ladakhi people have adopted this form and
have been performing it in open.
Bhand Pather
The word ‘Bhand’ means ‘actor or performer’ and the word ‘pather’ means ‘Drama’. It
is a traditional folk theatre of Kashmir valley in which performers dress up
according to their character and entertain the viewers. It is mainly done by men folk
who also play the female characters and make this dance more humorous. It depicts
short stories based on social and traditional evils of society and performed in various
social and cultural functions. This performance is done by a group of 10-15 people
with a light music.
ARTIST PERFORMING FOLK THEATRE OF KASHMIR VALLEY : BHAND PATHER

Mane-Pa
Mane-Pa has more emphasis on narration and dialogue than in Achi-Lamo and is
enacted in Ladakh by the professional Mane-Pa families only. While entertaining
and providing humor to the audience, the actor mocks and laughs at the irrationality
of the common people.
Ras and Bhagat

Folk theatre in Jammu region has religious ramifications. The popular performances
are those showing scenes from Indian epics such as Mahabharata and Ramayana.
The Ras or Bhagat mandalis, usually from adjoining states of Punjab and Himachal
Pradesh come to perform in Jammu.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The folk music of Jammu and Kashmir or 6 A sarcastical form of singing in the
‘Hindustani classical’ is discussed in which Kashmir music tradition is
of the following ancient texts? (a) Jagarana
(a) Rajatarangini (b) Ladishah
(b) Neelmatapurana (c) Nend Baith
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Gwatri
7 Which song is very famous among the
2 Bakhan folk song is sung widely in farmers of Kashmir region?
(a) Ladakh (a) Nend Baith
(b) Jammu (b) Ladishah
(c) Kashmir (c) Surma
(d) None of the above (d) Jagarana
3 Benthe song is famous among which of the 8 The Sufiyana Kalam came to Jammu and
following tribal groups? Kashmir from which place?
(a) Bakarwal (a) Iran (b) Persia
(b) Gujjar (c) Italy (d) Greece
(c) Changpa
9 Habba Khatoon was a renowned princess
of
4 The musical instrument which is used in (a) Ladakh
Chakri music is (b) Kashmir
(a) Garaha (b) Rubab (c) Jammu
(c) Sarangi (d) All of these (d) None of the above
5 Which tale ballet is sung by Jogies along 10 Which of the following songs shows the
with dance style? desire of reunion?
(a) Karak (a) Surma
(b) Gwatri (b) Sufiyana Kalam
(c) Geetru (c) Geetru
(d) Nend Baith (d) Jagarana
11 Without which of the following songs 19 Tumbakarni is a

wedding is considered incomplete in (a) folk music
Kashmir region? (b) musical instrument
(a) Wanwan (c) folk dance
(b) Surma (d) None of the above
(c) Geetru
(d) Jagarana
20 Which of the following folk dances is very
popular in the shepherd community in
12 Which musical instrument is very Zanskar area of Ladakh?
famous in Changthang area of Ladakh (a) Alley Yate
region? (b) Bhand Pather
(a) Damian (b) Dahara (c) Bhand Jashan
(c) King (d) Damman (d) Dandaras
13 Which musical instrument is used in 21 In which folk dance of Kashmir valley the
Ladishah songs? dresses of the dancers looks similar that of the
(a) Damian Kathak dancers?
(b) Damman (a) Bhand Pather
(c) Dahara (b) Bhand Jashan
(d) King (c) Bacha Nagma
(d) Cham
14 Which musical instrument is especially
played in Karkan music? 22 Which folk dance of Kashmir valley depicts
(a) Dahara various parodies made out of social situations
(b) Damman entertain people?
(c) King (a) Bhand Pather (b) Alley Yate
(d) Damian (c) Bhand Jashan (d) Cham
15 Which of the following musical 23 Which of the following dance was started by
instruments was introduced by Guru Padmasambhava in late 8th century in
Zain-ul-Abidin in Kashmir from Ladakh region?
Turkistan? (a) Bhand Jashan
(a) Damman (b) Dahara (b) Cham
(c) King (d) Rabab (c) Dandaras
(d) Bacha Nagma
16 Which musical instrument is looked like
‘Indian Sarangi'? 24 Which dance is performed mainly during the
(a) Saranda time of Lohri festival?
(b) Saz-e-Kashmir (a) Bacha Nagma
(c) Damman (b) Dandaras
(d) Dahara (c) Cham
(d) Bhand Jashan
17 Which musical instrument has its origin
from Northern Iran? 25 Which folk dance of Kashmir region is
(a) Saranda performed on set locations and set occasions?
(b) Sitar (a) Bacha Nagma
(c) Saz-e-Kashmir (b) Bhand Jashan
(d) None of the above (c) Cham
(d) Dumhal
18 Which Kashmiri musical instrument is
looked like two flutes are joined to each 26 Geetru dance song is famous in which of the
other? following region of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Sitar (a) Ladak
(b) Skaling (b) Kashmir
(c) Saranda (c) Jammu
(d) Dahara (d) None of these
27 Which dance song reflects cultural 32 Which dance is performed in the honour of
tradition and historical heritage of Jammu local deity by the farmers of Jammu
and Kashmir? region?
(a) Nend Baith (a) Jabro (b) Kud
(b) Gwatri (c) Heran (d) Damhal
(c) Karak
(d) Geetru
33 The Roul dance is performed mostly
during special festive occasions of
28 Which of the following folk dance is mostly (a) marriage
performed in the hilly areas of Jammu (b) religious festival
region? (c) birth of a child
(a) Heren (d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Cham
34 Which folk dance is mainly performed
(c) Dumhal
during Eid and Ramzan days?
(d) Hafiz Nagma
(a) Kud (b) Jabro
29 Which folk dance is related to Sufiana (c) Rouf (d) Cham
music of Jammu and Kashmir? 35 Which region of Jammu and Kashmir has
(a) Hafiz Nagma adopted the folk theatre form of Achi
(b) Heren
Lamo?
(c) Cham
(a) Ladakh (b) Jammu
(d) Dumhal
(c) Kashmir (d) Both (a) and (c)
30 Jabro folk dance is performed in which 36 What is ‘Bhand Pather’ of Jammu and
region of Jammu and Kashmir? Kashmir?
(a) Ladakh (a) Folk song (b) Folk dance
(b) Jammu (c) Folk theatre (d) Festival
(c) Kashmir
(d) None of the above 37 Folk theatre of Ras and Bhagat performed
in Jammu region is the performance of the
31 Jagarana song-cum-dance is performed by
people come from
the females at the time of (a) Punjab
(a) Losar festival (b) Uttarakhand
(b) Wedding (c) Himachal Pradesh
(c) Eid festival (d) Both (a) and (c)
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (d)
CHAPTER 25
FAIRS AND FESTIVALS OF

JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Jammu and Kashmir is a state of colourful fairs and festivals

which are celebrated throughout the year. All the regions of
Jammu and Kashmir have distinct cultural heritage which is
reflected in the several fairs and festivals of the state. The
people of the state celebrate these fairs and festivals with joy
and enthusiasm.
Fairs of Jammu and Kashmir

Fairs of Jammu and Kashmir give a glimpse of the true Indian culture and traditions.
The state organises a number of fairs thus bringing out the true heritage that India
beholds.
The fairs are just a medium to bring people together and also promote the tourism
of the state. Every year lots of people visit the state to enjoy a variety of fairs. Some of
the popular fairs that are organised by the Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Puramandal Fair
It is a religious fair which is held at Puramandal village located in Samba district of
Jammu region. It is held on the occasion of Shivratri in the month of February or
March. It is a three day fair which is celebrated for the marriage of Lord Shiva with
Goddess Parvati.
During this fair people wear their best attire and visit the temples. During this time,
the shrine of Peer Khoh, the Ranbireshwar temple and Panjbakhtar temple get special
attention by the devotees of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati.
Bahu Fair
It is one of the biggest Hindu fairs which is held at Kali temple in Bahu Fort of
Jammu region. It is celebrated twice a year, once in March or April and second in
September or October.
Mansar Food and Craft Fair

It is a food and craft fair which is organised by Jammu and Kashmir Travel and
Tourisms Department at Mansar Lake, 62 km from Jammu. It is a three day fair
which is held on the month of Baisakh (April). It is organised to promote the Indian
handicrafts and cuisine. A large number of people from all over the world come to
see this fair.
Jhiri Fair
It is an annual fair which is held in Jhiri village in Jammu region during the month
of October-November. It symbolises courage, honesty, compassion and rejuvenates
the mood of the people.
This fair is dedicated to Baba Jitu, a local farmer of Jhiri village, who committed
suicide due to unfairness done by the zamindar. People of Jhiri began to worship
Babu Jitu because of his honesty and self-respect. So every year, the people of Jhiri
celebrated the Jhiri Mela in Jhiri temple.
Festivals of Jammu and Kashmir

The Jammu and Kashmir festivals successfully satisfies the diversity of many Indian
cultures. To the visitors these festivals reflect the true religious beauty of this state.
The festivals organised in the state bring out the colourful nature of the diverse
cultures that reside here.
It also signifies the peace and harmony between the communities who occupy the
state of Jammu and Kashmir. Every festival is celebrated with equal zeal by people of
all religions. Some of the popular festivals that are celebrated in Jammu and Kashmir are
as follows:
Lohri Festival
It is a harvest festival which is celebrated in Jammu region. It is celebrated on 13th
January, one day before Makar Sankranti to commemorate the harvest of winter
crops (Rabi) and to welcome the spring season.
It is the festival which is devoted to fire and the Sun God. On this occasion, almost
in every temple Yagnas and Havans are performed in Jammu region. On this day,
bonfires are lit and people dance and sing around it.
Fairs and Festivals of Jammu and Kashmir 231
The boys perform Chajja dance alongwith their Chajjas, which are prepared by
bamboo and coloured papers by them.
WOMEN OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR CELEBRATING LOHRI FESTIVAL
Dosmoche Festival
It is a religious festival of Ladakh which is celebrated in Leh and in the Likir (Indus
river) and Diskit (Nubra valley) monasteries. It is a two day festival which is held on
the 28th and 29th day of the 12th Tibetan month which falls in February.
It is one of the two New Year festivals (the other one is Losar festival). It is festival
of scapegoat which is celebrated in Leh palace. It was started by the rulers of Ladakh
on the pattern of Monlam means ‘great prayer’ ceremony of Lhasa. Many folk dances
along with Chham are performed on this occasion. To perform mask dances, Lamas
are called from different monasteries from across Ladakh.
Stok Guru Tsechu Festival

It is a religious festival of Buddhists which is celebrated in Stok village, South of
Leh district in Ladakh region. It is held on 9th and 10th day of the first month of
Tibetan calender which falls in February or March. It is a two day festival which is
also joined by monks of the Spitak monastery. It is celebrated in the same manner as
the Matho Nagrang festival.
Matho Nagrang Festival

It is a religious festival which is celebrated in Ladakh region. It is held on the 15th
day of the first month of the Tibetan calender which falls in February or March. It is
a two day festival which is held at Matho Monastery (Leh) which is the only
monastery belonging to the Sakya School of Tibetan Buddhism. On this occasion

monks wear colourful silk robes and masks of many Gods and Goddesses and
perform mask dances.
MASK DANCE PERFORMED BY A MONK DURING MATHO NAGRANG FESTIVAL
Tihar Festival
It is a religious festival which is celebrated in Bhaderwah (Doda district) and
Kishtwar district of Jammu region. It is held in the months of Chaitra
(March-April). On this festival, people worship Nagas (Serpent Gods) and offer rice
and flowers to them. On the next day, they clean water springs and tanks. Women
bathe in rivers and observe a day’s fast.
Holi
It is celebrated in the month of March-April. Holi celebration in Jammu and
Kashmir is carried out in the traditional way of burning or Holika Dahan on the
first day and splashing of colours, water and lot more on the second day. A bush of
dry leaves and woods is set on fire on the first day of Holi during the evening hours.
People put dry colours on each other’s face after the ritual of burning Holika to wish
Happy Holi and greet by hugging each other. The tradition of hugging while
wishing is symbolic of an important message of Holi. This embracement is to ensure
that everyone forgets all the disputes and forgives others happily during this
auspicious day by ending the fights with a warm hug. People also dance and organise
events to celebrate the day. There is engagement of both localities and tourists on
Holi celebration in Jammu and Kashmir.
Baisakhi
It is a harvest festival which is celebrated in Jammu and Kashmir by Sikh
community. It is held on the first month of Hindu calender i.e. Vaisakh which falls
on 13th April. During this festival, fairs are organised at various places across the
state. People take a ritual bath in rivers, canals and ponds and pray at temples. It is
also the day when the tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji formed the Khalsa Sect in
1699 AD on his birthday. Sikh people perform Bhangra dance on this occasion.
People also visit Nagbani temple to see the grand new year celebration in Jammu
district.
Tulip Festival
This festival is celebrated every year in the months of March or April. The festival
celebrates the blooming season of the magnificent Tulips. It takes place at the Indira
Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden in Srinagar, Kashmir. The festival features a
showcase of local handicrafts, luscious cuisine, cultural programs, etc. This festival is
a must attend event for the flower enthusiasts, nature lovers, tulip lovers and tourists
from around the world.
KASHMIRI ARTISTS PERFORM AT THE TULIP GARDEN DURING TULIP FESTIVAL
Kheer Bhawani Festival

It is a major religious Hindu festival which is celebrated at the Kheer Bhawani
temple, located in the village of Tula Mula, at a distance of 27 km from Srinagar.
This festival is celebrated on Jyeshtha Ashtami, the birthday of the Goddess Kheer
Bhawani in May or June.
The temple was originally built by Kashmir’s erstwhile King Maharaja Pratap Singh
in AD 1912 and later renovated by Maharaja Hari Singh. This temple is dedicated
to Goddess Ragnya Devi.
Sindhu Darshan Festival

It is a religious festival which is organised by the Government of Jammu and
Kashmir at Sindhu/Indus river in Leh district of Ladakh region. It is held in June
month. People worship the Sindhu river which is considered a symbol of rich culture
and communal harmony in India.
MALE DANCERS OF LADAKH REGION DANCING DURING SINDHU DARSHAN FESTIVAL
Hemis Festival
It is one of the most important and biggest religious festivals in Ladakh region. It is
held on 10th day (Tse-Chu) of the Tibetan Lunar month for two days, which lies in
the month of June or July. It is celebrated in the courtyard of Hemis Gompa, the
biggest monastery in Ladakh, on the birth anniversary of Guru Padmasambhava
who was the founder of Tibetan Buddhism. The head priest directs this festival.
On this occasion people wear finest traditional garb. Famous mask dances and sacred
plays are performed on the beat of drums, cymbals and long horns by Lamas also
known as Chhams. A colourful fair is also held in this festival where beautiful
handicrafts are displayed. This festival marks the victory of good over evil.
Korzok Gustor Festival

It is an ancient festival of the Buddhists. It is celebrated in the Korzok monastery at
Korzok village which is located near the Tsomoriri lake in Ladakh. It is held in the
month of July or August for two days. The Gustor festival is a symbol of sacrifice of
the 29th day. In this festival a process is done known as Argham in which a Storma
(sacrificial cake) is dispersed by the head of the dancers. It is dispersed like
eliminating the evil forces of nature.
This festival ends with the act of assassination of a traitor king by a monk
(Padmasambhava). This festival is attended by the Chang-pa herdsmen, the locals
and their families. The Gustor festival is also celebrated in Stongdey, Karsha, Diskit
and Thiksay monasteries.
BUDDHIST MONK PERFORMING MASK DANCE DURING KORZOK GUSTOR FESTIVAL
Sani Maro Masjadi Festival

This is a religious festival which is celebrated by the monks of the Sani Monastery
located in Zanskar in Ladakh region. It is held in July or August. On this occasion,
the Lamas of Sani Monsatery perform Black Hat Dance. In this dance, evil force is
symbolised by Yama and the good force is the Padmasambhava (the second
incarnation of Lord Buddha).
Shikara Festival
This festival is celebrated in the months of July or August. Kashmir’s government
began this festival in 2016. It is celebrated to promote tourism of the state. During
the festival, Shikaras are painted and dressed beautifully. Shikaras participate in
Shikara Race, Dragon Boat Race and Canoe Polo Match. Other cultural programs
are also organised during this occasion which give a glimpse of the culture of Kashmir.
Gurez Festival
This festival is celebrated at the time of July or August in the valley of Gurez. In this
festival, people of Gurez showcase their handicrafts, cuisines and culture. Everyone
assembles for the fest which also involves fun activities like river rafting, trekking,
zorbing, cycling, etc. Many competitions such as painting and drawing also take
place which witnesses huge participation. Many musical programs displaying
Kashmiri culture are also a pleasure to attend during this festival.
Takthok Tsechu Festival

It is Buddhist religious festival which is celebrated in Takthok monastery located in
Sakti village in Leh district of Ladakh region. It is held in July and August. This
festival is dedicated to the enlightening works of Guru Rimpoche’s or
Padmasambhava’s life. Cham dance is performed on this occasion by the monks and
local people. Tsechu festival is also observed in other monasteries like Stok and
Hemis.
Chemrey Angchok Festival

It is one of the most popular religious festivals of Ladakh which is celebrated by
Chemrey Monastery located in Leh district. It is held on 28th and 29th day of the
9th month of the Tibetan calender which falls in November month. This is also
known as ‘festival of sacred dances’ which attracts tourists from all over the world.
The dancers exhibit the victory of good over evil and also the lives and stories of
other Buddhist and Tibetan divinities.
DANCERS PERFORMING DANCE DURING CHEMREY ANGCHOK FESTIVAL

Diwali
It is celebrated in the month of October-November. It is called the festival of lights.
Diwali is celebrated with traditional fervour and joy in special style. The people of
this state celebrate this day with great festivity. This festival symbolises victory of
light over darkness, good over evil and knowledge over ignorance. People decorate
their houses in advance in preparation of this festival. They also purchase earthen
lamps, candles and electric accessories for illuminating their homes and business
establishments.
Saffron Festival
This festival is celebrated in Pampore town of Jammu and Kashmir during the
Saffron harvest in November. It is an eight-day festival celebrated in the open fields
of saffron along with the association of saffron growers. This festival is arranged by
the Tourism department, Kashmir.
The main reason of the arrangement of this festival is to enhance the season for
tourists in the Kashmir valley on numerous fronts. The idea of celebrating the
saffron reaping belongs to the pre-Mughal period. According to history, this festival
was celebrated during the reign of Kashmiri monarch Yousuf Shahi Chak.
During this occasion, whole city participates in cultural programmes which include
the folk dances called Kud, Bhand and Dumhal of Kashmir with immense
enthusiasm and fun celebrating the reaping of saffron. The most excellent way to
experience the taste of saffron is by preparing it in ‘Kahva’ which is a conventional
tea of the Kashmir Valley.
KASHMIRI GIRLS PERFORM FOLK DANCE IN TRADITIONAL

DRESSES ON THE EVE OF SAFFRON FESTIVAL
Losar
It is a social and religious festival which is most famous in Ladakh region. Losar is a
New Year Festival which is celebrated on the 1st day of the eleventh month
(December) of Tibetan calender. According to a legend, King Jamyang Namgyal
went on an expedition against the Baltistan forces in winter but was advised not to
lead an expedition before the next year. Thus, to solve the problem and also to act on
the given advice, the king prepared the new year celebrations in Ladakh by two months.
Eid-ul-Fitr
It is the most important religious festival of Islam religion which is celebrated by
Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir. It is celebrated after the end of the fasting month
of Ramzan, i.e. the 9th month of Islamic calender. Muslims observe a special
morning prayer on this day and wear new clothes. They also go to meet their
relatives and invite each other at their home.
Eid-ul-Zuha
It is the second most important religious festival of Islamic religion which is
celebrated by Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir. It is celebrated on the 10th day of
the 12th month of Islamic calender i.e. Dhu-al-Hijjah. It is also known as ‘Festival
of Sacrifice’ in the way of God in which an animal is sacrificed and divided into
three parts, one for the poor and needy people, one for relatives and one for own
sake. This festival was started after the event when prophet Abraham agreed to
sacrifice his son to God, but before Abraham could sacrifice his son, God replaced
his son by a lamb after seeing Abraham’s obedience to fulfil God’s command.
Urs Festival
The Urs or Ziarats is an important festival in Kashmir which witnesses participation
from Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. It is a huge inter-communal festival and is
celebrated many times in a year. Basically, this festival is celebrated on the death
anniversaries of eminent Muslim saints like Meesha Sahib, Batamol Sahib and
Bahauddin.
Amarnath Yatra
It is the most admired pilgrimage in Hinduism, which every Hindu aspires to
undertake once in his lifetime. This religious Yatra is organised every year to the
great Himalayas, by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir in the month of
July-August. The Amarnath tour is attended by thousands of domestic and
international devotees. The main cave temple site is located at a height of
12,756 ft from the sea level and is around 141 km away from the state’s capital
city, Srinagar. According to the Hindu religious beliefs, the ice lingam in the
Amarnath cave shrinks and grows with the phases of the moon reaching massive
dimensions during May to October. There are two other ice formations that
represent Parvati and Shiva’s son ‘Ganesha’.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Which of the following festivals mark the 10 ‘Chajja dance’ is performed in which
wedding celebration of Lord Shiva with the festival of Jammu and Kashmir?
Goddess Parvati? (a) Sindhu Darshan (b) Lohri
(a) Kheer Bhawani (b) Puramandal Mela (c) Matho Narang (d) Stok Guru Tsechu
(c) Jhiri (d) Tihar
11 Dosmoche is a religious festival of which
2 During which fair the shrine of Peer Khoh, region of Jammu and Kashmir?
the Ranbireshwar temple and Panjbakhtar (a) Kashmir (b) Ladakh
temple get special attention by the devotees (c) Jammu (d) All of these
of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati?
(a) Tihar (b) Puramandal Mela 12 Dosmoche festival is celebrated in which
(c) Bahu Mela (d) Stok Guru month?
Tsechu (a) January (b) February
(c) October (d) December
3 Which mela / fair is celebrated twice a year,
once in March or April and second in 13 Which festival is celebrated in the
September or October? same manner as the Matho Nagrang
(a) Bahu Mela (b) Puramandal Mela festival?
(c) Tihar (d) Jhiri (a) Korzok Gustor (b) Kheer Bhawani
(c) Tihar (d) Stok Guru Tsechu
4 The Mansar Food and Craft Mela is
usually held during the month of Baisakh 14 Matho Nagrang is a festival of which
at which of the following places? region of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Srinagar (b) Ladakh (a) Kashmir (b) Ladakh
(c) Jammu (d) Kishtwar (c) Jammu (d) None of these
5 Jhiri Mela, an annual fair held in Jammu 15 Which of the following is a festival of
during the months of October-November Bhaderwah Kishtwar region ?
symbolises (a) Jhiri (b) Hemis
(a) courage (b) honesty (c) Tihar (d) Kheer Bhawani
(c) compassion (d) All of these 16 On Tihar festival, people worship
6 The Jhiri Mela is held annually in the (a) Lord Rama (b) Lord Buddha
memory of which of the following? (c) Lord Shiva (d) Nagas
(a) A local ruler 17 Baisakhi festival falls on
(b) A local farmer (a) 13th April (b) 30th June
(c) A local zamindar (c) 1st October (d) 29th December
(d) Jhiri tribes
18 Khalsa sect was formed by which Sikh
7 Which of the following festivals is a Guru?
harvest festival? (a) Guru Nanak Ji
(a) Matho Nagrang (b) Dosmoche (b) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
(c) Tihar (d) Lohri (c) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
8 Lohri is celebrated in which region of (d) Guru Angad Dev Ji
Jammu and Kashmir? 19 Tulip festival is celebrated in Srinagar in
(a) Ladakh (b) Kashmir the month of
(c) Jammu (d) None of these (a) March or April
9 Lohri is celebrated on (b) November or December
(a) 1st March (b) 10th December (c) January or February
(c) 13th January (d) 9th June (d) June or July
20 Kheer Bhawani temple is situated in 28 On 2016, the govenment of Jammu and

which of the following places where Kashmir started the festival named
famous Kheer Bhawani festival is (a) Gurez festival
organised? (b) Shikara festival
(a) Baramulla (b) Srinagar (c) Takthok Tsechu festival
(c) Leh (d) Kargil (d) None of the above
21 Kheer Bhawani temple is dedicated to 29 Name the festival in which local people
(a) Goddess Parvati showcease their handicrafts, cuisines and
(b) Goddess Ragnya Devi culture.
(c) Lord Shiva (a) Gurez festival (b) Shikara festival
(d) Lord Vishnu (c) Saffron festival (d) None of these
22 Sindhu Darshan festival is organised in 30 Takthok monastery is located in which place

which place of Jammu and Kashmir ? of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Srinagar (b) Leh (a) Leh (b) Srinagar
(c) Jammu (d) Bhaderwah (c) Baramulla (d) Doda
23 Hemis Gompa, the biggest Buddhist 31 Chemrey Angchok festival is celebrated in

monastery in Ladakh, is the place for the (a) January (b) March
famous Hemis festival that celebrates the (c) June (d) November
birth anniversary of
32 Which festival is known as the ‘festival of
(a) Buddha
(b) Padmasambhava
sacred dances’?
(a) Chemrey Angchok
(c) Menander
(b) Tihar
(c) Losar
24 Which of the following is considered to be (d) Baisakhi
the founder of Tibetan Buddhism?
33 Which festival is celebrated in Pampore
(a) Tsechu
(b) Padmasambhava
town of Jammu and Kashmir during
(c) Matho Nagrang November?
(d) Gelukpa (a) Diwali (b) Losar
(c) Saffron (d) None of these
25 Korzok Gustor festival is celebrated in
which region of Jammu and Kashmir? 34 Which festival is the most famous in Ladakh
(a) Ladakh (b) Jammu region?
(c) Kashmir (d) None of these (a) Losar (b) Dosmoche
(c) Matho Nagrang (d) Baisakhi
26 Gustor festival is also celebrated in which
of the following monasteries? 35 Which festival is celebrated by Muslims of
(a) Stongdey (b) Karsha Jammu and Kashmir after the end of the
(c) Diskit (d) All of these fasting month of Ramzan?
(a) Eid-ul-Fitr (b) Eid-ul-Zuha
27 Black Hat Dance is performed in the (c) Losar (d) Tihar
festival of
(a) Sani Maro Masjadi 36 Eid-ul-Zuha is celebrated on the 10th day of
(b) Korzok Guotor which month of Islamic calendar?
(c) Gurez (a) 1st (b) 5th
(d) None of the above (c) 9th (d) 12th
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (d)
CHAPTER 26
EDUCATION AND
HEALTH SCENARIO IN
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The education sector of Jammu and Kashmir has been improved
with the establishment of new schools, degree and post-degree
colleges, industrial training institutes and polytechnics. The health
infrastructure of Jammu and Kashmir also has seen an enormous
growth in the past decade. The state has been continuously making
efforts to improve the health conditions in the state.
Education System in Jammu and Kashmir

Educational Development in Jammu and Kashmir began in 1857, by the son of
Maharaja Gulab Singh and Second Dogra ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja
Ranbir Singh. He established Vidya Vilas Press, the first press in Jammu and
Kashmir, to translate books into Sanskrit for Hindu male scholars to study in the
first-two schools built in Jammu. A third school was opened in Kashmir in 1874.
Soon, all the three schools expanded their curriculum to include the study of Persian,
English, Sanskrit, Tibetan and Law.
The state is marching ahead steadily on the path of modernisation and prosperity.
Education in the state is divided into primary, middle, higher secondary, college and
university level.
The education system in Jammu and Kashmir is described below:
Primary and Secondary Education in Jammu and Kashmir

The school education in Jammu and Kashmir is maintained by the Jammu and
Kashmir Education Board which was established in the year 1970. There are more
than 15000 schools within the state’s boundaries. Hindi is the medium of instruction
for school education in Jammu and Kashmir. Schools have also been set up in the
remote villages of the state, thereby giving a boost to rural education in the region.
About 2000 schools in the state are in the rural areas and the state government
authorities are trying to increase the number in order to eradicate illiteracy. In
addition there are various Kendriya Vidyalayas and Indian Army schools that also
impart secondary level school education. These schools follow the CBSE pattern i.e.
10+2 pattern of schooling.
The schools in the state are affiliated to the Jammu and Kashmir State Board of
School Education ( JK BOSE). In Jammu and Kashmir, board examinations are held
in class VIII, class X and class XII in order to pass the school level of education.
Sports and extra curricular activities are always encouraged in all Jammu and
Kashmir schools. There are some schools in the state that exclusively provide
education to the underprivileged and the Tibetan refugees.
Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education (JK BOSE)

The JK BOSE was established in August, 1975, under the Jammu and Kashmir
State Board of School Education Act, 1975. It is an autonomous body which works
under the administration of the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir.
The main functions of JK BOSE are as follows:
n
To conduct public examinations of secondary and higher secondary classes.
n
To prepare and publish examinations’ results.
n
To prepare syllabus, curriculum, textbooks for the School Education as per the
National Policy on Education.
n
To implement National Sponsored Education Schemes in the state.
Higher Education in Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir has set up many colleges and Universities to impart higher
education to youths in the state. Jammu and Kashmir is the only state where
education is free upto the University level as per the Section-20 of the Jammu and
Kashmir Constitution. The state has several renowned institutions of higher
learning. There are some good institutes providing higher education in the fields of
medicine, engineering and management.
Some famous universities in Jammu and Kashmir which provides higher education are as
follows:
University of Jammu
It came into existence in 1969 by Kashmir and Jammu Universities Act, 1969
following bifurcation of the erstwhile University of Jammu and Kashmir. The
University admits, maintains, recognises, affiliates colleges and other institutions. It
is primarily a research, teaching, affiliating, examining body involved in promotion of
arts, science and other branches of learning.
Education and Health Scenario in Jammu and Kashmir 243
University of Kashmir, Srinagar

It was established in 1969. It is situated at Hazratbal in Srinagar. It is flanked by the
world famous Dal Lake on its Eastern side and Nigeen Lake on the Western side.
The main campus of the university is divided into three parts, Hazratbal Campus,
Naseem Bagh Campus and Mirza Bagh Campus (serving residential purpose).
It has established Satellite Campuses at Anantnag (South Campus) and Baramulla
(North Campus) and three more Satellite Campuses at Kupwara, Kargil and Leh are
being established to make higher education more accessible to people living in
remote areas of Kashmir valley.
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology

(SKUAST), Jammu
It came into existence on 20th September, 1999 following the amendment in
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Act, 1982. The
university is mandated to address the basic, strategic and applied research related to
enhanced production in agriculture and allied sectors (livestock health improvement
and quality based products). SKUAST-Jammu is a multi-campus university with its
headquarters located at Chatha, Jammu.
▲ BUILDING OF SHER-E-KASHMIR UNIVERSITY OF

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Central University of Kashmir

It was formerly known as the Central University of Jammu and Kashmir. It was
established in March, 2009 with the administrative office in Srinagar. In August,
2010, its Transit Campus was set up at Sonwar.
The university offers various courses and programmes like three year Bachelor’s
Degree in Vocational Studies, Five Year Integrated Programme in Law (BA-LLB),
B.Sc, M.Sc, Post Graduate Programmes, B.Ed Programme, etc. The university
launched two more masters programmes, M.Ed and Comparative Religions during
Academic Session, 2015.
All the campuses of the university have their own library facility. The university also
provides hostel facilities to both girls and boys. The university has the following schools:
n
School of Social Sciences n
School of Engineering and Technology
n
School of Business Studies n
School of Education
n
School of Life Sciences n
School of Legal Studies
n
School of Languages n
School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
n
School of Media Studies
Central University of Jammu

This university was established on 8th August, 2011 by the Central University Act,
2009. Its head office is situated at Bagla, Rahya-Suchani in Samba district. Its
campus is under construction in the same place in Samba district.
The university offers various courses like twelve post-graduate courses in English,
Economics and Applied Mathematics, Computer Science, Education Studies,
Environmental Sciences, Human Resource Management, Travel and Tourism
Management, National Security Studies, Public Policy and Public Administration,
Social Work and Mass Communication and News Media.
It also offers integrated M.Phil programme in eight subjects. The university provides
literary facility and hostels facilities (both girls and boys) to its students. The
university has the following schools:
n
School of Business Studies n
School of Basic and Applied Sciences
n
School of Education n
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
n
School of Languages n
School of Life Sciences
n
School of National Security Studies
n
School of Knowledge Management, Information and Media Studies
▲ BUILDING OF CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU

Universities in Jammu and Kashmir

University Location Established
University of Kashmir Srinagar 1969
University of Jammu Jammu 1969
Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Srinagar 1982
Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Jammu 1999
Sciences and Technology of Jammu
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University Reasi 1999
Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University Rajouri 2002
Islamic University of Science and Technology Awantipura 2005
Central University of Kashmir Srinagar 2009
Central University of Jammu Jammu 2011
Cluster University of Jammu Jammu 2016
Cluster University of Srinagar Srinagar 2016
Medical Colleges in the state

Government Medical College Srinagar 1959
Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Jammu 1969
and Hospital
Government Medical College Jammu 1973
Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Srinagar 1983
Sciences (Deemed University)
Government Dental College Srinagar 1986
Jhelum Valley College of Medical Srinagar 1989
Sciences
Technical Education in Jammu and Kashmir

In Jammu and Kashmir, the Department of Technical Education plays a lead role in
the technical education sector. The Department of Technical Education, came into
existence in the year 1981. The Directorate of Technical Education ensures a
planned development for Technical Education in the state consistent with the
policies of State and the Nation.
Engineering Colleges in the State

National Institute of Technology (Regional Engineering College) Srinagar 1960
SSM College of Engineering Baramulla 1988
Government College of Engineering and Technology Jammu 1994
Model Institute of Education and Technology Jammu 1998
Mahant Bachittar Singh College of Engineering and Technology Jammu 1999
College of Engineering and Technology Rajouri 2007
Government Initiatives for n

Beti-Anmol Scheme was started by
Jammu and Kashmir Government
Educational Development during 2011-12. It aims to minimise
Some of the Central and State Government
the post-matric dropout rate of girl
initiatives for educational development are
students belonging to Below Poverty
as follows:
Line (BPL) to encourage girl
n
The Jammu and Kashmir State strictly education in the state, and also
adheres to the National Education enhancing their employment
Policy. The main thrust in the prospects. Under this scheme, the girl
Education Policy of the state is to students of educationally Backward
develop the infrastructure facilities for blocks, who have completed their
the schools and introducing the matriculation examination and taken
computer education to all the higher admission in the 11th class will get an
secondary schools as one of the subjects. amount of ` 5000 as an incentive
n
The State Government provides free through bank deposit. It can be
text books to all the children studying withdrawn only after passing 12th
in elementary classes. There is a class examination. During 2015-16, it
provision of free text books to all girls covered more than 300 girl students of
and SC/ST children. 97 educationally backward blocks of
n
To encourage female students to the state.
pursue higher studies, the Jammu and n
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao was
Kashmir Education Department is launched in January, 2015 by the then
envisioning construction of girls’ Prime Minister of India. The scheme
hostels in all far flung colleges of the has the aim to cover 100 districts of
state in a phased manner. India and making girls independent
n
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) both socially and financially. As the
at Undergraduate Level has been child sex-ratio is low in Jammu and
introduced in all Government Degree Kashmir, i.e. 862 (0-6 year), thus the
Colleges in the state in order to bring scheme covers five districts of Jammu
equity, efficiency and excellence in and Kashimir, namely, Anantnag,
Higher Education Sector of the state. Budgam, Jammu, Kathua and
n
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Pulwama.
Scheme was started in 2010. Under n
CM Scooty Scheme was started in
this scheme, residential schools for
2016. Under this scheme, college
disadvantaged girls are set up in
going girls are given 50% subsidy to
different parts of the state. The
purchase a scooty that will help them
schools are upto upper primary level.
to attend regular college. They should
The target group are girls from
have 65% marks in 10+2 examinations
SC/ST/OBC/BPL families and
and family income of `4 lakh annually
general category (orphan girls). Till
now 15 schools have been set up. to be eligible for the scheme.
Two colleges were chosen such as, Health scenario in the state is discussed
Women’s College Parade and below:
Women’s College Gandhi Nagar for n
As per Economic Survey 2017-18, the
the scheme and a total of 150 scooties health infrastructure in Jammu and
were given. Likewise, all Terrain Bike Kashmir comprises of 5534 health
(bicycle) Cycle Scheme is launched for institutions, (4433 Government and
the meritorious boys of lower income 1101 Private), 22 district level
groups. hospitals, 375 Primary Health
n
Science Talent Promotion Scheme Centres, 85 Community Health
was started to encourage science talent Centre, 2293 sub-centres/Medical Aid
in the state and to create a competitive Centres and 2 Ayurvedic and 2 Unani
scientific culture, the State hospitals.
Government of Jammu and Kashmir n
The Doctor Patient Ratio in the state
gives scholarships at graduate and post is 1: 1658 which is against the
graduate levels. It is funded, organised recommendations of the World
and promoted by Department of Health Organisation (WHO) of 1:
Science and Technology, Jammu and 1000.
Kashmir. n
The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of
Apart from these schemes, various Jammu and Kashmir is 24 per 1000
educational schemes are initiated by the live births in 2016, which is lower
Central Government in the state of than the national level i.e. 34.
Jammu and Kashmir. These are Sarva n
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of the
Shiksha Abhiyan, Mid-day Meal state is 1.6 in 2016 which is lower
Scheme, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha than the national level i.e. 2.3.
Abhiyan, etc. n
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) of the state
is 15.7 births per 1000 population in
Health Scenario in 2016, which is also lower than the
Jammu and Kashmir national level i.e. 20.4.
n
Crude Death Rate (CDR) of the state
Government of Jammu and Kashmir
is 5.0 deaths per 1000 population in
has taken various initiatives in health
2016, which is also lower than the
sector to provide quality health care
national level i.e. 6.4.
facilities to the people of the state
despite several constraints like financial
n
The Life Expectancy at birth in the
resources, difficult topography/ terrain, state is 72.6 years in 2010-14, which
poor road connectivity, low presence of higher than the national level i.e. 67.9
private sector, etc. It is also taking years. The life expectancy for females
initiatives for making health care and males stands at 74.9 years and
facilities accessible and affordable to all 70.9 years respectively. It is also higher
especially to under-served and under- than the national level i.e. 69.6 years
privileged segments of the population. for females and 66.4 years for males.
Government Schemes for Mobile Medical Units (MMUs)

Development of Health This is a initiative of National Health
Mission of Ministry of Health and
Scenario Family Welfare, Government of India.
Some schemes for development of health
It is a key strategy to provide public
scenario are as follows:
healthcare particularly to people living
Pradhan Mantri Matri Vandana in remote, difficult, unreachable areas
Yojana (PMMVY) to their doorstep.
It is a maternity benefit programme. It is For this purpose, 11 Mobile Medical
introduced in the year 2010 and is Units have been provided to districts
implemented by the Ministry of Women of Jammu and Kashmir state, namely,
and Child Development, Government of Kupwara, Anantnag, Baramulla, Leh,
India. This scheme provides financial Udhampur, Rajouri, Doda, Poonch,
assistance to pregnant and lactating Ramban and Kishtwar.
women who go to regular check-up and
have undergone institutional delivery to Trauma Centres
the nearest health centres. It is being 10 trauma centres are developed along
implemented in all the districts of the the national highways passing through
state since 2017-18. the state. These are Leh, Kargil, Gund,
Mirgund Kangan, Qazigund,
Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Anantnag, Ramban, Mahanpur
Abhiyan (PMSMA) (Kathua), Udhampur and Thathri
It was launched by the Central (Doda).
Government in November, 2016. It
Seeing the difficult terrain and uneven
provides free ante-natal services and
topography, these trauma centres are
required treatment to pregnant women
specially equipped to deal with road
for free on 9th of every month. It aims to
accidental cases.
provide healthy life to the pregnant
women, lowering the maternity mortality Other health schemes mostly run by
rate, create awareness among pregnant (Central Government) are Janani
women about health issues and diseases Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram,
and also make sure safe delivery and National AIDS Control Programme,
healthy life for baby. Janani Suraksha Yojana, etc.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 What is the medium of instruction for 10 Islamic University of Science and
school education in Jammu and Kashmir? Technology is in which of the following
(a) Hindi (b) English places?
(c) Urdu (d) Kashmiri (a) Jammu
2 Jammu and Kashmir Education Board was (b) Srinagar
(c) Awantipura
established in the year.
(d) Baramulla
(a) 1980 (b) 1970
(c) 1950 (d) 1965 11 National Institute of Technology
3 JK BOSE was established in which year? established in 1960 is situated where in
(a) 1947 (b) 1975 Jammu and Kashmir?
(c) 1999 (d) 2005 (a) Srinagar (b) Jammu
(c) Anantnag (d) Kathua
4 In Jammu and Kashmir, education is free
upto which level as per the Section-20 of 12 The College of Engineering and
the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution? Technology of Jammu and Kashmir is in
(a) Primary (b) Secondary (a) Baramulla
(c) Higher secondary (d) University (b) Anantnag
(c) Rajouri
5 The Agricultural University in Kashmir (d) Hazratbal
known as (SKUAST) is located in which
district of Jammu and Kashmir? 13 What initiative is taken by the state
(a) Doda (b) Kupwara
Government to develop elementary
(c) Jammu (d) Rajouri education in Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Give scholarship
6 Central University of Kashmir was (b) Introduce computer education
established in March, 2009 with the (c) Provide free text books
administrative office at (d) All of the above
(a) Jammu (b) Srinagar
(c) Baramulla (d) Anantnag
14 The scheme Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
covers which of the following districts?
7 Central University of Jammu was (a) Kathua, Pulwama
established in (b) Anantnag, Budgam
(a) August, 2011 (b) March, 2003 (c) Jammu
(c) January, 2006 (d) December, 2008 (d) All of the above
8 The head office of Central University of 15 ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’ scheme was
Jammu is located at which place of Jammu launched in which year?
and Kashmir? (a) 2000 (b) 2002
(a) Kathua (b) Samba (c) 2008 (d) 2015
(c) Anantnag (d) Srinagar
16 ‘Beti-Anmol’ scheme was launched in
9 Which of the following universities has which year in Jammu and Kashmir?
been established in the year 2016 in Jammu (a) 1975-76 (b) 1999-2000
and Kashmir? (c) 2005-06 (d) 2011-12
(a) Cluster University of Jammu
17 When was the scooty scheme started in
(b) Cluster University of Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir?
(c) Sher-e-Kashmir University of
(a) 2018 (b) 1998
Agricultural Science and Technology
(c) 2016 (d) 2005
18 KGBV is a programme launched to 23 Pradhan Mantri Matri Vandana Yojana

establish came in the year.
(a) Girl’s Hostels (a) 2001
(b) Residential Girls Schools (b) 2005
(c) Girls Schools (c) 2010
(d) All of the above (d) 2013
19 The target group for the Kasturba Gandhi 24 Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Martitva
Balika Vidyalaya Scheme is/are Abhiyan came into existence in which
(a) SC/ST girls year?
(b) BPL family girls (a) 2000
(c) Orphan girls of general category (b) 2005
(d) All of the above (c) 2010
(d) 2016
20 As per Economic Survey 2017-18, the
Infant Mortality Rate of Jammu and 25 PMSMA is as programme launched for
Kashmir is (during 2016) (a) Educational Benefits
(a) 15 (b) 24 (c) 30 (d) 40 (b) Meternity Benefits
21 As per Economic Survey 2017-18, the (c) Health Benefits
Crude Birth Rate of Jammu and Kashmir is (d) None of the above
(during 2016) 26 Which district has a trauma centre for road
(a) 10 (b) 15.7 accident victims on the national highway
(c) 20 (d) 30 passing through Jammu and Kashmir?
22 What is the Life Expectancy Rate of Jammu (a) Udhampur
and Kashmir? (b) Anantnag
(c) Leh
(a) 67.9 (b) 70.9
(c) 72.6 (d) 74.6
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (d)
CHAPTER 27
TRIBES AND TRIBAL

POPULATION OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Jammu and Kashmir is the Northernmost state of India which has
various tribal groups in the state. All the three regions i.e. Jammu,
Kashmir and Ladakh has considerable tribal population. Article
366(25) of the Constitution of India refers to Scheduled Tribes as
those communities who are scheduled in accordance with Article
342 of the Constitution.
As per Lokur Committee and Census 1931, a community can be identified as

Scheduled Tribes by the characteristics such as, indications of primitive traits,
geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, backwardness
and distinctive culture.
Scheduled Tribes in Jammu and Kashmir

According to Census 2011, Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in the state is
14,93,299, which constitutes 11.91% of the total population of the state. Scheduled
Tribe population of Jammu and Kashmir is 1.43% of India’s ST population. The
male ST population is about 51.98% and the female ST population is about 48.01%
in the state out of its total ST population. `
Highest and Lowest ST Population in the State

The highest Scheduled Tribe (ST) population is found in Kargil district (86.89%),
followed by Leh (71.81%), Poonch (36.93%), Rajouri (36.24%) and Reasi (28.08%)
as per Census 2011. The least ST population is found in Srinagar district (0.72%).
Out of the total ST population about 88.4% ST population is from Muslim,
community, 6.8% ST population is from Buddhist community and about 4.5% ST
population is from Hindu community.
Major Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir

The Constitution ( Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1989 was notified
on 7th October, 1989. In accordance with the Constitution ( Jammu and Kashmir)
Scheduled Tribes Order, 1989 and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order
(Amendment) Act, 1991, the major tribes of Jammu and Kashmir are:
Gujjar
It is the largest tribe in Jammu and Kashmir. The tribe is found in almost all the
districts of Jammu and Kashmir except Kargil and Leh districts of Ladakh region.
The people of the tribe reside in Rajouri, Reasi, Jammu, Poonch, Kathua, Udhampur
and Doda districts. They mainly reside on the slopes and mountains of Kashmir
valley like Uri, Anantnag, Budgam, Pulwama, Kupwara, Baramulla, Ganderbal,
Kangan, Daksum, Kulgam and Pahalgam. They speak Gojri language. It is believed
that this tribe migrated to the state from Gujarat. These tribal people are divided
into classes like cultivators, the Dodhi Gujjars (milkman) and Bakarwal Gujjars
(rearing of sheep and goats).
▲ A WOMAN OF GUJJAR TRIBE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Bakarwal
It is the second largest tribe in Jammu and Kashmir. Bakarwal or Bakharwal is a
nomadic tribe which reside in the Pir Panjal range of Himalayan mountains. The
word Bakarwal is derived from the Indo-Aryan languages, where ‘Bakri/Bakar’
meaning ‘Goat/Sheep’ and ‘Wal’ meaning ‘One who takes care of ’. Thus the name
‘Bakarwal’ is used for high altitude Goatherds/Shepherds. Bakarwal tribe is found in
all the three regions of the state. In Jammu region, it is found in district of Jammu,
Kathua, Udhampur, Poonch, Rajouri. In Kashmir Valley, it is found in districts of
Srinagar, Baramulla, Kupwara, Pulwama, Budgam and Anantnag. In Ladakh region,
it is also found in Leh and Kargil.
Tribes and Tribal Population of Jammu and Kashmir 253
Bakarwal are mainly goatherds and shepherds by profession. They mostly speak
Gojri language. Bakarwals belong to the same ethnicity and clan or gotra as the
Gujjars and inter-marriages freely takes place among them. As the people of this
tribe is mainly nomadic, they travel from place to place for work and for pastoral
land for their livestock and thus, mostly live in temporary settlements. This tribe is
mainly dependent on the rearing of cattle and their products.
▲ A SHEPHERD OF BAKARWAL TRIBE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Bot/Boto
It is the third largest tribe of Jammu and Kashmir. The people of this tribe are ethnically
and linguistically related to the Tibetan people. This tribe is mainly found in Ladakh
region. This is mostly found in Leh and Kargil of Ladakh region. Other important
places are Doda district ( Jammu region) and Baramulla district (Kashmir region). They
speak Ladakhi language. The main occupation of this tribe is agriculture. They mainly
grow barley, wheat, fruits and vegetables for their living.
Balti
It is the fourth largest tribal group of Jammu and Kashmir. The people of this tribe
are ethnically, and linguistically related to the Tibetan people and Dardic people.
This tribe is mainly found in Leh and Kargil districts of Ladakh region. They speak
Balti language. It is believed that this tribe migrated to the state from Baltistan
during the reign of Jamyang Namgyal (17th century). Their culture is influenced by
Ladakhi and Islamic rituals. It is believed that the wife of Jamyang Namgyal was
also a Balti Princess. People of Balti tribe which reside in Chushot village of Leh
district are considered the champions of polo game. The main occupation of this
tribe are agriculture and animal husbandry.
Brokpa
Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin form a group of tribe in Jammu and Kashmir which
are considered as the pure Aryan race. This tribe is mainly found in Kargil and
Baramulla districts.
Other important regions are Leh and Srinagar districts. It is also beleived that this
Dardic tribe is the bearers of the proto-Rigvedic language and culture and offspring
of the Dards of Chilas town in the Gilgit region. Their main occupation are animal
husbandry, agriculture, and allied occupations. They speak Shina and Balti languages
and Dardic Languages.
▲ AN OLD WOMAN OF BROKPA TRIBE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Gaddi
This tribe lives mainly in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
In Jammu and Kashmir, the Gaddis mainly reside in Udhampur, Kathua and Doda
districts. They speak Gaddi language. Old people used the Tankri script.
The majority of the Gaddi are landowners and practice agriculture as their primary
means of livelihood. The main occupation of Gaddi tribe is shepherding i.e. rearing
and selling sheep, goats, mules, horses. They also practice farming, weaving, etc.
They go uphill during summer and come down during winter season.
Purigpa
It is a tribal group of Jammu and Kashmir. It is mainly found in Kargil district of
Ladakh region. The Suru river valley of Kargil district was earlier known as ‘Purig’,
and the people of Balti tribe of Kargil have taken the name ‘Purigpa’. They speak a
dialect which is a combination of Ladakhi and Balti languages. Important
occupation of the tribe is agriculture where these people grow barley, peas and
wheat.
Changpa
It is a tribal group of Jammu and Kashmir which belongs to Mongoloid ethnic
group. This tribe is mainly found in the Changthang plateau of Ladakh region. Leh
and Kargil districts are the important places where these people are mostly found.
They speak Chagskhat, a dialect of Tibet. These people are high altitude pastoralists
who raise yaks and goats. They also produce Pashmina wool which is famous for
‘Pashmina shawls’. Nomadic tribe of Changpa is known as Phalpa. People living in
Hanle valley are known as Fangpa.
▲ A WOMAN OF CHANGPA TRIBE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Mon
The people of this tribe are found in small numbers in Leh district of Ladakh
region. They speak Mon language. These occupy a lower status in the social
hierarchy of the Ladakhi society. They are professional drummers and musicians.
They are also engaged in agricultural activities and grow wheat and barley. The word
‘Mon’ has been used for water dwellers by Tibetans. It is believed that these people
have largely contributed to the development of Ladakhi irrigation system.
Garra
It is a small tribal group which is found in Leh district. These people belong to
Mongoloid group. These people are mainly blacksmiths. They also follow ‘Jajmani
System’ (Patron-client) with other ethnic groups.
Beda
It is a smaller tribal group of Jammu and Kashmir which belong to the lower strata
of the Ladakhi Society. The term Beda is a Tibetan word where ‘Be’ refers to
separately and ‘Da’ means reside. These are mainly residing in Leh district. It is
believed that the Bedas came from Lahaul, a long time after the Mon tribes. Bedas
are both pipers and agriculturists. All Muslim musicians of Leh are Bedas. Muslim
Bedas have permanent homes and have some land while Buddhist Bedas are
wandering minstrels who earn their living by playing music only.
Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir, 2011

ST Population ST Population
Tribes
(in numbers) (in %)
Gujjar 9,80,654 65.67%
Bakarwals 1,13,198 7.58%
Bot or Boto 91,495 6.12%
Balti 51,918 3.47%
Brokpa, etc. 48,439 3.24%
Gaddi 46,489 3.11%
Purigpa 39,101 2.61%
Sippi 5,966 0.39%
Changpa 2,661 0.17%
Mon 829 0.05%
Garra 504 0.03%
Beda 420 0.02%
Other tribes or Generic Tribes 1,11,625 7.47%
Jammu and Kashmir State 14,93,299 11.91%
Scheduled Castes of Jammu and Kashmir

According to Census 2011, the total population of Scheduled Castes in Jammu and
Kashmir is 924,991 (7.38% of the total Scheduled Caste population of Jammu and
Kashmir). The sex ratio of Sceduled Castes of Jammu and Kashmnir is 902 and
literacy rate is 70.16%. According to Jammu and Kashmir Scheduled Castes Order,
1956, the major Scheduled Castes are Barwala, Basith, Batwal, Chamar or
Ramdasia, Chura, Dhyar, Doom or Mahasha, Gardi, Jolaha, Megh/Kabirpanthi,
Ratal, Saryara and Watal.
Department of Social Welfare, Jammu and Kashmir

The department came into existence in the year 1960. It works for the welfare of
weaker sections of the society of the state. The department implements the Central
and State Government schemes in the areas of women and child development, social
justice and empowerment, social security, tribal development and educational
upliftment of SC/ST and OBC students. Important Acts and Rules under the social
welfare department are Persons With Disabilities Act, 1998, Reservation Act, 2004
and Jammu And Kashmir Reservation Rules 2005.
SC, ST and Backward Class Development Corporation Limited,

Jammu and Kashmir
This corporation came into existence in the year 1986. It is a wholly owned
corporation of the State Government (under the Ministry of Social Welfare, Jammu
and Kashmir State).
n
Upliftment of the socio-economical and educational status of the target group people.
n
Providing loans to the people of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled tribes, Backward
Classes for commercial purposes.
n
Providing technical, financial and managerial assistance to such establishments, or
enterprises which work for the betterment of the weaker sections of the society.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 The Scheduled Tribe (ST) population of 4 Which tribal group is the largest tribal
Jammu and Kashmir shares about how group of Jammu and Kashmir?
much percentage to the total ST population (a) Gujjar
of India (Census 2011)? (b) Bakarwal
(a) 1.43% (b) 5% (c) Balti
(c) 10% (d) 15% (d) Bot
2 Which district of Jammu and Kashmir has 5 Which tribe of Jammu and Kashmir is
the highest ST population as per Census found in almost all the districts of Jammu
2011? and Kashmir except Kargil and Leh districts?
(a) Leh (a) Gujjar (b) Balti
(b) Kargil (c) Bot (d) Changpa
(c) Srinagar 6 Which tribe is the second largest tribe in
(d) Kathua Jammu and Kashmir?
3 Which district has the least ST population (a) Gujjar
as per Census 2011 in Jammu and Kashmir? (b) Bhot
(a) Srinagar (b) Kargil (c) Bakarwal
(c) Leh (d) Jammu (d) Beda
7 Bakarwal tribe is found in which region of 16 The tribe Purigpa have taken the name of
Jammu and Kashmir? which region of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Ladakh (b) Kashmir (a) Leh (b) Ladakh
(c) Jammu (d) All of these (c) Suru river valley (d) None of these
8 Bakarwal tribe belong to the same ethnicity 17 Purigpa tribe mainly reside in
and clan or gotra as the (a) Kargil (b) Jammu
(a) Gaddis (b) Gujjars (c) Anantnag (d) Baramulla
(c) Bots (d) Baltis
18 Which tribe is known as high altitude
9 Bakarwal tribal people mainly speak which pastoralists who raise yaks and goats?
language? (a) Changpa (b) Bot
(a) Kashmiri (b) Gojri (c) Gaddi (d) Mon
(c) Ladakhi (d) Dogri
19 Which tribal group of Jammu and
10 Bot tribe is mainly found in which region of Kashmir produces Pashmina wool?
Jammu and Kashmir? (a) Gujjar (b) Bakarwal
(a) Kashmir (c) Changpa (d) Mon
(b) Ladakh
(c) Jammu 20 Which tribal people are professional
(d) All of the above drummers and musicians in Jammu and
Kashmir?
11 Which is the third largest tribe of Jammu (a) Mon (b) Changpa
and Kashmir? (c) Beda (d) Balti
(a) Bakarwal (b) Boto
(c) Brokpa (d) Gaddi 21 Which tribal group belong to the lower
status of the Ladakhi society?
12 People of which tribe found in Jammu and (a) Mon (b) Beda
Kashmir are considered champions in polo (c) Garra (d) Both (a) and (b)
sport?
(a) Gaddi (b) Bakarwal 22 In which tribe of Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Gujjar (d) Balti ‘Jajmani System’ is followed?
(a) Mon (b) Garra
13 Which tribe is considered as the pure Aryan (c) Beda (d) Gaddi
race in Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Brokpa (b) Gujjar 23 Which tribe's name refers to ‘separately’
(c) Gaddi (d) Sippi and ‘reside’ ?
(a) Beda (b) Balti
14 Brokpa tribe is mainly found in (c) Sippi (d) Garra
(a) Kargil
(b) Baramulla 24 When did the Social Welfare Department
(c) Leh in Jammu and Kashmir came into
(d) All of the above existence?
(a) 1950 (b) 1955 (c) 1960 (d) 1965
15 Which tribe of Jammu and Kashmir goes
uphill during summer and come down 25 SC, ST and Backward Class Development
during winter season? Corporation Limited, Jammu and
(a) Gujjar (b) Gaddi Kashmir came into existence in
(c) Sippi (d) Mon (a) 1960 (b) 1986
(c) 2000 (d) 2005
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b)
CHAPTER 28
SPORTS OF JAMMU
AND KASHMIR
Jammu and Kashmir is one of the favourable places for many
sports in India. The state offers different kinds of sports activities
to both, its sportspersons and tourists. For example, paragliding,
skiing, river rafting, trekking, polo, archery, mountaineering,
mountain biking, golfing, cricket and football sports.
Major Sports in Jammu and Kashmir

Major sports in Jammu and Kashmir are discussed below:
Cricket
Cricket is one of the important sports in the state. The Jammu and Kashmir Cricket
team mainly plays for the Rajni Trophy and Vijay Hazare Trophy. Jammu and
Kashmir Cricket Association came into existence in 1970. Sher–i–Kashmir Stadium
(Srinagar), Maulana Azad Stadium ( Jammu) and Gandhi Memorial Science
College Ground ( Jammu) are its home grounds.
Parvez Rasool, Mithun Manhas and Manzoor Dar are three important players who
have played for Sunrisers Hyderabad and Kings XI Punjab in T20 IPL match. Jasia
Akhtar is a women cricketer who became the first women of Jammu and Kashmir to
be selected in the India Women’s National Cricket Team. The Jammu and Kashmir
cricket team won many matches, e.g. Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2017, Ranji Trophy,
2017–18, Zonal T20 League, 2018 and Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018-19.
Archery
It is a very famous traditional sport among the rural folk of the districts of Leh and
Kargil of the Ladakh region. Many competitions are organised in the villages of
these districts, which exhibit the culture and tradition of the state. In Kargil district,
the competitions of archery are a serious affair whereas in the district of Leh, people
organise competitions with great zeal. Two Archers of Jammu and Kashmir namely,
Muhammad Sufiyaan Bhat and Mudasir Ahmad Bhat won silver and bronze medals,
respectively, in the Indoor National Field Archery Championship, 2018 in Mumbai.
Football
It is believed that football was first introduced by Tyndale Biscoe in 1891–92, who
was the founder of the Mission School in Srinagar. The Jammu and Kashmir
Football Association was established in 1964. In the same period, a regional football
team first time took part in the Santosh Trophy. Important football players who
belong to Jammu and Kashmir are Mehrajuddin Wadoo, Abdul Majeed Kakroo,
Ishfaq Ahmed, Basit Ahmad, Mohammad Renbar, etc.
Two teams from the state play for the I–League i.e. Real Kashmir Football Club
and Lonestar Kashmir Football Club. The Real Kashmir Football Club has became
the first Jammu and Kashmir football team to gain I–League promotion by
defeating Hindustan FC (Delhi) in May 2018. Other tournaments are also
organised in the state like The CRPF Football Cup Tournament, The Mufti
Mohammad Syeed Memorial Tournament, Premium Knock–out Football
Tournament, The Premier Division of the Kashmir State League, etc.
Golf
It is one of the most popular sports in the state. Kashmir region provides a number
of suitable locations and golf courses for golf lovers. Some important golf courses are:
Royal Spring Golf Courses

It is situated at the foothills of Zabarwan mountains in Srinagar. It was
commissioned in 2001. It is a 18 hole golf course. It was designed by the American
Golf Course Architect, Robert Trent Bobby Jones Jr–II. It was previously known as
Salim Ali National Park. In July 2012, for the first time the women’s golf
tournament was conducted in this golf course.
Gulmarg Golf Club

This place was earlier used as a holiday resort by the British, who then established
this place as a Gulmarg Golf Club in 1911 AD. The Gulmarg Golf Club is located
at the height about 9000 ft. It is the longest golf course in India. Gulmarg is known
as Golfing Mecca of India, which got this title after the establishment of a 6 hole
course in 1890–91 by colonel Neville Chamberlain. A land at Gulmarg was donated
by the Maharaja of Kashmir for laying out a golf course in 1901 AD, which was
known as the upper golf course. A 9 hole course was also established in Gulmarg in
1915 AD which was known as ‘Rabbits course’. In 1922, the first Golf
Championship was played at Gulmarg.
Kashmir Golf Club

It is located at Srinagar and is the oldest golf course in Srinagar. It is a 18 hole golf
course which is also considered one of the beautiful golf course in the world. A
renowned Golfer, Ghulam Mohammad is associated with the history of this golf
club.
Sports of Jammu and Kashmir 261
He trained many golfers and was the first golfing professional in India in 1930 AD.
He trained very famous golfers of India, e.g. Late Billo PG Sethi, late Maharaja
Hari Singh of Kashmir, Late Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad and JS Pathak.
Paragliding
It is a popular adventure sport that attracts tourists to Kashmir, Jammu and Sanasar
where this activity is carried out. Training camps for parasailing and paragliding are
organised at Sanasar (Udhampur and Batote Ramban district). The best months to
go paragliding in Sanasar are May–June and September–October.
Polo
It is a traditional and ancestral sport, which is prevalently practised in the rural areas
of the state. It is particularly popular in the Ladakh region. Almost all the rural
centres of the state have polo grounds. The Ladakh region got acquainted with the
game in 17th century, when the king Singge Namgyal introduced it.
River Rafting
Jammu and Kashmir is famous for its rivers and lakes. Rivers Indus and Zanskar in
Ladakh region are two most famous rivers which provide best destination for river
rafting. River Lidder also has few stretches in Ladakh region near Pahalgam which
provides suitable locations for this sport. The best time for rafting in the state is
during summer time (between the end of June and late August), when the rivers are
full of water.
Skiing
Gulmarg resort is considered as the best skiing resort in the Himalayas and is
located in Srinagar. Two British Army officers established this resort in 1927 AD
and also set up the first skiing club in Gulmarg. Skiing races are organised in the
resort at the times of festivals like Easter and Christmas. In 1998, the first National
Winter Games were organised in Gulmarg.
It is the highest Lift–Served Ski resort in India. Here tourists enjoy Ski lifts and
Chair lifts which take skiiers up to the top of the ski slopes. From that place skiiers
are provided the options of beginners, intermediate and advanced slopes for skiing
sport. The resort is Asia’s only heli-skiing resort.
Trekking
Ladakh is known as a trekker’s paradise despite of its harsh weather conditions.
Most of the tourists, who visit Kashmir like to trek. The most famous of all trekking
routes in the state is none other than the Amarnath Yatra.
Sports Stadiums in Jammu and Kashmir

Some important stadiums in Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Sher–i–Kashmir Stadium It is located in Srinagar. The stadium is the home to the
Jammu and Kashmir Cricket Association and Jammu and Kashmir Cricket Team,
which represents the state in the Ranji Trophy and other domestic tournaments in
the country. Two One Day Cricket International Matches have been organised by
the stadium in 1983 and 1986.
Bakshi Stadium It is located in Srinagar and is considered one of the biggest football
stadiums in the country. The stadium is home to the Jammu and Kashmir football
teams like Real Kashmir Football club and JK Football Club.
Maulana Azad Stadium It is located in Jammu. It is one of the home grounds for the
Jammu and Kashmir Cricket team. It is located on the banks of Tawi river in
Jammu. The name given to the stadium is after the name of one of the legendary
freedom fighters of India, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad.
It has hosted many home cricket matches of the domestic tournaments. It has
hosted one One Day International Match in 1988. The stadium has also hosted one
women’s test match and one women’s One day International Match in 1985.
Vishwanathan Stadium It is located in the Dras town in the Kargil district of Jammu
and Kashmir. In this stadium traditional Polo Championships are organised.
Department of Youth Services and Sports,

Jammu and Kashmir
The department came into existence in 1973. It conducts the following activities
in the state:
n
It organise domestic and national level sports competitions for school children.
n
It conduct physical education activities in schools.
n
It promote the talented children in extra–curricular activities and also adventure
sports.
n
It administer the only government college of physical education in Ganderbal
district.
Sports Awards of Jammu and Kashmir

Sher-i-Kashmir Award This award was instituted in the year 1980 by the State
Government. It is given to outstanding sportspersons for their participation at
International levels who bring Laurels for the state. It consists of a cash prize of
` 51,000, a medal, a citation and a ceremonial dress.
Parshuram Award It is given to 3 best coaches of different sports by the Sports

Council of Jammu and Kashmir. It consists of a medal, a citation, a ceremonial dress
and a cash prize of ` 51,000.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award and Medal This award is presented to the best State
Sports Associations and two veterans/experienced sportspersons/organisers carrying
cash prize of ` 20,000 per person.
Brig Rajinder Singh Award and Medal for Men This award is presented to 15 men
getting one of the first three positions in the National Championships organised in
recognised disciplines under Sub Junior, Junior and Senior category. It carries a cash
prize of ` 15,000 per person.
Madr-i-Meharban Award and Medal for Women This award is presented to 15
sportswomen getting one of the first three positions in the National Championships
organised in recognised disciplines for women under Sub Junior, Junior and Senior
category. It carries a cash prize of ` 15,000 per person.
Chief Minister’s Gold Rolling Trophy This trophy is presented to one best recognised
State Sports Associations of the Jammu and Kashmir State which have organised its
activities at different District of the State and participated in large number of
recognised competitions outside the State.
State Award to Outstanding Sportspersons This is the highest award of the State
Government for the outstanding players of Jammu and Kashmir. The award shall be
announced every year on the occasion of Republic Day Celebrations. Special cash
awards shall be given to the sportspersons of Jammu and Kashmir who win first,
second and third position or represent in National and International competitions
conducted by authorised sports bodies.
Famous Sports Personalities of Jammu and

Kashmir
Arun Malhotra
He was born in 1983 in Jammu. He is a former Indian football player. He has played
with many football teams like Air India Mumbai, Bharti Sangha Kolkata, East
Bengal Club, Mahindra United Football Club and ONGC Mumbai. He is also an
international footballer who played two internationals in 2002–03 and also
participated in 2002 Asian Games. He was awarded the Jammu and Kashmir State
Award for outstanding sportspersons in the year 2008.
Gul Mustafa Dev

He was born in 1963 in Jammu and Kashmir. He is an alpine skier of Jammu and
Kashmir. He was among the first sportspersons who represented team India at the
first Asian Winter Games in 1986 in Japan. He was the first Olympian of Jammu
and Kashmir who represented Team India for the first time in Winter Olympic
games 1988 at Calgary, Canada, along with two other participants.
He also coached Indian skiing team for the Junior Asian Winter Games which was
held at Chaina in 2005. He was awarded the Jammu and Kashmir State Award for
Outstanding Sportsperson in the year 2009.
Mithun Manhas
He was born on 12th October, 1979, in Jammu. He is an Indian cricketer, who has
played for many teams like Chennai Super King, Delhi Daredevils, Pune Warriors
and so on. He is a right handed batsman. He also joined Jammu and Kashmir cricket
team for 2015–16 Ranji Trophy season. He was awarded with Jammu and Kashmir
State Award for Outstanding sportspersons in the year 2008.
Chain Singh
He was born in 1989 in Doda district in Jammu and Kashmir. He is an Indian Sport
shooter who won the Bronze medal in 2014 Asian Games in the men’s 50 m rifle 3
positions event. In the 7th Asian Airgun Championship in Kuwait (2014), he won
an individual gold medal.
In the 2016 South Asian Games, he won 6 Gold medals, 3 in individual events and
3 in team events. In the 6th National Shooting Championship in 2017 at Kerala, he
won Bronze medal. In International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF), 2018 in
Munich (Grand Prix), he won a silver medal. He also got Jammu and Kashmir State
Award for Outstanding sportspersons in the year 2016.
Parvez Rasool Zargar

He was born in 1989 at Bijbehara (Anantnag). He is an Indian Cricketer and plays
as all–rounder for the state of Jammu and Kashmir. He is the captain of the Jammu
and Kashmir team.
He first time played for the national Cricket team in 2013 for the Zimbabwe Tour.
On 15th June, 2014 he represented the national team against Bangladesh at Mirpur.
He first time played in T20 against England in 2017.
He was awarded with Jammu and Kashmir State Award for Outstanding
sportsperson in the year 2013.
Rajinder Singh
He was born in 1991 in Jammu and Kashmir. He is a Wushu player of the state. He
has many national records like he won gold medal in 25th Senior National Wushu
Championship in Jharkhand in 2017.
He also won bronze medal in the 14th World Wushu Championship in Kazan,
2017. He also secured a silver medal in Wushu Sanda Asian Cup, 2017 (China). He
was awarded with Jammu and Kashmir State Award for Outstanding sportperson in
2018.
Bilquis Mir
She is the first Kashmiri women to become the National Kayaking and Canoeing
coach of India. She has won the Jammu and Kashmir Government Award for
outstanding sportsperson of the year 2010.
She also has become the first Indian to judge water sports in Asian Games held in
Jakarta in August, 2018. She has also started a water sports academy in Srinagar
with the help of the State Government.
Kuldeep Handoo
He is 11 times National Champion and 6 times International Medalist. He is associated
as National Coach with Wushu Association of India. Two times since 2010, he was
recommended for Dronacharya Award by Wushu Association of India for his excellent
achievement. He was the Wushu National Coach for the 16th Asian Games at
Guangzhou. India got two medals (Silver and Bronze) in the event. He also
accompanied Indian contingent as a coach for the 11th World Wushu
Championship held at Turkey and Indian team won 4 medals (2 Silver and 2
Bronze). He was also awarded by Jammu and Kashmir State Award for Outstanding
Sportsperson in the year 2011.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 In which year Jammu and Kashmir Cricket 9 Which place is known as ‘Golfing Mecca
Association came into existence? of India’?
(a) 1901 (b) 1930 (c) 1970 (d) 2000 (a) Sonamarg
(b) Gulmarg
2 Jasia Akhtar became the first women of (c) Srinagar
Jammu and Kashmir to be selected in India (d) Kargil
women’s national .……
(a) Football team (b) Cricket team 10 Which Golf Club is the highest golf
(c) Hockey team (d) Kabaddi team course in the world?
(a) Kashmir Golf Club
3 Archery is a very famous sport among the (b) Gulmarg Golf Club
rural folks of which district of Jammu and (c) Royal Spring Golf Course
Kashmir? (d) None of the above
(a) Leh (b) Kargil
(c) Srinagar (d) Both (a) and (b) 11 The oldest golf course of Srinagar is
(a) Kashmir Golf Club
4 Muhammad Sufiyaan Bhat and Mudasir (b) Gulmarg Golf Club
Ahmad Bhat are associated with which sport (c) Royal Spring Golf Course
of Jammu and Kashmir? (d) None of the above
(a) Archery (b) Football
(c) Cricket (d) Golf 12 Ghulam Mohammad is associated with
which golf club of Jammu and Kashmir?
5 Who introduced the football game in Jammu (a) Kashmir Golf Club
and Kashmir? (b) Gulmarg Golf Club
(a) Mohammad Renbar (c) Royal Spring Golf Course
(b) Tyndale Biscoe (d) None of the above
(c) Amir Hussain Lone
(d) Jasia Akhtar 13 Training Camps for parasailing and
paragliding are organised at which place
6 Mehrajuddin Wadoo and Abdul Majeed of Jammu and Kashmir?
Kakroo are associated with which sport of (a) Sanasar
Jammu and Kashmir? (b) Batote
(a) Archery (b) Football (c) Kathua
(c) Cricket (d) Golf (d) Both (a) and (b)
7 Which Football Club team became the first 14 Polo is a famous sport in which region of
Jammu and Kashmir team to be given Jammu and Kashmir?
I–League promotion? (a) Ladakh (b) Jammu
(a) Real Kashmir FC (c) Kashmir (d) None of these
(b) Lonestar Kashmir FC
(c) Hindustan FC 15 Which river provides best destination for
(d) All of the above river rafting in Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Indus (b) Zanskar
8 The Royal Spring Golf Course is situated in (c) Chenab (d) Both (a) and
which place of Jammu and Kashmir? (b)
(a) Anantnag
(b) Leh 16 Gulmarg resort is located in
(c) Baramulla (a) Srinagar (b) Anantnag
(d) Srinagar (c) Baramulla (d) Jammu
17 Which region is called Trekker’s Paradise 23 Aijaz Hassan is associated with which
due to location of famous trekking routes? sport?
(a) Jammu (a) Wushu (b) Judo
(b) Kashmir (c) Shooting (d) Football
(c) Ladakh
(d) All of these 24 Arun Malhotra is associated with which
sport?
18 Sher–i–Kashmir stadium is located at (a) Cricket (b) Football
(a) Jammu (b) Anantnag (c) Shooting (d) Wushu
(c) Shopian (d) Srinagar
25 Gul Mustafa Dev is associated with which
19 Which is the home stadium for Jammu and sport?
Kashmir football teams? (a) Wushu (b) Cricket
(a) Sher–i–Kashmir Stadium (c) Skiing (d) Football
(b) Bakshi Stadium
(c) Maulana Azad Stadium 26 Chain Singh is associated with which sport?
(d) None of the above (a) Cricket (b) Shooting
(c) Wushu (d) Football
20 The Department of Youth Services and
sports, Jammu and Kashmir came into 27 Match the following
existence in which year? List I List II
(a) 1947 (b) 1960
A. Gul Mustafa Dev 1. Kayaking Coach
(c) 1973 (d) 2000
B. Mithun Manhas 2. Captain of J & K
21 When was Sher-i-Kashmir Sports Award team
instituted in the state of Jammu and
C. Parvez Rasool 3. Indian Cricketer
Kashmir?
Zargar
(a) 1980 (b) 1995 (c) 2004 (d) 1971
D. Bilquis Mir 4. Alpine Skier
22 Which award is given to best state sports
association for organising sports events in Codes
Jammu and Kashmir? A B C D
(a) Parshuram Award (a) 4 3 2 1
(b) Madr-i-Meherban Award (b) 1 3 4 2
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award (c) 3 2 1 4
(d) Sher-i-Kashmir Award (d) 2 4 3 1
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (a)
CHAPTER 29
AWARDS AND HONORS

OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Government of Jammu and Kashmir provides various types of
Awards and Honors. General Administrative Department
(GAD) of Jammu and Kashmir is the Nodal Agency for various
state awards and honours in different fields.
General Administration Department

It works as the nerve centre of the administration in the state. The Chief Minister of
the state, the Chief Secretary and the Administrative Secretary of the GAD, who at
present is of the rank of Commissioner or secretary to Government have the
supreme authority under whom the department functions well. Some of the award
schemes are:
State Awards on Republic Day

This award shall be announced on the Republic Day only and shall be given in a
separate ceremony. The nomination for grant of state award shall be made by social
organisation, NGOs, sports bodies, in the field of literature, arts and crafts, public
works, etc.
The following types of awards are given in this category:
Award for Bravery In this award, a medal, a cash prize of ` 51,000 and a citation are
given to the awardees. In case when a person dies during the act of outstanding
bravery, the person recieves a cash prize of ` 1 lakh (posthumously).
Award for Achievements in the Field of Literature In this award, a prize of ` 51,000, a
shawl and a citation are given to the awardees.
Award for Performing Arts In this award, a medal, a citation and a cash prize of
` 51,000 are given.
Award for Excellence in Arts and Crafts In this award, a medal, a citation and a cash
prize of ` 51,000 are given.
Awards and Honors of Jammu and Kashmir 269
Award for Social Reforms and Empowernment In this award, a medal, a citation and
a cash prize of ` 51,000 are given.
Award for Meritorious Public Service In this award, a medal, a citation and a cash
Award for Lifetime Achievements In this award, a medal, a citation and a cash prize
of ` 1 lakh are given.
Award for Outstanding Media Persons In this award, a medal, a citation and a cash
Award for Outstanding Industrial Enterpreneurship In this award, a medal, a citation
and a cash prize of ` 51,000 are given.
Chief Minister’s Gold Medal for Honesty, Integrity and

Meritorious Public Service
This award is given by the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir on the
Independence Day (15th August) every year. The award consists of a gold medal, a
cash prize of ` 51,000, a citation and certificate. The award is given without
distinction of position held by a public servant in any Department Public Sector
Undertaking/Corporation/Society/Board of the State Government.
The award for the year 2017 was given to Mr Lokesh Dutt Jha, Mr Raj Kumar
Bhagat, Mr Khurshid Ahmad, Mr Mohammad Syed Punoo, Mr Tsewang Dorjay
and Mr Mohammad Tariq Bhat.
Chief Minister’s Vigilance Medal

The award is given annually in recognition of exemplary work done for the
eradication of corruption and or in bringing about transparency and accountability
in the functioning of the State Government. This award is given to any government
servant, a public spirited citizen or a non-governmental organisation. Maximum four
medals are announced on the occasion of Independence Day every year and two
medals are reserved for government servants each year.
The medal has the state emblem and slogan ‘‘Vigilance for Good Governance’’. The
name of the awardee notified in the Jammu and Kashmir Government gazette. The
award carries a one time reward of ` 11,000 only along with a certificate on the
prescribed performa and medal.
Tabinda Gani State Award of Bravery for Children

The award got its name after the name of Tabinda Gani, who was a student of
Handwara tehsil (Kupwara district) and demonstrated exemplary bravery before
falling prey to the gangsters on 20th July, 2007. Children up to the age of 16 years
are eligible for this bravery award. It is given to those children whose act of bravery
is recognised in the last 15 months from the date when the award is provided.
This award can also be given upon posthumously. The award is given in three category
which are:
i. Bravery Award Category-I
In this category, a Gold Medal weighing 20 g (18 Carat), ` 50,000 in cash, a citation
and scholarship of ` 1000 per month upto the class the awardee pursues education
are given. This award is given to show extra ordinary act of courage under
circumstances of very grave danger to life.
ii. Bravery Award Category-II
and scholarship of ` 1000 per month upto the class the awardee pursues education
are provided. This award is given for courage and vigilance in saving life of a person
under circumstances of grave bodily injury to the rescuer.
iii. Bravery Award Category-III
and scholarship of ` 1000 per month upto the class awardee pursues education are
provided. This award is given for courage and vigilance in saving life of a person
under circumstances of grave bodily injury to the rescuer. The award was given for
the year 2012 to three children namely, Mohammad Vasat (Category-I), Muzamil
Masood Ganie (Category-II) and Abdul Aziz Sofi (Category-III).
Jeevan Raksha Padak Award

Jeevan Raksha Padak is a series of awards which are given to a person for meritorious
act of humane nature in saving the life of a person. It was established on 30th September,
1961. The award was originally known as the Jeevan Raksha Padak, Class III.
It has three categories namely Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak, Uttam Jeevan
Raksha Padak and Jeevan Raksha Padak. The awardee receives a medallion, a
certificate and a cash prize of ` 1,00,000 by the Union Home Minister. The award
for the year 2018 was given to Dr Suneem Ahmad Khan (Uttam Jeevan Raksha
Padak).
Literary and Cultural Awards

Best Book Awards
This award is given by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and
Languages. It is given to the selected books in 10 different languages recognised in
the State Constitution. The award carries a cash of ` 1,00,000, a memento, a citation
and a shawl.
Best Photography Award
This award was instituted in 2008 by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art,
Culture and Languages. It aims to encourage photography talent in the state. It is
given in three categories, Category-I (` 15,000), Category-II (` 10,000) and
Category-III (` 7,000). The award was given for the year 2010-11 to Sh. Channi
Anand (Category-I), Mohammad Safeen Pakhtoon (Category-II) and Sijeel Malik
(Category-III).
Best Translation Award
This award was instituted in the year 2010. It is given for the best literature published
in the state by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
The awardee is given a shawl, a citation and a cash prize of ` 25,000. The award for
the year 2018 was given to Prof. Mohammad Zaman Azurda (Kashmiri Literature).
Play-Script Competition Award
This award is given by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and
Languages to play-script writers who write stage play in the regional languages of
the state.
The awardee is given a shawl, a certificate and a cash prize of ` 10,000. The award
was given for the year 2018 to Dildar Ashraf ‘Shah for play-script ‘Tsange Gayah
Tseteh’ (Kashmiri), Gian Singh for play script ‘Sah Basah’ (Dogri), SS Anand Lehar
for play script ‘Sarhad Se Wapsi’ (Urdu) and Rajneesh Gupta for play-script
‘Jashn-e-Zindagi’ (Hindi).
Miscellaneous Awards of Jammu and Kashmir

Government
Chief Minister’s Gold and Silver Medals
The awards shall be given to those officers/officials/contractors working in Jammu
and Kashmir, who are or have been directly associated with the execution of
infrastructure related schemes/projects whether central or state projects and whose
performance has been outstanding and of very high order.
The awards are announced by the Chief Minister on Republic Day (26th January)
every year. The awards shall consists of
n
1st Prize Gold medal weighing 20 g of 22 carats, cash prize of ` 50000, citation
and a certificate.
n
2nd Prize Silver medal weighing 20 g of pure silver, cash prize of ` 30000, citation
and a certificate.
Honors/Fellowships
To acknowledge the excellence and lifetime achievement of writers/artists/a scheme
was instituted to confer robes of honour and fellowships on the towering
personalities of the respective fields.
The robes of honour carry a cash award of ` 5000 and a dhussala and fellowship
carries with it an insignia with citation and an amount of ` 5000 each.
Lifetime Achievement Award

The Lifetime Achievement Award was given for life, outstanding, significant
contribution in the field of Literature and Art, was instituted in 1997. The award
carries a cash of ` 1 lakh, a citation and a shawl.
Sher-e-Kashmir Award
This award would be given to the outstanding sports persons. The awards were
instituted in the names of Madre-e-Mehrban Award for women, Brigadier Rajinder
Singh Award and Barbar Shah Award in various fields of sports. The award carries a
cash prize ranging from ` 20,000 to ` 30000 per head.
SaMaPa Vitasta Award
The Awards consists of SaMaPa Vitasta Award and SaMaPa Sher-e-Kashmir
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah Award. The award instituted by Sopori Academy of
Music and Performing Arts has been named after the historical river Vitasta also
known as Jhelum.
The Vitasta Award carries a cash component of ` 50000 and the award named after
Sheikh Abdullah carries a cash price of ` 25000. The other awards given by the
academy include SaMaPa Acharya Abhinav Gupt Samman carries cash honour of
` 11000 and the SaMaPa Yuva Ratan Samman also carries a cash award of ` 11000.
A new Award SaMaPa Kala Vardhan Samman award was also introduced few years
back to honour those eminent personalities, cultural philanthropists and vision aries
who go beyond conventional areas of working to promote the art and culture of the
country. The Award is given for lifetime contribution in Indian classical musicians
and musicologists for propagating and preserving its culture heritage.
Police Medal
The Police Medal is a decoration awarded to members of law enforcement in India.
Established on 1st March, 1951, the Medal was created to replace the Indian Police
Medal. The medal is awarded for either gallantry of distinguished service, with the
gallantry version of the medal being accorded a higher precedence. The medal is
awarded annually on Republic Day and Independence Day.
Padma Vibhushan Awardees from Jammu and Kashmir

This is the second highest civilian award instituted on 2nd January, 1954. Two
people from Jammu and Kashmir have received the honour so far. They are:
Name Field Year
Ghulam Mohd Sadiq Public Affairs 1972
Lt. Gen. TN Raina Civil Service 1972
Padma Bhushan Awardees from Jammu and Kashmir

This is the third highest civilian award constituted on 2nd January, 1954. Three
people from Jammu and Kashmir have received the honour. They are as follows:
Name Field Year
Asaf Ali Asghar Fayzee Literature and Education 1962
Balraj Puri Literature and Education 2005
Mian Bashir Ahmed Public Affairs 2008
Padma Shri Awardees from Jammu and Kashmir

This is the fourth highest civilian award by Government of India. It was also
constituted on 2nd January, 1954. A total of 51 people from the state of Jammu and
Kashmir have won the award so far.
List of awardees from 2010 to 2019 are as follows:
Name Field Year
Prof. Hamidi Kashmiri Literature and Education 2010
Dr. Jitendra Udhampuri Literature and Education 2010
Gulam Mohammad Mir Public Service 2010
Prof. Riyaz Punjabi Literature and Education 2011
Nilamber Dev Sharma Literature and Education 2011
Moti Lal Kemmu Art-Playwright 2012
Sat Paul Verma Social Work 2012
Prof. Rameshwar Nath Kaul Bamezai Science and Engineering 2012
Gulam Mohammad Saznawaz Art 2013
Balwant Thakur Art 2013
Rajendra Tikku Art 2013
Bansi Kaul Art 2014
Tashi Tondup Public Affairs 2014
Prof. Ved Kumari Ghai Literature and Education 2014
Bettina Sharada Paumer Literature and Education 2015
Chewang Norphel Others 2015
Jawaharlal Kaul Journalism 2016
Kashi Nath Pandita Literature and Education 2017
Pran Kishore Kaul Art 2018
Narsingh Dev Jamwal Literature and Education 2019
Fayaz Ahmad Jan Arts 2019
Tsering Norboo Medicine 2019
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Which of the following is the Nodal 8 The Awards of Chief Minister’s Gold
Agency for various state awards and Medal for Honesty, Integrity and
Honors in the State of Jammu and Meritorious Public Service shall be
Kashmir? awarded on which of the following days?
(a) Home Department (a) Republic Day
(b) Chief Ministers Secretariat (b) Independence Day
(c) Department of Human Resource (c) Both (a) and (b)
Development (d) None of the above
(d) General Administration Department
9 The Chief Minister’s Vigilance Medal is
2 Mr Abdul Majid Wani got which award given annually in recognition of
posthumously in the year 2018? exemplary work done for
(a) Award for Bravery (a) eradication of corruption
(b) Award for Achievements in the field of (b) bringing about transparency
Literature (c) bringing accountability in the state
(c) Award for Outstanding Media Persons government’s functioning
(d) Award for Lifetime Achievement (d) All of the above
3 Who got the Award for Achievements in 10 The children upto which age are eligible for
the Field of Literature for the year 2018? the Tabinda Gani State Award of Bravery
(a) Atiqa Bano (b) Dr Darakhshan for Children?
(c) Chotay Taray (d) Both (a) and (b) (a) 9 years (b) 11 years
4 Who got the Award for Performing Arts
for the year 2018? 11 The Tabinda Gani State Award of Bravery
(a) Mr Vijay Malla for Children Category-I is given for which
(b) Mr. Ashwani Kumar of the following conditions
(c) Dr Hassan Samoon (a) Extra ordinary act of courage under
(d) None of the above circumstances of very grave danger
to life.
5 The award received by Chotay Taray (b) Courage and vigilance in saving life
Foundation in the year 2018 was under circumstances of grave danger
(a) Award for Meritorious Public Service to the life of the rescuer.
(b) Award for Social Reforms and (c) Courage and vigilance in saving life
Empowernment under circumstances of grave bodily
(c) Award for Outstanding Industrial injury to the rescuer
Entrepreneurship (d) All of the above
12 Jeevan Raksha Padak Award was
6 How many people got the Award for instituted in which year ?
Meritorious Public Service in the year 2018? (a) 1901 (b) 1930
(a) Two (b) Six (c) Seven (d) One (c) 1961 (d) 1999
7 Award for Outstanding Industrial 13 Which is not a category of award in Jeevan
Entrepreneurship in the year 2018 was Raksha Padak Award presented by Jammu
given to and Kashmir Government?
(a) Gurmeet Namgial (a) Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak
(b) Anjali Chopra (b) Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak
(c) Mushtag Ahmad Tantray (c) Jeevan Raksha Padak
(d) None of them (d) Raksha Padak
14 Who got Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak 21 Which of the following Awards has been
Award for the year 2018 ? awarded to the people who are directly
(a) Suneem Ahmad Khan associated with the execution of
(b) Balwant Thakur infrastructure related schemes/projects
(c) Anjali Chopra whether state or central?
(d) Rohit Kansal (a) Lifetime Achievement Award
(b) Chief Minister’s Vigilance Medal
15 Best Photography Award was instituted
(c) Chief Minister’s Gold and Silver Medal
in which year by the Jammu and
Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and
Languages? 22 Gold and silver medals awarded by Jammu
(a) 1940 (b) 1961 (c) 2000 (d) and Kashmir Government on 26th January
2008 every year is given in which field of excellence?
(a) Outstanding execution of Infrastructural
16 Who got best Translation Award for the
projects
year 2018?
(b) Outstanding achievement in sports
(a) Mohammad Zaman Azurda
(c) Outstanding achievement in fine arts
(b) Muneer Ahmad Khan
(c) Haji Khazir Dar
(d) Balwant Thakur 23 Which among the following is a sports award
given by the Government of Jammu and
17 Who among the following got
Kashmir?
Play-Script Competition Award for the
(a) SaMaPa Vitasta Award
year 2018?
(b) Sher-e-Kashmir Award
(a) Dildar Ashraf (b) Gian Singh
(c) Tabinda Gani State Award
(c) SS Anand Lehar (d) All of these
18 ‘Sarhad Se Wapsi’ a play-script is
24 Samapa Vitasa Award instituted by Sopori
written by which of the following
Academy of Music and Performing Aots has
personalities?
been named after which river?
(a) Rajneesh Gupta
(a) Ravi (b) Jhelum
(b) SS Anand Lehar
(c) Ganga (d) Beas
(c) Dildar Ashraf Shah
(d) Gian Singh 25 Police Medal is awarded to members of law
19 Which among the following awards is enforement in India annually on which
not given by Jammu and Kashmir day(s)?
(a) Republic Day (b) Independence Day
Academy of Art, Culture and Language?
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(a) Play-Script Competition Award
(b) Photography Award 26 The two people who have received Padma
(c) Sher-e-Kashmir Award Vibhushan Award from Jammu and Kashmir
(d) Translation Award are.
20 Awards given by Jammu and Kashmir (a) Ghulam Mohd Sadiq and TM Rana
Academy of Art, Culture and Languages (b) Pran Kishore Kaul and Balraj Puri
include (c) Mian Bashir Ahmed and Jawaharlal Kaul
(a) Best Book Award (d) None of the above
(b) Play-Script Competition Award 27 The state of Jammu and Kashmir has
(c) Best Photography Award received how many Padma Bhushans so far?
(d) All of the above (a) Three (b) Five (c) One (d) None
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (a)
CHAPTER 30
HISTORICAL AND
POLITICAL PERSONALITIES
Jammu and Kashmir is a state where a number of eminent
personalities were born that have proved their splendor in
historical and political fields. Their contributions are valuable
to the society of Jammu and Kashmir and to our country India.
Famous Historical Personalities of Jammu and

Kashmir
Some famous historical and political personalities of Jammu are:
Kalhana
Kalhana is the most famous historian and writer who flourished in 12th century. He
was a Kashmiri Brahmin. He was born in Parihaspura (now Paraspore) in
Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir. He is considered as the Kashmir’s first
historian.
He was the author of ‘Rajatarangini’ (The River of Kings), an account of the history
of Kashmiri rulers. Kalhana started to write this Kavya composition in 1148 CE and
took two years to complete this in 1150 CE. He presented an authentic picture of
the contemporary social and political life of Kashmir.
Gulab Singh
He was born on 17th October, 1792 in a Dogra Rajput family in Jammu. He was
the founder of Royal Dogra dynasty and the first Maharaja of the Princely State of
Jammu and Kashmir.
It was the second largest princely state in British period. The state was created after
the first Anglo-Sikh War (1845 -46AD) when the British sold the lands of Kashmir
to Gulab Singh through the ‘Treaty of Amritsar’ (1846 AD). He died on 30th June,
1857.
Historical and Political Personalities of Jammu and Kashmir 277
Famous Political He brought many reforms in the state

like making primary education
Personalities of Jammu compulsory, introduced laws prohibiting
and Kashmir child marriage and allowed people of
low castes to places of worship. He
Mehar Chand Mahajan signed the Instrument of Accession on
26th October, 1947, through which the
He was born in 1889 in Tika Nagrota in
Princely State went to the Dominion of
the Kangra district. He was the first
India. He died on 26th April, 1961.
Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
during the reign of Maharaja Hari Sheikh Mohammad
Singh and was the third Chief Justice of Abdullah
Supreme Court of India (from January,
1954 to December, 1954). He played a He was born in 1905 in Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir. He was popularly
great role in the accession of Jammu and
known as ‘Sher-e-Kashmir’ and a
Kashmir to India.
popular political figure of the state. He
He was the nominee of the Indian founded a political party, ‘All Jammu
National Congress on the Redcliff and Kashmir Muslim Conference’ for
Commission. The Commission that the rights of Muslims in the state in
defined the boundaries of India and 1932. The name of the party was
Pakistan. Prior to hold the position of changed after 7 years as ‘National
the Chief Justice of Supreme Court, he Conference’ in 1939. He became the
served as one of the first judges of the second Prime Minister of the Princely
Supreme Court of Independent India. State (from 1948 - 1953) after the
He died in 1967. accession to India. In 1974, he became
the Chief Minister of Jammu and
Hari Singh Kashmir from 1975-1982. He died on
8th September, 1982.
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad

He was born in 1907 in Jammu and
Kashmir. He was a politician who
belonged to the Jammu and Kashmir
National Conference. He was the
Deputy Prime Minister of Jammu and
Kashmir between 1947-1953 when
He was born on 23rd September, 1895 Sheikh Abdullah was Prime Minister of
in Jammu into the Hindu Kachwaha the state. But when Sheikh Abdullah
caste, part of Rajput community. He was was dismissed and arrested, Bakshi
the last Maharaja (ruler) of the Princely Ghulam Mohammad became the Prime
State of Jammu and Kashmir who Minister of Jammu and Kashmir and
ascended the throne in 1925 AD after also the President of the political party
the death of his uncle Sri Pratap Singh. i.e. National Conference.
He remained on the position of Prime He was honoured by the Padma

Minister of the State for a period of 11 Bhushan (posthumously) in 2005. He
years from 1953 to 1964. Due to his died on 12th December, 2004.
good administration, he was known as
the “Arclritect of Modern Kashmir”. Mian Bashir Ahmed
He was born in 1923 in Wanghat in
Kashmir. He is a politician and a
religious person. He remained the
member of Jammu and Kashmir
Legislative Assembly for four times. He
was honoured Padma Bhushan in 2008
due to his contribution to the society.
Karan Singh
He was born in 1931 in Cannes city in
Prithvi Nath Dhar France. He is a politician, Philanthropist
He was born in on 1st March, 1919 in and poet. He is the son of Maharaja
Jammu and Kashmir. He was an Hari Singh, the last ruler of Princely
economist and head of Indira Gandhi’s State of Jammu and Kashmir. He was
Secretariat and also was her Principal the member of the Rajya Sabha (Upper
Secretary. He was among the founders House) for NCT Delhi. From 1965 to
of the Delhi School of Economics. 1967 he served as regent, the first
During the period from 1978 to 1986, Sadar-i-Riyasat and Governor of
he remained in the position of the Jammu and Kashmir. He become the
United Nation Assistant Secretary youngest ever member of Union
General, Research and Analysis. In Cabinet in 1967.
2008, he was honoured by the Padma
He also remained as an Indian
Vibhushan. In 2000, his memoir ‘Indira
Ambassador to USA from 1989-1990.
Gandhi, the Emergency and Indian
He was also on the post of Chancellor
Democracy’ was published. He died on
of many Universities like Banaras Hindu
19th July, 2012.
University, Jammu and Kashmir
Syed Mir Qasim University and Jawaharlal Nehru
University. In 2005, he was honoured by
He was born in 1921 in Anantnag
Padma Vibhushan.
district in Jammu and Kashmir. He was
the Chief Minister of the state. His
political life started with Quit Kashmir
Political Movement during India’s
freedom struggle. He drafted the
Kashmiri Constitution and remained on
various state and union positions. He
established the Indian National Congress
in the state (The Congress Party).
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. He

became the MP of Rajya Sabha for Jammu
He was born on 12th January, 1936 in and Kashmir on 16th February, 2015.
Bijbehara in Anantnag district. He
become the Chief Minister of Jammu Mehbooba Mufti Sayeed
and Kashmir twice, first from 2002 to
2005 and second from 2015 to 2016.
He also served as Home Minister of
India from 1989 to 1990. In 1999, he
founded the Jammu and Kashmir
‘People’s Democratic Party’. He died on
7th January, 2016.
Farooq Abdullah
He was born on 21st October, 1937 in She was born in 1959 in Bijbehara, in
Soura, Srinagar. He is the son of Anantnag district. She is the President of
Sheikh Abdullah and father of Omar the Jammu and Kashmir People’s
Abdullah. He remained on the post of Democratic Party (PDP) and the
Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir daughter of Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.
many times since 1982. In 1981, he She became the first women Chief
became the President of the National Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from
Conference (Political Party of Jammu 2016-2018. She is also India’s second
and Kashmir). He became a Cabinet Muslim women Chief Minister after
Minister in Manmohan Singh Ministry Syeda Anwara Taimur of Assam.
from 2009- 2014.
Omar Abdullah
He was born on 10th March, 1970 in
Rochford town in England. He is a
politician from Jammu and Kashmir and
the son of Farooq Abdullah. From 2001
to 2002, he remained as the Union
Minister of state for External affairs in
Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s NDA Government.
In 2002, he became the President of the
Ghulam Nabi Azad National Conference (Political Party).
He was born in 1949 in Doda district. Again in 2006, he re-elected as the
He is a politician from the Indian President of this political party. He was
National Congress. Till 2005, he appointed as the 11th and the youngest
remained the Parliamentary Affairs Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
Minister of India in the Manmohan from 2009 to 2015. He is the leader of
Singh Government. On 2nd November, opposition in Jammu and Kashmir
2005, he become the seventh Legislative Assembly since 2015.
Miscellaneous He received Sahitya Akademi Award

for his novel ‘Sheen Tu Watu Pod’
Personalities (Kashmiri language) in 1989. He also
received ‘Silver Peacock’ for the feature
Swami Lakshman Joo film Maanzirath and in 2018, he
He was born in Srinagar in 1907. He received Padma Shri Award in Arts. He
was a famed mystic and scholar of is one of the founders of the Miltsar
Kashmiri Shaivism or Trika. His Kashmir Music and Dance Group which
followers called him Lal Sahib or Friend supports Kashmiri and Indian arts.
of God. After getting self-realisation at
the age of 20, he wrote ‘In search of the
Ghulam Rasool Santosh
Supreme’. He wrote many philosophical He was born in 1929 in Srinagar in
texts e.g. Gitartha Sangraha, Sri Jammu and Kashmir. He was a
Kramanayadipika, etc. Kashmiri painter who was best known
for his themes inspired by Kashmiri
Dina Nath Walli Shaivism. He joined the Progressive
He was born in 1908 in Srinagar in Arts Association in Kashmir. He also
Jammu and Kashmir. He was a famous wrote plays, poetry and essays in Kashmiri.
water colour artist and poet. He was He received many awards like Lalit Kala
famously known by his pen name, Akademi Award in 1973 and Padma Shri
‘Almast Kashmiri’ and was also a part of in 1977. He died on 10th March, 1997.
the Modern Art Movement in the state.
Hashmat Ullah Khan
In 1939, he was awarded gold medal by
He was born in 1954 in Srinagar. He is
the State Government and in 1940, he
got a highly commended medal from a Kashmiri Kani Shawl promoter and
the Academy of Fine Art, Calcutta. entrepreneur. This is a famous type of
Shawl belonging from the Kanihama
He also wrote two important poetries area of Kashmir and is famous since the
namely Bala Yapir (This side of time of Mughals. He received Padma
mountains) in 1955 and Sahaavakh Shri Award in 2009 in order to revive
Posh (Desert Flowers) in 1981. the weaving of this type of shawl.
He died in 2006.
Jaffar Ali
Pran Kishore Kaul
He was born in Hassanabad in Srinagar.
He was born in 1926 in Srinagar in He was renowned papier-mache artist
Jammu and Kashmir. He is a stage and an entrepreneur from Jammu and
personality, a veteran writer, painter, Kashmir. He received many awards for
director, producer and broadcaster of the his exemplary work in promoting
state. He is famously known as the Kashmiri handicrafts. His grandfather
writer and creator of the Doordarshan brought the papier-mache trade to
television serial, Gul Gulshan Kashmir from Mashad, Iran.
Gulfam (1991).
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Which one of the following is known as the 8 Which of the following Dogra Kings
first Kashmiri historian? signed the Instrument of Accession?
(a) Kalhana (a) Partap Singh (b) Hari Singh
(b) Gulab Singh (c) Gulab Singh (d) Karan Singh
(c) Hari Singh
(d) Karan Singh 9 Who was popularly known as ‘Sher-e-
Kashmir’?
2 Who was the first Maharaja of the Princely (a) Mufti Mohammad Sayeed
State of Jammu and Kashmir? (b) Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
(a) Hari Singh (c) Omar Abdullah
(b) Karna Singh (d) Farooq Abdullah
(c) Gulab Singh
(d) Mehar Chand Mahajan 10 Who founded the political party ‘The All
Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference’
3 Treaty of Amritsar through which lands of in Jammu and Kashmir?
Kashmir were sold to Gulab Singh by the (a) Hari Singh
British took place in which year? (b) Farooq Abdullah
(a) 1800 AD (b) 1830 AD (c) Omar Abdullah
(c) 1846 AD (d) 1900 AD (d) Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
4 Mehar Chand Mahajan was the first Prime 11 Who became the second Prime Minister of
Minister of Jammu and Kashmir during Jammu and Kashmir?
the reign of Maharaja. (a) Mehar Chand Mahajan
(a) Gulab Singh (b) Hari Singh
(b) Hari Singh (c) Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
(c) Karna Singh (d) Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad
12 Who became the third Prime Minister of
5 Who was the third Chief Justice of the Jammu and Kashmir?
Supreme Court of India? (a) Hari Singh
(a) Hari Singh (b) Mehar Chand Mahajan
(b) Karan Singh (c) Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad
(c) Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah (d) Prithvi Nath Dhar
(d) Mehar Chand Mahajan
13 Who is known as the ‘Architect of Modern
6 Who was the last Maharaja of the Princely Kashmir’?
State of Jammu and Kashmir? (a) Mehar Chand Mahajan
(a) Gulab Singh (b) Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad
(b) Hari Singh (c) Prithvi Nath Dhar
(c) Pratap Singh (d) Hari Singh
14 Prithvi Nath Dhar got the Padma
7 Which of the following personalities of the Vibhushan in the year
State of Jammu and Kashmir made (a) 1960 (b) 1999 (c) 2008 (d) 2012
primary education compulsory in the 15 Who established the Congress Party in
state? Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Hari Singh (a) Syed Mir Qasim
(b) Sheikh Abdullah (b) Mian Bashir Ahmad
(c) Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq (c) Mehbooba Mufti Sayeed
(d) Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (d) Ghulam Nabi Azad
16 Who remained four times the member of 22 Who is the youngest Chief Minister of
Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly? Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Mian Bashir Ahmad (a) Omar Abdullah
(b) Syed Mir Qasim (b) Farooq Abdullah
(c) Karan Singh (c) Mehbooba Mufti Sayeed
(d) Omar Abdullah (d) None of the above
17 Who was the first Sadar-i-Riyasat of 23 Who was known as Lal Sahib ?
Jammu and Kashmir? (a) Bhajan Sopori
(a) Karan Singh (b) Hari Singh (b) Jaffar Ali
(c) Omar Abdullah (d) Alla Rakha (c) Swami Lakshman Joo
(d) Dina Nath Walli
18 Who founded the Jammu and Kashmir
People’s Democratic party? 24 Who was known as the ‘Almast Kashmiri’?
(a) Mehbooba Mufti (a) Swami Lakshman Joo
(b) Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (b) Dina Nath Walli
(c) Farooq Abdullah (c) Ghulam Rasool Santosh
(d) Omar Abdullah (d) Pran Kishore Kaul
19 Farooq Abdullah is the son of which of the 25 Who was the creator of the famous
following famous personalities? Doordarshan television serial ‘Gul
(a) Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Gulshan Gulfam’?
(b) Sheikh Abdullah (a) Hashmat Ullah Khan
(c) Omar Abdullah (b) Pran Kishore Kaul
(d) Ghulam Nabi Azad (c) Ghulam Kasool Santosh
(d) Jaffar Ali
20 Which famous politician and the seventh
Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir 26 Who received Padma Shri Award in
was born in Doda district? 2018?
(a) Farooq Abdullah (a) Pran Kishore Kaul
(b) Ghulam Nabi Azad (b) Hashmat Ullah Khan
(c) Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (c) Jaffar Ali
(d) Mian Bashir Ahmed (d) Shiv Kumar Sharma
21 Who is the first women Chief Minister of 27 Ghulam Rasool Santosh belonged to which
Jammu and Kashmir? district of Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Mehbooba Mufti Sayeed (a) Baramulla
(b) Syeda Anwara Taimur (b) Srinagar
(c) Deepali Wattal (c) Jammu
(d) None of the above (d) Kathua
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b)
CHAPTER 31
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Population of Jammu and Kashmir

Total population of Jammu and Kashmir as per Census 2011 is 1,25,41,302, of
which male and female are 66,40,662 and 59,00,640 respectively. The total
population growth as per Cansus 2011 is 23.64 per cent. The population of Jammu
and Kashmir forms 1.04 per cent of India. According to Census 2011, Jammu
district in Jammu and Kashmir has the highest population of 15,29,958 and Leh has
the lowest population of 1,33,487. Population-wise the rank of Jammu and Kashmir
among all the 29 states of India is 19th.
Five Districts with High Population Five Districts with Low Population
District Population District Population
Jammu 15,29,958 Leh 1,33,487
Srinagar 12,36,829 Kargil 1,40,802
Anantnag 10,78,692 Kishtwar 2,30,696
Baramulla 10,08,039 Shopian 2,66,215
Kupwara 8,70,354 Ramban 2,83,713
Urban and Rural Population of Jammu and Kashmir

As per Census 2011, the total urban population of Jammu and Kashmir is 34,33,242
in which urban male population is 18,66,185 and urban female population is
15,67,057. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 27.38 per cent.
As per Census 2011, the total population living in rural areas is 91,08,060 of which
47,74,477 are males while remaining 43,33,583 are females.
Child Population of Jammu and Kashmir

According to Census 2011, the total child population (0-6 years) of Jammu and
Kashmir is 20,08,642, in which rural population is 15,96,076 and urban population
is 4,12,566. The district with highest child population is Anantnag (2,06,283) and
the district with lowest child population is Leh (11,816).
Districts with High Child Population District with Low Child Population
District Population District Population
Anantnag 2,06,283 Leh 11,816
Kupwara 1,96,983 Kargil 20,407
Baramula 1,61,841 Samba 38,020
Jammu 1,59,868 Kishtwar 39,124
Badgam 1,54,746 Shupiyan 40,271
Population Density of Jammu and and Kashmir

As per Census 2011, the total population density of Jammu and Kashmir is 56
person per sq km.The district with highest population density is Ganderbal (1148).
The district with lowest population density in Leh (3).
Five Districts with High Five Districts with Low

Population Density Population Density
District Population Density District Population Density
Ganderbal 1148 Leh 3
Bandipora 1137 Kargil 10
Shopian 853 Doda 46
Jammu 653 Kishtwar 140
Srinagar 625 Reasi 183
Sex Ratio of Jammu and Kashmir

As per Census 2011, the total sex ratio of Jammu and Kashmir is 889 and in Census
2001 it was 892. The two districts of Jammu and Kashmir, Kulgam and Shopian,
have the highest sex ratio i.e. 951.The district with lowest sex ratio is Leh i.e. 690.
Five Districts with High Sex Ratio Five Districts with Low Sex Ratio
District Sex Ratio District Sex Ratio
Kulgam 951 Leh 690
Shopian 951 Kargil 810
Anantnag 927 Kupwara 835
Kishtwar 920 Rajouri 860
Doda 919 Udhampur 870
Scheduled Caste Population in Jammu and Kashmir

As per Census 2011, the state of Jammu and Kashmir has total Scheduled Caste
population of 9,24,991, in which male population is 4,86,232 and female population
is 4,38,759. Scheduled Caste population in the state is 7.38 per cent of the total
population.
Demographic Profile of Jammu and Kashmir 285
Rural Scheduled Caste Population Urban Scheduled Caste Population

Total 7,51,026 Total 1,73,965
Male 3,92,981 Male 93,251
Female 3,58,045 Female 80,714
Religion-wise Distribution of Population in Jammu and

Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir is Muslim majority state in India with approximately 68.31 %
of state population following Islam as their religion.
Religion-wise Distribution of Populaiton

Description Population Percentage
Muslim 85,67,485 68.31 %
Hindu 35,66,674 28.44 %
Sikh 2,34,848 1.87 %
Buddhist 1,12,584 0.90 %
Christian 35,631 0.28 %
Not Stated 20,082 0.16 %
Jain 2,490 0.02 %
Other Religion 1,508 0.01 %
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1 Population-wise the rank of Jammu and 5 Name the district of Jammu and Kashmir
Kashmir among all 29 states of India is which has the highest population density?
(a) 15th (b) 17th (a) Ganderbal (b) Bandipora
(c) 19th (d) 25th (c) Jammu (d) None of these
2 As per Census 2011 which district has the 6 Name the district of Jammu and Kashmir
highest population of Jammu and Kashmir? which has the lowest population density?
(a) Jammu (b) Srinagar (a) Leh (b) Kargil
(c) Anantnag (d) none of these (c) Doda (d) None of these
3 As per Census 2011 which district has the 7 As per Census 2011, the total sex ratio of
lowest population of Jammu and Kashmir? Jammu and Kashmir is
(a) Leh (b) Kargil (a) 980 (b) 965
(c) Ramban (d) Shopian (c) 889 (d) 885
4 As per Census 2011, the total population 8 As per Census 2011, the total child
density of Jammu and Kashmir is population of Jammu and Kashmir is
(a) 123 (b) 56 (a) 1,96,983 (b) 20,08,642
(c) 80 (d) 150 (c) 1,61,841 (d) None of these
9 Which district of Jammu and Kashmir is 13 In Jammu and Kashmir, Islam is practiced
the highest child population? by
(a) Kupwara (a) 60% (b) 65% (c) 68% (d) 70%
(b) Anantnag
(c) Baramulla
14 In Jammu and Kashmir Hinduism is
(d) None of the above practiced by
(a) 30% (b) 28 %
10 Which district(s) has/have low child (c) 40 % (d) 25 %
population in Jammu and Kashmir?
(a) Leh
15 Mention the sex ratio in Muslims and
(b) Kargil Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir.
(c) Samba (a) 9,35,795 (b) 91,0,750
(d) All of the above (c) 9,70,580 (d) None of these
11 As per Census 2011, the total Scheduled 16 As per Census 2011 total Hindu
Caste population in Jammu and Kashmir is population in Jammu and Kashmir is
(a) 9,24,991 (a) 35,66,674
(b) 5,62,251 (b) 42,66,570
(c) 8,24,991 (c) 27,88,394
(d) None of the above (d) None of the above
12 Scheduled Caste population in Jammu and 17 As per Census 2011 total Muslim
Kashmir is …………… per cent of the population in Jammu and Kashmir is
total population. (a) 95,67,485
(a) 5.26 (b) 7.38 (b) 85,67,485
(c) 8.56 (d) 10.78 (c) 75,67,485
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b)
CURRENT AFFAIRS 287
CURRENT
AFFAIRS
Main points of the policy are as follows :
President’s Rule in J&K Extended for
6 More Months beginning 3rd July
l
The newly adopted policy is aimed to
promote and encourage private
The Union Cabinet on 12th June, 2019
entrepreneurs in the health sector to
approved extension of President’s rule in
improve the quality of service.
Jammu and Kashmir for six more months
beginning 3rd July, 2019, under Article
l
Private parties and entrepreneurs are
356(4) of the Constitution of India. The encouraged by providing subsidies and
Governor’s rule in Jammu and Kashmir was incentives. 30% subsidy on capital
imposed initially on 20th June, 2018. investment will be provided to set up
Multi-Specialty Hospitals, Super Specialty
Jammu and Kashmir Reservation Hospitals, Medical Colleges, Nursing
(Amendment) Bill, 2019 Colleges, and Paramedical Colleges.
Union Cabinet under the chairmanship of l
Interest subsidy at 5% per annum on a
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 12th term loan for a maximum of ` 15 lakh per
June, 2019 has given approval for the year for 5 years from the date of operation
introduction of “The Jammu and Kashmir of the project will be granted.
Reservation (Amendment) Bill, 2019” in the
17th Lok Sabha Election in Jammu
Parliament.
and Kashmir
The bill will be introduced in both the The 17th Lok Sabha Election in Jammu and
Houses of Parliament in the first session of Kashmir was held for 6 seats in the state. The
the Parliament. voting process was held in five phases on 11,
The bill provide benefit to those persons 18, 23, 29 April and 6 May, 2019. Results
who lives in areas adjoining international for the election was declared on 23rd May,
border. They can now avail reservation in 2019. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has won
direct recruitment, promotion and 3 seats i.e. Ladakh, Udhampur and Jammu.
admission in different professional courses. Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
The bill will replace “The Jammu and (JKNC) also won 3 seats i.e. Baramulla,
Kashmir Reservation (Amendment) Srinagar and Anantnag. About 8000 voters
Ordinance, 2019” by amendments in the opted for the none of the above (NOTA)
Jammu and Kashmir Reservation Act, 2004. button in elections to the Baramulla
Jammu and Kashmir Government Parliamentary Constituency of Jammu and
Released Healthcare Investment Kashmir.
Policy, 2019 List of winning candidates are given below:
l
Baramulla, Mohammad Akbar Lone, JKNC
On 30th May, 2019, Jammu and Kashmir l
Srinagar, Farooq Abdullah, JKNC
Government released Healthcare Investment l
Anantnag, Hasnain Masoodi, JKNC
Policy-2019. l
Ladakh, Jamyang Tsering Namgyal, BJP
l
Udhampur, Jitendra Singh, BJP hardcore sympathisers among government
l
Jammu, Jugal Kishore Sharma, BJP employees, including teachers, who are
providing support to terror activities. It
JKBOSE Class 12th Result Declared will also investigate the network of various
Annual examination result for Jammu and channels being used to fund terror and
Kashmir State Board of School Education terror-related activities and take
(JKBOSE) was declared on 10th May, 2019. coordinated action to stop the flow of
In science stream, Ankit Bargotra and Anita such funds.
Devi from Government SRML Higher Social Activist Ghulam Nabi Rather
Secondary School, Jammu and Rahul Taak and Passed Away at Aged 62 Years
Dimple Rani from Little Angels Higher On 25th March, 2019, a social activist,
Secondary School, Kathua shared the first Ghulam Nabi Rathar (aged 62 years), of
position in science stream with 98% marks. Manigam Kangan, Jammu and Kashmir
In Commerce stream, Rahat Gupta and passed away after brief illness. He was a
Sheetal from SP Higher Secondary School, retired Horticultural Officer, ex-chairman
Jammu bagged the first position with 97.4%. of Shaheen Public High School Mamigam
In Arts stream, first position was jointly and owner of Alamdar Public School,
shared by Damini Sharma, Shashi Sethi, Tanya Wussan Kangan.
Sharmaand Neelam Sharma from Shiksha Kiru Hydroelectric Project in Jammu
Niketan Higher Secondary, Jammu with and Kashmir got Cabinet Approval
97.8% marks. Cabinet approved the investment in
Vivek Mishra becomes CBSE construction of Kiru Hydroelectric Project
Class 12th Topper from Jammu and (624MW) by M/s Chenab Valley Power
Kashmir Projects Private Limited (M/s CVPPL) in
Jammu and Kashmir with an estimated
Students from Jammu have performed well in
cost of ` 4287.59cr.
the Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE) Class XII examination, the result of Ban on Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and
which was declared on 2nd May, 2019. Kashmir for 5 Years
Vivek Mishra (Arts stream) of BSF Senior On 28th February, 2019, the centre banned
Secondary School in Jammu has topped the Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and Kashmir
CBSE Class 12 board exams from the state of under the Unlawful Activities (Preventions)
Jammu and Kashmir with 97.80 percent mark Act, 1967 for 5 years. It was made on the
by scoring 489 out of 500. grounds that they were ‘in close touch’ with
militant outfits and is expected to ‘Escalate
A Multi Disciplinary Terror Action Secessionist Movement’ in the state.
Group has been set up by Government
for Jammu and Kashmir Jamaat-e-Islami J&K is a religio-political
organisation in Jammu and Kashmir. They
On 30th March 2019, a Multi-Disciplinary
received a ban earlier and lapsed it in 1995.
Terror Monitoring Group (MDTMG) has been
Since then it has never been invoked again.
set up by the government to ensure synergised
and collective action against terror financing Ladakh Declared Jammu &
and terror-related activities in Jammu and Kashmir’s Third Administrative
Kashmir. Division
This group will have representatives from the The Jammu & Kashmir Government on
Jammu and Kashmir Police, Intelligence 8th February, 2019 declared Ladakh as the
Bureau, CBI, NIA, and Income Tax third administrative division of the state.
Department.Also, it will take action against
CURRENT AFFAIRS 289
The government has approved the creation of a Government Announces State

separated administrative/revenue division of Awards on Republic Day, 2019
Ladakh. The State Government announced State
The division will comprise Leh and Kargil Awards to various awardees in different
districts, with Leh as the division’s headquarters. categories on the Republic day 2019.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Visit to Details of Awardees is given below:
Srinagar and Jammu Award for Bravery
l
Muzamil Mumtaz, Ganderbal
Award for Achievements in the Field of
Literature
l
Tsering Wangdus Lonpo, Writer/
Translator in Ladakhi Language
l
Noor Shah, Urdu Writer
l
Shiv Dev Singh Sushil, Dogri Writer
Award for Performing Arts
On 3rd February, 2019, Prime Minister Shri
l
Makhanlal Saraf, Actor
Narendra Modi visited Srinagar and launched l
Dermesh Nargotra, Dogri Singer
multiple developmental projects. l
Sherine Fatima, Folk Singer Balti
The details of his visit are described below : Award for Excellence in Arts & Crafts
l
The Prime Minister laid the foundation stone l
Farooq Ahmad Mir, Kani Shawl
of a new AIIMS which will be built at the cost Weaver
of ` 1828 crore at Awantipora in Pulwama. l
Tariq Ahrnad Mir, Sozni Crafts
The new AIIMS will cover the area of 207 Award for Social Reforms &
acres. Empowerment
l
In-order to enhance employment l
Association for Social Health in India,
opportunities for the youth in Bandipora and J&K Branch
neighbouring districts, Prime Minister also
Award for Lifetime Achievements
inaugurated the first rural BPO at Bandipora.
The rural BPO facility was built at the cost of
l
Dr. Jitendera Udhampuri
` 3 crore. l
Dr. Girja Dhar (Posthumously)
l
The foundation stone for the construction of Award for Outstanding Sports Person
Transit accommodation for Kashmiri migrant l
Chandeep Singh (Para-sports)
employees in Kashmir valley was also laid by l
Farheen Favaz (Pencak Silat)
Prime Minister. The project will be completed l
Nirmal Kumar (Mountaineering)
at the cost of ` 920 crores. l
Balveen Kaur (Gymnastics)
l
Prime Minister also dedicated to Nation l
Rasikh Salam (Cricket)
University Institute of Engineering & l
Danish Farooq (Football)
Technology, Kathua. l
Saqlain Tariq (Volleyball)
l
624 MW Kiru Hydroelectric Project and 850 l
Shreya Gupta (Fencing)
Megawatt Ratle Hydro Electric Project in l
Bilal Ahmad Dar (Cycling)
Kishtwar inaugurated. l
Jasia Akhter (Cricket)
l
Prime Minister inaugurated 220 kV Srinagar- l
Ummar Ashraf (Deaf Cricket)
Alusteng – Drass- Kargil – Leh Transmission l
Hiteshwar Singh (Rollball)
Line. l
Women’s Ice Hockey Team, Leh
Award for Meritorious Public Service l

Hiteshwar Singh, Rollball
l
Shaleen Kabra l
Tamajud Saif, Thang-Ta
l
Swayam Prakash Pani l
Wasik-ul-Billaah, Skier
l
Sheetal Nanda l
Shikha Bhadauria, Shooter
l
Khalid Jahangir l
Akash Batra, Netball
l
GR Mir l
Ranchan Sabarwal, Fencing
l
Subash C. Chhibber l
Sahil Gupta, Roller Skating
l
Mohammad Nazir Sheikh l
Karanjyot Singh, Gymnastic
l
Narinder Khajuria l
Sabiya Nabi, Skier
l
Javid Ahmad Koul
6 Coaches of Jammu and Kashmir
l
Dr. RK Chrangoo (Retd.) Conferred with Parshuram Award
l
Dr. Reyaz Untoo, Principal
Six prominent coaches of the state have been
l
Dr. Saima Rashid
selected for conferment of Parshuram Award
Nitin Gadkari Inaugurated first for the years 2016-2017 and 2017-2018.
Inter-state Bridge over Ravi River This was disclosed by Secretary, J&K State
in Jammu and Kashmir Sports Council on 15th January, 2019. The
On 22nd January, 2019, Nitin Gadkari selected coaches are
inaugurated first inter-state 1210 metre span- l
Mushtaq Ahmad Zargar, Weightlifting
bridge over Ravi River in Keerian Gandial in Coach
Kathua district, Jammu and Kashmir. l
Manisha Gupta, Gymnastics Coach
It was built at a cost of ` 158.84 crore in a
l
Inderpal Singh, Weightlifting Coach
span of three and a half years linking areas of
l
Anil Sharma, Kho-Kho/Kabaddi Coach
Kathua district with Punjab. The bridge also
l
Nirmal Singh, Athletic Coach
called as Keediyan-Gandiyal bridge will l
Dalbir Kumar , Hockey Coach
benefit over 2,20,000 people living on the J&K Law Department set up a 3 Year
two sides – Kathua in Jammu, and State Law Commission
Pathankot in Punjab. It will reduce the On 7th January, 2019, the Jammu and
distance between the two cities from 45 kms Kashmir Law Department set up a State Law
to 8.6 kms. Commission, for three years, under the
11 Players form Jammu and Kashmir chairmanship of Justice (Retd) MK Hanjura.
Conferred with Sher-e-Kashmir It will have a chairperson, two full-time
Award members and two part-time members. Shri
Eleven prominent sportspersons of the state Achal Sethi will be the ex-officio member of
have been selected for conferment of the commission.
Sher-e-Kashmir award for bringing laurels to
The functions of the commission are given below :
the country and State of Jammu and Kashmir
in particular for the years 2016-2017 and
l
To examine the laws that affect the poor
2017-2018. This was disclosed by Secretary, and carry out post-audit of socio-
J&K State Sports Council on 15th January, economic legislations.
2019. The selected awardees will be l
To identity redundant and obsolete laws
honoured by a medal, a citation; cash prize of that can be repealed and suggest measures
` 51,000 and a scroll of honour. for quick redress of public grievances.
l
To ensure speedy clearance of arrears and
List of selected players is given below
reduction in costs and quick and
l
S. Rajinder Singh, Wushu
economical disposal of cases.
l
Shreya Gupta, Fencing
CURRENT AFFAIRS 291
Budget 2019-20 Released l

` 350 cr proposed for completion of
under-construction buildings of Medical
Colleges, District/ Sub-district Hospitals,
PHCs etc.
l
` 100 cr proposed for one time
augmentation of equipment in hospitals.
l
` 87.09 cr state share proposed for AIIMS
Vijapur & AIIMS Awantipora.
l
` 5000 cr earmarked for power purchase
l
` 300 cr proposed over and above normal
outlay, PMDP and Centrally Sponsored
Jammu and Kashmir Governor Saty Pal Schemes for upgradation of power
Malik on 15th December,2018 approved distribution network.
` 88,911 crore state budget for the fiscal l
` 55 cr proposed for promotion of Solar
2019-20. Power.
The highlights of the budget are :
l
` 1500 cr allocation proposed to augment
l
` 2573 cr to flow to Panchayati Raj drinking water supply.
Institutions and ` 1030 cr to Urban Local
l
Mega drinking water supply project on
Bodies in next 15 months. Chenab river to be taken up for execution
l
Every Panchayat to get ` 20 lakh to to augment potable water supply in
` 1 crore depending upon area, population. Jammu.
l
` 7 cr state share proposed to be provided
l
` 400 cr proposed for augmentation of
to Rural Development Department for infrastructure including waste disposal in
solid waste management. existing and upcoming industrial estates.
l
` 1 cr additional funds proposed to be
l
` 4 cr proposed for improvement of Bal
allocated to Rural Development Ashrams, Home for Mentally Ill Persons
Department for construction of quality and Old-Aged Persons.
pathways in mountainous villages.
l
` 130 cr for tourism promotion in
l
Annual allocation to Agriculture Sector addition to ` 2000 cr under PMDP for
proposed to be enhanced by ` 20 cr. infrastructure upgradation.
l
50% subsidy for refrigerated vans for
l
` 50 lakh for nomination preparation
transportation of perishable process for “World Heritage Licensing of
vegetables/fruits. Mughal Gardens by UNESCO”.
l
` 250 cr proposed to be allocated for
l
` 1 crore each proposed for establishing
upgradation of infrastructure in existing, dedicated Art Galleries in Srinagar and
New Degree Colleges. Jammu.
l
` 100 cr proposed to be allocated for
l
` 1 cr provided for construction of
providing benches and desks for students Planetarium near Kala Kendra Jammu.
in primary and middle schools.
l
` 25 crore to be provided for
l
` 45 cr proposed to be allocated for establishment of Art & Culture Centres at
providing assured electricity, drinking district level.
water supply to schools.
l
` 350 cr proposed for massive upgradation
l
` 5.5 cr proposed to be allocated for of sports infrastructure.
reactivating EDUSAT, setting up
l
` 5 cr for promotion of youth exchange
additional Smart Classrooms in schools. programmes.
l
` 4 cr for construction of Anti- University of Jammu Signs MOU with ISRO
Corruption Bureau Headquarters. to set up Space Application Centre
l
` 10 cr proposed for riverfront On 11th October, 2018, the Indian Space
development in Jammu city and Research Organisation (ISRO) signed an MOU
connecting Vikram Chowk with with the Central University of Jammu (CUJ) in
Gujjar Nagar bridge along river Jammu to set up Satish Dhawan Centre for Space
Tawi. Science, a Space Application Centre in the
l
` 15 cr for providing dedicated IT University Campus. This will help in various field
infrastructure at Civil Secretariat, like disaster management, heath, education,
Jammu to avoid relocating of communication, weather forecasting, land use
computers and other paraphernalia planning etc. Further a Disaster Management
during Durbar Move. Centre and a Material Science Lab for Space
Application will also be set up here.
Jammu and Kashmir Governor
Approved Benami Property Web-based Application for Group
Transactions Bill, 2018 Mediclaim Insurance Policy launched
On 9th December, 2018, Jammu and On 26th, September, 2018, Jammu and Kashmir
Kashmir Governor, Satya Pal Malik Government launched web-based application
approved a bill to tackle benami ‘J&K Health Insurance’ to facilitate review,
transactions. Benami transactions are correction, and checking of the entries in the
those which are made under a fictitious enrolment forms submitted by the employees and
name, or the owner is not aware of the pensioners recently for the J&K Group Mediclaim
ownership of a property, or the person Insurance Policy (GMIP) for employees,
paying for a property is not pensioners and journalists. By this application,
traceable.The Jammu and Kashmir employees and pensioners can check and correct
Prohibition of Benami Property the information in respect of name, age, sex,
Transactions Bill, 2018, is a relationship with dependents, name of
comprehensive law aimed at tackling employer/pensioner, name of the
benami transactions in the state.It organisation/department, DDO’s name and his
provides for creation of requisite code and other contact details and fill the correct
administrative structure for enforcement information.
of the law and empowers the designated Smart Fencing Project Inaugurated in
authorities to attach and confiscate any Indo-Pak Border in Jammu
property which is held to be benami.
On 17th September, 2018 India’s first ‘Smart
Jammu and Kashmir Governor Fence’ pilot project was inaugurated by Union
Dissolved State Assembly Home Minister, Rajnath Singh. This project has
On 21st November, 2018 Jammu and been launched as a part of the Comprehensive
Kashmir Governor Satya Pal Malik Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)
dissolved the State Assembly. The Programme of BSF. It involves setting up of laser
dissolution happened after both Chief of activated fences and technology enabled barriers
Peoples Democratic Party, Mehbooba to safeguard vulnerable gaps along the borders.
Mufti and People’s Conference leader, It uses various devices for surveillance,
Sajad Lone, staked claim to form the communication and data storage. It will provide
government. His move paves the way 24×7 surveillance on the border irrespective of
for fresh elections in the state. the weather condition.
CURRENT AFFAIRS 293
Prominent Writer Dr Rita Jitendra New Space Research Technology

Passed Away Centres to be Established
On 10th September, 2018, prominent writer On 13th August, 2018, the Central
Dr Rita Jitendra passed away due to cardiac Government announced that Jammu will
arrest in Srinagar. She was a leading be the first city in North India to get a
educationist, renowned artist, writer and social full-fledged Space Technology Research
activist. She was former Secretary of Jammu and Centre. It would be devoted to research,
Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and academics and post-graduation study and
Languages. would be under Central University,
Jammu.
Bhanu Pratap Singh Won a Bronze Medal
in Asian Games, 2018 Justice Gita Mittal became the
First Woman Chief Justice of
Jammu and Kashmir High Court
On 11th August, 2018, Justice Gita
Mittal became the first-ever woman Chief
Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High
Court. She is the first woman from the
field of law and justice to be conferred
the ‘Nari Shakti Puraskar’ India’s highest
civilan honour for women. She was
invited by Pope Francis to the Vatican city
to deliver a speech at the summit of judges
The 2018 Asian Games was a pan-Asian and prosecutors on human trafficking.
multi-sport event held from 18th August to 2nd
19th Kargil Vijay Diwas was
September, 2018 in the Indonesian cities of
Celebrated
Jakarta and Palembang. Bhanu Pratap Singh, a
Wushu player of Jammu and Kashmir became The 19th anniversary of Kargil Vijay
the first player from the state to bag a medal at Diwas was celebrated across India on
the Asian games. Surya Bhanu Pratap Singh was 26th July, 2018 to commemorate the
born on 20th February, 1994. He is an success of Operation Vijay and remember
Indian Wushu practitioner from Jammu and brave sacrifice of Indian soldiers during
Kashmir. 1999 India-Pakistan Kargil War. The
war took place between May and July of
Satya Pal Malik became New Governor 1999 in Kargil district of Jammu and
of Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir.
Satya Pal Mallik is the current Governor of It had begun with infiltration of both
Jammu and Kashmir, appointed by President Pakistani troops and terrorists deep
Ramnath Kovind on 21st August, 2018. inside Indian Territory in strategic
He was the former Governor of Bihar and also positions that overlooked the only road
serve as Governor of Odisha upto 28th May, link between Srinagar and Leh. The cause
2018. He was the member of 9th Lok Sabha and of the war was the infiltration of
represented Aligarh Constituency (1989-91). Pakistani soldiers disguised as Kashmiri
He was also a member of Uttar Pradesh militants into positions on the Indian
Legistative Assembly during 1974-77. side of LoC.
All-Women Jammu and Kashmir Bank Branch Inaugurated

On 16th July, 2018, the first All-Women Branch of Jammu and Kashmir Bank was
inaugurated by the first lady wife of former Governor NN Vora, Usha Vohra in Srinagar.
Women staffs of the bank were given badges of distinction by the first lady.
Special service given by the bank to women customers include Pink Gold Saving Scheme,
Pink Platinum Saving Scheme, Special Loan Facility for Women Entrepreneurs, Pink Gold
Debit Card and Pink Platinum Credit Card.
Top Officials of Jammu and Kashmir
Name Designation
Satya Pal Malik Governor
BVR Subrahmanyam Chief Secretary
Shailendra Kumar Chief Electoral Officer
Dilbag Singh DGP (Director General of Police)
Mohammad Ashraf Mir State Information Commissioner
DC Raina Advocate General
Nirmal Kumar Singh Speaker
* As on 12th July, 2019

Know Ur State J&K

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Know Ur State J&K

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ammu &

Arihant Publications (India) Limited

Administrative & Production Offices

Sales & Support Offices

Published by : Arihant Publications (India) Ltd.

For further information about books Published by Arihant

We invite and welcome any feedback or suggestion for the

Jam m u and Kashm ir

Demography (Census 2011)

Famous Universities in Jammu and Kashmir

First in Jammu and Kashmir

Major Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir

Major Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir

Famous Wildlife Sanctuaries of Jammu and Kashmir

State Bird : The Black-Necked Crane

State Tree : The Chinar

State Flower : The Lotus

Early History of Jammu and Kashmir

i. The Pre-Historic Age

ii. The Neolithic Age

iii. Megalithic Culture/Age

Ancient Historical Empires in Jammu

The Kushan Dynasty

7 Which of the following are a few major 17 According to Kalhana’s Rajatarangini,

Utpala Dynasty (855-939 AD)

Brahminic Rule (939-948 AD)

Gupta Rule (948-1003 AD)

Lohara Dynasty (1003-117 AD)

Deva Dynasty (1171-1339 AD)

Shah Mir Dynasty (1339-1555 AD)

Chak Dynasty (1555-1586 AD)

Mughal Rule in Jammu and Kashmir

Afghan/Pathan Rule in Kashmir

Sikh Rule in Kashmir

Dogra Rule in Kashmir

Some of the important rulers of Dogra rule were as follows:

Maharaja Ranbir Singh

Maharaja Pratap Singh

Maharaja Hari Singh

Administration During Dogra Rule

Emergence of Jammu and Kashmir as an State

Physiographic Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir

6. Upper Indus Valley

7. The Karakoram Region

Famous Mountains in Jammu and Kashmir

Karakoram and Kyunlun

Toshmaidan and Kajinag

Climatic Zones of Jammu and Kashmir

Sub-tropical Region of Jammu

The Temperate Kashmir Valley

The Arctic Cold Desert Areas of Ladakh

Local Names for the Seasons of Jammu,

Rainfall Distribution in Jammu and Kashmir

Rainfall in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Region

Kashmir Valley Region

10 The total annual rainfall of Jammu and 14 Match the following

11 Which district of Jammu division receives B. Summer 2. Sont

Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir

i. Rivers of Jammu Region

ii. Rivers of Kashmir Region

iii. Rivers of Ladakh Region

▲ RIVERS MAP OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Important Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir