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Engineering
Part 2: A guide for higher
education to as 8888:2000,
Technical product documentation

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Contents
Contents
Foreword
Scope
Listoffigures,tablesanddrawings...
1 Layout of drawings
2Scales
3Projection
4Linesandarrows
5Letteringandnumerals
6Views
7 Sections and sectional views
8Symbolsandabbreviations
9Itemreferences
10 Representation of features
11 Representation of components
12Dimensioning
13Dimensioningfromacommonfeature

Page
1
2
...,

,.

""""

..4
9
13
14
17
22
24
28
35
37
39
44
49
58

14 Tolerancing

',

15Methodsofindicatingsurfacetexture..,
16Diagrams
17 Microcopying and storage
Annex A (informative) Correspondence between BS 308-1 and BS 8888. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annex B (informative) Examples of mechanical engineering drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annex C (informative) Approaches to 3-D modelling.

71
101
109
112
116
119

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Annex D (informative) A model of geometric product specification (GPS) and verification. . 122
AnnexE(informative)BS8888kits
128
Annex F (informative) Examples of the application of different types of line. . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Bibliography
139
Index
142

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1 Layout of drawings
1.1 General
This clause gives guidance on best-practice in the layout of pre-printed technical drawings, including
those produced by computers.
1.2 Drawing sheets
The "A" series of drawing sheets, shown in Figure 1, is normally used. The drawing area and title
block should be within a frame border. In general, material within the frame border forms part of
any contract requirements.

= 210 mm
= 297 rom
= 420 mm

x 297 mm
x 420 mm
x 594 mm
= 594 rom x 841 rom
AO = 841 mm x 1189 rom
The sides of all sheets are in the ratio 1: ff
A4

A3
A2
Al

AO is normally one square metre in area and forms the basis

of the series.

Figure 1 - Relationship of the "A" sizes

1.3 Title block
The title block for paper sizes AOto A3 should be situated in the bottom of the sheet and extend to
the lower right-hand comer of the frame. Only sheets positioned horizontally are permitted for these
formats. For A4 size paper, the title block is situated in the shorter (lower) part of the drawing space.
Only sheets positioned vertically are allowed for this format. The direction of reading of the
drawings is equal to that of the title block.
Drawings should include the following basic information in the title blocks:
- name;
- date;
- projection symbol (see Clause 3);
- original scale (see Clause 2);
- title;
- drawing number.

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1.4 Borders and frames

Borders enclosed by the edges of the trimmed sheet and the frame limiting the drawing space should
be provided with all sizes. The border should be 20 mm wide on the left edge, including the width of
the frame. It can be used as a filing margin. All other borders are 10 mm wide (See Figure 2).
2

Dimensions in millimetres

20

Key
1 Trimming mark
2 Trimmed format
3 Grid reference

4 Frame of drawing space

5 Drawing space
6 Untrimmed format
Figure 2

Borders

1.5 Drawing formats

Drawing sheets may be produced in two formats. Portrait format is intended to be viewed with the
longest side of the sheet vertical, see Figure 3a). Landscape format is intended to be viewed with the
longest side of the sheet horizontal, see Figure 3b), Figure 3c) and Figure 3d).

-!f}

b)

c)

a)
Detail (single part) drawings

10
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/0. TAPER PIN

3 PIN
2 PUllEY

1
1

1
ITEM

Figure 3

BRACJ<ET

1
NO.

d) Assembly drawing
Types of drawings

1.6 Types of drawings

There are different types of drawings, two of which, detail and assembly type drawings, are shown
in Figure 3.
NOTE For further information on item referencing see Clause 9.

1.7 Marking
Technical product documentation (TPD) prepared in accordance with the requirements of BS 8888
should be marked with the number of the standard, i.e. BS 8888 in a prominent location.
NOTE The marking of TPD with "BS 8888" constitutes a claim that the appropriate
requirements of all relevant cross-referenced standards, in addition to the requirements
directly stated in BS 8888, have been met.

If the TPD has been prepared using the independency system of tolerancing, the symbol identifying
the number of the standard should be supplemented by the letter "I" contained within an equilateral
triangle, as shown in Figure 4.

8S 8888
Figure 4

Method of indicating that the independency system of tolerancing has been used

11

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Relevant standards
BS EN ISO 5457:1999
BS EN ISO 3098-0: 1998

BS EN ISO 5455:1994
BS ISO 7200: 1984
BS ISO 9958-1: 1992
BS 8888:2000

Associated clauses
Clause 2
Clause 3
Clause 4
Clause 9

Description
Technical product documentation - Sizes and layout of drawing
sheets
Technical product documentation - Lettering - Part 0: General
requirements
Technical drawings - Scales
Technical drawings - Title blocks
Draughting media for technical drawings - Draughting film with
polyester base - Part I: Requirements and marking
Technical product documentation (TPD) - Specification for
defining, specifying and graphically representing products
Description
Scales
Projection
Lines and arrows
Item references

12

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2 Scales
)

2.1 General

Every drawing should be drawn in proportion, i.e. to a uniform scale. The scale used should be
stated on the drawing as a ratio, e.g. ORIGINAL SCALE 1:1. The words full size, half size, etc.,
should not be used.
2.2 Recommended scales
Recommended scales are as follows:

For drawings represented full size:

1:1

On drawings smaller than full size (reduction scales):

1:2

1:5

1:10

1:20

1:50

1:100

1:200 1:500 1:1000

On drawings larger than full size (enlargement scales):

2:1

5:1

20:1

50:1

10:1

2.3 Choice of scales

The scale to be chosen for a drawing depends on the size of the drawing sheet and the size of the
object to be depicted. The scale should be large enough to permit easy and clear interpretation of the
information. Details that are too small for clear dimensioning in the main representation should be
shown in a separate view to a larger scale, see Figure 14.

Relevant standards
BS EN ISO 5455:1995

Description
Technical drawings

Associated clauses
Clause 1
Clause 4
Clause 5
Clause 12
Clause 13

Description
Layout of drawing
Lines and arrows
Letterings and numerals
Dimensioning
Dimensioning from a common feature

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Scales

3 Projection
3.1 General
In this section only orthographic representations will be defined. Orthographic representations are
obtained by means of parallel orthogonal projections. They result in flat, two-dimensional views
systematically positioned relative to each other.
Other projection methods are reviewed in the standards referenced at the end of this clause.
Either first or third angle projection may be used. Mixed projections on one drawing are undesirable.
When a view cannot be conveniently shown in its correct projected position the direction of viewing
should be clearly shown. An arrow and view title may be used, similar to those in Figure 14. The
most informative view of the object to be represented is normally chosen as the principal view (front
view). The principal view usually shows the object in the functioning or manufacturing mounting
position.
3.2 Projection symbols
The system of projection used on a drawing should be indicated by the appropriate symbol given in
Figure 5.
Projection

Symbol

Firstangle

E3 (fJ

Third angle

\!1 E3

Figure 5 - Symbols indicating methods of projection

3.3 Recommended proportions
Recommended proportions for projection symbols are shown in Figure 6.

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Figure 6

Recommended proportions for projection symbols

3.4 Examples of first and third angle projection

Examples of first and third angle projection are shown in Figures 7 and 8. It is rarely necessary to
show all six views.

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Figure 7

Example of first angle projection

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Figure 8

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Example of third angle projection

15
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Relevant standards
BS EN ISO 5456-1:1999
BS EN ISO 5456-2: 1999
BS EN ISO 5456-3:1999
BS EN ISO 10209-2:1996
BS ISO 128-30:2001
BS ISO 128-34:2001

Associated clauses
Clause 5
Clause 6

Description
Technical drawings - Projection methods - Part 1: Synopsis
Technical drawings - Projection methods - Part 2: Orthographical
representation
Technical drawings - Projection methods - Part 3: Axonometric
representations
Technical product documentation - Vocabulary - Part 2: Terms
relating to projection methods
Technical drawing - General principles of presentation Part 30: Basic conventions for views (Informative)
Technical drawing - General principles of presentation Part 34: Views on mechanical engineering drawings.

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Description
Lettering and numerals
Views

P)

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4 Lines and arrows

4.1 General
A line is defined as a "geometric object, the length of which is more than half of the line width,
which connects an origin with an end in any way", e.g. straight, curved, with or without
interruptions.
4.2 Presentation
An lines should be uniformly black, dense and bold. Lines should be all in pencil or all in black ink.
For a more detailed guidance on hand produced and computer aided design (CAD) original drawings
see Clause 1.
4.3 Line width
The width, d, of all types of line should be one from the following series. The choice depends on the

type and size of drawing. This series is based on a commonratio 1:6

("" 1:1,41) as follows:

0,13 mm; 0,18 mm; 0,25 mm; 0,35 mm; 0,5 rom; 0,7 rom; 1 rom; 1,4 mm; 2 rom.
The widths of extra wide, wide and narrow lines are in the ratio 4:2: 1. The line width should be
constant along the whole line.
The minimum spacing between parallel lines should not be less than 0,7 rom, unless rules to the
contrary are stated in other International Standards.
NOTE In certain cases when computer-aided drawing techniques are used, the spacing of
lines on the drawing does not represent the actual spacing, e.g. for the representation of
screw threads. This fact has to be considered when data sets are established, e.g. for the
operation of machine tools.
4.4 Types of line and their application
Types of line and their application are described in Table 1. Further examples are given in Annex F.
Dashed lines (type E). The dashes should be of consistent length and spacing, approximately to the
proportion shown in Table 1. Dashed lines should start and end with dashes in contact with the
hidden or visible lines from which they originate, except when the hidden line continues a visible
line. Dashed lines should also meet with dashes at tangent points and comers.

Chain lines (types F, G and H). All chain lines should start and finish with a long dash, but note the
length of the wide dash at the ends of the cutting plane line (type G) and at the changes of direction.
Where centre-lines define centre points they should cross one another at long dash portions of the
line.

Centre-lines should extend only a short distance beyond the feature or view to which they apply. If
required for dimensioning they should continue as projection lines. Common centre-lines should not
extend across the space between adjacent views. Centre-lines should not stop at another line of the
drawing. Where angles are formed in chain lines, long dashes should meet or cross at comers.

17

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Table 1 - Types of lines

Line

Description

Continuous
wide

Continuous
narrow

Continuous
~narrow
irregularZ)

~Continuous
narrow straight
with
zigzagsl),Z)
E

--------

Dashed wide

Application
AI: Visible outlines
A2: Visible edges
A3: Crests of screw threads
A4: Limit of length of full depth thread
A5: Main representations on diagrams, maps, flowcharts
A6: System lines (structural metal engineering)
A7: Parting lines of mould in views
A8: Lines of cuts and sections
BI: Imaginary lines of intersection
B2: Dimension lines
B3: Projection lines
B4: Leader lines and reference lines
B5: Hatching
B6: Outlines of revolved sections in place
B7: Short centre lines
B8: Root of screw threads
B9: Origin and terminations of dimension lines
B I0: Diagonals for the indication of flat surfaces
B 11: Bending lines on blanks and processed parts
B12: Framing of details
B 13: Indication ofrepetitive details
B14: Interpretation lines oftapered features
B15: Location of laminations
B16: Extension lines
B 17: Grid lines
C 1: Preferably manually represented termination of partial
or interrupted views, cuts and sections, if the limit is not a
line of symmetry or a centre line, (see Figure 107 and
Figure 108)
D 1: Mechanically represented termination of partial or
interrupted views, cuts and sections, if the limit is not a line
of symmetry or a centreline, (see Figure 101 and
Figure 118)
E I: Indication of permissible areas of surface treatment,
e.g. heat treatment

continued

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Lines
F

-----------------.
G
-.-.-.-.-.---.--

Description
Dashed narrow

Application
Fl: Hidden outlines
F2: Hidden edges

Long-dashed
dotted narrow
line

G I: Centre-lines
G2: Lines of symmetry
G3: Pitch circle of gears
G4: Pitch circle of holes

H
-.-.-.-.
J
-.-_u_---.-_u_---

Long-dashed
dotted wide
line
Long-dashed
double-dotted
narrow line

HI: Indication of lines or surfaces to which a special

requirement applies
H2: Position of cutting planes
11: Outlines and edges of adjacent parts
12: Alternative and extreme positions of movable parts
13: Centroidallines
J4: Initial outlines prior to forming
J5: Parts situated at the front of the cutting plane
J6: Outlines of alternative executions
17: Outlines of the finished part within blanks
J8: Framing of particular fields/areas
J9: Projected tolerance zone

1)This type of line is situated for production of drawings by machines2)

Although two alternatives are available, it is recommended that in anyone drawing, only one
type of line is used.

4.5 Coinciding lines

When two or more lines of different types coincide, the following order of priority should be
observed (see Figure 9):

visible outlines and edges (continuous wide line, type A);

- hidden outlines and edges (dashed line, type E, wide or F, narrow);
- cutting planes (long-dashed dotted wide line, type H);
- centre-lines and lines of symmetry (chain narrow line, type G);
- centroidallines (long-dashed double-dotted narrow line, type J);
- projection lines (continuous narrow line, type B).

19
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visible edge over hidden detail

hidden

detail aver centre line

----_t-------

II
II

"

II
II
II

I
visible edge over

centre line

Figure 9

Priority of coinciding lines

4.6 Leader lines

Leader lines are used to show where dimensions or notes apply. They are type B lines (see Table 1)
ending in arrowheads or dots. Leader lines should terminate at the end which touches the features as
follows:

with a closed and filled or closed arrowhead (included angle 15) if the leader line ends at lines
which represent outlines or edges of parts, piping or cables in plans or diagrams; arrowheads are
also drawn at crossing points of these lines with other lines, e.g. lines of symmetry (see Figure 12).

with a dot (d = 5 x line width) if the leader line ends at another line, e.g. dimension line or line of
symmetry.

Leader lines are drawn preferably at an angle to the relevant representation and/or the frame limiting
the drawing sheet, and not parallel to adjacent lines, e.g. hatching lines. The inclination to the
relevant lines should be greater than 15, see Figure 10.

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,

" ""

"".

R3

R3

Figure 10 - Dimensioning repeated to avoid long leader lines

An arrowed leader line applied to an arc should be in line with the arc centre. When applied to a
straight line an arrowed leader line should be nearly normal to the line. Long or intersecting leader
lines should not be used even if this means repeating dimensions or notes (see Figure 10) or using
letter symbols (see Figure 11).

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Figure 11 - The use of letter symbols to avoid long and intersecting leader lines
Leader lines should not pass through the intersection of other lines.

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Figure 12 - Examples of leader lines

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4.7 Arrowheads
Arrowheads should be triangular, with the length approximately three times the width, formed with
straight lines and symmetrically placed about the dimension line, leader line or stem. Arrowheads
should be filled in (see Clause 12).
Arrowheads on dimension and leader lines should be 3 mm to 5 mm long. Arrows showing direction
of viewing should have arrowheads 7 mm to 10 mm long. The stem of such arrows should be
approximately the same length as the arrowhead, but not less than this.
Relevant standards
BS EN ISO 128:1982
BS EN ISO 128-20:1996
BS EN ISO 128-21:1997
BS EN ISO 128-22:1999
BS EN ISO 128-23:1999
BS EN ISO 128-24:1999
BS EN ISO 128-25:1999
BS EN ISO 5455: 1995
BS EN ISO 6428: 1999
Associated clause
Clause 5
Clause 7
Clause 8
Clause 9
Clause 10

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Description
Technical drawings - General principles of presentation
Technical drawings - General principles of presentation - Part 20:
Basic conventions for lines
Technical drawings - General principles of presentation - Part 21:
Presentation of lines by CAD systems
Technical drawings - General principles of presentation - Part 22:
Basic conventions and applications for leader lines and reference lines
Technical drawings - Generalprinciples of presentation - Part 23:
Lines of construction drawings
Technicaldrawings- Generalprinciples of presentation - Part 24:
Lines on mechanical engineering drawings
Technical drawings - Part 25: Lines on shipbuilding drawings
Technical drawings - Scales
Technical drawings - Requirements for microcopying
Description
Lettering and numerals
Sections and sectional views
Symbols and abbreviations
Item references
Representation of features
21

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5 Lettering and numerals

5.1 General
The clarity, style, spacing and size of lettering and numerals are important. Numerals should be
drawn clearly as they often have to be read on their own. All strokes should be black and of uniform
density.

5.2 Style
In general, capital letters should be used. Some suggested examples of letters and numerals are
.

shown below.

ABCDEFGH~KLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
1234567890
ABCDEFGHIJKlMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

1234567890

5.3 Character height

The dimensions and notes should be not less than 3 mm high. Titles and drawing numbers are
normally larger.
5.4 Direction of lettering
Notes and captions should be placed so that they can be read in the same direction as the
information in the title block. For dimensions see Clause 12.
5.5 Location of notes
Notes of a general character should be grouped together and not spread over the drawing.
Notes relating to specific details should appear near the relevant features, but not so near as to crowd
the view.
5.6 Underlining
Underlining of notes is not recommended.
note or caption.

Larger characters should be used to draw attention to a

22

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6 Views
6.1 General
The presentation of the information should be clear and as complete as necessary. When planning
the layout of a drawing take care with the spacing of the views to make sure that the drawing can be
read easily.
6.2 Number of views
Before beginning a drawing it is necessary to have a clear mental picture of the views to be shown.
The number of views should be the minimum necessary to ensure that there will be no
misunderstanding. Views should be chosen to need as few hidden lines as possible.
6.3 Partial views
It is not always necessary to draw a full view. Sometimes a partial view is adequate. An example is
shown projected from an inclined feature (see view A in Figure 13).

"
Figure 13

Partial view projected from an inclined feature

It may be helpful to draw an enlarged partial view if the general scale of a drawing is so small that a
particular feature cannot be shown clearly or dimensioned adequately. The feature is framed with a
type B line (see Table 1) and identified with a capital letter. The feature is then drawn again to a
stated larger scale with its identification letter (see Figure 14).

DETAIL Z SCALE 5:1

Figure 14

Enlarged partial view

The boundary which limits a partial view is drawn with a type C or type D line (see Table 1)
depending on the length of the boundary (see Figure 14).
24

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7 Sections and sectional views

7.1 General
Sections and sectional views result when cutting planes are passed through an object. Although the
terms are often used as if they were interchangeable, they have distinct meanings as follows:
Section: the outlines of the object at the cutting plane only. Visible outlines beyond the cutting plane
in the direction of viewing are not shown. Therefore, a section has no thickness.
Sectional view: the outline of an object at the cutting plane together with all visible outlines seen
beyond the cutting plane in the direction of viewing.
7.2 Arrangement
The rules for the arrangement of views (see Clause 6 and Clause 7) apply when drawing sections
and sectional views.
7.3 Cutting planes
The position of the cutting plane(s) should be indicated by means of a long-dashed dotted narrow
type G line (see Table 1). A straight cutting plane should be drawn to a suitable length for legibility
(see Figure 20).
If the cutting plane changes its direction, the cutting line should only be drawn at the ends of the
cutting plane, where the cutting plane changes direction (see Figures 26 and 27). The cutting line
may be drawn to its full length with a type G line (see Table 1) if necessary for its legibility
(see Figure 25).
The direction of viewing is shown by arrows with large heads (see Clause 4), the points of which
touch the cutting plane. A capital letter, placed close to the stems of the arrows, labels the cutting
plane. The same letter is used in an identifying title, such as A-A, which should be placed below the
resulting section or sectional view. If considered necessary the title may be "Section A-A", and this
form is used for both a section and a sectional view (see Figure 20).

(t>EJ
A

SECTION

A-A

Figure 20 - Indication of cutting planes

Where the position of a single cutting plane is obvious it need not be shown and the resulting
section or sectional view is not given an identifying title. See Clause 11 and Figure 52.

28

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7.4 Hatching
)

In general, sections and sectional views should be hatched but hatching is often omitted in industry
to save time and money. It is normal practice to use hatching in British Standards so it has been used
throughout this publication. Hatching is drawn with type B lines (see Table 1), equally spaced at a
well defined angle, preferably at 45.
Spacing between hatching lines. Hatching lines should not be less than twice the thickness of the
heaviest line. It is recommended that these spaces are never be less than 0,7 mm. Consideration
should be given to reproduction since reduction in scale could present a blur (see microcopying and
storage).
Hatching separated areas. Separated sectioned areas of a single component should be hatched in the
same direction and with the same spacing (see Figure 21a.

'"'"")

Hatching assembled parts. Where different sectioned parts meet on an assembly drawing, the
direction of the hatching should normally be reversed and staggered (see Figure 2Ib. In cases
where hatching on adjacent parts must be at the same angle the lines should be staggered and may
be more closely spaced (see Figure 21c.
Hatching large areas. The hatching of a large area may be limited to that part of the area which
touches adjacent hatched parts or the outline of the large part (see Figure 22).

Thin material in section. Thin material in section may be filled in, in preference to showing the
material thickness out of scale and hatched. When adjacent parts are thus shown a clear space of not
less than 1 mm should be left between them (see Figure 23).

~:~:::~:~:~::]

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a) Hatching separated areas

b) Hatching adjacent parts

Figure 21

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c) Hatching adjacent parts at
the same angle

Hatching separated areas and adjacent parts

Figure 22

Hatching large areas

29

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I

Figure 23

Section through thin material

7.5 Types of sectional views and sections

Sectional views in one plane. Examples of sectional views in one plane are shown in Figure 20 and
Figure 24.

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Sectional views in two or more parallel planes. A sectional view in two parallel planes is shown in
Figure 25 and one in three parallel, in Figure 26.
Sectional views in intersecting planes. Where a sectional view is taken in two intersecting planes the
view, by convention, is drawn as if the two cutting planes were one continuous plane. The part of
the view on the plane that is not nonnal to the sectional view required is shown moved or revolved
into the other plane (see Figure 27).
The hatching on sectional views in more than one plane follows the same principle as for sectional
views in one plane. The thick line portions of the cutting plane show its changes of direction.

lA
Al

A-A

AT~A
Figure 24

A-A
Figure 25 - Sectional view in two parallel
planes where the change of direction of the
cutting plane occurs on a centre-line

Sectional view in one plane

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30

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A-A
Figure 26 - Sectional view in three parallel planes where the changes in direction of the
cutting plane does not occur on a centre-line

A
---i

A-A

A-A

Figure 27 - Sectional views in intersecting planes

Half sectional views. Symmetrical parts may be drawn half in outside view and half in section
(see Figure 38).
Local or part sectional views. A local sectional view, shown in Figure 31, may avoid the need for a
complete sectional view. The localized break is shown with a type C line (see Table 1).
Revolved sections. Cross-sections may be revolved in place (see Figure 30). Type B lines
(see Table 1) are used for their outlines.
31

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Removed sections. Cross-sections, instead of being revolved in place, may be removed as shown in
Figure 31.
When a removed section is symmetrical it may be shown:

in projection and is conventionally identified as "section A-A" (see Figure 31);

- in any convenient place on the drawing and is conventionally identified as "section B-B";
- near the main view and connected with it by its line of symmetry through the cutting plane. The
line of symmetry is a type G line (see Table 1). In this case no section identification is needed.
When a removed section is not symmetrical, either the first or second option in the above
list should
.

be used.

The outline of a removed section is a type A line (see Table 1).

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Figure 28

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Figure 29 - Local or part sectional view

Half sectional view

Figure 30 - Revolved sections

Example 1

Example 2

$E1

$A-A

B-B

Figure 31 - Removed sections

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32
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Successive sections. Successive removed sections of a part are shown in Figure 32. The sections
should all be viewed in the same direction whenever possible. If, through lack of space, successive
removed sections cannot be shown in true projection, as in Figure 32a), they may be arranged as in
Figure 32b).
Revolved and removed sections, because they have no thickness, are sections and not sectional
views.

ABC

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$--8--+I
A

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---f

---f

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c

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0

B-B

A-A

C-(

0-0

a) In projection

--+I

$$0
A-A

$
a-a

(-(

D-O

b) Alternative arrangement

Figure 32 - Successive sections

7.6 Parts and features of parts not normally sectioned
When a sectional view is given where the cutting plane passes longitudinally through fasteners, such
as bolts, nuts, shafts, ribs, webs, spokes of wheels, etc., it is the practice to show them in external
view (see Figure 33).

)
33

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Figure 33 Relevant standards

BS ISO 128:1982
BS ISO 128-40:2001
BS ISO 128-50:2001
BS EN ISO 7519:1997

Associated clauses
Clause 1
Clause 2
Clause 4
Clause 5
Clause 8
Clause 9
Clause 10
Clause 12
Clause 14
Clause 15

A-A
A

B-B
Cutting plane passing longitudinally through fasteners
Description

Technicaldrawings - Generalprinciplesof presentation

Technical drawings - General principles of presentation Part 40: Basic conventions for cuts and sections
General principles of presentation - Part 50: Basic conventions for
representing areas on cuts and sections
Technicaldrawings - Constructiondrawings - General principles of
presentation for general arrangement and assembly drawings
Description
Layout of drawings
Scales
Lines and arrows
Lettering and numerals
Symbols and abbreviations
Item references
Representation of features
Dimensioning
Tolerancing
Method of indicating surface texture

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34

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8 Symbols and abbreviations

8.1 General
Symbols and abbreviations are used on drawings to save space and time whilst giving precise and
clear descriptions. Only those symbols and abbreviations that are commonly used and understood
should be used. A selection is given in 8.3. Others symbol and abbreviations should be avoided and
the intended meaning expressed in words. Abbreviations are the same in the singular and plural. Full
stops are only used where the abbreviation itself makes a word (e.g. NO. and FIG).
8.2 Welding symbols
Where welds are to be shown by means of symbols, reference should be made to
BS ISO 2553:1992.
8.3 Commonly accepted symbols and abbreviations
Term

Abbreviation

Term

Acrossflats
AF
Assembly
ASSY
Centres
CRS
Cenn:e line:
a vIew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
in a note
CL
Chamfered, chamfer (in a note) ... CHAM
Cheesehead
CHHD
Countersunk
CSK
Countersunk head. . . . . . . . . . . . . CSK HD
Counterbore
CBORE
Cylinder or cylindrical. . . . . . . . . . CYL

Abbreviation

Pattern number
PATINO.
Pitch circle diameter. . . . . . . . . . . PCD
Radius (in anote)
RAD
Radius (preceding a dimension) . . . R
Required
REQD
Righthand
RH
Roundhead
RDHD
Screw (or screwed)
SCR
Sheet
SH
Sketch
SK
Specification
SPEC
Spherical diameter
(only preceding a dimension) . . . . . S 0
Spherical radius
(only preceding a dimension) . . . . . SR
Spotface
SFACE
Square(inanote)
SQ
Square (preceding a dimension) .. .
Standard
STD
Taper, on a diameter or width
(Orientated to direction of taper) .. C>
Thread
THD
Typical or typically. . . . . . . . . . . . TYP
Undercut
UCUT
Volume
VOL
Weight
WT

Diameter (in a note) . . . . . . . . . . . . DIA

Diameter (preceding a dimension) .0
Drawing
DRG
Equally spaced
EQUISP
External
EXT
Figure
FIG
Hexagon
HEX
Hexagonhead
HEXHD
Hydraulic
HYD
Insulated or insulation. . . . . . . . . . INSUL
Internal
INT
Lefthand
LH
Long
LG
Material
MATL
Maximum
MAX
Minimum
MIN
Number
NO.

35

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- Relevant standards
BS EN 22553:1995

BS 5575-0:1993

Associated clauses
Clause 4
Clause 5
Clause 9

Description
Welded, brazed and soldered joints - Symbolic representation on
drawings
Specification for qualities, units and symbols - Part 0: General
principles
Description
Lines and arrows
Lettering and numerals
Item references

36

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9 Item references
9.1 General
Item references are used on assembly drawings to identify the items in the assembly. Item references
are shown in an item list that gives information such as the multiple required of each item and its
part number. The item list may appear on the assembly drawing (see Figure 3d)) or separately.
Numerals are generally used for item references (see Figure 34). The numerals should be at least
twice the height of characters used for dimensions and notes and are generally encircled with a
type B line (see Table 1).

9.2 Arrangement
Item references should preferably be arranged in columns and rows. They should be connected to
the items by leader lines ending in dots within the item outlines. When this is not possible,
arrowheads may be used touching the outlines. The leader lines should not be drawn at right angles
to the outlines of the items to which they refer.
9.3 Similar items used more than once
Similar items used more than once generally need only one item reference. The number used is
given by a small numeral placed to the right and slightly below the item reference (see Figure 34,
items 6 to 8).
9.4 Associated items
Only one leader should be used for item references of associated items (see Figure 34, items 6 to 8
and 9 to 12). The circles should either touch or be joined with a short type B line (see Table 1).
9.5 Assembly instructions
Any necessary assembly instructions can be added to an item reference (see Figure 34, item 4).

Figure 34 - Item references

37
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Figure 46 - Serrations
10.8 Screw threads
For all normal purposes the conventional representation of screw threads, as shown in Figure 47 and
Figure 48, is preferred whatever the screw thread type.
Thread run-outs. These are only shown where they are functionally necessary. The method of
indication is shown on the stud Figure 48a).
Assembled threaded parts. Externally threaded parts are shown covering internally threaded parts on
sectional views and end views (see Figure 48a) and Figure 48b.

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Figure 47

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Conventions for screw threads

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a)
Figure 48

Etdevantstandards
BS EN ISO 6410-1:1996
BS EN ISO 6410-2:1996
BS EN ISO 6410-3:1996
BS EN ISO 6413:1995
BS EN ISO 9222-1: 1995
BS EN ISO 9222-2: 1995

Associated clauses
Clause 4
Clause 5
Clause 6
Clause 8
Clause 12

b)

Conventions for assembled screw threads

Description
Technical drawings - Screw threads and threaded parts Part 1: General conventions
Technical drawings - Screw threads and threaded parts Part 2: Screw thread inserts
Technical drawings - Screw threads and threaded parts Part 3: Simplified representation
Technical drawings - Representation of splines and serrations
Technical drawings - Seals for dynamic application Part 1: General simplified representations
Technical drawings - Seals for dynamicrepresentation Part 2: Detailed simplified representation
Description
Lines and arrows
Lettering and numerals
Views
Symbols and abbreviations
Dimensioning

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12 Dimensioning
12.1 General
This clause establishes the general principles of dimensioning applicable in all fields
(i.e. mechanical, electrical and civil engineering, architecture, etc.). It is possible that in some
specific technical areas that general rules and conventions will not cover all the needs of specialized
practices adequately. In such cases additional rules may be laid down in standards specific to these
areas.
12.2 Types of dimension
For the purposes of this clause, the following definitions apply.
Dimension: numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measurement and indicated
graphically on technical drawings with lines, symbols and notes.
Dimensions are classified according to the following types:
Functional dimension: dimension that is essential to the function of the piece or space ("P' in
Figure 55).
Non-functional dimension: dimension that is not essential to the function of the piece or space
("NP' Figure 55).
Auxiliary dimension: dimension given for information purposes only. It does not govern production
or inspection operations and is derived from other values shown on the drawing or in related
documents. An auxiliary dimension is given in parentheses and no tolerance may be applied to it
("AUX" in Figure 55).
Feature: individual characteristic such as a flat surface, a cylindrical surface, two parallel surfaces, a
shoulder, a screw thread, a slot, a profile, etc.
End product: complete part ready for assembly or service, or a configuration produced from a
drawing specification. An end product may also be a part ready for further processing (for example,
a product from a foundry or forge) or a configuration needing further processing.
F

F
NF

u.. u..

u..
NF

a) Design requirement

AUX)

NF

b) Shoulder screw

c) Threaded hole

Figure 55 - Functional and non-functional dimensions

49

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12.3 Application
All dimensional infonnation necessary to define a part or component clearly and completely should
be shown directly on a drawing unless this information is specified in associated documentation.
Each feature should be dimensioned once only in a drawing. Dimensions should be placed on the
view or section that most clearly shows the corresponding features.
Each drawing should use the same unit (e.g. millimetres) for all dimensions but without showing the
unit symbol. In order to avoid misinterpretation, the predominant unit symbol on a drawing may be
specified in a note. Where other units have to be shown as part of the drawing specification
(e.g. N.m for torque or kPa for pressure), the appropriate unit symbol should be shown with the
value.
No more dimensions than are necessary to define a part or an end product should be shown on a
drawing. No feature of a part of an end product should be defined by more than one dimension in
anyone direction. Exception may, however, be made:

where it is necessary to give additional dimensions at intermediate stages of production (e.g. the
size of a feature prior to carburizing and finishing);

where the addition of an auxiliary dimension would be advantageous.

Production process inspection methods should not be specified unless they are essential to ensure
satisfactory function or interchangeability.
Functional dimensions should be shown directly on the drawing wherever possible (see Figure 56).

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2Sto.06

.
15to.O1-

Figure 56 - Functional dimensioning

Occasionally indirect functional dimensioning is justified or necessary. In such cases, care should be
exercised so that the effect of directly shown functional dimensioning is maintained. Figure 57
shows the effect of acceptable indirect functional dimensioning that maintains the dimensional
requirements established by Figure 56.

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25 ~O,OO5
40to,OOS

1StG.O1
40tO.O5

Figure 57 - Indirect functional dimensioning

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12.4 Method of dimensioning

The elements of dimensioning include the projection line, dimension line, leader line, dimension line
termination, the origin indication and the dimension itself. The various elements of dimensioning are
illustrated in Figure 58 and Figure 59 (see BS ISO 128).

Projection line

g
~

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Value of t~ dimension

0
1,1'\
4

Dimension line

Figure 58

Projection lines and dimension lines

Example 1

Projection line

4240.,.Value of the dlmensio

Termination (Oblique stroke.

Dimension line
"-

Figure 59

Projection lines and dimension lines

Example 2

12.5 Projection lines, dimension lines and leader lines

Projection lines and dimension lines are drawn as narrow continuous lines as shown in BS ISO 128
and as illustrated in Figure 58 and Figure 59.
Projection lines should extend slightly beyond the respective dimension lines (see Figure 58 and
Figure 59).
Projection lines should be drawn perpendicular to the feature being dimensioned. Where necessary,
however, they may be drawn obliquely, but parallel to each other (see Figure 60).
Intersecting construction and projection lines should extend approximately eight times the line width
beyond their point of intersection (see Figure 61.)
In general, projection lines and dimension lines should not cross unless it is unavoidable (Figure 62).
A dimension line should be shown unbroken where the feature to which it refers is shown broken
(see Figure 63).
Intersecting projection lines and dimension lines should be avoided. Where unavoidable, however,
neither line should be shown with a break (see Figure 62 and Figure 64).
A centre-line or the outline of a part should not be used as a dimension line but may be used in place
of projection line (see Figure 64).

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Figure 60 - Dimension lines drawn

obliquely, but parallel

Figure 61 - Intersecting construction and

projection lines

Figure 62 - Unavoidable intersection of

dimension and projection lines

Figure 63 - Dimensioning a broken feature

16

18
26

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28
Figure 64 -

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12

Centre-line and/or outline of a part used in place of a projection line

12.6 Terminations and origin indication

Dimension lines should have distinct terminations (Le. either arrowheads or oblique strokes), or,
where applicable, an origin indication.
Two dimensional line terminations (see Figure 65) and an origin indication (see Figure 66) are
shown in this clause. They are:
a) The arrowhead, drawn as short lines forming barbs at any convenient included angle between
15 and 90. The arrowhead may be open, closed or closed and filled in (see Figure 65a.
b) The oblique stroke, drawn as a short line inclined at 45 (see Figure 65b.
c) The origin indication, drawn as a small open circle approximately 3 mm in diameter.
The size of the terminations should be proportionate to the size of drawing on which they are used
but not larger than is necessary to read the drawing.

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13.6 Chamfers and countersinks

Chamfers should be dimensioned as shown in Figure 103. Where the chamfer angle is 45, the
indications may be simplified as shown in Figures 104 and 105.

or

313

2
Figure 103 - Chamfers dimensioned
2x45

---

or

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2x45
Figure 104 - 45 chamfers simplified

2x 45

2 x45
or

Figure 105 - Dimensioning internal chamfers

Countersinks are dimensioned by showing either the required diametral dimension at the included
angle, or the depth and the included angle (see Figure 106).

or

5
Figure 106 - Dimensioning countersinks

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DRAWING

No:

CONNEC TOR

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TITLE:

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29.09.01

CHECKED BY: G.E. TORRENS

DATE:
08.10.01

DATE:

DRAWN BY: G.LWlWAMS

turned
Rz 3,5

2'

UNLESS

OTHERWISE STATED

ANGULAR;/;

UN EAR ::t: 0.2

GENERAL TOLERANCES:

2 BOTH SIDES

18 10

DIMENSIONS

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IN: mm

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DETAIl.. X SCALE 6: 1

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DO NOT SCALE
IN ACCORDANCE WITHBS 8888
ANISH:
MA1ERIAL:
/
STEEL TO 8 S 970
'V ALL OVER
REVISION: 02.11.01
PR..ECTlON: FIRST ANGLE
ORIGINAL SCALE: 1: 1

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