BS Lab

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.
KMM
INDEX
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

BASIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
GENERATION OF STANDARD SIGNALS
BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS
i)SCALING OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS
ii)COMPUTATION ENERGY AND AVERAGE
POWER OF SIGNAL
FINDING EVEN AND ODD PARTS OF SIGNAL
CONVOLUTION OF TWO SIGNALS
PROGRAM TO COMPUTE AUTO CORRELATION AND CROSS
CORRELATION
COMPUTSTION OF LINEARITY AND TIME INVARIANCE OF LTI
SYSTEM
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SYSTEM
GIBB'S PHENOMENON
COMPUTATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM OF A SIGNSAL
WAVE FORM SYNTHESIS
POLE ZERO PLOT OF Z.T.
GENERATION OF GAUSSION NOISE COMPUTATION OF ITS
MEAN, M.S. VALUE AND ITS SKEW, KURTOSIS AND PSD, PDF
VERIFICATUION OF SAMPLING THEORM
REMOVAL OF NOISE BY AUTO CORRELATION/CROSS
CORRELATION
PROGRAM TO EXTRACT PERIODIC SIGNAL MASKED BY NOISE
USING CORRELATION
VERIFICATION OF WEINER-KHINCHINE RELATION
Pg.No.
1
2
4
6
9
11
13
15
16
20
25
27
28
29
34
37
40
44
47
DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM
BASIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

EXPT. NO: 1
Date:
Aim: To write and execute a MATLAB program to perform basic operations on matrices.
Program code:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
%Defining matrices a and b
a=[1 2 3 4;5 6 7 8;9 8 7 6;5 4 3 2]
b=[9 8 7 6;5 4 3 2;1 2 3 4;5 6 7 8]
a+b
%% addition of two matrices
a-b
%% subtraction of two matrices
c=a*b %% multiplication of two matrices
diag(a) %%diagonal elements of a
diag(b) %%daigonal elements of b
diag(c) %% diagonal elements of c
a(1,2) %% extracting of element 1,2 in a

a(2,3) %% extracting of element 2,3 in a
b(1,2) %% extracting of element 1,2 in b
b(2,3) %% extracting of element 2,3 in b
sum(a(1,:)) %%sum of 1st row elements of a
sum(a(2,:)) %% sum of 2nd row elements of a
sum(a(3,:)) %%sum of 3rd row elements of a
sum(a(4,:)) %% sum of 4th row elements of a
sum(c(1,:)) %%sum of 1st row elements of c
sum(c(2,:)) %% sum of 2nd row elements of c
sum(c(3,:)) %%sum of 3rd row elements of c
sum(c(4,:)) %% sum of 4th row elements of c
x=a' %%transpose of a
GENERATION OF STANDARD SIGNALS

EXPT. NO: 2
Date:
Aim: To simulate standard signals using MATLAB software.

Program code:
clc; close all; clear all;
tmin = -5; dt = 0.1; tmax = 5; %set of time vector
t = tmin:dt:tmax;
%unit impulse signal
x1 = 1; x2 = 0; ximp = x1.*(t==0) + x2.*(t~=0);
subplot(3,3,1); plot(t,ximp);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)');
title('unit impulse signal');
% unit step signal
xu = x1.*(t>=0) + x2.*(t<0);
subplot(3,3,2); plot(t,xu);
title('unit step signal');
% unit ramp signal
x = t; xr = x.*(t>=0);
subplot(3,3,3); plot(t,xr);
title('unit ramp signal');
% parabolic signal
A = 0.4; x1 = (A*(t.^2))/2;
xp = x1.*(t>=0) + x2.*(t<0);
subplot(3,3,4); plot(t,xp);
title('parabolic signal');
% sinusiodial signal
T = 2; F = 1/T; xs = sin(2*pi*F*t);
subplot(3,3,5); plot(t,xs);
title('sinusoidal signal');
% triangular pulse siganal
a = 2; x1 = 1 - abs(t)/a;
xt = x1.*(abs(t)<=a) + x2.*(abs(t)>a);
subplot(3,3,6); plot(t,xt);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)'); title('triangular pulse signal');
2
% signum signal
x1 = 1; x3 = -1;
xsg = x1.*(t>0) + x2.*(t==0) + x3.*(t<0);
subplot(3,3,7); plot(t,xsg);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)'); title('signum signal');
% sinc signal
x = sinc(t); subplot(3,3,8); plot(t,x);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)'); title('sinc signal');
% gaussian signal
xga = exp(-a.*(t.^2));
subplot(3,3,9); plot(t,xga);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)');title('gaussian signal');
OUTPUT OF EXPT:2
1
unit impulse signal
x(t) 0.5
0
-5
unit step signal
0
t
Parabolic signal
0
-5
0
t
signum signal
Sinusoidal signal
-1
-5
-1
-5
0
t
-1
-5
0
t
Triangular pulse signal

1
x(t) 0.5
0
t
sinc signal
0
-5
0
t
gaussian signal
x(t) 0.5
x(t) 0
x(t) 0
0
-5
x(t) 0
0
t
unit ramp signal
x(t)
x(t) 0.5
x(t)
0
-5
0
t
0
-5
0
t
BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS

EXPT. NO: 3
Date:
Aim: To write and execute a MATLAB program to perform basic operations on signals.
Program code:
%matlab program to perform operations on signals such as
%Addition, Multiplication, Scaling, Shifting, Folding,
%computation of energy and average power
% Program to perform addition and multiplication of the following two
% signals 1) xa(t)=1; 0<t<1
xb(t) = t; 0<t<1
%
=2; 1<t<2
= 1; 1<t<2
%
=1; 2<t<3
= 3-t; 2<t<3
clc; clear all; close all;
tmin = -1; tmax = 5; dt = 0.1; %setting of time vector
t = tmin:dt:tmax;
x1=1; x2=2; x3=3-t;
xa = x1.*(t>0&t<1) + x2.*(t>=1&t<=2) + x1.*(t>2&t<3);
xb = t.*(t>0&t<1) + x1.*(t>=1&t<=2) +x3.*(t>2&t<3);
xadd = xa + xb; xmul = xa .* xb;
xmin = min([min(xa), min(xb), min(xadd), min(xmul)]);
xmax = max([max(xa), max(xb), max(xadd), max(xmul)]);
%plot of signal xa(t)
subplot(2,3,1); plot(t,xa);
axis([tmin tmax xmin xmax]);
xlabel('t'); ylabel('xa(t)');
title('signal xa(t)');
%plot of signal xb(t)
subplot(2,3,2); plot(t,xb);
xlabel('t'); ylabel('xb(t)');
title('signal xb(t)');
%plot of signal xa(t)+xb(t)
subplot(2,3,3); plot(t,xadd);
xlabel('t'); ylabel('xadd(t)');
title('sum of xa(t) and xb(t)');
%plot of signal xa(t)

subplot(2,3,4); plot(t,xa);
xlabel('t'); ylabel('xa(t)');
title('signal xa(t)');
%plot of signal xb(t)
subplot(2,3,5); plot(t,xb);
xlabel('t'); ylabel('xb(t)');
title('signal xb(t)');
%plot of signal xa(t)Xxb(t)
subplot(2,3,6); plot(t,xmul);
xlabel('t'); ylabel('xmul(t)');
title('product of xa(t) and xb(t)');
OUTPUT OF EXPT: 3
signal xa(t)
signal xb(t)
2
xa(t)
2
xb(t)
2
4
t
signal xa(t)
2
xa(t)
2
xb(t)
2
t
sum of xa(t) and xb(t)

3
2
xadd(t)
1
2
4
t
signal xb(t)
2
4
t
product of xa(t) and xb(t)
3
2
xmul(t)
1
2
t
2
t
SCALING OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS

EXPT.NO: 3A
Date:
Aim: To write and execute a MATLAB program to performs scaling operations on signals.
Program code:
% matlab program to perform amplitude scaling, time scaling and time
% shifting on the signal x(t) = 1.0+t; for t= 0 to 2
t = tmin:dt:tmax;
y0 = y(t);
y1 = 1.5*y(t);
y2 = 0.5*y(t);
y3 = y(2*t);
y4 = y(0.5*t);
y5 = y(t-2);
y6 = y(t+2); %compute the min and max value for y -axis
ymin = min([min(y0), min(y1), min(y2), min(y3), min(y4), min(y5), min(y6)]);
ymax = max([max(y0), max(y1), max(y2), max(y3), max(y4), max(y5), max(y6)]);
%plot of signal y0(t) %original signal
subplot(3,3,1);plot(t,y0);
axis([tmin tmax ymin ymax]);
xlabel('t');ylabel('y(t)');title('signal x(t)');
%plot of signal y1(t) %amplified signal
xlabel('t');ylabel('1.5y(t)');title('amplified signal x1(t)');
%plot of signal y2(t) %attenuated signal
xlabel('t');ylabel('0.5y(t)');
title('attenuted signal x2(t)');
xlabel('t');ylabel('y(t)');
title('signal x(t)');
%plot of signal y3(t) %compressed signal

xlabel('t');ylabel('y(2*t)');title('time compressed signal');
xlabel('t');ylabel('y(0.5*t)');
title('time expanded signal');
xlabel('t');ylabel('y(t)'); title('signal x(t)');
%plot of signal y5(t) % delayed signal
xlabel('t');ylabel('y(t-2)');
title('delayed signal');
%plot of signal y6(t) %sdvanced signal
xlabel('t');ylabel('y(t+2)');title('advanced signal');
OUTPUT OF EXPT: 3A
signal x(t)
amplified signal x1(t)
4
y(t)
4
1.5y(t)
2
2
0
-2
t
signal x(t)
-2
t
signal x(t)
-2
2
t
-2
t
time expanded signal
4
y(0.5*t
2
-2
4
y(t-2)
2
2
0
t
delayed signal
4
y(t)
-2
4
y(2*t)
2
2
0
4
0.5y(t)
2
t
time compressed signal
4
y(t)
Attenuated signal x2(t)
-2
t
advanced signal
4
y(t+2
2
-2
2
t
-2
COMPUTATION ENERGY AND AVERAGE

POWER OF SIGNAL
EXPT NO:3B
Date:
Aim: To write and execute a MATLAB program to compute energy and average power of
signal.
Program code:
%matlab program to find folded signal and to compute power and energy of a signal
%folding of a signal
x = y(t);
x_fold = y(-t);
ymin = min([min(x),min(x_fold)]);
ymax = max([max(x),max(x_fold)]);
%plot of signal
subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,x);
xlabel('t');ylabel('y(t)');
title('signal x(t)');
%plot of folded signal
subplot(2,1,2);plot(t,x_fold);
xlabel('t');ylabel('y(-t)');
title('folded version signal x(t)');
%program to compute the energy and average power of the signal
%x(t)=10sin(10*pi*t)
tmax = 10; dt = .01; T0 = 10; %setting of time vector
t = -tmax:dt:tmax;
x = 10*sin(10*pi*t);
xsq = x.^2;
E = trapz(t,xsq); % computation of energy
P = E /(2*T0); % computation of power
disp([' Energy, E = ',num2str(E),'Joules']); %printing of energy value
disp([' power, P = ',num2str(P),'Watts']); %printing of power value
10
OUTPUT OF EXPT:3B
signal x(t)
3
2.5
folded version signal x(t)
2.5
2
y(-t)
y(t)
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-2
-2
Energy E = 1000J, Power P = 50W.
11
FINDING EVEN AND ODD PARTS OF SIGNAL

EXPT NO: 4
Date:
Aim: To write and execute a MATLAB program to find even &odd parts of signal.
Program code:
tmin = -3; tmax = 3;
dt = 0.1;
t = tmin:dt:tmax;
x1 = exp(2*t);
x2 = exp(-2*t);
if (x2==x1)
disp('The given signal is even signal');
else if (x2 ==(-x1))
disp('The given signal is an odd signal');
else
disp('The given signal is neighter odd nor even signa');
end
end
xe = (x1+x2)/2;
xo = (x1+x2)/2;
ymin = min([min(x1), min(x2), min(xe), min(xo)]);
ymax = max([max(x1), max(x2), max(xe), max(xo)]);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x1(t)');
title('signal x(t)'); subplot(2,2,2);plot(t,x2);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x2(t)');
title('signal x(-t)');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,xe);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('xe(t)');
title('even part of signal x(t)');
subplot(2,2,4);
12
plot(t,xo);
xlabel('t');ylabel('xo(t)');
title('odd part of signal x(t)');
OUTPUT OF EXPT: 4
signal x(t)
signal x(-t)
400
x1(t)
400
300
300
x2(t)
200
200
100
100
-2
0
t
-2
even part of signal x(t)

400
xe(t)
0
t
odd part of signal x(t)

400
300
300
xo(t)
200
200
100
100
-2
0
t
-2
0
t
13
CONVOLUTION OF TWO SIGNALLS

EXPT. NO: 5
Date:
Aim: To write and execute a MATLAB program for computation of convolution of two
signals.
Program code:
%x1(t)=exp(-0.7t); 0<=t<=T and x2(t)=1; 0<=t<=T
T = 2;
tmin = 0; tmax = 2*T; dt = 0.01;
t = tmin:dt:tmax;
x1 = exp(-0.7*t).*(t>=0 & t<T);
x2 = 1.*(t>=0 & t<T);
x3 = conv(x1,x2);
n3 = length(x3);
t1 = 0:1:n3-1;
subplot(2,2,1);plot(t,x1);
title('signal x1(t)');
subplot(2,2,2);plot(t,x2);
title('signal x2(t)');
subplot(2,2,3:4);plot(t1,x3);
title('convolved signal of x1(t)&x2(t)');
%deconvolution to get original
x1d = deconv(x3,x2);
x2d = deconv(x3,x1);
ymin = min([min(x1d), min(x2d)]);
ymax = max([max(x1d), max(x2d)]);
figure;subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,x1d);
title('extracted signal,x1(t)');
subplot(2,1,2);plot(t,x2d);
title('extracted signal,x2(t)');
14
OUTPUT OF EXPT: 5
signal x1(t)
signal x2(t)
x1(t)
0.5
x2(t)
0.5
2
t
2
t
convolved signal of x1(t)&x2(t)

150
100
x3(t)
50
100
200
300
400
t
500
600
700
800
extracted signal,x1(t)
1
x1(t)
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
t
extracted signal,x2(t)
3.5
0.5
1.5
3.5
x2(t)
0.5
0
2
t
2.5
15
PROGRAM TO COMPUTE AUTO CORRELATION AND CROSS CORRELATION

EXPT. NO: 6
Date:
Aim: To write a program for computation of auto correlation and cross correlation between
signals.
Program code:
t = -2:0.01:2; x1 = sin(2*pi*t);
subplot(2,2,1);plot(t,x1); xlabel('t');ylabel('x1(t)');
title('signal x1(t)'); x2 = exp(t);
subplot(2,2,2);plot(t,x2); xlabel('t');ylabel('x2(t)');
title('signal x2(t)'); x3 = exp(-t);
%computation of cross correlation
R13 = conv(x1,x3); n13 = length(R13);
t13 = 0:1:n13-1;
subplot(2,2,3);plot(t13,R13); xlabel('t');ylabel('R13(t)');
title('cross correlation of x1,x2');
%computation of auto correlation
R23 = conv(x2,x3); n23 = length(R23);
t23 = 0:1:n23-1;
subplot(2,2,4);plot(t23,R23); xlabel('t');ylabel('R23(t)');
title('auto correlation of x2');
OUTPUT OF EXPT:6
signal x1(t)
signal x2(t)
0.5
x1(t)
x2(t)
-0.5
-1
-2
-1
0
t
0
-2
0
t
auto correlation of x2
cross correlation of x1,x2

200
-1
3000
100
2000
R13(t)
R23(t)
1000
-100
-200
200
400
600
800
200
400
t
600
800
16
COMPUTSTION OF LINEARITY AND TIME INVARIANCE OF LTI

SYSTEM
EXPT. NO:7
Date:
Aim: To write a program for computation of linearity and time invariance of LTI system.
Program code:
x1 = input('type the samples of x1');
x2 = input('type the samples of x2');
if (length(x1)~=length(x2))
disp('Error: length of x1 and x2 are diffrent');
return;
end
h = input('type the samples of h');
N = length(x1) + length(x2)-1;
disp('the length of the out put signal will be');
disp(N);
%time invariance check
a1 = input('the scale factor a1 is ');
a2 = input('the scale factor a2 is ');
x = a1*x1 + a2*x2;
y01 = conv(x,h);
y1 = conv(x1,h);
y1s = a1*y1;
y2 = conv(x2,h);
y2s = a2*y2;
y02 = y1s + y2s;
disp('input signal x1 is ');disp(x1);
disp('input signal x2 is ');disp(x2);
disp('output sequence y01 is ');disp(y01);
disp('output sequence y02 is ');disp(y02);
if (y01 == y02)
disp('y01=y02.Hence the LTI system is LINEAR');
end
% time invariance check
x = input('type the samples of signal x(n)');
h = input( ' Type the samples of signal h(n) ' );
y = conv(x,h);
disp( ' Enter a POSITIVE number for delay ' );
17
d = input( ' Desired delay of the signal is ' );

xd = [zeros(1,d), x];
nxd = 0 : length(xd)-1;
yd = conv(xd,h);
nyd = 0:length(yd)-1;
disp(' Original Input Signal x(n) is ');
disp(x);
disp(' Delayed Input Signal xd(n) is ');
disp(xd);
disp(' Original Output Signal y(n) is ');
disp(y);
disp(' Delayed Output Signal yd(n) is ');
disp(yd);
xp = [x , zeros(1,d)];
figure
subplot(2,1,1); stem(nxd,xp); grid;
xlabel( ' Time Index n ' );ylabel( ' x(n) ' );
title( ' Original Input Signal x(n) ' );
subplot(2,1,2); stem(nxd,xd); grid;
xlabel( ' Time Index n ' );ylabel( ' xd(n) ' );
title( ' Delayed Input Signal xd(n) ' );
yp = [y zeros(1,d)];
figure
subplot(2,1,1); stem(nyd,yp); grid;
xlabel( ' Time Index n ' );ylabel( ' y(n) ' );
title( ' Original Output Signal y(n) ' );
subplot(2,1,2); stem(nyd,yd); grid;
xlabel( ' Time Index n ' );ylabel( ' yd(n) ' );
title( ' Delayed Output Signal yd(n) ' );
OUTPUT OF EXPT7
type the samples of x1[1 2 3]
type the samples of x2[4 5 6]
type the samples of h[1 2 3]
the length of the out put signal will 5
the scale factor a1 is 3
the scale factor a2 is 4
18
input signal x1 is
1
input signal x2 is
4
output sequence y01 is

19
64 142 144
99
output sequence y02 is

19
64 142 144
99
y01=y02.Hence the LTI system is LINEAR

type the samples of signal x(n)[1 2 3]
Type the samples of signal h(n) [4 5 6]
Enter a POSITIVE number for delay
Desired delay of the signal is 2
Original Input Signal x(n) is
1
Delayed Input Signal xd(n) is

0
Original Output Signal y(n) is

4
13
28
27
18
Delayed Output Signal yd(n) is

0
13
28
27
18
19
Original Input Signal x(n)

3
2
x(n)
1
0.5
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
Time Index n
Delayed Input Signal xd(n)
3.5
3.5
2
xd(n)
1
1.5
2
2.5
Time Index n
Original Output Signal y(n)

30
20
y(n)
10
3
4
Time Index n
Delayed Output Signal yd(n)
30
20
yd(n)
10
3
Time Index n
20
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SYSTEM

EXPT. NO: 8
Date:
Aim: to write a program for finding frequency response of system.
Program code:
clc; clear all; close all; num = input ('type the numerator vector ');
den = input ('type the denominator vector '); N = input ('number of frequency points ');
w = 0 : pi / N : pi; H = freqz (num, den, w); figure;
subplot( 2 , 1 , 1 ); plot( w/pi , real(H) );
xlabel( ' \omega / \pi' ); ylabel(' Amplitude ' )
title ( 'Real part' );subplot( 2 , 1 , 2 ); plot( w/pi , imag(H) );
xlabel( ' \omega / \pi' );ylabel(' Amplitude ' );
title ( 'Imaginary part' );figure; subplot( 2 , 1 , 1 );
plot( w/pi , abs(H) ); xlabel(' \omega / \pi');
ylabel(' Magnitude'); title ('Magnitude Spectrum');
subplot( 2 , 1 , 2 ); plot( w/pi , angle(H) );
xlabel(' \omega / \pi'); ylabel(' Phase(radians) ');
title ('Phase Spectrum');
%unit sample response
num = input ('type the numerator vector ');
den = input ('type the denominator vector ');
N=input ('type the desired length of the output sequence N ');
n = 0 : N-1; imp = [ 1 zeros(1, N-1) ];
h = filter ( num, den, imp );
%disp('The impulse response of LTI system is'); disp(h);
figure,stem(n,h); xlabel ('time index n');
ylabel ('h(n)'); title ('Impulse Response of LTI system');
%unit step response
num = input ('type the numerator vector ');
den = input ('type the denominator vector ');
N = input('type the desired length of the output sequence N ');
n = 0:1:N-1; u = ones (1, N); s = filter ( num, den, u );
%disp('The step response of LTI system is'); disp(s);
figure,stem(n,s); xlabel ('time index n');
ylabel ('s(n)'); title ('Step Response of LTI system');
%stability and physical realizability
num = input (' type the numerator vector '); den = input (' type the denominator vector ');
[z,p,k] = tf2zp(num,den); disp ('Gain constant is '); disp(k);
disp (' Zeros are at '); disp(z)
disp ('radius of Zeros ') ; radzero = abs(z)
disp ('Poles are at '); disp(p)
21
disp ('radius of Poles ') ; radpole = abs(p)

if max(radpole) >= 1
disp (' ALL the POLES do not lie within the Unit Circle ');
disp(Oooooops..The given LTI system is NOT a stable system ');
else
disp (' ALL the POLES lie WITHIN the Unit Circle ');
disp('The given LTI system is a REALIZABLE and STABLE system');
end;
figure;zplane(num,den);title('Pole-Zero Map of the LTI system');
OUTPUT OF EXPT8
pe the numerator vector [1], type the denominator vector [1 -0.8],number of frequency points 50
type the numerator vector [1], type the denominator vector [1 -0.8]
type the desired length of the output sequence N 50, type the numerator vector [1]
type the denominator vector [1 -0.8], type the desired length of the output sequence N 50
type the numerator vector [1], type the denominator vector [1 -0.8]
Gain constant is 1, Zeros are at, radius of Zeros, radzero =, Empty matrix: 0-by-1
Poles are at, 0.8000, radius of Poles, radpole = 0.8000
ALL the POLES lie WITHIN the Unit Circle
The given LTI system is a REALIZABLE and STABLE system
22
Pole-Zero Map of the LTI system

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1
-0.5
0
Real Part
0.5
Real part
6
Amplitude
4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
/

Imaginary part
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
Amplitude
-1
-2
-3
0.5
/
0.6
23
Magnitude Spectrum
6
Magnitude
4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
/
Phase Spectrum
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
Phase(radians)
-0.5
-1
0.1
0.5
0.6
/
Impulse Response of LTI system
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
h(n)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
15
20
25
30
time index n
35
40
45
50
24
Step Response of LTI system

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
s(n)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
10
15
20
25
30
time index n
35
40
45
50
Pole-Zero Map of the LTI system

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Imaginary Part
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1
-0.5
0
Real Part
0.5
25
GIBB'S PHENOMENON
EXPT. NO: 9
Date:
Aim: To write a program to illustrate Gibbs phenomenon.

Program code:
N = input('type the total no of harmonics ');
t = 0:0.001:1; y = square( 2 * pi * t ); plot( t , y , 'r' , 'linewidth' , 2 )
axis( [ 0 1 -1.5 1.5 ] )
hold;
sq = zeros( size(t) );
for n = 1 : 2 : N
sq = sq + (4 / (pi * n) * sin( 2 * pi * n * t));
end;
plot( t , sq ); grid;
xlabel( 't' ); ylabel( 'sq(t)' );
title('Synthesized Square Wave Using Fourier Series');
OUTPUT OF EXPT9
No of harmonics = 20
Synthesized Square Wave Using Fourier Series
1.5
0.5
sq(t) 0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
t
26
1.5
0.5
sq(t)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.5
0.5
sq(t)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
27
COMPUTATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM OF A SIGNSAL

EXPT .NO: 10
Date:
Aim: To write a program for computation of Fourier transform of a signal.

Program code:
clc; close all; clear all;
syms t omega
x = 2; expw = exp(-j*omega*t);
z = int(x*expw,omega,-2,2);
z = simplify(z);
figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);ezplot('2',[-2 2]);
subplot(2,1,2);ezplot(z);
OUTPUT OF EXPT: 10
2
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
x
0.5
1.5
4/t sin(2 t)
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-6
-4
-2
t
.
28
WAVE FORM SYNTHESIS

EXPT .NO:11
Date:
Aim: to write a program to synthesize a waveform using Laplace transforms.

Program code:
syms s ; T = 1; F1 = 1 - exp(-T*s/2);
F2 = s * (1 + exp(-T*s/2));
F = F1/F2;
f=ilaplace(F);
pretty(simplify(f));
ezplot(f);
%syms s complex;
%x = 2/(s*(s+1)*(s+2));
%disp('inverse lapalce transform x is ');
%x = ilaplace(x);
%simplify(x)
OUTPUT OF EXPT11
(-1)floor
(2 t)
1
0.
-0.5
-1
-6
-4
-2
0
t
29
POLE ZERO PLOT OF Z.T

EXPT. NO 12
Date:
Aim: To write a program to draw Z-transform pole-zero plot of a system.

Program code:
num = input ( 'type the numerator polynomial vector ' );
den = input( ' type the denominator polynomial vector ' );
H = tf( num , den )
[ p , z ] = pzmap( H );
disp (' zeros are at '); disp( z )
disp ('poles are at '); disp( p )
subplot(2,1,1);pzmap( H )
[ r, p, k ] = residue( num , den );
disp ('PFE coefficients '); disp( r );
disp ('Gain constant is '); disp( k );
if max(real(p)) >= 1
disp (' All poles DO NOT LIE in the Left Half of S-Plane ');
disp (' Oooooops..The given LTI system is NOT a stable system ');
Else
disp (' ALL the POLES lie in the Left Half of S-Plane ');
disp (' The given LTI system is a STABLE system ');
end;
subplot(2,1,2); t = 0 : 0.1 : 5; h = impulse( H , t );
plot( t , h )
xlabel('t'); ylabel('h(t)');
title ( ' Impulse Response of the LTI system ' );
%program to plot pole zero plot of z.t
num = input (' type the numerator vector ');
den = input (' type the denominator vector ');
H = filt(num , den)
z = zero(H);
disp (' zeros are at '); disp(z)
disp ('radius of Zeros ') ; radzero = abs(z)
[r,p,k] = residuez(num,den);
disp ('poles are at '); disp(p)
disp ('radius of poles ') ; radpole = abs(p)
disp ('PFE coefficients '); disp(r);
disp ('Gain constant is '); disp(k);
30
figure;
zplane(num,den)
title ( ' Pole-Zero Map of the LTI system in Z-Plane' );
if max(radpole) >= 1
disp (' ALL the POLES do not lie within the Unit Circle ');
disp (' Oooooops..The given LTI system is NOT a stable system ');
end;
OUTPUT OF EXPT: 12
type the numerator polynomial vector [1 0.8 0.8],
type the denominator polynomial vector [1 0 0.49]
Transfer function:
s^2 + 0.8 s + 0.8
----------------s^2 + 0.49
zeros are at
-0.4000 + 0.8000i , -0.4000 - 0.8000i
poles are at : 0 + 0.7000i,
0 - 0.7000i
PFE coefficients : 0.4000 - 0.2214i , 0.4000 + 0.2214i

Gain constant is
type the numerator vector [1 0.8 0.8]

type the denominator vector [1 0 0.49]
Transfer function:
1 + 0.8 z^-1 + 0.8 z^-2
----------------------1 + 0.49 z^-2
Sampling time: unspecified
zeros are at
: -0.4000 + 0.8000i , -0.4000 - 0.8000i
31
radius of Zeros ,radzero = 0.8944,
poles are at : 0 + 0.7000i ,

radius of poles
0.8944
0 - 0.7000i
radpole = 0.7000, 0.7000
PFE coefficients : -0.3163 - 0.5714i, -0.3163 + 0.5714i

Gain constant is : 1.6327
ALL the POLES lie WITHIN the Unit Circle
The given LTI system is a REALIZABLE and STABLE system
Pole-Zero Map
0.8
0.6
Imaginary Axis
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-0.4
-0.35
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
Real Axis
Impulse Response of the LTI system
32
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
h(t)
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0.5
1.5
2.5
t
3.5
4.5
Pole-Zero Map of the LTI system in Z-Plane

1
0.8
0.6
Imaginary Part
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1
-0.5
0.5
Real Part
33
Impulse Response
1
0.8
0.6
Amplitude
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0
10
15
20
25
n (samples)
34
GENERATION OF GAUSSION NOISE COMPUTATION OF ITS MEAN,

M.S. VALUE AND ITS SKEW, KURTOSIS AND PSD, PDF.
EXPT. NO: 13
Date:
Aim: To write a program for simulation of Gaussian noise and to compute mean, meansqure,
skew, kurtosis, psd, and pdf of Gaussian noise.
Program code:
clc; clear all; close all; x1 = randn(1,5000);
x2 = randn(1,5000);
figure; plot( x1 , x2 , ' . ' )
title('Scatter Plot of Gaussian Distributed Random Numbers');
x1 = rand(1,5000); x2 = rand(1,5000);
figure; plot( x1 , x2 , ' . ' );
title('Scatter Plot of Uniform Distributed Random Numbers');
x3 = rand(1,100000); figure; subplot(2,1,1); hist(x3)
title('Uniform Distribution');
y = randn(1,100000);
subplot(2,1,2); hist(y)
title('Gaussian Distribution')
ymu = mean(y)
ymsq = sum(y .^ 2 ) / length(y)
ysigma = std(y)
yvar = var(y)
yskew = skewness(y)
ykurt = kurtosis(y)
OUTPUT OF EXPT 13:
ymu = 0.0038 ,ymsq = 1.0043, ysigma = 1.0022 ,yvar =1.0043, yskew = -0.0178 ykurt =
3.0212
35
Scatter Plot of Gaussian Distributed Random Numbers
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
36
Uniform Distribution
15000
10000
5000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Gaussian Distribution
x 10
3
2
1
0
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
37
VERIFICATUION OF SAMPLING THEORM

EXPT. NO: 14
Aim: To write a program to verify sampling theorem.
Date:
Program code:
t = -5 : 0.0001 : 5;
F1 = 3; F2 = 23;
x = cos(2*pi*F1*t) + cos(2*pi*F2*t);
figure(1); plot( t , x );
axis ( [-0.4 0.4 -2 2 ] );
xlabel('Time t (sec)'), ylabel('x(t)');
title ('Continuous time signal: x(t) = cos(2\piF_1t) + cos(2\piF_2t)');
% Case 1
Fs1 = 1.4 * F2; ts1 = 1 / Fs1;
n1 = -0.4 : ts1 : 0.4;
xs1 = cos(2*pi*F1*n1) + cos(2*pi*F2*n1);
figure(2); stem( n1 , xs1 )
hold on; plot( t , x , 'r:' );
axis ( [-0.4 0.4 -2 2 ] ); hold off
xlabel('Time Sample (n)'), ylabel('Amplitude');
title ('Discrete Time Signal');
legend( ' Fs < 2Fmax ' );
% Case 2
Fs2 = 2 * F2; ts2 = 1/Fs2;
n2 = -0.4 : ts2 : 0.4;
figure(3);stem( n2 , xs2 )
hold on; plot( t , x , 'r:' );
axis ( [-0.4 0.4 -2 2 ] ); hold off
title ('Discrete Time Signal');
legend( ' Fs = 2Fmax ' );
% Case 3
Fs3 = 7 * F2; ts3 = 1/Fs3; n3 = -0.4 : ts3 : 0.4;
figure(4); stem( n3 , xs3 );
hold on; plot( t , x , 'r: ' );
axis ( [-0.4 0.4 -2 2 ] ); hold off
38
title ('Discrete Time Signal'); legend( ' Fs > 2Fmax ' );

OUTPUT OF EXPT 14
Continuous time signal: x(t) = cos(2
F t)
F2t)
1 + cos(2
2
1.5
0.5
x(t)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Time t (sec)
Discrete Time Signal

2
Fs < 2Fmax
1.5
1
0.5
Amplitude
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
Time Sample (n)
0.2
0.3
0.4
39

2
Fs = 2Fmax
1.5
1
0.5
Amplitude
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Time Sample (n)

2
Fs > 2Fmax
1.5
1
0.5
Amplitude
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
Time Sample (n)
0.2
0.3
0.4
40
REMOVAL OF NOISE BY AUTO CORRELATION/CROSS

CORRELATION
EXP.T NO: 15
Date:
Aim: To write a program to remove noise from a signal by auto/cross correlation.
Program code:
N = 100; n = 0 : N-1; dsnr = input('type desired SNR in dB');
x = sqrt(2) * sin( (pi / 5 ) * n );
figure(1); stem( n , x ); grid
axis( [ 0 50 -1.5 1.5 ] )
xlabel( ' n ' ); ylabel( 'x(n)' ); title( 'Sinusoidal Signal x(n)' )
px = var(x) an = sqrt( px * ( 10 ^ ( -1 * dsnr / 10 ) ) );
w = sqrt(12) * ( rand( 1 , N ) - 0.5 );
w = w * an; pn = var(w) disp( 'The calculated SNR ' );
SNRdb = 10 * log10(px / pn)
figure(3); stem( n , w ); grid
axis( [ 0 50 min(w) max(w) ] )
xlabel( ' n ' ); ylabel( ' w(n) ' ) ;
title( ' Random Noise Signal w(n) ' );
y = x + w; figure(6); subplot(2,1,1); stem( n , y );grid
axis( [ 0 50 min(y) max(y) ] )
xlabel( ' n ' ); ylabel( 'y(n)= x(n) + w(n)' );
title( 'Sinusoidal Signal Corrupted with Random Noise' )
[ ryy , lag ] = xcorr( y , y , 'unbiased' );
subplot(2,1,2); stem( lag , ryy ); grid
axis( [ 0 50 -1.5 1.5 ] )
xlabel( 'Lag Index l' ); ylabel( 'R_y_y(l)' );
title( 'Autocorrelation Signal R_y_y(l)' )
[ rxx , lag ] = xcorr( x , x ); figure(2);stem( lag , rxx ); grid
axis( [ -20 20 min(rxx) max(rxx) ] )
xlabel( 'Lag Index l' ); ylabel( 'R_x_x(l)' );
title( 'Autocorrelation Signal R_x_x(l)' )
[ rxw , lag ] = xcorr( x , w );
figure(5);stem( lag , rxw ); grid
axis( [ -20 20 min(rxw) max(rxw) ] )
xlabel( 'Lag Index l' ); ylabel( 'R_x_w(l)' );
title( 'Cross Correlation Between x(n) and w(n) ' )
[ rww , lag ] = xcorr( w , w );
figure(4); stem( lag , rww ); grid
41
axis( [ -20 20 min(rww) max(rww) ] )

xlabel('Lag Index l' ); ylabel( 'R_w_w(l)' );
title( 'Autocorrelation Signal R_w_w(l)' );
OUTPUT OF EXPT15:
type desired SNR in dB30
px =1.0101 ;pn = 8.6937e-004
The calculated SNR
SNRdb = 30.6516
Sinusoidal Signal x(n)
1.5
0.5
x(n)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
42
Autocorrelation Signal R
xx
(l)
100
80
60
40
20
(l)
x
Rx
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Lag Index l
10
15
20
43
44
PROGRAM TO EXTRACT PERIODIC SIGNAL MASKED BY NOISE

USING CORRELATION
EXPT .NO 16
Date:
Aim: To write a program to extract a period signal masked by noise using correlation.
Program code:
clc; clear all; close all; M = 256; n = 0 : M-1;
x = cos(16*pi*n/M) + sin(32*pi*n/M);
snr = input( ' Type the desired SNR ' );
px = var(x)
w = sqrt(12) * (rand( 1 , M ) - 0.5); an = sqrt(px * (10 ^ ( (-1 * snr) / 10) ))
w = w .* an; pn = var(w)
SNRdb = 10 * log10(px / pn)
y = x + w; N = M / 8;
L = floor( M / N ); d = zeros( 1 , M );
for i = 1 : M
if rem(i-1,N) == 0
d(i) = 1;
45
end;
end;
Cyd = ifft( fft(y,M) .* fft(d,M)) / M;
r = Cyd * ( M / L ); figure(1);
plot( n , x , 'b' ); axis( [ 1 80 -3 3 ] )
xlabel( 'n' ); ylabel( 'x(n)' ); title( ' Periodic Signal x(n) ' )
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1); plot( n , y , 'r' );
grid; axis( [ 1 96 -3 3 ] ); xlabel( 'n' ); ylabel( 'y(n)' );
title( ' Noisy Signal y(n) ' )
subplot(2,1,2); stem( n , d ); grid; axis( [ 1 96 -0.5 1.5 ] );
xlabel( 'n' ); ylabel( 'd(n)' );
title( ' Impulse Train d(n) ' )
figure(3); plot( n , r , 'k' ); axis( [ 1 80 -3 3 ] )
xlabel( 'n' ); ylabel( 'r(n)' );
title('Extracted Periodic Signal r(n)')
figure(4); plot( n , x , 'b' ); hold on;
axis( [ 1 80 -3 3 ] )
plot( n , r , 'r:' ); hold off; axis( [ 1 80 -3 3 ] )
legend( 'x(n)' , 'r(n)' )
OUTPUT OF EXPT 16:

Type the desired SNR 30 px = 1.0039 an = 0.0317
pn = 9.3657e-004 SNRdb = 30.3016
Periodic Signal x(n)
46
x(n)
0
-1
-2
-3
10
20
30
40
n
50
60
70
80
Noisy Signal y(n)

2
y(n)
-2
10
20
30
10
20
30
40
50
60
n
Impulse Train d(n)
70
80
90
70
80
90
1.5
1
d(n)
0.5
0
-0.5
40
50
n
60
Extracted Periodic Signal r(n)
47
r(n)
-1
-2
-3
10
20
30
40
n
50
60
70
80
3
x(n)
r(n)
2
-1
-2
-3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
VERIFICATION OF WEINER-KHINCHINE RELATION

48
EXPT. NO: 17
Date:
Aim: To write a program to verify weiner-khinchine relation.

Program code:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Fs = 100; t = 0:1/Fs:10;
x = sin(2*pi*15*t) + sin(2*pi*30*t);
N = 512;
X = fft( x , N ); f = Fs * (0 : N-1) / N;
Power = X .* conj(X) / N; figure(1)
plot( f , Power);
title('Power Spectrum through Fourier Transform')
xlabel('Frequency f'); ylabel('Power');
figure(2)
rxx = xcorr( x , x );
Sxx = fft(rxx,512); plot(f, abs(Sxx))
title('Fourier Transform of Autocorrelation');
xlabel('Frequency f'); ylabel('abs(Sxx)');
49
Power Spectrum through Fourier Transform

120
100
80
Power
60
40
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
Frequency f
70
80
90
100
OUTPUT OF EXPT:17
4
3.5
Fourier Transform of Autocorrelation
x 10
2.5
abs(Sxx)2
1.5
0.5
10
20
30
40
50
60
Frequency( f)
70
80
90
100
50

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DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

BASIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

a(1,2) %% extracting of element 1,2 in a

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

GENERATION OF STANDARD SIGNALS

Aim: To simulate standard signals using MATLAB software.

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

unit impulse signal

unit step signal

Triangular pulse signal

unit ramp signal

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

%plot of signal xa(t)

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

sum of xa(t) and xb(t)

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

SCALING OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

%plot of signal y3(t) %compressed signal

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

amplified signal x1(t)

Attenuated signal x2(t)

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

COMPUTATION ENERGY AND AVERAGE

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

folded version signal x(t)

Energy E = 1000J, Power P = 50W.

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

FINDING EVEN AND ODD PARTS OF SIGNAL

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

even part of signal x(t)

odd part of signal x(t)

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

CONVOLUTION OF TWO SIGNALLS

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

convolved signal of x1(t)&x2(t)

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

PROGRAM TO COMPUTE AUTO CORRELATION AND CROSS CORRELATION

cross correlation of x1,x2

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

COMPUTSTION OF LINEARITY AND TIME INVARIANCE OF LTI

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

d = input( ' Desired delay of the signal is ' );

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

output sequence y01 is

output sequence y02 is

y01=y02.Hence the LTI system is LINEAR

Delayed Input Signal xd(n) is

Original Output Signal y(n) is

Delayed Output Signal yd(n) is

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

Original Input Signal x(n)

Original Output Signal y(n)

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SYSTEM

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

disp ('radius of Poles ') ; radpole = abs(p)

DEPT.OF EC.E., LITS.KMM

Pole-Zero Map of the LTI system