Paper for National Conference on 'Household

On 24th and 25th July 2008

Water Treatment Technology'

at college of Sic. & Tech.Farah,

Mathura.

Bentonite Clay Turbidity Removal by

Herbal Coagulant- A Rural Water Treatment Technology
Gidde M.R.1, Bhalerao A R.2, Yawale S. A3
1- Gidde M. R., Corresponding Author, (Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of
Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-43. milindgidde@Yahoo.co.in.)
2- Bhalerao AR.(Principal, College of Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-43)
3- Yawale S. A (M. Sc. Environment. BVIEER, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune-43.
yshank@gmail.com)

Abstract

1'-

Unlike cities whereas fairly large population is using water filters, aqua guards; the rural
population is thriving on the contaminated water supply due to lack of financial resources
and other pressing essentialities of life. Therefore, it is vital that with increased emphasis
on augmenting the source of drinking water, efforts should also be made simultaneously
for ensuring its quality. In rural context, threw availability of material used in the
purification and its acceptability as environmentally safe has to be ensured. This applied
research project has shown that turbid water can be treated to the same degree achieved
by imported chemicals, by using a natural substance which can be purchased locally from
villagers. Moringa oleifera - Alum Blend has been found to be a good substitute to
Alum, in addition to its being a natural product with wide availability and costeffectiveness. Advantage observed by introducing the M oleifera seeds as primary
coagulant and coagulant aid has potential for its use in coagulation of turbid water with
high turbidity removal rate ranging from 89-99%. Conjunctive use of Moringa oleifera
with Alum showed 40-60% Alum saving. The oil Extracted from the Moringa kernel
was up to 35% by weight.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Blend, Bentonite, Turbidity Removal.

Introduction:

Safe drinking water and sanitation are essential for health. Health status
determines the development of social and economical status of families, communities and
nations. Without water human die within few days by dehydration. Death rate tends to be
higher and life expectancies lower in areas with poor water and
sanitation. Epidemiological studies have shown that the water borne diseases have two
aspects Environmental and social. Environmental aspect deals with the survival of the
disease causing organisms, pathogens in the environment and social aspect deals with
their spread. There is no protected water supply. Environment in the village, provision of
basic amenities in the village, the social structure of the village and also the economic
status of the village all these problems are interrelated and manifest themselves into
overall backward, socially disorganized and economically poor conditions in the village.
It is necessary that rural development should assume the highest priority on country's
agenda and much has been done in all of our five year plans towards rural development.

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on increasing with time. Any review done by any other agency should be done in the light of
this fact Foundation status survey has not been carried out to determine the rate of distress. All
the analysis have been carried out based on the information gathered and supplied No original
RC drawings were observed.
.
CONCLUSION:
Structures are being built for various functional requirements and are placed in different
environment. Many. times due to various reasons people involved in generations there structures
rarely take in to account the structural integrity throughout the life of the structure. This has
given way to the phenomena of repairs and rehabilitation, which is more pronounced in
reinforced concrete structure. A study has been made in this area and following modest
conclusions have been drawn.
The design, execution process rarely taken into accounts the prevailing environment in the site.
Thus the action of environment is the basic cause for distress.
Also, the present day life style demands various features from the nature without caring for its
conservation. This fact leads to variation in the neighboring climatic conditions, which will be
difficult to foresee at the planning stages. This is also a contributing factorfor distress.
Looking into the quality of construction, structures built about 40-50 years before are performing
well and also for a longer length of time. However, structures built one or two decades back are
showing signs of distress within a short period. This clearly indicates quality consciousness is
becoming and alarming factor. This is evident in the structures build in marine environment.
The different phenomena available for corrosion, carbonation etc. definitely give a clear picture
of the respective processes. But application of the same into actual practice shows deviations
since each case will have a peculiarity.The main reason for this peculiarity may be the effect of
too many factors contributing to the cause. Similarly, it becomes difficult to exactly diagnose
the cause andsuggests corrective masseurs.Different case studies are chosen with an intention to
show different types of distress and different magnitude of repair work expected. Also, taking up
repair works after evaluation of inhabitants is totally different from doing the repair work when
inhabitants are present in the distressed units.; The degree of distress will also vary in the same
manner.In the past one to one and half decade, the repair and rehabilitation work.has.gained
pivotal significance in the metropolis of Mumbai.
Infact, it is running parallel to new
construction activities.!t can also be observed that the infrastructure available with the people
involved in repair and infrastructure available with the people involved in repair and
rehabilitation work is quite inadequate.
Consultants and engineers are required to make
substantial initial investment. Also, there is local of awareness regarding the seriousness of the
problem amongst the several publics. This is because the present system of working at
expenditure on repair and rehabilitation work is little bit irrational and has been unnecessarily
generalized.Thereby, anybody who is not having complete picture of the problem and who is
incapable of foreseeing the consequences is involved in taking up repair and rehabilitation work.
Thus it is necessary to view the work of repair and rehabilitation more seriously,
SCientificallyso that the intended purpose is served to the fullest extent. Also, after looking into
the repair and rehabilitation report, necessary changes are required to be incorporated.
In the planning, designing and execution of new construction, which will be lead to lower
SUSceptibilityfor, repair works in future.Also, it is absolutely necessary to bring out guide lines
.and work scheduling for repair and rehabilitation which will serve as a reference not only to the
consultants but also to the general public.

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Sanjivani Vision - 08
August 8,9 2008

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REFERENCES
1. P.K. Guha. Maintenance and repairers of building New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
Calcutta.
2. R. N. Raikar. Technology of building Repairs Mrs. M. N. Raikar Mumbai
3. M. S.Shetty. Concrete Technology S. Chand & Company New Delhi
4. A. C. Panchadhari. Maintenance of building New Age International (P) Ltd. New Delhi
5. Workshop on Application of NDT in civil Engineering -1995 organized by School of
Building Science &Technology .
6. S. Rajeev & J. Rajesh. - An Expert System for Diagnosing Cause and repairs of defects
RC structures. ICJ Volume 69-1995, p.p. 31-36

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Paper tor National Ccnrerence on "rtousenota water

On 24th and 25th July 2008

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However, besides this it is necessary that villagers themselves make efforts towards
improving the conditions in the village.
This can be done by generating awareness amongst villagers and motivating them
to adopt and practice various rural technologies which are available for use. These
technologies have to be appropriate to the rural conditions, least complex technically and
cheap economically.
The technologies should not have a mechanical base involving mechanical skills
for installation and operation and also should be indigenous such that there is no need to
procure raw materials from outside. The technologies should also be easy to be handled
and operated by men and women. Since, the women have the responsibility of the
household management, and the family health, technologies pertaining to water,
sanitation and health should be well understood by them and they should be motivated as
to insist on the use of these technologies in the village.
Locally available materials can be exploited towards achieving sustainable safe
potable water supply. Natural materials can minimize or avoid the concerns and
significantly reduce treatment cost if available locally. Moringa oleifera (Lam) belonging
to the family Moringaceae is a handsome softwood tree, native of India, occurring wild in
the sub- Himalayan regions of northern India and now grown world-wide in the tropics
and sub-tropics. Joint use of Moringa oleifera and Alum as a coagulant for water
treatment can be the intermediate way in between the conventional and advanced water
treatment system.
With Alum, there is always concern about residuals in the treated water and
consequently lead to Alzheimer disease. There is also the problem of reaction of Alum
with natural alkalinity present in the water leading to a reduction in pH and low
efficiency in coagulation in cold water. [1] At lower turbidity MO as a coagulant is not as
efficient as Alum. [2] The conjunctive use of-both, the alum as primary coagulant and
Moringa oleifera as coagulant aid gave a better turbidity removal as compared to each
used individually. [3] Moringa oleifera and alum mixture can be a suitable alternative for
partial replacement of alum as coagulant in water treatment, which is added advantage
since Moringa oleifera is a natural product with less or no side effect as compared to
alum as a chemical agent.[3] Six polypeptides which help in coagulation could be
identified in Moringa oleifera. Their amino acids were mainly Glutamic acid, Proline,
Methionine & arginine.[4] The active agents of coagulation are dimeric cationic proteins
of molecular weight of approximately 13kDa.[5]

The higher cost of chemicals and the heavy investment in setting up the conventional
water treatment plants at village level is not only a theoretical exercise but practically
impossible for several reasons. After implementation of water supply scheme in rural
areas, following problems are faced in India;
Large seasonal variation in raw water quality
Improper maintenance of scheme
Inadequate supply and high cost of chemical, inadequate funding for maintenance
2

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Paper for National Conference on 'Household

On 24th and 25th July 2008

at college of Sic. & Tech.,Farah, Mathura.

Water Treatment Technology'

Low revenue base because water supply is considered as a social commodity than
an economic resource
Unskilled person for addition of chemical dosing
Inadequate skilled manpower
Under dosing of chemicals leading to supply of poor quality water
Poor operational and maintenance schedules

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So the intention of the research work was to study the efficiency of natural
coagulant and it's Blend with Alum and also its significance in the drinking water
treatment practices. The Seed analysis and Dose optimization were two main objectives
studied in this research work.

Materials & Methods:

Preparation

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of Seed Extracts:

Tree dried Moringa Oleifera seeds were procured. Good quality seeds were then
picked up and crushed to very fine powder. Two gram of the powder was taken in 100 ml
distilled water and blended for 10 minutes at high speed. This volume was made to 200
mI. Resulting stock solution was having approximate concentration of 10000mg/1 (1%).
Fresh stock solutions were prepared everyday for the one day's experimental run. All
experiments were done with 1% concentration of coagulant.
Oil extraction from M. oleifera seeds:
The shelled M oleifera seeds were crushed with the help of Kitchen blender. The

fine powder was then weighed and used. Added 95% of organic solvent (Ethanol) In the
ratio of 1 : 10 (1 gm of seed powder and 10 mI of ethanol).Stirred well for about 10 min
to mix oil from seed powder with ethanol. And then centrifuged and separated out oil and
ethanol mixture. Residual powder was kept for drying.

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of Synthetic Turbid water samples:

The natural turbidity of raw water varies from 10 to 500 NTU for maximum
period. So the experiments were carried out for water samples of 50,150 and 450 NTU
turbidity values. Turbid water samples were prepared by using Bentonite clay. 5 gm of
Bentonite clay was mixed to 500 ml distilled water. Mixed clay sample was allowed for
soaking for 24 hrs. Suspension was then stirred so as to achieve uniform and
homogeneous sample. Supernatant was withdrawn. Turbidity was determined and
portions of suspension were diluted to desired turbidity values. Resulting suspension was
found to be colloidal and used as stock solution for preparation of turbid water samples.
Everyday stock sample of Bentonite clay was diluted by using distilled water to get
desired turbidity.

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Experimental Methodology:
1"'-

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The present work was formulated using single factor method of optimization.
Seed analysis was done at the initial phase. 1% concentration of coagulant was used
throughout the study. Jar test is most widely used method for evaluating and optimizing
the coagulation-flocculation processes. This study consists of batch experiments

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Paper for National Conference on 'Household

On 24th and 25th July 2008

Water Treatment Technology'

at college of Sic. & Tech.,Farah, Mathura.

involving rapid mixing, slow mixing and sedimentation. The SECOR jar test apparatus
was used in all the experiments.
Jar test (BIS-IS3025 (part 50) : 2001) was carried out to optimize the dosage at
Low, Medium and High turbidities. The synthetic turbid water (500ml) was filled in a
1OOOmljar placed at each slot in a jar test apparatus. Coagulant was added into each jar at
various doses and was agitated at 120 rpm for 1 min. The slow mixing was done at 30
rpm and kept for 15 min. After sedimentation for 15 min, an aliquot of 5 ml was sampled
from the mid depth of thejar and residual turbidity was determined. The same coagulation
test was conducted with no coagulant as a control.

Analytical Method:
All the analysis was carried out as per BIS specifications. Jar test or coagulation
test (BIS-IS3025 (part 50):2001. pH determination (BIS-IS3025 (part 11):1983. Turbidity
determination (BIS-IS3025 (part 10):1984. Turbidity was measured using a Digital
Nephelo turbidity meter (Lavibond Model No. 44287). pH was determined using a digital
pH meter (Hanna instruments). Oil extraction was carried out by using centrifuge (Remi
instruments).

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Results and Discussion:

This consists of dose optimization and cost economics. Seed analysis is shown in
Table No.1. For the Statistical Analysis; Standard Deviation, Correlation Coefficient was
studied (Graph No.2). Cost Economics study was carried out in the last phase.

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Dose Optimization:
Dose optimization can be clearly seen in Table No.2 (Graph No.1). The optimum
doses of Alum for turbidities 50 NTU (low), 150 NTU (medium) and 450 NTU (High)
were found to be 30 mg/l, 50 mg/l and 90 mg/l respectively. The maximum turbidity
reduction values were 90%, 96.2% and 98.8% for three mentioned turbidities
respectively. At 50 NTU, the standard deviation and correlation coefficient values were
8.25 and -0.88 respectively. At 150 NTU, the values for standard deviation and
correlation coefficient were 17.01 and -0.96 respectively. At 450 NTU, the values for
standard deviation and correlation coefficient were 13.33 and -0.93. All three different
turbidities indicated strong negative correlation between Dose and Residual turbidity.

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The optimum doses of Moringa o/eifera without oil extraction (MOWOOE) for
turbidities 50 NTU (low), 150 NTU (medium) and 450 NTU (High) were found to be 50
mg/l, 120 mg/l and 240 mg/l respectively. The maximum percent turbidity reduction
values were 90.1 %, 96.5% and 98.8% for three mentioned turbidities respectively.

The optimum doses of Moringa o/eifera with oil extraction (MOWOE) for
turbidities 50 NTU (low), 150 NTU (medium) and 450 NTU (High) were found to be 35
mg/l, 100 mg/l and 200 mg/l respectively. The maximum percent turbidity reduction
values were 89.6%, 96.7% and 98.8% for three mentioned turbidities respectively.

"

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Paper for National Conference on 'Household

On 24th and 25th July 2008

Water Treatment Technology'

at college of Sic. & Tech.,Farah, Mathura

The optimum doses of Moringa oleifera without oil extraction (MOWOOE)Alum Blend for turbidities 50 NTU (low), 150 NTU (medium) and 450 NTU (High) were
found to be (20+10) mg/l, (30+40) mg/l and (60+30) mg/l respectively. The maximum
percent turbidity reduction values were 89.9%, 96.5% and 98.9% for three mentioned
turbidities respectively.
The optimum doses of Moringa oleifera with oil extraction (MOWOE)-Alum
Blend for turbidities 50 NTU (low), 150 NTU (medium) and 450 NTU (High) were
found to be (15+30) mg/l, (30+30) mg/l and (55+20) mg/l respectively. The maximum
percent turbidity reduction values were 89.9%, 96.5% and 98.3% for three mentioned
turbidities respectively.
In the study, among all the five coagulants, Moringa oleifera with oil extractionAlum Blend have shown lowest residual turbidity for turbidities of 50,150 and 450 NTU
with the doses (15+30) mg/l, (30+30) mg/l and (55+20) mg/l respectively. The values of
standard deviation and correlation coefficient indicated a strong negative correlation
between Dose and Residual Turbidity at each turbidity level.

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Cost Economics:
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Physical Characteristics

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of MO seeds:

The physical characteristics of Moringa oleifera are shown in Table No.3.

Each tree can produce 15000- 25000 seeds/year. The average weight of non-shelled seed
is 0.4 gm (400mg) and average weight of shelled seed is 0.3 gm (300mg). (It is nearly
equal to the suggested weight of seeds by Jahn (19884. The kernel to hull ratio is 75:25.
For plantation of Moringa oleifera, the criteria considered is 1100
trees/ha.[Sadgir (2007)t The cost of MO seed is Rs 20-25 per kg. Farmer can earn
income of Rs.25000 - 35000.
A Small town having population of 5000 people need 500,000 liters of water per
day. For daily water treatment, the alum requirement is 15 kg/day (Considering average
dose of 30 mg/l). Annual requirement is 5475 kg. Cost of Alum is Rs. 76,650 /- (Rs.
14/kg).
Plantation of 33 trees (Ref Table No.5) of Moringa oleifera can satisfy the
Coagulant requirement. Requirement of Land for tree Plantation is around 297 Sq.m
(9 sq.m./tree). The cost of Alum, Moringa oleifera with oil extraction and Moringa
oleifera without oil extraction, MO and alum Blend (Both with and without oil
extraction) according to requirement is given in the Table No.4.

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Paper for National Conference on 'Household Water Treatment Technology' at college of Sic. & Tech.,Farah, Mathura.
On 24th and 25th July 2008

Conclusions and Suggestions:

Coagulation Activity of MO- Alum Blend coagulant depends on the initial
turbidity of water sample. The optimum dosage of MO was increased with an increase in
initial turbidity of water sample. At optimum dosage, the percentage of turbidity removal
was found to be maximum and it increases with increase in initial turbidity.

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In this study, Moringa oleifera - Alum Blend was found to be most effective.
Compared to Alum, MO-Alum Blend coagulant does not need pH and alkalinity
adjustments. In this study, Shelled Oil Extracted Moringa oleifera seeds were found to be
more effective than Shelled without Oil Extraction as a primary coagulant. Moringa
oleifera seeds contained 35% of oil by weight, with the remaining press cake containing
the active ingredients for natural coagulation. After oil Extraction, 30% reduction in dose
was observed at 50 NTU. While 15% dose reduction was observed at 150 and 450 NTU.
Moringa oleifera seed has a potential for conjunctive use as a coagulant with
Alum for the treatment of turbid water. Conjunctive use of MO with Alum showed 4060% Alum saving. MO-Alum Blend was found to be economically Effective than
Chemical coagulant (Alum). Material requirement and Land requirement was found to be
less for Moringa oleifera with oil Extraction as compared to Moringa oleifera without oil
Extraction. The study have shown that, Natural coagulant-Blend give a definite low cost
and environmental friendly alternative of Alum for Coagulation.

As material availability is the only problem for water treatment, the waste from
oil Extraction Company can be used as coagulant because press cake (waste from oil
extracted company) has coagulant and can be used for water treatment.
The only hurdle to the adoption of MO for water treatment seems to be the
adequate supply of the seeds. A solution to this problem would be perhaps the use of
Moringa oleifera as.a~Hedgeplant. This will give additional-income-to-farmers-as-weUas
it gives protection to farm in the form of wind break.

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Paper for National Conference on 'Household

On 24th and 25th July 2008

Water Treatment Technology' at college of Sic. & Tech.,Farah, Mathura.

Sr. No.

Table No.l-SEED ANALYSIS REPORT

Restdts
Uniu
Panuneten
Sample Name

Test Methods

Protein

36.90

AOAC 920.152

Fat

3125

Ranganna

Carbohydrates

16.38

IS: 1656-1991

Crude Fiber

12.85

SP-18 (P-IX) 1984

Moisture

6.41

Ranganna

Ash

3.06

AOAC940.26

Moringa oleifera
Seeds

(Source:

National Agriculture

& Food Analysis and Research Institute (NAFARI), Pune.)

Table No.2 - OPTIMUM DOSAGE (mgll)

INITIAL TURBIDITY
COAGULANT
SONTU
lSONTU
30
50
ALUM
120
MO without oil
50
eItnlction (MOWOOE)
MO with oil extractioD
35
100
(MOWOE)
MOWOOE-ALUM
(20+10)
(30+40)
BLEND
MOWOE-ALUM
(30+30)
(15+30)
BLEND

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4SONTU
90
240
200
(60+30)
(55+20)

mgll)

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Table No.3 - Physial characteristics of Morin.gll oleiferll Seeds

Set-2
Set-l
Set-3 AVERAGE
DETERMINATION
Average weight of dry pod (gm)
1.60
1.11
1.95
1.15
Average weight of seeds (gm)lpod
4.48
3.59
5.03
4.83
Average Number of seeds per pod
12
12
13
12
Average weight ofkemel(gm)lI00
seeds
29.9
30.1
302
30
% weight of kernel in relation to entire seed
14.5
14.8
15.09
14.19
24.3
% weight of hull in relation to entire seed
25.1
262
2521
6.4
6.4
6.3
Moisture in kernel %
6.5
11.8
12.3
Moisture in hull %
12.33
12.9
1.9
Moisture in whole seed %
1.8
82
1.97
(Source: Ref. 7)

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Paper for National Conference on Hous,hold Wat,r Tr,atment Technology' at college of Sic. & Tech.,FarM, Mathurn. On 241h and 2~lh July 2008
I

Table no. 4 Quantity of Coagulant and Respective Cost for treatment of 500,000 lit. Water per day
Coagulant
Alum + Lime
Mortnza oletfera ( WOOE)
Mortnga oleifera IWOE)

WOOE -Alum Blend

WOEAlum Blend
Alum
Morinza olei Iera WOOE)
Morinza ole! "era WOE)

WOOE -Alum Blend

WOE-Alum Blend
Alum
Mortnea olei era WOOE)
Morinza olet era WOE)

WOOE -Alum Blend

WOE-Alum Blend

Required Quantity of Coagulant for treatment of

500,000 lit/day Water (K2)
50NTU
15 + 5
25
17.5
10 + 5
7.5 + 15
150NTU
25 + 8.35
60
50
15 + 20
15 + 15
450NTU
45 + 15
120
100
30 + 15
27.5 + 10
NOTE
Alum Cost
- Rs 14per Kg*

Dose (mllll)
30 +10
50
35
20 +10)
15 +30)
50 +16.7
120
100
30 +40
30 + 30
90 +30
240
200
60 + 30
(55 + 20)

Cost (Rs)
210 +40
625
437.5
140 +125
105 + 210

Total Cost
(Rs)
250
625
437.5
265
315

350 + 66.8
1500
1250
210 + 500
210 + 375

416.8
1500
1250
710
585

630 + 120
3000
2500
420 + 375
385 + 250

750
3000
2500
795
635

WOOE Without Oil Extraction

Moringa oletfera Cost Rs 2S per Kg"

WOE = With Oil Extraction

Lime Cost

= Rs 08 per Kg*

10 mwl SKg
*Cost is as DerCommercialGrade (as on 12/03/08)

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Paper for National Conference on 'Household Water Treatment Technology' at college of Sic. & Tech.,Farah, Mathura. On 24th and 2~th July 2008

Table No.5 - Seed Requirement and Land Requirement for 51akh litre capacity plant
Water Turbidity
(NTU)

Quantity of water
treated per kernel

Number of Kernel

50
150
450

6 lit
2.5 lit
1 lit

83,333
200,000
500,000

SO

8 lit
3 lit
1.5 lit

62,500
166,666
333,333

Weight of
Kernel
MOWOOE

25 kp;
60 kg
150 kg

Weight of
Seed

Number of
Trees

Land requirement for

Plantation (Sa. m)tIr

33 ka
80kg
200 kp;

33
80
200

300
727
1820

25 kz
66ksz
133 kg

25
66
133

230
600
1200

MOWOE

150
450

18.75 kg
50 kg
100 kg

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NOTE
III

= 1100 trees/hectare

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Paper for National Conference on 'Household Water Treatment Technology' at college of Sic. & Tech.,Farah, Mathura. On 24th and 2Sth July 2008

Graph No.1- Dose Optimization

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DOSE OPTIMIZATION WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF COAGULANT

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Alum

Morlnga olelfera(MOWOE)

Mortnga olelfera(MOWOOE)

E.-so

N_~"""150

MOWOEAlum Blend

NnJ .:.,. 450 NTtD

denote DOle Optimization at SONTU, denote DOle Optimization at lSO NTU, denote DOle Optimization at 4S0 NTU

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Paper for National Conference on 'Household

On 24th and 25th July 2008

Water Treatment Technology'

at college of Sic. & Tech -aFarah, Mathura.

Graph No.2-Correlation between Dosage and Residual Turbidity

Correlations

6.0110-

IrSlatistics
p

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Pealson ConeIation

0 sv. (2-taied)
;
.0 N
1
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Variables
J!
~.OOSAGE

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2.000-

DOSAGE

RESIDUAL TURBIDITY

Variables

References:

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1. Miller Robert G.et al "The occurrence of Aluminium in Drinking water" Journal

AWWApp-84-91(jan 1984)
2. Muyibi Suleyman A. and okuofu Charles A. "Coagulation of low turbidity surface
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agriculture and industrial uses"

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8. Das Ashutosh, Raju M. and Satyanarayana C.S.S. "Turbidity removal by Moringa

oleifera - Alum Blend"Int. jou.ofcivil & Env. Eng. vol. I , No.3, pp-I-I 0(2005)
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