Introductory Entomology

Master Gardener Training

February 16, 2010
Linn and Benton Co., OR

Laurel Moulton
--Graduate Student --

Oregon State University

The Menu for today:

Basic Entomology
Identifying plant damage
Common insect orders
BREAK
Lab
Beneficial insects
Habitat

Goals for today

Basic knowledge
Questions to ask
Resources

Small bodies, BIG impact

waste management
nutrient cycling
crop protection
food webs
cultural value
plant propagation
entomophagy

disease transmission
destroy commodities

Christian Grantham

from Gullen & Cranston, The insects: and outline of entomology

Basic anatomy
Head:
Sensory
Intake
Communication

Thorax:
Wing

attachment
leg attachment

Abdomen:
Digestion
Respiration
Reproduction

Arthropods:
Insects= 6 legs

Non insect Arthropods:

Whats inside?

Sensory: Visual
Geoff Woodard

Ocelli
light vs. dark

Compound eyes
Mosaic
Movement
UV detection

Bjorn Roslett

Photo credits: Univ. of Wisconsin Dept. of Entomology

Chemosensory: Antennae
Smell
Pheromones

Chemosensory: Antennae
filiform

pectinate

aristate

clavate

setacious

serate

flabellate

Sensory: Other
Legs/tarsi
Vibration
Taste

Ovipositor
Suitable habitat
Egg laying preference

Stanislav Georb

Piercing-sucking

Mouthparts
Structure = Function
Variable
Modified
sponging

chewing

siphoning

D.G. MacKean
From: A. Imms

Zweibel laboratory

Insect Metamorphosis
SIMPLE

COMPLETE

nymph adult
same habitat
same resources
adult
winged
reproductive

egg larva pupa - adult

different habitats
often different diet
advantages ?
parasitism
adults may not feed

Invasive.org

Whats in a name?
- Taxonomy

Organizational language
Family Genus species
Classification
Latin roots: -ptera,hemi-,holo-
Directional
dorsal, ventral
anterior, posterior
basal, apical

Insects & plants

Herbivory
Plant experiences:
Tissue loss
Seed reduction
Reduced vitality/vigor
Pathogens

Insect receives:
Nutrition
Growth
Habitat

Phytophagy = plant eater

Monophagous
Most specific
Specialists
1:1

Oligophagous
More broad
Related genera
1: a few

Polyphagous
a.k.a Generalists
Unrelated families
1: whatevers in the fridge

Defoliation
Chewing
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera
Symptoms
Holes
Skeletonizing
Defoliation

Univ. of Kentucky
D G Mackean

Ravenous plant munching can be a

good thing Biocontrol

Peter McEvoy

Ragwort fleabeetle

Peter McEvoy

Peter McEvoy

Cinnabar moth

Plant Mining
Chewing
Larvae of
Diptera
Lepidoptera

USDA-APHIS

Symptoms
Trails, tunnels
Frass
Secondary infections
Univ. of Hawaii

Sap Suckers
Piercing-Sucking
Most life stages:
Homoptera
Heteroptera

Symptoms

discoloration
reduced vigor
wilting, curling
spittle

Disease transmission

APSnet.org

D G Mackean

Gall Formation
Piercing-sucking
Plant response
salivary fluids
egg laying
not generally harmful

Hymenoptera, Homoptera
Symptoms on

Ohio State Univ

Univ. Of Wisc.onsin

leaves
stems/twigs
flowers
Oregon BLM

Common insect orders

Sam Houston 2009

Coleoptera
sheath-wings
Beetle

BEETLES
Chewing mouthparts
Complete metamorphosis
Elytra
hardened/leathery front wings

Largest order if insects

James Young 2008

Not all beetles have full elytra

Cabbage seed weevil

Cucumber beetle

Coleoptera: Black vine weevil

Potato flea beetle

James Young 2007

Wire worm
Seed weevil
Spotted cucumber
beetle
Ground beetle larva

Mark Gray

NOT wire worm

Mark Fowler 2005

Black vine weevil

Black vine weevil

Chris Adam 2007

B. Anderson and M. Reding 2009

Box elder bug

Heteroptera
different-winged
TRUE BUGS
Piercing-Sucking mouthparts
Simple metamorphosis

Front wing is divided

thickened at base
membranous at tip

Scutellum

Pest Alert:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Peter Shear

James LaBonte

Peter Shear

Identification:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Can be confused with:

Rough Stink Bug

Identification:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Pro thorax
Pronotum
Shoulders

Can be confused with:

Rough Stink Bug

Azalea lace bug

Damage: extensive leaf stippling

Identifying character: lacy wings!

Photos: Robin Rosetta

Homoptera
same-winged
APHIDS, WHITEFLIES, SCALES, PLANT
HOPPERS, CICADAS

Piercing-Sucking mouthparts
- Vector disease

Robin Rosetta

Wings with uniform texture

- Held tent-like over body
Many plant pests
UC IPM
Eric Matthews

Aphids!
WSU Whatcom Co. Extension

Blueberry scorch virus

= disease vector!

Cornicles = Aphid
WSU Whatcom Co. Extension

Barley yellow dwarf virus

Diptera
two-wings

FLIES
Chewing, often modified
Sponging (cutting)
Piercing-sucking

Complete metamorphosis
One pair of wings
Hind wings reduced: Halter

NEW PEST ALERT

Apple maggot
Red sphere trap+lure

Cal extension

Crane fly

A. Schattmann

Canadian ministry of Ag.

Beet leaf miner

Fungus gnat

Debbie Roos NC extenstion

Goldenrod
gall fly
W. Abrahamson and P. Heinrich

Spotted Wing Drosop

Spotted winged drosophila

D. Bruck 2009

M. Hauser, CDFA

Mike Reitmajer 2009

Drosophila suzukii locations in Oregon, 2011

Confirmed locations from collected fruits or trapping by ODA, APHIS and OSU

Guidelines for Monitoring Adult SWD Presence

Clear container with lid, ~10 holes (3/16)
around the side of container
1.5-2 inches of solution
Real apple cider vinegar + small drop of
unscented liquid dish soap
Service traps weekly
Hang from plant or stake in shade at
fruiting level in the canopy, out of wind
Place as many traps in your susceptible
crops as you can reasonably maintain
Pay particular attention to high risk areas
Diverse field edges with ample shade

Deploy traps just prior to fruit coloring

Count and record the number of male
SWD weekly
*Watch website for regional detections of SWD

Spotted Winged Drosophila

Drosophila suzukii, an invasive pest
of berry and stone fruits

Oregon Non-Commercial Homeowners

Backyard Management Guide
BACKYARD GARDENER MONITORING

To share your information with OSU researchers, make sure to provide

as much of the requested information as possible.

Report any findings of SWD adults and larvae in fruit to your nearest extension office

Fill out the online excel record sheet and email to : SWD.OREGON@GMX.COM
Found on SWD website, For Gardeners

http://swd.hort.oregonstate.edu

Orthoptera
long-winged
GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS
Chewing
Simple metamorphosis
Characteristic legs
- Hind leg= modified for jumping,
- thickened femur
- sound production
Not much of a pest on west side

Red Planet Inc.

Isoptera
similar-winged

TERMITES
Structural pests

Beaded antennae
Social castes
- colonies
- queen, workers

photo: Kevin Hall 2008

Chewing

Lucas Raptis 2008

Thysanoptera
THRIPS

fringe-wing

Sucking or rasping-sucking
Intermediate development

TX A&M extension

wings develop in 3rd larval stage

Go through pupal stage

4 wings fringed with hair

Sample: yellow sticky card
Bumblebee.org

 Feed on flowers, fruit, leaves, twigs, buds

Disease vectors

A.M Varela

Lepidoptera: Butterflies & moths

scale-wings
Long proboscus: siphoning
Complete metamorphosis
2 pairs of wings
Butterfly wings upright at rest
Moth wings flat at rest

Butterflies of Singapore

Glen K. Peterson

Cabbage Looper

Peach tree borer

Indian meal moth

Cabbage butterfly

Cabbage looper

OSU IPPC
Love Apple Farm 2008

NM extension

TX A&M extension

Cutworms: Black spotted cutworm

Photos: OSU IPPC

Robin Rosetta

Other common cutworms

Black cutworm
NOT a cutworm:

Glassy cutworm

What is it? Why?

Other common cutworms

Black cutworm
NOT a cutworm:

What is it? Why?

Glassy cutworm
No legs!
Ruffly posterior

Coddling Moth

Doug Wilson USDA-ARS

WSU extension

Apple maggot

Be on the lookout for:

Light brown apple moth

D. Williams

Class: Isopoda
same foot
PILL-BUGS, ROLY-POLYS, SOWBUGS
non-insect arthropod
Habitat:
moist, damp, dark
soil macrofauna
Scavengers =
plant tissue
detritus

Garden symphylans
Symphyla

Related to millipedes
3-6mm long
Feed on fine roots and
germinating seeds
7-8 per shovel= pest
Sampling with potato

Arachnida
spider

spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions

Two body segments
4 pairs of legs

Bio-bee.com

European red mite

Spruce spider mite

Mites

Jack DeAngeles

Canadian ministry ofagriculture

Spider mite

UC Georgia

Maple Gall mite

Ronald S. Kelly

Hobo??

Giant house spider??

D. Hagon

NOT a Hobo
D. Boe

NOT a Hobo
David Phillips

NOT a Hobo

Maybe a Hobo
R. Vetter

Black widow
Most poisonous spider
in Oregon
Less than 1% of bites
result in death
Dark places: wood piles,
basements, garages
ID characteristic: red
hourglass on females
False black widow: no
red markings

Break time!

Beneficial insects

Lee R. 2007

Dave Ingram

Predatory mites

Denis Crawford

Neuroptera
net-wing
LACEWING

Mantodea
PRAYING MANTIS

Predators!
Lance Cromwell

Simple metamorphosis
- Ootheca Nymph Adult
Raptorial foreleg
Business of Bugs
2004 V.J.Hickey

Big eyed bug

Minute pirate bug

Crab spider
Hover fly
Jack Dykinga

Jack Dykinga

Pamela Martin

Hymenoptera
membrane wing
Red Planet Inc.

WASPS, BEES, SAWFLIES, ANTS

Chewing, lapping
Complete metamorphosis
4 membranous wings
Ovipositor often modified into stinger
Beneficial services:

Dan Perlman

Pollinators
Parasitoids
mutualism

What are these?

Parasitoid wasps
Red Planet Inc.

Dwight Kuhn

What is the difference between a Parasite and parasitoid??

Parasite = host survives
Parasitoid = host is killed
All life stages are targeted
Egg
Larvae
Pupae
Adult
Hyperparasitoidism

Pollinators: beyond honey bees

Pollination
Diptera , Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera
Bats, birds
Specificity
corolla structure
nectar timing
co-evolution?

Cheating
Visit pollination
Nectar thieves

James Altland, OSU

Yoshioka et al., 2005

Diptera
Syrphid flies
Adults
pollinate
feed on nectar

Larvae
predacious
1 can consume >100 aphids per month

Go to native bee slides

Habitat:
Conservation Biocontrol
Be careful with pesticides
Provide alternative habitat
Shelter
Pollen
nectar
Alternative prey

Carrot family:

Lomatium
G.D. Car 2007

Angelica

Cilantro/Coriander

Lovage

Chamomile
Goldenrod

Cosmos
Tom Adams 2005

Oregon sunshine
Native seed network

Habitat:
Plant flowers try some natives
Let some of your salad mix go to seed!
Flowers from mustards & cabbages beneficial

Leave beetle banks in farm fields

Diverse structure
Water
Hiding places

Resources!
Dont forget the resource handout!