Rev. 0.

1
31 December 2011

Modern Indoeuropean
A Practical Course

By Mario Basile

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Change Record

Issue.rev

Date

Change Description

0.0

2nd June 2011

First issue of lessons 1-7

0.1

L2: dvtera -> dwtera

Revision of document format, correction of typos
Added Lessons 8,9
Added Vocabulary

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A PRACTICAL COURSE

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Introduction

This course is mainly based on A Grammar of Modern Indoeuropean by Carlos Quiles and
Fernando Lopez-Menchero. Please refer to the grammar for more details. The grammar is
available in www.dnghu.org
This course is in development and is still very incomplete. For instance the pronunciation
section is still missing, but please refer to the grammar.
MIE can be generated only when the rigorous study of the ancient language meets the modern
needs. Usage of creativity is unavoidable, for instance to introduce new words that could not be
in usage when indoeuropean was spoken, like computer, or for the formation of any word from
the roots. However clear rules must be followed and identified in order to preserve the
peculiarity and personality of the language. The derivation of any new word is explained in the
vocabulary.
The creativity is a very important point because somehow clarify the scope of this document: the
language of this course is NOT an academic reconstruction of the original IE, but a development
of a modern language based on the reconstructed IE grammar.
Since this course is after all an experiment, constructive comments are really welcome.
Please feel free to post your comment to:
atros.wlkos_at_gmail.com

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Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Carlos Quiles and Fernando Lopez-Menchero for the huge work they did for
Dnghu and the MIE grammar. Without their material I could not write this book.

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Whats new

In this Rev. 0.1 we have added the lessons 8 and 9 with the perfect tense, the vowel ablaut and
a vocabulary at the end of the book.

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Table of Contents
A Practical Course ............................................................................................................. 1

Introduction................................................................................................................ 4
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 5
Whats new ................................................................................................................. 6
1: Prm Legtjn - Didksk Eurpjm ................................................................... 8
2: Dwter Legtjn - An meikns widjete? ........................................................ 10
3: Tritj Legtjn - An Karols ammm mimdeti .................................................. 13
4: Qtwrt Legtjn - Sgholm emi ......................................................................... 16
5: Penqt Legtjn - Petnbhi epistolm skreibh................................................. 20
6: Sekst Legtjn Emi peqtum tebhei perisentjm widjontji ....................... 24
7: Septm Legtjn Qid dhakjesi edjw? ............................................................. 29
8: Oktow Legtjn Kompeutrom ndom dhorbha ............................................. 30
9: Neun Legtjn Dhs esti! ................................................................................ 34
VOCABULARY ......................................................................................................... 40

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1: Prm Legtjn - Didksk Eurpjm

During the first week (lessons from 1 to 7) we learn the first declination (nouns in -, -ja/, -),
the present active tense of the thematic verbs and of some athematic verbs.
Komtloqjom
1. Karol: la Ana!
2. An: la Karola!
3. Karol: Wljesi?
4. An: Wlj, prijsna. Eurpjm didksk.
5. Karol: Eurpjm didkskesi?
6. An: Ji.
7. Karol: Eg-qe Eurpjm didksk. Slwj
8. An: Slwj
1. Karola: Hallo Ana!
2. Ana: Hallo Karla!
3. Karola: How are you?
4. Ana: I am fine, thanks. I am learning European.
5. Karola: Are you?
6. Ana: Yes
7. Karola: I am learning European as well. Goodbye!
8. Ana: Goodbye!
Vocabulary
la = hallo
Wlj = I am fine (cfr valeo)
Didksk I learn
Eurpjm = European
Slwej = Goodbye
Grammar
At this stage you dont need to memorize all the rules that are hereby presented. Just read and
listen to the dialogues when available. The second part of the book will deal with the details.
3, 4 In MIE (Modern IndoEuropean) the termination of the verbs change with each person. In
English we have only the difference between the third singular person (i.e. he goes) and the
other persons (I go, you go, they go). Being the person identified by the verb termination, in MIE
you do not need express the person explicitly. For now just notice that wlj = I am fine, and
wljesi = you are fine.
4. The preferred verb position is at the end of the sentence.
3, 5 Questions can be formulated in the same form as positive sentences, just with a question
mark.
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7 qe means and and is postponed to the second word. For instance Karol An-qe means
Karola and Ana
Etymology
Lesson = MIE Lgtjn, lgtjonos
Lesson from Lat Lectio from lectum - legere <= PIE *leg, with infinitive suffix -tu, => legtu, =>
jn/jonos suffix is added for word formation similar to existing Latin word.

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2: Dwter Legtjn - An meikns widjete?

Komtloqjom
1. An meikm mimdeti.
2. An: la Karola, wljesi?
3. Karol: Wlj, prijsna.
4. An: Edjw Eurpjm didkskomos.
5. Karol: Eurpjm n gnsk.
6. meiks Eurpjm didkskonti.
7. An prkskns prksketi.
8. An meikns widjete?
1. Ana meets her friend.
2. Ana: Karola, how are you (are you fine?)
3. Karola: I am fine, thanks.
4. Ana: Today we learn European.
5. Karola: I dont know European.
6. The girlfriends study European.
7. Ana ask questions.
8. Do you see the girlfriends?
Vocabulary
Mimd = I meet (mimdeti = she, he, it meets)
Edjw = today
Widj = I see
Gnsk = I know
N = Negation (for instance n gnsk = I dont know)
Prksk = question
Prksk = I ask
meik = girlfriend
Notes
1. Mimdeti, it is the third singular person of the verb mimd = I meet.
4. Didkskomos = 1st plural person of the verb didksk = I learn
6. meiks = nominative plural of meik (girlfriends). Note that in the line 8 we find meikns,
being ns the termination for the plural accusative.
8. Widjete = you all see, 2nd plural person of widj (I see). an can be used to introduce a
generic question.

Grammar

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Declension:
Lets review the declination in we have met so far with ameik as example:
Singular

Plural

Nominative

Ameik

Ameiks

Accusative

Ameikm

Ameikns

Vocative

Ameika

Ameiks

Conjugation:
We have met the active present indicative of the thematic verbs (-). We conjugate widj:
- verbs: active present indicative
Widj

I see

Widjesi

you see

Widjeti

he/she/it sees

Widjomos

we see

Widjete

you all see

Widjonti

they see

Exercises
A Translate into English:
1) Didkskonti, 2) Prkskesi prkskm 3) Ana ameikns n widjeti 4) Karolm gnsk 5) Karol
gnsketi 6) An Anm widjete? 7) An Karolm gnsketi. 8) Karola, an Anm gnskesi?
B Translate into MIE
1) They dont see Ana. 2) Ana knows the girlfriends. 3) The girlfriends dont know Karola. 4) Do
you know Ana? 5) I meet Karola. 6) Karola sees Ana 7) Ana doesnt know Karola 8) We ask
questions.

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Solutions
A
1) They learn. 2) You ask a question 3) Ana doesnt see the girlfriends 4) I know Karola 5)
Karola knows. 6) Do you see Ana? 7) Ana knows Karola. 8) Karola, do you know Ana?
B
1) Anm n widjonti. 2) Ana meikns gnsketi. 3) Ameiks Karolm n gnskonti. 4) An
Anm gnskesi? 5) Karolam mimd 6) Karol Anm widjeti 7) An Karolm n gnsketi.
8) Prkskns prkskomos.

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3: Tritj Legtjn - An Karols ammm mimdeti

Komtloqjom

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

An Karols ammm mimdeti.

An atqe Karols amm louksnm sterlns-qe widjonti.
Sterls lukjonti.
Karol cemjeti.
Karol Ani dwtm seleti.
Ani dwt esti.
Dwts drkt cenbhos sterlns kljeti.
Karol Ans meik esti.
Karols amm Anm gnsketi.
Cens sterlns gnskonti.
Cenm dwt ameikbhos sterlns kljeti.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Ana meets the mother of Karola

Ana and Karolas mother look at the Moon and at the stars.
The stars shine.
Karola comes.
Karola buys a torch for Ana.
Ana has a torch.
The light of the torch hides the stars to the women.
Karola is friend of Ana.
Karolas mother knows Ana
The women know the stars.
The womens torch hides the stars to the girlfriend

Vocabulary
Amm = mother
Louksn = Moon
Sterl = star
Cen = woman
Dwt = torch
Drkt = light
Klj = I hide
Lukj = I shine
Cemj = I come
Sel = I buy
Esti = (it) is
Atqe = and
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Notes
1.Karols = of Karola, genitive case.
6 Esti is the third singular person of the verb estum, to be, which is athematic. We will see
athematic verbs later. The sentence literally means: For Ana there is a toarch, i.e. Ana has a
toarch.
Atqe is used like and in English, i.e. between the words to be united, while qe after the last
word. So you can say:
An Karol-qe OR An atqe Karol.
Grammar
In this lesson we present two more cases of the declension: the genitive and the dative:
1st - declension

Singular

Plural

Nominative

meik

meiks

Accusative

meikm

meikns

Vocative

meika

meiks

Genitive

meiks

meikm

Dative

meiki

meikbhos,
meikmos

meikbhjos,

Note that in the declension the singular form of the genitive is identical to the plural form of
the nominative, while the plural form of the genitive is identical to the singular form of the
accusative. The usage will help to define the correct case. Note that the genitive generally
precedes the noun it possesses, exactly like the saxon genitive in English. So to say the torches of
the women you better say: cenm dwts and not dwts cenm, however the latter is not
wrong.
A way to express possession is to use nominative for the item possessed, the verb to be and
dative of the possessor: instead of Ana has the torch it is possible to say the torch is to Ana
(Ani dwt esti).
Exercises
A Translate into English:
1) Ans dwt lukjeti. 2) Karoli dwtm n sel. 3) Louksn sterls-qe kljonti 4) An
cenm meik esti 5) An widjete dwtm drktm? 6) An Karols ammm mimdeti. 7) Cemj
8) An cenm meikm gnskesi?
B Translate into Eurpjm

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1) They dont see the light of the torches. 2) Ana sees the moon. 3) The girlfriend of the mother
of Ana doesnt know Karola. 4) Do you come? 5) The stars shine 6) Karola and Ana ask questions
7) We dont know the question of the woman 8) Karola is hiding.
Solutions
A
1) The torch of Ana shines. 2) I don't buy Karol a toarch. 3) The Moon and the stars hide
4) Ana is friend of the women 5) Do you see the light of the torches? 6) Ana meets
Karolas mother. 7) I come. 8) Do you know the friend of the women?
B
1) Dwtm drktm n widjonti. 2) Ana louksnm widjti. 3) Ans amms meik
Karolm n gnsketi. 4) An cemjesi? 5) Sterls lukjonti 6) Karol An-qe prksks
prkskonti. 7) Cens prkskm n gnskomos. 8)Karol kljeti.

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4: Qtwrt Legtjn - Sgholm emi

Komtloqjom

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

An awm eti atqe idhei Karolm mimdeti.

An: Wsrom sm Karola, qot wljesi?
Karol: Wsrom sm Ana, wlj s, prijsna.
An: Qid dhakjesi kei?
Karol: aqm pib jodqid trsj,
ndha sgholm kwbhi emi,
ndha sghold kwbhi awm ghighj.
An: Qid sgholi dhakjesi?
Karol: Eurpjm didksk.
An: An ekw nert esti?
Karol: ita sntj ma...
An: An ims sm ekwbhi sgholm?
Karol: ...tagtei!
An: Prijsna!

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Ana goes to the fountain and there she meets Carol.

Ana: Good morning Carol, how are you?
Carol: Good Morning Ana, I am fine, thanks.
What are you doing here?
Carol: I am drinking water because I am thirsty
then I go to school by the mare,
and then I come back to the fountain from the school with the mare.
Ana: What do you do at school?
Carol: I learn European.
Ana: is the mare strong?
Carol: I think so but...
Ana: do we go together to the school by the mare?
Carol: ...alright!
Ana: thanks!

Vocabulary
ekw = mare
aw = fountain
aq = water
sghol = school
nertos, , om = strong

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mimd = to meet
emi = to go
esmi = to be
dhakj = to do
pib = to drink
trsj = to be thirsty
ghighj = to come back
idhei = there
kei = here
jodqid = because
sm = together
ndha = then
qid? = What?
qot? = How?
wsrom sm = good morning
qot wljesi? = how are you?
wlj s = I am fine
prijsna = thanks
Notes
1. Awm eti = she goes to the fountain. The accusative case can express the destination toward
which a movement is oriented . See also line 6, sgholm = to school.
6. kwbhi = by the mare. Instrumental case can express the means.
7. sghold = from school. Ablative case can express the place of origin
10. nert is the nominative singular feminine of the adjective nertos, a, om. Adjectives takes the
gender, case and number of the nouns they relate to.
Grammar
In this lesson we present the singular and plural forms of the last three cases for the
declension: the instrumental, the ablative and the locative:

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1st - declension

Singular

Plural

Nominative

meik

meiks

Accusative

meikm

meikns

Vocative

meika

meiks

Genitive

meiks

meikm

Dative

meiki

meikbhos, meikbhjos, meikmos

Locative

meiki

meiksu

Instrumental

meikbhi/meikmi *

meikbhis/meikmis

Ablative

meikd

meikbhos, meikbhjos, meikmos

* Also the instrumental form meik is possible, however it is better to avoid it because is the same
as nominative.
In this lesson we meet the active present indicative of two athematic verbs:
to be:
I am = esmi
You are (Thou art) = esi
He, she, it is = esti
We are = smes
You are = ste
They are = senti
Esti = there is
to go:
I go = emi
You go = esi
He, she, it goes = eti
We go = ims
You go = it
They go = jenti
As pointed in the notes, some cases are related to motion:
Accusative: motion TO
Ablative: motion FROM
Instrumental: motion THROUGH
Locative: Being IN Place

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Exercises
A Translate into English:
1) Wsrom sm meika, qot wljesi? 2) Sgholm n emi . 3) An Karols ekw nert esti? 4)
Sghold Karols ekwbhi awm emi 5) N trsj ma aqm pib 6) An Karol-qe sm sgholm
ghighjonti. 7) An Karol-qe meiks senti. 8) Qid dhakjete kei? 9) Dwtbhis widjomos. 10)
Sgholsu meiks senti.
B Translate into Eurpjm
1) They go to school. 2) We see the fountain from the school. 3) There is (esti) water for the
strong mare (use Dative). 4) The girlfriends do not drink water because they are not thirsty. 5)
There is no water in the fountain. 6) You come back and then you drink 7) Are you at school? 8)
The mare of Carol drinks the water of the fountain. 9) The (girl)friends do not go to school by
mares (instrumental). 10) In the fountains there is water.
Solutions
A
1) Good morning (girl) friend, hoe are you? 2) I don't go to school. 3) Is the Karola's mare
strong? 4) I go by the mare of Carol from school to the fountain. 5) I am not thirsty, but I
drink water. 6) Ana and Karola go back together to school. 7) Ana and Carol are friends.
8) What do you do here? 9) We see by the torches. 10) There are (girl)friends in the
schools (locative)
B
1) Sgholm jenti. 2) Sghold awm widjomos. 3) Aq nerti ekwi esti. 4) meiks aqm
n pibonti, jodqid n trsjonti. 5) Awi aq n esti. 6) Ghighjesi ndha pibesi. 7) An
sgholi esi? 8) Karols ekw aws aqm pibeti. 9) meiks sgholm ekwabhis n jenti.
10) Awsu aq esti.

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5: Penqt Legtjn - Petnbhi epistolm skreibh

Komtloqjom

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

An meiks Ilons swdwjans epistolns ghndeti.

Karol: An, qori smejesi?
An: Smej jodqid gaudhj. Ilon skreibheti swadwjans epistolns.
Ilon Rmi cejweti atqe Eurpjm didksketi.
Eg-qe Iloni epistolns sontj jodqid s maq swj meik esti.
Karol: Ilonm n gignsk.
An: n petnbhi epistolm tesji skreibh. Ilon moksi km cemjeti...
Karol: ...ita Ilonm gigntum mogh. An tebhei petnm ddmi?
An: D, prijsna. Epistolm paulm-qe kapsm tesji sontj kom.
Karol: Qid kaps rtjeti?
An: Roun n esti: kaps paulm lapsm rtjeti. Esti atqe kaps paul-qe laps tebhei.
Karol: Prijsna!

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Ana receives pleasant letters from her friend Ilona.

Carol: why are you smiling?
Ana: I am smiling because I am happy. Ilona writes sweet letters.
Ilona lives in Rome and studies European.
I also often send Ilona letters because that girl is a good friend.
Carol: I don't know Ilona.
Ana: now I write her a letter with a pen. Ilona this summer is coming here.
Carol: So I can know her. Do I give you a pen?
Ana: Yes please. I send her the letter with a small box (I send her together a letter and a
small box).
10. Carol: What does the box contain?
11. Ana: it is not a secret: the box contains a small lamp. There is also a box and a small lamp
for you.
12. Carol: thanks!
Vocabulary
epistol = letter
potnja = mistress
kaps = box
katt = cat
kselw = forest
maq = girlfriend
laps = lamp
dmn = landlady
wlew = leon
auqsl = pot
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roun = secret
Rm = Roma
qori? = why?
moksi = soon
kom = with (with Instrumental)
swj = good (feminine)
swdwja = pleasant (feminine)
paul= small (feminine)
pib = to drink
trsj = to be thirsty
sontj = to send
ghnd = to receive
skreibh = to write
timj = to be afraid
cejw = to live
Notes
2. Qori = why
5. s = that (feminine)
7. tesji = her, dative case of s (see note 5). km = hereto.
8. gignti is the infinitive form (to know). Some verbs as mogh can are associated to infinitive.
gigntum mogh = I can know. Tebhei = dative form of pronoun t (singular you - thou)
meaning to you.
9. Kom with is a preposition and can follow some verbs with the meaning of together. Qid,
interrogative pronoun what.
Grammar
In this lesson we introduce the j/ declension, as a special case of the first declension. There are
few words following the j/ declension, however we meet some important feminine forms of
the adjectives (i.e. adjectives in -nts/ -ntja/ -nt and -us/ -wja/ -u): see for instance the feminine
accusative plural form in swadwjas epistols in the dialogue.

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1st -j / - declension

Singular

Plural

Nominative

potnja / potn

potnjas / potns

Accusative

potnjam / potnm

potnjans / potnns

Vocative

potnja / potn

potnjas / potns

Genitive

Potnjs

potnjm

Dative

Potnji

ptnjabhjos, ptnjabhos, ptnjamos

Locative

Potnji

ptnjsu

Instrumental

potnj/potnjbhi/potnjmi

ptnjabhis, ptnjamis

Ablative

Potnjd

ptnjabhjos, ptnjabhos, ptnjamos

Note that the plural form of the ablative is identical to the dative's one.
In this lesson we meet the active present indicative of another athematic verb:
to give:
I give = ddmi
You give (Thou givest) = ddsi
He, she, it gives = ddti
We give = ddames
You give = ddate
They give = ddanti
Etymology
letter, epistle = MIE epistol
Epistle from Lat epistola from Gr from . <= *stel, = *epi. Vocal
change e-o:
Another translation can be from Slavic:
letter = MIE peikmom
Russ. , (Slovenian Pismo) verb *pik (to write): pik -mo-s
Considering (amber) <= lektroniks, the email could be peikmom
email = MIE peikmom
Exercises
A Translate into English:
1) An potnji epistolm petnbhi skreibheti. 2) Mqs dmni auqslm ddanti. 3) Kattm
wlew n timjeti. 4) Ani Karoli-qe paulm lapsm ddames. 5) Mqs sgholsu didkskonti. 6)
Rmd swdwjas epistols menghom ghndete. 7) Sgholsu maqbhjos patnns ddames. 8) Ans
katt trstjeti.
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B Translate into Eurpjm
1) The mistress receives a letter of (her) (girl) friend from Rome. 2) In the pots there is water of
the fountain. 3) Lions live in the forest. 4) Why do they smile? 5) The mistress goes by mare to
the fountain and drinks water. 6) Is there (any) water on the Moon? 7) The girls write letters to
the friends at school 8) You (thou) see the kats of the (girl)friends from the schools.
Solutions
A
1) Ana writes a letter with a pen for the mistress. 2) The girlfriends give a pot to the
landlady. 3) The leon does not fear the cat. 4) We give to Ana and Carol a small lamp. 5)
The girls learn in the schools. 6) You often receive sweet letters from Rome. 7) We give
pens to the girlfriends in the schools. 8) Ana's kat is thirsty.
B
1) Potn (Potnja) meiks epistolm Rmd ghndeti. 2) Auqslsu aws aq esti. 3)
Wlews kselwi cejwonti. 4) Qori smejonti? 5) Potnja ekwmi awm eti aqm-qe pibeti.
6) An Louksni aq esti? 7) Maqs meikbhjos epistolns sgholi skreibhonti. 8)
meikm kattns sghold widjesi.

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6: Sekst Legtjn Emi peqtum tebhei perisentjm

widjontji

Komtloqjom

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Karol Anm mimdeti.

Karol: Wsrom sm Ana. Qid dhakjesi?
An: Widj perisentjm kselwbhi dhalnbhi d.
Karol: Perisentjs spekjs swdwja esti.
An: Ji perisentj swdwja widjetoi.
Karol: An torpjesoi koupm aqs glaghj?
An: Ji prijsna, trsj alkjqe, m toqe perisentjm weistum torpjai.
Karol: An reidhom n esti? Perisentjm widjonts edstum moghesi!
An: Edstum ji, m peqtum n...
Karol: Ji, ji, peumi... emi peqtum tebhei perisentjm widjontji.
An: Prijsna, meika!

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Carol meets Anne.

Carol: Good morning Anne, what are you doing?
Anne: I am watching a programme about the vegetation of the forest.
Carol: The programme looks good.
Anne: It does, the programme looks good.
Carol: Would you like a cup of water with ice?
Anne: Yes please, I am thirsty and hungry, but I also want to see the programme.
Carol: Isn't it easy? You can eat while you watch the programme!
Ana: I can eat, but not cook...
Carol: Yes, yes, I understand... I go cooking for you while you watch the programme.
Thank you my friend!

Vocabulary
bhidhs = trust
spekjs = aspect
glaghjs = ice
wm = beautiful
reidhom = easy
tebhei = for you (dative of you)
m = but
perisentj = (TV) programme
dhaln = vegetation
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koup = cup
qaw = caffee
mimd = to meet
trsj = to be thirsty
alkj = to be hungry
torpj = to want
peq = to cook, peqtum = infinitive
dhakj = to do
peumi = I understand
edstum = to eat (infinitive) of edmi
weistum = to see (infinitive of widj)
d = about (+instr)
Notes
3. dhalnbhi d: d with instrumental express the topics of the programme: a programme of
(about) the vegetation...
4. By the letter is: the aspect of the programme is pleasant.
5. It is expressed the same concept of the previous sentence but with the medio-passive form of
the verbe widj.
6 glaghj is instrumental. The instrumental case can express accompaniment, so glaghj = with
ice. Note also the genitive of aq to express the content of the cup (a cup of water).
9. mogh is not written but is auxiliary for the two infinitive, so it means I can eat but I cannot
cook.
10. tebhei ...widjontji: the participle has to concord with tebhei in dative. Dative means the
complement of advantage, in this case for you that are watching.
Grammar
In this lesson we introduce the last type of the first declension for the nouns that present -
ending. Only the singular form is in use.

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1st - declension

Singular

Nominative

Spekjs

Accusative

Spekjm

Vocative

Spekj

Genitive

Spekjs

Dative

Spekjei

Locative

Spekjei

Instrumental

Spekj

Ablative

Spekjd

Note the nominative in -s.

The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European show an intense reliance on participles. The active
present participle of the thematic verb is formed by adding to the present theme the suffix -ont
for masculine and neuter, -ontja/-ont for the feminine. We already have met the declination of
feminine form -ontja/-ont.
The participle stands often as a secondary sentence, that could be causal, temporal, modal,
relative.
***
In this lesson we meet the active present indicative of two more athematic verb:
to eat:
I eat = edmi
You eat (Thou) = edsi
He, she, it eats = esti
We eat = dmes
You eat = dte, dste
They eat = denti
to understand
I understand = peumi
You understand (Thou) = peusi
He, she, it understands = peuti
We understand = pumes
You understand = pute
They understand = punti
Middle-passive.

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In MIE we have two Voices: Active and Middle-passive. The latter can have also termination for
pure passive: we will see details along the course.
The active form is the most used and the object is expressed in accusative. The Passive form is
when the object of the verb is the grammatical subject, requiring MIE nominative, while the
doer is expressed in Instrumental.
For instance the active form is Tom reads the book: in MIE Tom is in nominative, the book is in
accusative and the verb in active form.
The passive in English is: The book is read by Tom: in MIE the book is in nominative, Tom in
instrumental, the verb in Passive form.
The Middle-passive has an aspect between active and passive, and means: doing something for
himself, it is used in reflexive form. Moreover some verbs have no active form but only middlepassive.
In the particular case of Widj, the active form means I see, the passive I am seen, the
middle I see for myself, I see myself and I seem.
The middle-passive termination are different from the active one.
- verbs: middle-passive present indicative
Widjai

I see for myself, I seem

Widjesoi

you seem

Widjetoi

he/she/it seems

Widjomesdha

we seem

Widjedhwe

you all seem

Widjontoi

they seem

Passive conjugation will be given later.

Note that the verb torpj = to want can have both active and middle passive voices with the
same meaning.
***
The infinitive form is used as a name, and can be flexed. For the moment it is sufficient to note
that the form edstum (to eat) is like an accusative. Emi edstum means I go to eat, exactly
like emi kselwm means I go to the forest
Etymology
Programme = Transmission
Eng Transmission from Lat Trans+mission
L Trans- <= MIE teraGr
aGr { , Russ

para-, <= MIE peri page 27 of 62

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<= PIE *d- <= -ti
<= MIE peridti
Ger. Sendung
*sent- -ti
programme = perisentj
We add a peri to give the idea of broadcast.
Television or radio Programme = perisentj, peridtis
___
coffee from arabic qahwa > MIE qaw

Exercises
A Translate into English:
1) Ani perisentjm widjontji koupm qaws ddti. 2) Kselwi wm dhalns spekjs esti. 3)
Emi pektom ameikabhos. 4) Eurpjm didkskontja, peumi. 5) Anbhi perisentjm wideij. 6)
Maqs sgholi epistols skreibhonti. 7) An pute ameikm epistolm? 8) An Karoli trstjontji
koupm aqs glaghj ddti.
B Translate into Eurpjm
1) The programme about the vegetation of the forest looks pleasant. 2) The coffee in the cups of
the (girl)friends looks pleasant. 3) The girls go to school to see the mistress. 4) Do you want a
cup of coffee? 5) I am hungry, but I want to watch the programme. 6) Today there is ice in the
fountain of the school. 7) You (thou) go by the mare to the forest to see the small fountain 8) Do
you (pl.) want to eat?
Solutions
A
1) He gives Anne a cup of coffee while she is watching a programme. 2) In the forest there
is a beautiful species of vegetation. 3) I go to cook for the girlfriends 4) As I study
European (by studing European), I understand. 5) I watch the programme with Anne. 6)
The girls write letters at school. 7) Do you understand the letter of the (gilf)friends? 8)
Anne gives to Karol a cup of water with ice because she is thirsty (being thirsty).
B
1) Kselws dhalns perisentj swdwja widjetoi. 2) Qaw meikm koupsu swdwja
widjetoi. 3) Maqs sgholm jenti potnjam weistum. 4) An koupm qaws torpjesoi ? 5)
Alkj, m perisentjm weistum torpjai. 6) Edjew glaghjs sghols awi esti 7) Ekwbhi
kselwm esi paulm awm weistum 8) n edstum torpjedhwe?

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7: Septm Legtjn Qid dhakjesi edjw?

This is the seventh lesson, just the chance to read back the whole work done till here.
This first set of lessons has provided us with all the first declension of the nouns in -, ja/, . We
met the basic usage of all the cases. We learnt the present active conjugation of the verbs in -
and of several verbs in -mi, and lately also the middle-passive form. IT IS REALLY A LOT!
However do not try to memorize all, because we are coming back again and again on the first
lesson matters.
We have also learnt some vocabulary that is useful for the next komtloqjom.
All the sentences have been taken from the previous lessons with no or little modification: if you
wish you can read again all the lessons, to see if you can understand the dialogue without the
help of the translation.
Komtloqjom

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Karol: la Ana! Qid dhakjesi edjw?

An: Ameiki Iloni epistolm skreibh.
Karol: Ilonm n gignsk.
An: Ilons amm km edstum cemjeti. Ilons ammi epistolm ddmi.
Karol: An tebhei Ilons-qe ammi peqtum mogh?
An: prijsna! Karol, Qid dhakjesi ndha?
Karol: Kselwm ekwbhi emi.
An: An ekw nert esti?
Karol: ita sntj ma...
An: An ndha ekwbhi kselwm ims sm?
Karol: ...tagtei!

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Carol: Hi Anne, What are you doing here?

Anne: I am writing a latter to my friend Ilona
Carol: I don't know Ilona.
Anne: Ilona's mother is coming here to eat. I give the letter to the mother of Ilona
Carol: Can I cook for you and the mother of Ilona?
Anne: Thank you! Carol, what are you doing then?
Carol: I go to the forest with the mare.
Anne: Is your mare strong'
Carol: I think so but...
Anne: Do we go together to the forest with the mare'
Carol: ...okay.

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8: Oktow Legtjn Kompeutrom ndom dhorbha

Komtloqjom

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Alqsios sgholai art d eghsagmenejtor.

Doks kluwejeti Prngiskos.
Prngiskos Karols wontlos esti.
Prngiskos Doks: Alqsie, wsrom srm. Ghlonsdha an?
Alqsios: Ji, doke, ghlondha solwom lubhrom!
Prngiskos Doks: Tagtei. An dherbhtum moghomos?
Alqsios: Ji, kins esmi. Dherbhmos chedh!
Prngiskos Doks: Welpe mqom. Kompeutrom ndom dhorbha.
Alqsios: Ngdhi, doke, qori kompeutrom nkjesi?
Prngiskos Doks: jodqid prkskns kompeutroi skroibha.
Alqsios, pavjont: An senti prksks ita smogs?
Prngiskos Doks, wrisdjont: N, prksks gar reidhs senti, m bhskreibhjns nkej.
Bhskreibhjs lurbhis d senti.
13. Kompeutrom dherbhetoi et Prngiskos prmm bhskreibhjm deiketi.
14. Eghsagmen dhorbhe.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Alex is examined at school on art.

The name of the teacher is Frank.
Frank is the uncle of Carol.
Frank the teacher: Good morning Alex. Have you studied?
Alex: Yes teacher, O have studied the whole book!
Frank the teacher: Well! Can we start?
Alex: Yes, I am ready. Let's start please!
Frank the teacher: wait a moment. I have not yet started the computer
Alex: Excuse me teacher, why do you need the computer?
Frank the teacher: because I have written the questions in the computer.
Alex, with fear: are the question so difficult?
Frank the teacher, laughing: no, the questions are rather simple, but I need the photos.
The photos are about stoneworks.
13. The computer starts and Frank show the first photo.
14. The examination has started.

Vocabulary
doks = teacher
from *dok (doceo)
lubhros = book
bhskreibhj = photography
lur = stonework
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kompeutrom = computer
solwos = whole
ita = so
jmi = already
smogs = difficult
ghlendh, glondha = to study
eghsagmenej = to examine
dherbh, dhorba = to start
mogh = to be able
chedh = to ask (chedh means also please)
welp,wolpa = to wait
nkej = to need
skreibh, skroibha = to write
pawj, pawja = to fear
wrisdj, wroisda = to laugh
leg, loga = to read

Notes
1. eghsagmentor: this is the third singular person of the present of the passive voice of the verb
eghsagmen, to examine.
Art d = about art. Art is the instrumental form of the noun Artis, of the 3rd declination: we will
learn the third declination next week. Preposition d following a noun in instrumental case
means about, the complement of argument.
7. Dherbhmos is the active subjunctive form of the 1st singular person and means: let's start.
The subjunctive can be used for the imperative missing forms. The only difference with the
present tense of thematic verbs is that the thematic vowel is lengthened (dherbomos =>
dherbhmos).
8. Welpe is the 2nd person of the present active imperative of welp and means wait.
10 kompeutroi is the locative of kompeutrom and means in the computer.
11 pavjont is the present participle of pavj and can be translated as fearing or having fear.
In the same way we have wrisdjont meaning laughing.

Grammar
2nd declension
In this lesson we introduce the second declension in -os, -om.
2nd declension

Masculine

Neuter

Sing

Plu

Sing

Plu

Nominative

Wlkos

Wlks

Jugm

Jug

Accusative

Wlkom

Wlkons

Jugm

Jug

Vocative

Wlke

Wlks

Jgom

Jug

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Note the masculine nominative in -s and the accusative in -m, like in the first declension. The
neuter present the same form for nominative, accusative and vocative: only the vocative accent
can change and be anticipated.
Active perfect of thematic verbs 1/2
Perfect tense is used when an action made in the past has the consequences in the present, like
English. Have you already watched this film? is a question related to the presenta status of
having watched the film. In this case in MIE the perfect tense is used. Different is to say: Last
week I saw a nice film. In this case the action was performed in the past and is not related to the
status in the present. In MIE the aorist tense is used.
In the dialogue the question is in the perfect tense because the subject is under exam, so the
consequences of having or not studied are experienced in the present time!
To make a perfect we have to find the perfect stem. Since there are no rules that can
automatically provide the perfect stem from the present one, it is better to learn the verbs form
by heart. From now on we are providing the perfect stem together with the present stem.
The endings for the singular active forms are:
-a,
-tha,
-e,
so we have:
Verb kan, kkana = sing
kkana = I have sung , kkantha = you (singular) have sung, kkane = he has sung.
On the next lesson we will learn the plural form.
Some more useful phonetic consideration for the formation of the singular forms.
Some consonants changes when they meet. When two dental consonants meet, we have the
following rules:
*d+t, *t+t st;
*d+d, *t+d, *dh+d sd;
*d+dh, *t+dh, *dh+dh sdh.
BUT
*dh+t, *dh+th sdh
(application of the Ley of Bartholomae, for instance dh+t => d+dh=> s+dh).

For instance:
ghlendh, ghlondha = to study
where the second form is the 1st person of the singular perfect.
So, ghlondha = I have studied; glonsdha, = you have studied; glondhe = he/she/it has studied;
one more example:
bindh = I bind => perf. bondha; bonsdha; bondhe
Dont worry; we are coming back on this issue soon, showing more examples.

Exercises
A Translate into English:

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1) Ans kompeutrom n dherbhetoi. 2) An Karols bhskreibhjns weistum n moghesi. 3)
Prngiskos kselwbhis d lubhrom skroibhe. 4) Alqsios solwom kselwbhis d lubhrom jmi
loge. 5) Prngiske, ghlosdha jmi solwom lubhrom? 6) Karols wontlos Prngiskos kluwejeti. 7)
Edjw Alqsios sgholai dokm woite. 8) Doks Alqsiom art d eghsagmeneti.
B Translate into Eurpjm
1) I have read the book of Anne. 2) Frank has written a letter to his girlfriend. 3) Anne, have you
studied the whole book? 4) Professor Frank and Alex want to start. 5) Why do you need a photo?
6) Today Alex has sung in the school. 7) Alex, do you understand the book of Anne? 8) Can they
start?
Solutions

A
1) Annes computer does not start. 2) Anne cannot see the pictures of Carol. 3) Frank has
written a book about the forests. 4) Alex has already read the whole book about the
forests. 5) Frank, have you already studied the whole book? 6) The name on the uncle of
Carol is Frank. 7) Today Alex has waited for the teacher at school. 8) The teacher examins
Alex on Arts.
B
1) Ans lubhrom loga. 2) Prngiskos meiki epistolm skroibhe. 3) Ana, glosdha solwom
lubhrom? 4) Prngiskos doks atqe Alqsios derbhtum torpjontoi. 5) Qori
bhskreibhjm nkjesi? 6) Edjew Alqsios sgholai kekane. 7) leqsie, Ans lubhrom
peusi? 8) An dherbhtum moghonti?

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9: Neun Legtjn Dhs esti!

Komtloqjom
Qelibhanom klngeti, Antonios antiswereti.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Antonios: Al?
Kelar: Al Antonie, Kelar esmi.
Antonios: Al Kelara, an linqtum kin esi?
Kelar: Ji, jmi swij adoja! Nosbhos dhs esti!
Antonios: Lar eg-qe jmi woghnom crum.
Kelar: An jmi solw dhakt?
Antonios: N, kolignom swkurobhos ddtum skelejomos.
Kelar: An swkurs tws im jmi tuts senti?
Antonios: Ji, jom swkurs jmi tuts senti, so Totos swkurm domi jmi swdhwe.
Kelar: Jos n eti, tom skrbj.
Antonios: Totom eg-qe skrbj, m dwi dek hors ambhrmosjo esmi abhrodhlngs
senti!
12. Kelar: ...m n nosbhos! Tropikosjo trjatos nns welpeti! Stlokosjo wedhrom abhros
esti.
13. Antonios: An esti wifi ghostiljoi?
14. Kelar: N gnsk, m kompeutrom ghostiljom n portj. Mari sweljom-qe torpjai
atqe kompeutrom swkurobhos sontj!

The telephone rings. Anthon answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Anthon: Hallo?
Clare: Hallo Anthon, its Clare
Anthon: Hallo Clare, are you ready to leave?
Clare: Yes I am, I have already prepared my luggage. We are in vacation!
Anthon: Lara and I have already loaded the car.
Clare: Have you already done all?
Anthon: No, we have to give the dog to my parents-in-law.
Clare: Have your parents-in-law already taken care of him?
Anthon: Yes, as they have already taken care of him, Toto is used to the house.
Clare: I am sorry that he doesnt go.
Anton: I am sorry too, but twelve hours of travel are too long for him.
Clare: ...but not for us! The tropical sea is waiting for us! The weather of the place is very
good.
13. Anton: Is there Wi-Fi in the hotel?
14. Clare: I dont know, but I am not bringing the computer to the hotel. I want the sea and
the Sun and I send the computer to my parents-in-law!

Vocabulary
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From this lesson on please refer to the vocabulary provided in section VOCABULARY.
Notes
2. Note that in English the third person is used: it is Clare, but in MIE the first person is used,
like to say, I am Clare.
3. Linqtum kin. Linqtum is the accusative form of the infinite of linqo. To be translated as
ready to leave.
4. Swij is the neuter plural form of swijos, and is the possessive adjective used only when
the subject is the same as the possessor (i.e. reflexive). In this case it should be translated as:
I have prepared my things. Note the usage of neuter plural to express all the things, i.e.
luggage.
8. Tuts senti: the verb tewai has an active meaning but is always in passive form. The form
tuts senti is a perfect passive with here an active meaning: they have taken care of.
9. jom (acc.)...so is a correlative construction. Jom works like a relative pronouns and is
correlated with so Totos. Literally sounds like: He, Toto, whom my parents-in-law already
has taken care for, is already used to the house of my parents -in-law. It has a clear causative
meaning that we can translate as: Toto is already used to the house of my parents -in-law,
because they have already taken care of him.
11. dwi dek hors: twelve hours. We will see the numbers later. Esmi = for him (dative of is,
id). Note the prefix abhro- to be traduced as very (see grammar section).
12. nosbhos: translate as for us.
13. ghostiljoi: locative of ghostiljos, to be translated as in the hotel.

Grammar
2nd declension
In this lesson we introduce the genitive and the dative of second declension in -os, -om.
2nd declension

Masculine

Neuter

Sing

Plu

Sing

Plu

Nominative

Wlkos

Wlks

Jugm

Jug

Accusative

Wlkom

Wlkons

Jugm

Jug

Vocative

Wlke

Wlks

Jgom

Jug

Genitive

Wlkosjo

Wlkm

Wlkm

Jugm

Dative

Wlki

Wlkobhos

Wlkobhos,
wlkomos

Jugobhos,
jugomos

abhro-

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The particle abhro prefixed to an adjective has the meaning of very. We found an example
with dhlngos=long and abhro-dhlngos= very long. Can be written both with and without hyphen
(-).

vowel changes - ablaut

In MIE and in many European Languages some vowel changes can occur in the same word to
differentiate various forms, both in declension like in conjugation. For instance we have in
English drink, drank, drunk, where the change of the vowel characterized different verb forms.
In MIE the vowel change presents a regular sequence for the five usual vowel sounds called
thematic: e//o// ( means no vowel) or their composition with i, u.
the grade are defined as follows:
e: e full grade
: lengthed e grade
o: o full grade
: lengthed o grade
: zero grade
Vowel change is not limited to e/o, as shown by the following summarizing table:
Vowel Grade

Full F

Zero

Lengthed L

e/o /
je/jo i j/j
we/wo u w/w
ei/oi/ai i i/i/i
eu/ou/au u u/u/u
au/ai u/i u/i
// a //
i/i / i/i

domdjeukwonbheidbheudpaustpi

dmdiwkunbhidbhudpustap

dmdjukwnbhidbhudpustpi

In a word is possible to have a change not only in the length of the vowel, for instance e--
(zero length means no e vowel), but also a qualitative change for instance from e to o.
Lets see an example. The athematic flexion of the active present is characterized by full grade in
the singular and zero grade in the plural, so we have peumi for the 1st singular, but pumes in
the 1st plural. This is an example of quantity change.
Another example: generally the perfect is obtained changing the e grade in o grade, for instance
peumi has the perfect singular as pepowa (eu => ou, where u is written and read as w before
another vowel). In the plural we have again the zero grade: pepum.
The practice will clear the meaning of this important table.

Active perfect of thematic verbs 2/2

We have seen that the endings for the singular active forms are:

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-a,
-tha,
-e,
and are applied to the perfect stem.
The terminations for the plural are:
-m
-t
-(r)
applied to the zero grade of the perfect stem (see previous table).
So for instance we have:
PERFECT of thematic verbs

loutum, to wash

deiktum, to show

lwa

doika

lutha

doiktha

lwe

doike

loum

dikm

lout

dikt

lower

dikr

For the second plural form remember what we said in the previous lesson:
*d+t, *t+t st;
*d+d, *t+d, *dh+d sd;
*d+dh, *t+dh, *dh+dh sdh.
BUT
*dh+t, *dh+th sdh
(application of the Ley of Bartholomae, for instance dh+t => d+dh=> s+dh).

So: sontj => snta (1st sing) => sonst (sont-t, 2nd plural)
A lot of stuff, isnt it? Lets take it easy, more and more exercises and some good komtloqiom will
help to get used to MIE.
Introduction to personal pronouns
The last grammatical effort of this lection is the introduction of personal pronouns: for the
moment we shall limit to the nominative case.
Since the verb already express the person, the nominative case is used only to add enfasis to the
sentence.

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Thre is no personal pronoun for the 3rd singular and plural person, which are given by the
anaphoric pronoun is, ja/, id or by the demonstrative so, s, tod. Their usage will be detailed
later.

nominative
I

eg

you (thou)

he, she, it
we

is, ja/, id
so, s, tod
wejes

you

juwes

they

ejes, ja/, ji
toi, t, ti

Exercises
A Translate into English:
1) Aleqsiosjo meik koligni westm pepoke. 2) Swkurs dhei jmi pepker. 3) An Eurpjm
dedokt? - Ji, dedokm. 4) Edjw kselwi swkurm kolignom modm. 5) Ameikomos
epistolns sonst. 6) N wejes, m toi Prngiski kapsm lubhrons rtejontjam sontr. 7) An
Aleqsiosjo kompeutrom wist? 8) Tropikosjo trjatom widm.
B Translate into Eurpjm
1) We have read the book of Anton. 2) They have learned Europajom in the schools. 3) Friends,
have you studied the whole book? 4) We want to start to cook. 5) Today we have seen the
teacher at school 6) The dog is already used to the house of the parents-in-law. 7) Alex, have you
read the book of Anne? 8) Can we start?
Solutions
A
1) Alex girlfriend has cooked food for the dog. 2) The parents-in-law have already cooked
for the holiday. 3) Have you learned Europaiom? Yes, we have learned. 4) Today we
have met in the wood the dog of the parents-in-love. 5) You have sent letters to the
friends. 6) Not we, but they have sent Frank the box containing books. 7) Have you seen
the computer of Alex? 8) We have seen the tropical sea.
B
1) Antonosjo lubhrom lgm. 2) Eurpjom sgholsu dedkr. 3) meiks, geglosdht

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solwom lubhrom? 4) Peqtum derbhtum torpjomesdha. 5) Edjw sgholai dokm widm.
6) Kolignos swkurm domi jmi swdhwe 7) leqsie, Ans lubhrom logtha? 8) An
dherbhtum moghomos?

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VOCABULARY

In this vocabulary the words used in each lesson are added. This is also true for the verbal forms
presented for each verb. So currently only the present and the perfect forms have been provided.
Note: the following alphabetical order for MIE is used
a (a,), b, bh, c, ch, d, dh, e (e, ), f, g, gh, h, i (i, ), j, k, kh, l, m, n, o (o,), p, ph, q, r, s, t, th, u, w, z

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MIE English, Italian, Spanish, German

MIE
A
abhrola
alkj, lka
ambhrmos, osjo
meik, s
amm, s

MIE notes

ENG

ITA

ES

DEU

pref.

very
hallo
be hungry (to)
travel
girlfriend
mother

molto
ciao
fame (aver)
viaggio
amica
madre

muy
hola
hambre (tener)
viaje
amiga
madre

sehr
hallo
Hungar (haben)
Reise
Freundin
Mutter

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MIE
antiswer, antiswora

aq, s
atqe
auqsl, s
aw, s
B

MIE notes
su er-1 (auch ser-?)
English meaning
to speak
German meaning
`sprechen,
reden'
Grammatical comments
General comments
Derivatives
Material
Lat. serm, nis `Wechselrede, Unterhaltung,
Gesprch' (*serm) ist unklar; osk.
sverrunei `dem Sprecher, Wor1hrer'; got.
swaran, swr `schwren', aisl. sveria, ags.
as. swerian, ahd. swerien, swerren ds., aisl.
s ri Nom. Pl. `Schwur, Eid', mhd. swuor
`Schwur', aisl. svara `anworten, Brgschaft
leisten', svr Pl. `Antwort', and-svar
`gerichtliche Entscheidung', ags. and-swaru
`Antwort', as. ant-swr `Antwort,
Verantwortung'; aksl. svar `Zank' (Hinund Widerrede), svar `Kampf', svariti
`schmhen, bekmpfen'; russ. ssra `Zank'
aus *ssora?
*su er- `sprechen, reden' ist
vielleicht (aber nicht sicher) eine
Anwendung von su er- `surren' auf
artikuliertes Sprechen.
References
WP. II 527, WH.
II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.

ENG
answer

ITA
rispondere

ES
contestar

DEU
antoworten

water
and
pot
fountain

acqua
e
barattolo, pentola
fontana

agua
y
vasija, olla
fuente

Wasser
und
Topf
Brunnen

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31 December 2011
MIE
Bh
bhskreibhj, s
bhidhs, s
bhoug, s
C
cejw, cojwa
cemj, cma
cen, s
Ch
chedh, chodha
D
dwt, s
d
didksk, dedoka
ddni, dedka
doks, sjo
dmn, s
drkt, s
dwteros, , om
Dh
dhakj, dhka
dhaln, s
dherbh, dhorba
dhleghistos
dhnghos, , om
Dz
E
edjw

MIE notes

prep + instr

ENG

ITA

ES

DEU

photography
thrust
flight

fotografia
fiducia
volo

fotografa
confianza
vuelo

Fotografie
Verlass
Flug

live (to)
come (to)
woman

vivere
venire
donna

vivir
llegar
mujer

leben, wohnen
kommen
Frau

ask (to)

chiedere

pedir

fragen

torch
about
learn (to)
give
teacher
landlady
light
second

torcia
riguardo
imparare, apprendere
dare
professore
signora
luce
secondo (aggettivo)

entorcha
de
aprender
dar
profesor
seora
luz
segundo

Fackel
um
lehrnen
geben
Lehrer
Frau
Licht
zweiter

do (to)
vegetation
start (to)
very long
long

fare
vegetazione
iniziare
lunghissimo
lungo

hacer
vegetacin
empezar
largusimo
largo

machen
Vegetation
anfangen
lngst
lang

today

oggi

hoy

heute
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MIE
edmi, estum,
eghsagmenej,
eghsagmona

MIE notes

ENG
eat (to)
examine (to)

ITA
mangiare
esaminare

ES
comer
examinar

DEU
essen
prfen

emi
ekw, s
epistol, s
esmi, Eurpjm
G
glaghjs, s
Gnsk, Gh
ghighj, ghogha

go (to)
mare
letter
be (to)
European laguage

andare
cavalla
lettera
essere
europeo (lingua)

ir
yegua
carta
ser
europo (idioma)

gehen
Stute
Brief
sein
Europaisch

ice
know (to)

ghiaccio
conoscere

hielo
conocer

Eis
kennen

come back (to)

ritornare

volver

zurckgehen,
zurckfahren,
umkehrnen

ghlendh, (ge)glodha
ghnd, ghoda
ghostiljom, osjo

study (to)
receive (to)
hotel

studiare
ricevere
albergo

estudiar
recibir
hotel

lehrnen
erhalten
Gasthouse

examen
L examen <= ex agere <= eghs ag + men
=> eghsagmen
to examine = eghsagmenej

Proto-IE: *ghost-i- (*ghos-t-)

Meaning: guest, stranger
Hittite: kasi- 'Besuch' (Tischler 534 nach
Ivanov 1971, with doubt)
Slavic: *gost; *gospod
Germanic: *gast-i- m.
Latin: hostis, -is m., f. `Fremdling; der
feindliche Fremde, Kriegsfeind'; hospes, itis m. `Gastfreund'
Russ. meaning: ,
References: WP I 640 f

H
I
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MIE
idhei
ita
J
jmi
jodqid
jr, s

K
kaps, s
katt, s
qaw, s
kei
klj, kla
klng
kom
kompeutrom, osjo

MIE notes

Proto-IE: *yr- (Gr h-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Meaning: year, spring
Avestan: yr n. 'Jahr'
Old Greek: hr f. `Jahreszeit, Jahr,
Tageszeit, Stunde, rechte Zeit, Bltezeit,
Reiferzeit'
Slavic: *jr, *jr, *jr(j)
Balic: *jr-i f., -ia- m.
Germanic: *jr-a- n.
Lain: hrnus, -a `heurig' (< *h-i rino-)
Russ. meaning: ,
References: WP I 3, 105

prep. + INST
computer from L.computare
cum+putare
cum <= kom computo = puwj
komputrom

ENG
there
so

ITA
l
cos

ES
ah
as

DEU
dort
so

already
because
hour

gi
poich
ora

ya
porque
hora

schon
weil
Uhr, Stunde

box
cat
coffee
here
hide (to)
sound (to), ring (to)
with
computer

cassa
gatto
caff
qui
nascondere, celare
suonare
con
computer

caja
gato
caf
aqu
esconder
sonar
con
ordenador

Kiste
Katze
Kaffee
hier
verstecken
klingen
mit
Rechner

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MIE
komtloqjom
koup, s
kselw, s
Kh
L
laps, s
lur, s
lgtjn, lgtjonos

leg, loga
linq, linqtum
louksn, s
lubhros, osjo
lukj, loika
M
maq, s
mimd, moda
m
mogh, moksi
N
ndha
n
nertos, , om
nkej, onka

MIE notes

from Lat Lectio from lectum - legere <= PIE

*leg, with infinitive suffix -tu, => legtu, =>
jn/jonos suffix is added for word
formation similar to existing Latin word.

ENG
conversation

ITA
colloquio,
conversazione

ES
conversacin

DEU
Gesprch

cup
wood

coppa, tazza
bosco, selva

copa
bosque

Tasse
Wald

lamp
stonework
lesson

lanterna, lampada
muratura
lezione

linterna
mampostera
leccin

Lanterne
Mauerwerk
Lektion

read (to)
leave (to)
moon
book
shine (to)

leggere
lasciare, partire
luna
libro
splendere

ler
dejar, salir
luna
libro
brillar

lesen
lassen, abfahren
Mond
Buch
glnzen

girlfriend
meet (to)
but
can
soon

amica
incontrare
ma
potere
presto

amiga
encontrar
pero
poder
pronto

Freundin
treffen
aber
knnen
bald

then
not
strong
need

poi
non
forte
bisogno (aver)

luego
no
fuerte
necesitar

denn
nicht
starker
brauchen

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MIE
O
P
paulos, , om
pawj, pawja
penqtos, , om
peq, pepoka,
peqtum
per
perisentj, s

MIE notes

Programme = Transmission

ENG

ITA

ES

DEU

small
fear (to)
fifth
cook (to)

piccolo
temere
quinto
cucinare

pequeo
temer
quinto
cocinar

klein
frchten
fnfter
kochen

over, too
transmission

troppo
trasmissione

demasiado
transmisin

zu
Sendung

understand (to)
drink (to)
carry (to)
mistress

comprendere
bere
portare
signora

enteder
beber
llevar
seora

verstehen
trinken
bringen
Frau

Eng Transmission from Lat Trans+mission

L Trans- <= MIE teraGr
aGr , Russ
para-, <= MIE peri <= PIE *d- <= -ti
<= MIE peridti
Ger. Sendung
*sent- -ti
programme = perisentj
We add a peri to give the idea of
broadcast.
Television or radio Programme =
perisentj, peridtis

peumi, pepowa
pib, pepja
portj
potn, potnjs

nom also potnja

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MIE
prmos, , om
prijsna
prksk, s
prksk, peproka
Ph
Q
qe
qelibhanom, osjo
qtwrtos, ,om
qid
qot
Qh
R
reidhos, , om
Rm, s
roun, s
rtej, rtoja
S
sweljom, osjo
sel, sola
sghol, s

MIE notes

ENG
first
thanks
question
ask (to)

ITA
primo
grazie
domanda
chiedere, domandare

ES
primero
gracias
pregunta
preguntar, pedir

DEU
Erst
danke
Frage
fragen

enclitica

and
telephone

e
telefono

y
telefn

und
Telefon

fourth
why
how

quarto
perch
come

cuarto
por qu
cmo

vierter
warum, wieso
wie

easy
Rome
secret
contain (to)

facile
Roma
segreto
contenere

facil
Roma
secreto
caber

einfach
Rom
Geheimnis
einhalten

sun
buy (to)
school

sole
comprare
scuola

sol
comprar
escuela

Sonne
kaufen
Schule

tele => qeli

phone => bh
suffix => nom

interrogative
interrogative

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31 December 2011
MIE
skrbj, skorbja

skrbos, , om

sm
smogs, , m
solwos, , om
sontj, snta
spekjs, s
sterl, s
stlokos
s
swdhsk, swdhjm,
swdhwa, swdhs

MIE notes
Proto-IE: *skArbNostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Meaning: emaciated, sad
Slavic: *skrbt, *skrb
Balic: *skurb-/*skurb- vb. intr. (1), *skurb[a]- adj.
Germanic: *skarp-a- adj., *skurp=
Russ. meaning: ,

References: Fraenkel 822

Proto-IE: *skArbNostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: emaciated, sad
Slavic: *skrbt, *skrb
Balic: *skurb-/*skurb- vb. intr. (1), *skurb[a]- adj.
Germanic: *skarp-a- adj., *skurp=
Russ. meaning: ,

References: Fraenkel 822

adj

ENG
ITA
regret (to); be sad (to) dispiacere

ES
lamentar

DEU
bedauern

sad

triste

triste

traurig

together
difficult
whole
send (to)
kind
star
place
well
become accustomed
(to)

insieme
difficile
tutto
mandare
specie
stella
posto
bene
abituarsi

juntos
dificil
todo
enviar
especie
estrella
lugar
bien
acostumbrarse

zusammen
schwierig
alles
schicken
Stern
Ort
gut
gewhnen

T
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MIE
tewai, tuts
timj, toima
torpj, tetoirpa
trjatos, osjo
tritjos, , om

MIE notes

also in middle form

ENG
ITA
observe (to); take care guardare, prendere
(to)
cura

ES
cuidar

DEU
beobachten

fear (to)
want (to)
sea
third

temer
querer
mar
tercero

frchten
wnschen
See
dritte

temere
volere
mare
terzo

page 50 of 62

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31 December 2011
MIE
tropikos, osjo

MIE notes
Root: trep-2
English meaning: to turn; to bow the head
(of shame)
German meaning: `wenden, auch sich vor
Scham abwenden'
Derivatives: trop `Wendung'
Material: Ai. trpat `schmt sich, wird
verlegen', trap f. `Scham, Verlegenheit';
gr. , dor. ion. `wende',
`Umkehr', `Wendung',
`Kiel, Grundbalken des Schiffes' (eig.
`Wender'), `wende, verndere',
Med. `drehe mich um, kehre um', `wende mich jemandem zu,
schme mich vor jemandem',
`beweglich'; trotz
Hes. nicht `fulmina
torquens', sondern zu , - als
`der Blitzfrohe';

ENG
tropic

ITA
tropico

ES
trpico

DEU
Tropik

be thirsty (to)

sete (aver)

sed (tener)

Durst (haben)

lat. trepit `verit'; turpis (*trpis) `hlich,

garstig' (`*wovor man sich abwenden mu',
Bildung wie got. brks `brauchbar'), -urstatt -or- dialektisch.
References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719,
Mayrhofer 530.
See also: Idg. trep- `wenden' Erw. von ter-3
`reiben, drehend reiben, drehen'?

trsj, tetora
Th
Ts
U
W

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31 December 2011
MIE
wedhrom, osjo
welp,wolpa
wmos, , om
west, s
widj, woida,
weistum
wlj, wola
wlew, s
wrisdj, wroisda

MIE notes

ENG
weather
wait (to)
beautiful
food
see (to)

ITA
tempo atmosferico
aspettare
bello
cibo
vedere

ES
tiempo atmosfrico
esperar
bello
comida
ver

DEU
Wesser
warten
schn
Essen
sehen

be fine (to)
lion
laugh (to)

star bene
leone
ridere

estar bien
len
reirse

gut gehen
Lwe
lacheln

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English MIE, Italian, Spanish, German

ENG
about
already
and
and
answer

MIE
d
jmi
atqe
qe
antiswer, antiswora

MIE notes
prep + instr

enclitica
su er-1 (auch ser-?)
English meaning
to speak
German meaning
`sprechen,
reden'
Grammatical comments
General comments
Derivatives
Material
Lat. serm, nis `Wechselrede, Unterhaltung,
Gesprch' (*serm) ist unklar; osk.
sverrunei `dem Sprecher, Wor1hrer'; got.
swaran, swr `schwren', aisl. sveria, ags.
as. swerian, ahd. swerien, swerren ds., aisl.
s ri Nom. Pl. `Schwur, Eid', mhd. swuor
`Schwur', aisl. svara `anworten, Brgschaft
leisten', svr Pl. `Antwort', and-svar
`gerichtliche Entscheidung', ags. and-swaru
`Antwort', as. ant-swr `Antwort,
Verantwortung'; aksl. svar `Zank' (Hinund Widerrede), svar `Kampf', svariti
`schmhen, bekmpfen'; russ. ssra `Zank'
aus *ssora?
*su er- `sprechen, reden' ist
vielleicht (aber nicht sicher) eine
Anwendung von su er- `surren' auf
artikuliertes Sprechen.
References
WP. II 527, WH.
II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.

ITA
riguardo
gi
e
e
rispondere

ES
de
ya
y
y
contestar

DEU
um
schon
und
und
antoworten

page 53 of 62

Rev. 0.1
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ENG
ask (to)
ask (to)
be (to)
be fine (to)
be hungry (to)
be thirsty (to)
beautiful
because
become accustomed
(to)

MIE
MIE notes
chedh, chodha
prksk, peproka
esmi, wlj, wola
alkj, lka
trsj, tetora
wmos, , om
jodqid
swdhsk, swdhjm,
swdhwa, swdhs

ITA
chiedere
chiedere, domandare
essere
star bene
fame (aver)
sete (aver)
bello
poich
abituarsi

ES
pedir
preguntar, pedir
ser
estar bien
hambre (tener)
sed (tener)
bello
porque
acostumbrarse

DEU
fragen
fragen
sein
gut gehen
Hungar (haben)
Durst (haben)
schn
weil
gewhnen

book
box
but
buy (to)
can
carry (to)
cat
coffee
come (to)
come back (to)

lubhros, osjo
kaps, s
m
sel, sola
mogh, portj
katt, s
qaw, s
cemj, cma
ghighj, ghogha

libro
cassa
ma
comprare
potere
portare
gatto
caff
venire
ritornare

libro
caja
pero
comprar
poder
llevar
gato
caf
llegar
volver

Buch
Kiste
aber
kaufen
knnen
bringen
Katze
Kaffee
kommen
zurckgehen,
zurckfahren,
umkehrnen

computer

kompeutrom, osjo

computer

ordenador

Rechner

computer from L.computare

cum+putare
cum <= kom computo = puwj
komputrom

page 54 of 62

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31 December 2011
ENG
contain (to)
conversation

MIE
rtej, rtoja
komtloqjom

cook (to)

MIE notes

ITA
contenere
colloquio,
conversazione

ES
caber
conversacin

DEU
einhalten
Gesprch

peq, pepoka,
peqtum

cucinare

cocinar

kochen

cup
difficult
do (to)
drink (to)
easy
eat (to)
European laguage
examine (to)

koup, s
smogs, , m
dhakj, dhka
pib, pepja
reidhos, , om
edmi, estum,
Eurpjm
eghsagmenej,
eghsagmona

coppa, tazza
difficile
fare
bere
facile
mangiare
europeo (lingua)
esaminare

copa
dificil
hacer
beber
facil
comer
europo (idioma)
examinar

Tasse
schwierig
machen
trinken
einfach
essen
Europaisch
prfen

fear (to)
fear (to)
fifth
first
flight
food
fountain
fourth
girlfriend
girlfriend
give
go (to)
hallo

pawj, pawja
timj, toima
penqtos, , om
prmos, , om
bhoug, s
west, s
aw, s
qtwrtos, ,om
meik, s
maq, s
ddni, dedka
emi
la

temere
temere
quinto
primo
volo
cibo
fontana
quarto
amica
amica
dare
andare
ciao

temer
temer
quinto
primero
vuelo
comida
fuente
cuarto
amiga
amiga
dar
ir
hola

frchten
frchten
fnfter
Erst
Flug
Essen
Brunnen
vierter
Freundin
Freundin
geben
gehen
hallo

examen
L examen <= ex agere <= eghs ag + men
=> eghsagmen
to examine = eghsagmenej

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ENG
here
hide (to)
hotel

MIE
kei
klj, kla
ghostiljom, osjo

MIE notes

ITA
qui
nascondere, celare
albergo

ES
aqu
esconder
hotel

DEU
hier
verstecken
Gasthouse

hour

jr, s

Proto-IE: *yr- (Gr h-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Meaning: year, spring
Avestan: yr n. 'Jahr'
Old Greek: hr f. `Jahreszeit, Jahr,
Tageszeit, Stunde, rechte Zeit, Bltezeit,
Reiferzeit'
Slavic: *jr, *jr, *jr(j)
Balic: *jr-i f., -ia- m.
Germanic: *jr-a- n.
Lain: hrnus, -a `heurig' (< *h-i rino-)
Russ. meaning: ,
References: WP I 3, 105

ora

hora

Uhr, Stunde

how
ice
know (to)
lamp
landlady
laugh (to)
learn (to)

qot
glaghjs, s
Gnsk, laps, s
dmn, s
wrisdj, wroisda
didksk, dedoka

interrogative

come
ghiaccio
conoscere
lanterna, lampada
signora
ridere
imparare, apprendere

cmo
hielo
conocer
linterna
seora
reirse
aprender

wie
Eis
kennen
Lanterne
Frau
lacheln
lehrnen

Proto-IE: *ghost-i- (*ghos-t-)

Meaning: guest, stranger
Hittite: kasi- 'Besuch' (Tischler 534 nach
Ivanov 1971, with doubt)
Slavic: *gost; *gospod
Germanic: *gast-i- m.
Latin: hostis, -is m., f. `Fremdling; der
feindliche Fremde, Kriegsfeind'; hospes, itis m. `Gastfreund'
Russ. meaning: ,
References: WP I 640 f

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leave (to)
lesson

MIE
linq, linqtum
lgtjn, lgtjonos

letter
light
lion
live (to)
long
mare
meet (to)
mistress
moon
mother
need
not
observe (to); take care
(to)

epistol, s
drkt, s
wlew, s
cejw, cojwa
dhnghos, , om
ekw, s
mimd, moda
potn, potnjs
louksn, s
amm, s
nkej, onka
n
tewai, tuts

over, too
photography
place
pot
question
read (to)
receive (to)

per
bhskreibhj, s
stlokos
auqsl, s
prksk, s
leg, loga
ghnd, ghoda

MIE notes
from Lat Lectio from lectum - legere <= PIE
*leg, with infinitive suffix -tu, => legtu, =>
jn/jonos suffix is added for word
formation similar to existing Latin word.

nom also potnja

ITA
lasciare, partire
lezione

ES
dejar, salir
leccin

DEU
lassen, abfahren
Lektion

lettera
luce
leone
vivere
lungo
cavalla
incontrare
signora
luna
madre
bisogno (aver)
non
guardare, prendere
cura

carta
luz
len
vivir
largo
yegua
encontrar
seora
luna
madre
necesitar
no
cuidar

Brief
Licht
Lwe
leben, wohnen
lang
Stute
treffen
Frau
Mond
Mutter
brauchen
nicht
beobachten

troppo
fotografia
posto
barattolo, pentola
domanda
leggere
ricevere

demasiado
fotografa
lugar
vasija, olla
pregunta
ler
recibir

zu
Fotografie
Ort
Topf
Frage
lesen
erhalten

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MIE
regret (to); be sad (to) skrbj, skorbja

MIE notes
Proto-IE: *skArbNostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Meaning: emaciated, sad
Slavic: *skrbt, *skrb
Balic: *skurb-/*skurb- vb. intr. (1), *skurb[a]- adj.
Germanic: *skarp-a- adj., *skurp=
Russ. meaning: ,

References: Fraenkel 822

ITA
dispiacere

ES
lamentar

DEU
bedauern

Roma
triste

Roma
triste

Rom
traurig

Rome
sad

Rm, s
skrbos, , om

school
sea
second
secret
see (to)

sghol, s
trjatos, osjo
dwteros, , om
roun, s
widj, woida,
weistum

scuola
mare
secondo (aggettivo)
segreto
vedere

escuela
mar
segundo
secreto
ver

Schule
See
zweiter
Geheimnis
sehen

send (to)
shine (to)
small
so
soon

sontj, snta
lukj, loika
paulos, , om
ita
moksi

mandare
splendere
piccolo
cos
presto

enviar
brillar
pequeo
as
pronto

schicken
glnzen
klein
so
bald

Proto-IE: *skArbNostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: emaciated, sad
Slavic: *skrbt, *skrb
Balic: *skurb-/*skurb- vb. intr. (1), *skurb[a]- adj.
Germanic: *skarp-a- adj., *skurp=
Russ. meaning: ,

References: Fraenkel 822

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sound (to), ring (to)
star
start (to)
stonework
strong
study (to)
sun
teacher
telephone

MIE
klng
sterl, s
dherbh, dhorba
lur, s
nertos, , om
ghlendh, (ge)glodha
sweljom, osjo
doks, sjo
qelibhanom, osjo

thanks
then
there
third
thrust
today
together
torch

prijsna
ndha
idhei
tritjos, , om
bhidhs, s
edjw
sm
dwt, s

MIE notes

tele => qeli

phone => bh
suffix => nom

ITA
suonare
stella
iniziare
muratura
forte
studiare
sole
professore
telefono

ES
sonar
estrella
empezar
mampostera
fuerte
estudiar
sol
profesor
telefn

DEU
klingen
Stern
anfangen
Mauerwerk
starker
lehrnen
Sonne
Lehrer
Telefon

grazie
poi
l
terzo
fiducia
oggi
insieme
torcia

gracias
luego
ah
tercero
confianza
hoy
juntos
entorcha

danke
denn
dort
dritte
Verlass
heute
zusammen
Fackel

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transmission

MIE
perisentj, s

MIE notes
Programme = Transmission

ITA
trasmissione

ES
transmisin

DEU
Sendung

viaggio

viaje

Reise

Eng Transmission from Lat Trans+mission

L Trans- <= MIE teraGr
aGr , Russ
para-, <= MIE peri <= PIE *d- <= -ti
<= MIE peridti
Ger. Sendung
*sent- -ti
programme = perisentj
We add a peri to give the idea of
broadcast.
Television or radio Programme =
perisentj, peridtis

travel

ambhrmos, osjo

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tropic

MIE
tropikos, osjo

MIE notes
Root: trep-2
English meaning: to turn; to bow the head
(of shame)
German meaning: `wenden, auch sich vor
Scham abwenden'
Derivatives: trop `Wendung'
Material: Ai. trpat `schmt sich, wird
verlegen', trap f. `Scham, Verlegenheit';
gr. , dor. ion. `wende',
`Umkehr', `Wendung',
`Kiel, Grundbalken des Schiffes' (eig.
`Wender'), `wende, verndere',
Med. `drehe mich um, kehre um', `wende mich jemandem zu,
schme mich vor jemandem',
`beweglich'; trotz
Hes. nicht `fulmina
torquens', sondern zu , - als
`der Blitzfrohe';

ITA
tropico

ES
trpico

DEU
Tropik

comprendere
vegetazione
molto
lunghissimo
aspettare

enteder
vegetacin
muy
largusimo
esperar

verstehen
Vegetation
sehr
lngst
warten

lat. trepit `vertit'; turpis (*trpis) `hlich,

garstig' (`*wovor man sich abwenden mu',
Bildung wie got. brks `brauchbar'), -urstatt -or- dialektisch.
References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719,
Mayrhofer 530.
See also: Idg. trep- `wenden' Erw. von ter-3
`reiben, drehend reiben, drehen'?

understand (to)
vegetation
very
very long
wait (to)

peumi, pepowa
dhaln, s
abhrodhleghistos
welp,wolpa

pref.

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want (to)
water
weather
well
whole
why
with
woman
wood

MIE
torpj, tetoirpa
aq, s
wedhrom, osjo
s
solwos, , om
qid
kom
cen, s
kselw, s

MIE notes
also in middle form

adj

interrogative
prep. + INST

ITA
volere
acqua
tempo atmosferico
bene
tutto
perch
con
donna
bosco, selva

ES
querer
agua
tiempo atmosfrico
bien
todo
por qu
con
mujer
bosque

DEU
wnschen
Wasser
Wesser
gut
alles
warum, wieso
mit
Frau
Wald

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