NOUNS

A noun is the part of speech that names a person, a place, a thing or an

idea. You use nouns every day when you speak or write.
Every day you probably use thousands of nouns. Because nouns name the
objects and people and places around you, it would be very difficult to talk
about anything at all without them.

Common Nouns and Proper Nouns

Common Nouns

Most nouns are common nouns. Common nouns refer to people, places and
things in general like chair or dog. Any noun that is not a name is a
common noun.

Examples: teacher, car, music, danger, receipt

 Have you seen my dog?

 The books are on your desk.
 ...the pursuit of happiness.

Proper Nouns

Names of people, places or organizations are proper nouns. Your name is a

proper noun. London is a proper noun. United Nations is a proper noun.

Rule: Proper nouns always start with a capital letter.

Examples: Pakistan, Thailand, Sunday, Asad, Einstein, Lahore,Naveed,

Shakespeare

 Let me introduce you to Jawad.

 The capital of Italy is Rome.
 He is the chairman of the British Broadcasting Corporation.
 I was born in November.

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Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun in a sentence. The noun that is
replaced by a pronoun is called an antecedent. For example, in the sentence I love
my dog because he is a good animal, the word he is a pronoun that replaces the
noun dog.
Generally speaking, pronouns allow us to shorten our sentences and make them
sound less repetitive. For example,
 The construction workers are building the office. The construction
workers are making good progress. The construction workers should finish the
project in no time.
 The construction workers are building the office. They are making good
progress. They should finish the project in no time.
You can see that the second set of sentences is both shorter and sounds less
repetitive than the first set of sentences.
Pronoun list
He,It,You,I,They,We,Who,Him,Them,Whoever,Anyone,Something
Nobody
First Person, Second Person, and Third Person
 The first person is the speaker or a group that talking or speaking. It is
expressed by the words “I” and “me” in the singular and “we” and “us” in the
plural.
 Second person is used for those who listening or those which are directly
addressed. It is expressed by the word “you” in both the singular and the plural.
 The third person (remote person) includes anyone or anything else other
than I, me, us, or you. It is represented by the words “he,” “she,” and “it” in the
singular and “they” and “them” in the plural.

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"First person" is another way of saying "I" or "we." In other words, it is the person
or the group speaking. For example:
 I am speaking to the elves.
 We are building a bridge.
Second person refers to the speaker's audience (i.e., "you").
Third person refers to everybody else (e.g., "he," "him," "she," "her," "it,"
"they," "them"), including all other nouns (e.g., "Ali," "Muslims," "Elephant,"
"Mice" etc).
1. She is always late for class on Tuesdays. (third person)
2. I can’t remember when I started speaking with a French accent. (first person)
3. You should try yoga to alleviate the back pain. (second person)

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4. He could not be convinced of the mistake. (third person)
5. I must have left the math book at home this morning. (first person)
Exercise
 I do not like spicy dishes.
 We do not like spicy dishes.
 You do not like spicy dishes.
 He does not like spicy dishes.
 She does not like spicy dishes.
 They do not like spicy dishes.
 It does not look good.
 Beena cooks for her family.
 I am on my way to the theatre.
 They have everything they need.
 We do not know how to finish this experiment.
 Sindhu works as a cyber security analyst in Bangalore.
 He is reading ‘The God of Small Things’.
 She has finished all her work.
 Veena and Reena are participating in the quiz competition.
 The cat drinks milk.
 The teacher does not let us into the class unless we complete our homework.
Part of sentence
Subject
The subject in a sentence refers to the person or thing carrying out an action. For
example:
"We watched a scary movie."
In this sentence, the subject is "we."

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Verb
The main verb in a sentence is the action itself. You may have heard it being
referred to as a "doing word" in school; that is essentially its purpose! For example:
"She writes a book."
In this sentence, the verb is "writes."
Object
The object in a sentence refers to the person or thing that receives the action of the
verb. For example:
"Asad and Mark are painting a picture."
In this sentence, the object is "a picture."
 The girls threw stones.
 The professor drank coffee.
 He dropped the iPad.
The objects—stones, coffee, iPad—all answer the question what: What was
thrown? What was drunk? What was dropped?
It is important that an object is not always needed in a sentence for it to make a
sense. The subject and verb, however, are necessary to create a meaningful
sentence. For example:
"Asad and Mark are painting."
This sentence does not include an object, but still makes grammatical sense.
If the sentence did not have either the subject or the main verb, it would not make
sense. For example:
No subject: "are painting." Who are painting?
No main verb: "Asad and Mark are." Asad and Mark are doing what?
Exercise
1. Mr. Buck donated a wishbone to the Museum of Natural History.
2. After the final song, the drummer hurled his sticks at the crowd.

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 3. She smashed the electric guitar with a sledgehammer.
4. He stunned the dragon with a ray gun.
5. Very slowly, Ali opened the box.
6. Very slowly, Ali opened the box.
7. Very slowly, Ali opened the box.
8. Thomas gave his pen to Tom.
9. After breakfast, Ahmad drove to the mission with Naeem.
10. Even though it rarely rains here, Professor Amin carries his umbrella
wherever he goes.

Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns

Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns are physical things that you can touch.
Examples: man, rice, head, car, furniture, mobile phone
How many stars are there in the universe?
Have you met Asad?
Pour the water down the drain.
Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns. They are things that you
cannot touch. Abstract nouns are ideas, concepts and feelings.

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Examples: happiness, courage, danger, truth
He has great strength.
Who killed President Kennedy is a real mystery.
Sometimes it takes courage to tell the truth.
Their lives were full of sadness.
Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns
Countable Nouns
(also called count nouns)
You can count countable nouns. Countable nouns have singular and plural
forms.
Examples:  ball, boy, cat, person
 I have only five dollars.
 The Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago.
There are lots of people but we don't have a car.
Uncountable Nouns
(also called mass nouns)
You cannot count uncountable nouns. You need to use "measure words" to
quantify them.
Rule: We never use uncountable nouns with the indefinite article (a/an).
Uncountable nouns are always singular.
Examples: water, happiness, cheese
 Have you got some money?
 Air-conditioners use a lot of electricity.
 Do you have any work for me to do?
 Many Asians eat rice.
Collective Nouns

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A collective noun denotes a group of individuals.
Examples: class (group of students), pride (group of lions), crew (group of
sailors)
Rule: Collective nouns can be treated as singular or plural..
 His family live in different countries.
 An average family consists of four people.
 The new company is the result of a merger.
 The board of directors will meet tomorrow.
Compound Nouns
A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. Most
compound nouns are [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun]. Each compound
noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other
nouns.
Compound nouns have three different forms:
 open or spaced - space between words (bus stop)
 hyphenated - hyphen between words (mother-in-law)
 closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (football)
Examples: cat food, blackboard, breakfast, full moon, washing machine,
software
 Can we use the swimming pool?
 They stop work at sunset.
 Don't forget that check-out is at 12 noon.

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