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1, what is the
velocity of the container when it has reached the position
s = 2 m?
700(2)
1
(180 kg)v22 0
2
1
(150)(2)2 (0.26[180(9.81)][2]) = 90v22
2
v2 = 1.42 m/s.
Problem 15.2 The mass of the Sikorsky UH-60A helicopter is 9300 kg. It takes off vertically with its rotor
exerting a constant upward thrust of 112 kN. Use the
principle of work and energy to determine how far it
has risen when its velocity is 6 m/s.
Strategy: Be sure to draw the free-body diagram of
the helicopter.
Solution:
U12 = T2 T1
[(112000 9300[9.81])N]h
=
1
(9300 kg)(6 m/s)2
2
h = 8.06 m.
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179
Problem 15.3 The 20 -N box is at rest on the horizontal surface when the constant force F = 5 N is applied.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and
the surface is k = 0.2. Determine how fast the box is
moving when it has moved 2 m from its initial position
(a) by applying Newtons second law; (b) by applying
the principle of work and energy.
Solution:
(a)
W
a, Fy : N W = 0,
g
f = k N
Solving we have
F
5N
a=g
k = (9.81m/s2 )
0.2 = 0.49 m/s2
W
20 N
Now we integrate to find the velocity at the new position
2m
v
v2
dv
vdv =
ads
(F k N)d =
v 2 = 2g
W
g
v2 0
F
5N
k d = 2(9.81 m/s 2)
0.2 (2 m)
W
20 N
v = 1.4 m /s
20
Solution:
U12 = T2 T1
1
2
30 N
9.81 m/s2
v2
1
2
30 N
9.81 m/s2
(2 m/s)2
Solving we find
v = 2.55 m/s.
180
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12 m/s
1m
Solution:
(a)
h=
(b)
1
mv02 ,
2
(10 m/s)2
v0 2
+1 m=
+ 1 m = 6.10 m
2g
2(9.81 m/s2 )
When the ball returns to the same level, the velocity must be
equal to the initial velocity (but now it is moving downward)
because the net work is zero
v = 10 m/s
(c)
1
1
mv 2 mv0 2
2
2
Problem 15.6 Assume that the soccer ball in Problem 15.5 is stationary the instant before it is kicked
upward at 12 m/s. The duration of the kick is 0.02 s.
What average power is transferred to the ball during
the kick?
Solution:
U12 =
1
(0.45 kg)(12 m/s)2 0 = 32.4 N-m
2
Power =
U12
32.4 N-m
=
= 1.62 kW
t
0.02 s
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181
Solution:
(a)
(b)
U
8.3510 5 N-m
= 3339 N
=
1
d
4 (1000 m)
F = 3339 N
The maximum power occurs when the car has reached its maximum velocity
1000
= 3.02 10 5 N-m/s.
P = F v = (3339 N )(325.77 km/h)
3600
(b)
182
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Solution:
1
1
mv 2
mv 2 F d = mv 2 d =
2
2
2F
U12 =
d=
32,000 N
9.81 m/s2
2
1000
(200 km/h)
3600
= 112 m.
2(45,000 N)
d = 112 m
Solution:
(a)
(b)
To find the average power we need to know the time that it takes
to reach full speed
a=
45,000 N
F
= 13.8 m/s 2
=
32,000 N
m
9.81 m/s 2
v
v = at t = =
a
1000
3600
= 4.03 s.
13.8 m/s 2
200 km/h
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183
Solution:
U12 =
950
(45,000 5.2s) d s
= (45, 000)(950)
U12 =
1
1
mv 2 =
2
2
1
(5.2)(950)2 = 40.4 106 N-m
2
32,000 N
9.81 m/s2
v2
Solving, we find
v = 157.4 m/s.
Problem 15.12 The spring (k = 20 N/m) is unstretched when s = 0. The 5-kg cart is moved to the
position s = 1 m and released from rest. What is the
magnitude of its velocity when it is in the position s = 0?
20
1 m
(ks + mg sin 20 ) d s
= 26.8 N-m.
Now using work and energy
2U12
2(26.8 N-m)
1
=
= 3.27 m/s.
U12 = mv 2 v =
2
m
5 kg
v = 3.27 m/s.
184
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Problem 15.13 The spring (k = 20 N/m) is unstretched when s = 0. The 5-kg cart is moved to the
position s = 1 m and released from rest. What maximum distance down the sloped surface does the cart
move relative to its initial position?
20
(ks + mg sin 20 ) d s
U12 =
1 m
Problem 15.14 The force exerted on a car by a prototype crash barrier as the barrier crushes is F = (120s +
40s 3) N, where s is the distance in metre from the initial
contact. The effective length of the barrier is 18 m . How
fast can a 5000-N car be moving and be brought to rest
within the effective length of the barrier?
1
1
= (120)(18)2 (40)(18)4 = 1.07 106 N-m.
2
4
Using work and energy, we have
U12 = 0
1
mv 2
2
1
2
5000 N
9.81 m/s 2
v2
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185
Problem 15.16 A group of engineering students constructs a sun-powered car and tests it on a circular track
with a 1000-m radius. The car, with a weight of 460 N
including its occupant, starts from rest. The total tangential component of force on the car is
Ft = 30 0.2s N,
where s is the distance (in ft) the car travels along the
track from the position where it starts.
(a)
120 m
U=
(b)
2160 N-m =
1
2
460 N
v 2 v = 9.6 m /s
9.81 m/s2
Ft = [30 0.2(120)] = 6 N
Fn = m
F =
186
v2
=
460 N
9.81 m/s
Ft 2 + F n 2 =
(9.6 m/s)
1000 m
= 4.32 N
(6 N) 2 + (4.32 N)2 = 7.39 N
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Upole =
(180 + 2.8 y 2 ) dy
= 180(4) + 2.8
(4)3
= 780 N -m .
3
Let ymax be his maximum height above the ground. The work done
by his weight from the instant shown to the maximum height is
160(ymax 8.5) = Uweight , or Uweight + Upole
= mv22 /2 mv12 /2
780 160(ymax 8.5) = 0
Solving,
1
2
160
(4)2 .
9.81
ymax = 14.2 m
Problem 15.18 The springs (k = 25 N /cm ) are unstretched when s = 0. The 50-N weight is released from
rest in the position s = 0.
(a)
(b)
s
k
Solution:
(a)
(b)
1
1
mv 2 =
2
2
50 N
9.81 m/s2
v2
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187
18
Solution:
(a)
mg
T0 = mg(sin + s cos ) = 932.9 N.
(b)
T0 ds
mg
N
s N
(a)
T0
T0
k N
(b)
= 1343.5 N-m.
The work done on the crate by friction is
Uf =
1 2
mv ,
2
from which
v=
v = 1.06 m/s
U=
T ds
(mg sin ) ds k
v=
2U
= 2.52 m/s
m
from which
U = T0
s + 0.05s 2
3
0
From the solution to Problem 15.19, T0 = 932.9 N-m, from which the
total work done is
U = 3218.4 1455.1 1253.9 = 509.36 N-m.
188
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Solution: The
F ds =
0.5
0.5
1m
From the principle of work and energy, the work done by the gas is
equal to the gain in kinetic energy:
K ln(2) =
v=
K
ds = [K ln(s)]1.0
0.5 = K ln(2).
x
Projectile
F
Gas
2K
1 2
mv , and v 2 =
ln(2),
2
m
2K
ln(2) = 23.33 m/s
m
From the principle of work and energy, the work done is equal to the
gain in kinetic energy,
K
= 2 105 N/m2 .
A(0.5)
F ds =
0.5
1 2
mv ,
2
2(1901.8)
= 21.8 m/s .
m
Ke
Ke
= 1.4 s 1.4 .
(As)1.4
A
1.0
F ds =
0.5
1.0
0.5
s 0.4
0.4
1.0
0.5
= 1901.8 N-m.
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189
A
20
0.4
B
1
(mA + mB )v22
2
1
(70)v22
2
4 kg
20 kg
1
(24 kg)v2
2
v = 4.04 m/s
(4 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
T
Write work-energy for system
0.4 N
U = [(20 kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) 0.4(39.24 N)](1 m) = 180.5 N-m
180.5 N-m =
190
1
(24 kg)v2
2
v = 3.88 m/s
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1
2
100 N
9.81 m/s
v 2 v = 1.43 m/s
50 N
50 N
F : N1 (50 N) sin 45 = 0
F : N2 (50 N) cos 30 = 0
0.05 N1
N1 = 35.4 N, N2 = 43.3 N
Work-energy for the system
N1
0.05 N2
N2
1
2
100 N
2
9.81 m/s
v 2 v = 1.12 m/s
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191
45
(mA g sin T ) ds =
1
mA v 2 ,
2
(T mB g sin ) ds =
1
mB v 2 .
2
T
NBC
T
mBg
NAB
NAB
mAg
NA
xA
NBC
xB
mA g sin ds +
1
1
2
mB g sin ds = mA vA
+ mB vB2 ,
2
2
mBg
from which
mAg
2
(mB mA )gb sin = 12 (mA + mB )vA
and |vA | = |vB | =
192
NA
(mA mB )
2gb sin = 1.72 m/s.
(mA + mB )
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B
A
45
1
mB v 2 .
2
1
(mA + mB )v 2
2
v = 1.14 m/s.
3
2
Solution:
U12 = mg(y2 y1 ) =
m(9.81)(0 20) =
1 2 1 2
mv mv
2 2 2 1
1 2 1
mv m(20)2
2 2 2
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193
(a)
30
(c)
61 m
Solution:
U = m(9.81 m/s 2 )(61 m ) =
(b)
30
1
1
mv 2 m(9.1 m/s)2
2
2
v = 35.7 m/s
Note that the answer does not depend on the initial angle.
2m
1
1
mv2 2 m(1 m/s)2
2
2
60
40
(a)
v = 6.34 m/s
Solution: The work done by the weight is the same in both cases.
(b)
Solution: The work done by the weight is the same, however, the
work done by friction is different.
(a)
(b)
1
1
mv2 2 m(1 m/s)2
2
2
1
1
mv2 2 m(1 m/s)2
2
2
2m
sin 60
v2 = 5.98 m/s
U=
2m
sin 40
v2 = 5.56 m/s
2m
the same.
1
U = m(9.81m/s 2 )(0 2 m) = mv2 2 0 v2 = 6.26 m/s
2
194
(a)
(b)
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1
40
L
2
Solution:
2 kg
U12 =
L sin
L=1m
mgj dsj
L SIN
1m
2
U12 = 12 mv22 12 mv12
1
2
2 (2)v2
v1 0
= 12.61
v2 = 3.55 m/s
Fr :
40
T + mg cos 50 = mv22 /L
er
e
50
mg
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195
65
95
Solution:
1
2
400 N
9.81 m/s2
(v2 2 [4 m/s]2 )
v2 = 7.75 m/s
v2
. From the solution to Problem 15.38,
L
v 2 = 2gL[sin sin 65 ](65 95 ), from which T = 3 mg sin
2 mg sin 65 . The maximum tension occurs when sin is a maximum in the interval (65 95 ), from which
cable is T = mg sin + m
196
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VTOP = VT
Fn : N + mg = mVT2 /R
ds = dxi + dyj
mg = mVT2 /R
VT =
Rg = 7.00 m/s
V0
10
U0T =
N
10
U0T =
mg dy = mgy
et
en
mg
Problem 15.41 The 2-kg collar starts from rest at position 1 and slides down the smooth rigid wire. The y-axis
points upward. What is the magnitude of the velocity of
the collar when it reaches position 2?
y
1
(5, 5, 2) m
2 kg
x
2
(3, 1, 3) m
2 gh = 10.85 m/s
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197
(2, 6, 4) m
1
4N
Solution:
U = (4 N)(6 [1]) m =
1
2
(4nN, 1, 4) m
4N
9.81 m/s
v1 = 20.9 m/s
Problem 15.43 The forces acting on the 125 kN airplane are the thrust T and drag D, which are parallel to
the airplanes path, the lift L, which is perpendicular to
the path, and the weight W . The airplane climbs from
an altitude of 914 m to an altitude of 3048 m. During
the climb, the magnitude of its velocity decreases from
244 m/s to 183 m /s.
(a)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
1
2
125000 N
([183 m/s] 2 [244 m/s]2 )
9.81 m/s2
198
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36.6 m
30
2
1
30
30.5 m
From the principle of work and energy the work done is equal to the
gain in kinetic energy:
Ugravity =
1
2
W
g
v22
1
2
W
g
v12 ,
v2 =
2g(95903.9 + 173895)
= 11.96 m /s
W
W
g
v12 = 173895 N
= 35.1 m .
+ 30.5 (30 )
180
180
1
2
W
g
v22
1
2
W
g
v12 ,
from which
v=
= 16 .1 m /s = 57 .9 km/ h
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199
2m
Solution:
U = UF r+Dr + (45 kN)(10 m) (250 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(2 m)
U=
1
(250 kg)(52 m/s)2
2
(a)
(b)
dvy dy
dvy
dvy
=
=
vy = g,
dt
dy dt
dy
y
vy0
and integrating,
2.1 m
4.6
vy dvy = g
4.6 m
x
dy.
2.1
vy0
vx0
18.66 m
21 vy0 2 = g(4.6 2.1), we find that vy0 = 7.00 m/s. The shots x
and y coordinates are given by x = vx0 t, y = 2.1 + vy0 t 12 gt 2 . Solving the first equation for t and substituting it into the second,
y = 2.1 + vy0
x
vx0
1
g
2
x
vx0
2
U2 =
200
UA = 666 N-m
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1
2
m
(a)
Solution:
v1 = 0
U12 =
0.8 m
R = 0.8 m
1 2 1 2
mv mv
2 2 2 1
30
R
R cos 30
(b)
Hammer
1
k=
k=
1
1
= mgh + 2 kd 2 = mv22
2
2
m
d2
v22
gh
2
40 kg
(0.2 m)2
400
mm
Workpiece
300 mm
[4 m]2
[9.81m/s2 ][0.4m]
2
k = 4080 N/m.
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201
10 m/s
k
Solution: From the principle of work and energy, the work done
on the spring must equal the change in kinetic energy of the package
within the distance 152.4 m.
1
1 2
kS =
2
2
W
g
v2
from which
k=
W
g
10 2
50
v 2
=
= 22060 N/m
0.152
S
9.81
Problem 15.51 In Problem 15.50, what spring constant is necessary if the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the package and the floor is k = 0.3 and the
package contacts the bumper moving at 10 m/s?
Solution: The work done on the spring over the stopping distance is
US =
F ds =
ks ds =
1 2
kS .
2
F ds =
k W ds = k W S.
From the principle of work and energy the work done must equal the
kinetic energy of the package:
1
1 2
kS + k W S =
2
2
W
g
v2 ,
202
W
g
(v 2 2 gk S)
= 21863 N/m
S2
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4m
(a)
30
Solution:
(a)
1 2
kx = 0
2
k = 900 N/m
(b)
k
x g sin
m
(900 N/m)
(0.5 m ) (9.81m/s 2) sin 30
a=
50 N
9.81 m/s2
a = 83.4 m/s2
4m
30
1 2
kx = 0
2
k=
2mgd
(sin k cos )
x2
k=
2(50 N)(4.5 m)
k = 713 N /m .
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203
4 kg
20 kg
k
Solution: When the larger mass falls 1 m, the smaller mass rises
1 m and the spring stretches 1 m. For the system of two masses,
springs, and the cable,
U12 =
(ks) ds +
(m1 g) ds +
m2 g ds
0
1
1
1
U12 = 12 ks 2 m1 gs + m2 gs
0
m1
U12 = 12 k 4(9.81) + (20)(9.81)
m2
4 kg
20 kg
S=
204
dv
dv
and set
to zero
ds
ds
1
dv
(m1 + m2 )2v
= (m2 m1 )g Ks = 0
2
ds
and
U12 =
Solve for
(m2 m1 )g
= 0.785 m
K
Substituting this back into (1) and solving, we get V = 2.27 m/s
(1)
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4 kg
20 kg
Solution:
50 N = (100 N/m)x1 x1 = 0.5 m
U = (20 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(1 m)
U=
1
(100 N/m)([1.5 m]2 [0.5 m]2 )
2
1
(24 kg)(v2 2 0)
2
v2 = 2.83 m/s
1
(100 N/m)([1.5 m]2 [0.5 m]2 )
2
1
(24 kg)(v2 2 0)
2
v2 = 2.59 m/s
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205
30
1
1
(8 N/m)s 2 =
2
2
9.81 m/s
(a)
(b)
40 N
2
v2
s=5m
dv 2
= 0 .491 (20 8s) = 0 s = 2.5 m
ds
vmax = 3.5 m /s
1
2
40 N
9.81 m/s 2
v2
(a)
(b)
s = 3.27 m
dv 2
= 0.49 1(13.07 8s) = 0
ds
s = 1.63 m
Using s = 1.63 m vmax = 2.29 m/s
206
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Problem 15.60 The 4-kg collar starts from rest in position 1 with the spring unstretched. The spring constant
is k = 100 N/m. How far does the collar fall relative to
position 1?
k
Solution:
V0 = Vf = 0
ks
Ks 2
+ mgs
2
s
1
Thus 0 = mgs
Ks 2
2
mg
s(2mg Ks) = 0
Solving, s = 0.785 m.
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207
Ks 2
+ mgs
2
Also,
U12 =
k
1
1
mV22 mV12
2
2
Thus,
1
1
Ks 2
mV22 mV12 =
+ mgs
2
2
2
dV2
, and setting it to zero,
ds
Finding
mV2
(1)
dV2
= Ks + mg = 0
ds
s = mg/k = 0.392 m
Problem 15.62 The 4-kg collar starts from rest in position 1 on the smooth bar. The tension in the spring in
position 1 is 20 N. The spring constant is k = 100 N/m.
How far does the collar fall relative to position 1?
Solution: For this problem, we need a new reference for the
spring. If the tension in the spring is 20 N
T = k0
and
0 = 0.2 m.
K = 100 N/m
s+0.2
Ks 2 s+0.2
+ mgs
0.2
2 0.2
Also V0 = Vf = 0
0=
U12 = 0
K(0.2)2
K(s + 0.2)2
+
+ mg(s + 0.2) mg(0.2)
2
2
208
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250 mm
Uspring =
Ugravity =
2
200 mm
2
(Uspring + Ugravity ) = 5.15 m/s
m
500
T
=
= 0.125 m.
k
4000
S2
S1
(ks) ds =
1
k(S12 S22 ) = 88.95 N-m.
2
The work done by gravity is Ugravity = mgh = 9.81 N-m. From the
principle of work and energy is Uspring + Ugravity = 12 mv 2 , from which
v=
2(Uspring + Ugravity )
= 7.03 m/s
m
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209
Uspring =
1 2
kS .
2 1
(ks) ds =
S1
The work done by gravity is Ugravity = mgh = 9.81 N-m. From the
principle of work of work and energy, Uspring + Ugravity = 12 mv 2 . Substitute and solve:
k=
2 mv
Ugravity
S12
= 3082 N/m
2 (4, 4, 2) m
(6, 2, 1) m
1
(1, 1, 0) m
S2
Uspring =
(ks) ds =
S1
1
k(S12 S22 ) = 460.8 N-m.
2
= 294.3 N-m.
From the principle of work and energy:
Uspring + Ugravity =
1 2
mv ,
2
from which
v=
210
2(Uspring + Ugravity )
= 5.77 m/s
m
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762 mm
152.4 mm
60
12 k(S22 S12 ) mg(y2 y1 ) = 12 mv22 12 mv12 :
12 (1762 )[0 (0.61m ) 2 ](44.5)( 0.61sin 60 ft) = 12 (44.5/ 9.81)v 22 0.
Solving, we obtain v2 = 3 9.3 m /s.
r2
F ds.
r1
r2
F dr =
r1
T (er er ) dr +
r1
=
r2
r2
r2
T (rer e )rd
r1
T dr = T (r2 r1 )
r1
since er es = 0 by definition.
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211
200 mm
2
Solution: The
constant force on the end of the string acts through
500 mm
100 N
= 9.81 N-m.
From the principle of work and energy:
UF + Ugravity =
1 2
mv ,
2
v=
from which
2(UF + Ugravity )
= 4.90 m/s
m
2 (4, 4, 2) m
(6, 2, 1) m
1
(1, 1, 0) m
200 N
x
z
(6 4)2 + (2 4)2 + (1 2)2 = 2.2 m.
The work done by the constant force is
UF =
F ds = F s = 439.2 N-m.
= 294.3 N-m.
From the principle of work and energy UF + Ugravity = 12 mv 2 , from
which
v=
212
2(UF + Ugravity )
= 5.38 m/s
10
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22 m
Solution:
U = 2T ( (22 m)2 + (10.1 m) 2 10.1 m )
1
=
2
115600 N
(0 [64 m/s] )
2
9.81 m/s2
B
20.1 m
T = 858.5 kN
Solution:
U = 2(858500)( s 2 + (10.1 m)2 10.1 m )
=
1
2
115600
9.81 m/s 2
Solving we find
Problem 15.74 A spacecraft 320 km above the surface of the earth is moving at escape velocity vesc =
10,900 m/s. What is its distance from the center of the
earth when its velocity is 50 percent of its initial value?
The radius of the earth is 6370 km. (See Example 15.6.)
(0 [64 m/s]2)
s = 26.61 m
vesc
320 km
Solution:
2
U12 = mgRE
r2 =
2
2gRE
r2 =
v22 v12
1
1
r2
r1
1
+
r1
=
1
1
mv22 mv12
2
2
1
1
6,690,000 m
1
r2 = 26,600 km.
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213
1000 km
200 m/s
v2
RM +h
= 2 104 N-m.
RM
Uejecta =
(Wejecta ) ds =
RM +h
RM+h
R2
= mgM M
s
RM
RM
= mgM RM
RM +h
mgM
2
RM
ds
s2
h
,
RM + h
Uejecta = 1.028 m 106 N-m. From the principle of work and energy,
at the Moons surface:
Uejecta =
m
2
from which
214
v2
surface
vsurface =
m
2
v2
RM +h
2(1.028 106 + 2 104 ) = 1448 m/s
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Rgeo
F ds =
Rpark
Rgeo
mg
Rpark
R2
= mg E
s
Rgeo
2
= mgRE
Rpark
2
RE
ds
2
s
1
1
Rgeo
Rpark
,
Utransfer = 4.5 109 N-m. From the principle of work and energy:
Utransfer + Urocket =
1 2
mv
2
geo
1 2
mv
2
.
park
from which
Urocket =
1 2
mv
2
geo
1 2
mv
2
Utransfer .
park
Noting
1 2
mv
2
1 2
mv
2
geo
m
=
2
=
park
m
2
2
gRE
Rgeo
g
2
RE
Rpark
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215
(a)
30
M5 m
2m
Datum
Solution:
(a)
(b)
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2 = 50 N -m
(c)
50 N-m =
1
2
10 N
2
9.81 m/s
12 m/s
12 m/s
Datum
1m
1m
Datum
(a)
(b)
Solution:
(a)
T1 =
1
(0.45 kg)(12 m/s)2 , V1 = 0
2
T2 =
1
(0.45 kg)v2 2 , V2 = (0.45 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(3 m)
2
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
(b)
T1 =
1
(0.45 kg)(12 m/s)2 , V1 = (0.45 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(1 m)
2
T2 =
1
(0.45 kg)v2 2 , V2 = (0.45 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(4 m)
2
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
216
v2 = 9.23 m/s
v2 = 9.23 m/s
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g = 1.62 m/s2
v1 = 2 m/s
1 2
(v v12 )
2g 2
(The sign of V1 does not matter since v12 is the only occurrence of v1
in the relationship). Solving h = 6.48 m
y
1
(5, 5, 2) m
0.4 kg
x
2
(3, 0 , 2) m
(5, 5, 2) m
0.4 kg
0 + (0.4)(9.81)(5) = 12 (0.4)v22 + 0
v2 = 9.90 m/s
(3, 0, 2) m
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217
Solution:
m1 = 4 kg
4 kg
20 kg
m2 = 20 kg
v1 = 1.6 m/s
V2
g = 9.81 m/s2
1.6 m
s
1.6 m/s
d=1m
Energy for the system is conserved
2
2 m1 v1
4 kg
+ 0 + 12 m2 v12 + 0 = 12 m1 v22 + 12 m2 v22
20 kg
State (2)
VA = VB = 0
(m1 + m2 )v22
V2
Datum
State (1)
+ m1 g(d) m2 g(d)
(m1 + m2 )v12
+ 2(m1 m2 )gd
1
u
Use conservation of energy to determine the magnitude of the balls velocity at position 2.
Draw graphs of the kinetic energy, the potential
energy, and the total energy for values of from
zero to 180 .
(b)
m = 2 kg
L=1m
218
Solution:
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
20
40
60
80 100 120
Theta (degrees)
140
160
180
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Use conservation of energy to determine the minimum angle necessary for the ball to swing to
position 2.
(b) If the ball is released at the minimum angle determined in part (a), what is the tension in the string
just before and just after it hits the peg?
1 L
2
2
m = 2 kg
L =1m
Solution: Energy is conserved. v1 = v2 = 0 Use = 90 as the
datum.
(a)
1
L
1 2
mv + mg(L cos 1 ) = mv22 mg
2 1
2
2
0 mgL cos 1 = 0 mg
cos 1 =
T1
2
mV3
L
L
2
1
2
mg
= 60
(b)
mV3
(L /2)
T2
1 2
mv = mgL mgL/2
2 3
v32 = gL = 9.81
m2
s2
v3 = 3.13 m/s at = 0 .
mg
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219
1
20
2
R
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
v2 = 1.91 m/s
F : N mg cos = m
v2 2
v2 2
N = m g cos
R
R
mg
N
Now do work-energy.
T1 = 0, V1 = mgR cos 20
T2 =
1
1
mv2 2 = mRg cos , V2 = mgR cos
2
2
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2 0 + mgR cos 20 =
Solving we find
220
= cos1
2
cos 20
3
3
mgR cos
2
= 51.2
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(a)
(b)
2m
10 kg
A
1m
Solution:
(a)
2 2gh = (6.5 m/s)2 2(9.81 m/s2 )(2 m)
vA
2 + 2gh = (6.5 m/s)2 + 2(9.81 m/s2 )(1 m) = 7.87 m/s.
vA
vB2
vB2
[7.87 m/s]2
= (10 kg) [9.81 m/s2 ] +
1m
N = 717 N.
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221
(a)
2m
10 kg
A
1m
Solution:
(a)
We will first find the velocity at the highest point (half way
between C and D).
1
1
2
2
+ 0 = mvD
+ mgh
mvA
2
2
vD =
2 2gh = (7.5 m/s)2 2(9.81 m/s2 )(3 m)
vA
vD =
2.61 m/s.
2 + 2gh = (7.5 m/s)2 + 2(9.81 m/s2 )(1 m) = 8.71 m/s.
vA
v2
N =m g+ B
vB2
[8.71 m/s]2
= (10 kg) [9.81 m/s2 ] +
1m
N = 857 N.
Hammer
1
Solution:
2
1
1 2
ks + mgh = mv 2
2
2
k=
m(v 2 2gh)
2s 2
k=
400
mm
Workpiece
300 mm
k = 4080 N/m.
222
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V
= k(y 2h).
y
+ 1.
y = 2h +
k
k
W
Substitute:
F = W 1
4C
1+
W
.
4C
1+
W
(directed upward).
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223
Problem 15.91 The collar A slides on the smooth horizontal bar. The spring constant k = 40 N/m. The weights
are WA = 30 N and W B = 60 N. As the instant shown,
the spring is unstretched and B is moving downward
at 4 m/s. Use conservation of energy to determine the
velocity of B when it has moved downward 2 m from
its current position. (See Example 15.8.)
WA + WB
g
v2 =
v12 +
v12 + WB h =
2 WB h kh2
WA + WB
v2 =
(4 m/s)2 +
1
2
WA + WB
g
v22 +
1 2
kh
2
g
2[60 N][2 m] [40 N/m][2 m] 2
(9.81 m/s2)
90 N
v2 = 4.97 m/s.
0.3 m
k
0.15 m
(0.3 m)2 + (0.15 m)2
= 0.335 m.
v12 +
2mB gh k( )2
mA + mB
v2 =
(1 m/s)2 +
v2 = 1.56 m/s.
224
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0.13 m
0.05 m
A
k
0.305 m
2 2gh]
m[vB2 vA
2 2
A
B
k=
(15 m/s)2 (6 m/s)2 2(9.81 m/s 2)(0.305 m)
(0.226 m)2 (0.098 m) 2
9.81 m/s2
5N
k = 2249 N/m.
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225
Problem 15.94 The mass m = 1 kg, the spring constant k = 200 N/m, and the unstretched length of the
spring is 0.1 m. When the system is released from rest
in the position shown, the spring contracts, pulling the
mass to the right. Use conservation of energy to determine the magnitude of the velocity of the mass when
the string and spring are parallel.
0.3 m
k
0.15 m
0.25 m
Datum
(0.15)2 + (0.25)2 0.1 = 0.192 m.
(0.3 + 0.15)2
+ (0.25)2
0.3 m
2
1
0.15 m
0.25 m
226
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=
V =
[kS + qS 3 ] dS + C.
Integrate:
V =
k 2 q 4
S + S ,
2
4
where C = 0, since F = 0 at S = 0.
and
mg
3
2
k
c = 2.25
2m
1.5 m
7 mg
.
k
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227
7.0g 2g(1.5 S) 2
Vspring
.
m
v = 2.30 m/s
Solution:
er
dV = F dr
V =
T
T er drer
DATUM
r
V = T r
DATUM
V = T r T rDATUM
Let rDATUM = 0
V = Tr
228
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133.4 N
0.91 m
A
0.61m
k
Solution: Choose the rest position as the datum. At rest, the compression of the spring is
S1 =
W
= 0.183 m .
k
k 2
2F s
(S S22 ) 2g +
= 2.57 m /s.
m 1
m
Problem 15.101 A 1-kg disk slides on a smooth horizontal table and is attached to a string that passes through
a hole in the table. A constant force T = 10 N is exerted
on the string. At the instant shown, r = 1 m and the
velocity of the disk in terms of polar coordinates is
v = 6e (m/s). Use conservation of energy to determine
the magnitude of the velocity of the disk when r = 2m.
(See Problem 15.99.)
Solution:
1
1
mv12 + T r1 = mv22 + T r2
2
2
v2 =
v12
T
+ 2 (r1 r2 ) =
m
(6 m/s)2 + 2
10 N
([1 m] [2 m])
1 kg
v2 = 4 m/s.
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229
Problem 15.102 A 1-kg disk slides on a smooth horizontal table and is attached to a string that passes through
a hole in the table. A constant force T = 10 N is exerted
on the string. At the instant shown, r = 1 m and the
velocity of the disk in terms of polar coordinates is
v = 8e (m/s). Because this is central-force motion, the
product of the radial position r and the transverse component of velocity v is constant. Use this fact and conservation of energy to determine the velocity of the disk
in terms of polar coordinates when r = 2m.
Solution: We have
1
1
2
2
mv12 + T r1 = m(v2r
+ v2
) + T r2 ,
2
2
r1 v1 = r2 v2
Solving we find
v2 =
r1
1m
(8 m/s) = 4 m/s
v1 =
r2
2m
v2r =
2 +2
v12 v2
T
(r1 r2 )
m
(8 m/s)2 (4 m/s)2 + 2
10 N
([1 m] [2 m]) = 5.29 m/s.
1 kg
v = (5.29er + 4e ) m/s.
v0
RE
r0
Solution:
2
2
mgRE
mgRE
1
1
= mv 2
mv02
2
r0
2
r
v0 =
2
v 2 + 2gRE
1
1
r0
r
v0 =
1
1
8.8106 m
18106 m
v0 = 9760 m/s.
230
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2
mgRE
.
r
r0 :
Solve:
2
v02 + 2gRE
v=
1
1
.
r
r0
13,900 km
16,000 km
8000 km
8000 km
Solution: We have
rA = 8000 km = 8106 m
rB =
13, 9002 + 80002 km = 1.60107 m.
= m(vBr
+ vB
)
, rA vA = rB vB
mvA
2
rA
2
rB
Solving we have
vB =
rA
8106 m
(8640 m/s) = 4310 m/s,
vA =
rB
1.60107 m
vBr =
2 v 2 + 2gR 2
vA
B
E
1
1
rB
rA
= 2480 m/s.
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231
Problem 15.106 Use conservation of energy to determine the magnitude of the velocity of the satellite in
Problem 15.105 at the apogee C. Using your result, confirm numerically that the velocities at perigee and apogee
satisfy the relation rA vA = rC vC .
Solution: From Problem 15.105, rA = 8000 km, rC = 24000 km,
vA = 8640 m/s, g = 9.81 m/s2 , RE = 6370 km.
From conservation of energy,
2
2
mgRE
mgRE
1 2
1
mv
= mvc2
2 A
rA
2
rc
Factor m out of the equation, convert all distances to meters, and solve
for vc . Solving, vC = 2880 m/s
Does rA vA = rC vC
Substituting the known values, we have
rA vA = rC vC = 6.91 1010 m2 /s
Problem 15.108 Solve Problem 15.107 using conservation of energy and accounting for the variation of
gravity with height. The radius of Io is 1815 km.
Solution: Conservation of energy yields: T1 + V1 = T2 + V2 :
Only the form of potential energy changes from that used in Problem
15.107. Here we get
mgRI2
1 2 mgRI2
mv
=0
.
2 1
RI
rI
Evaluating,
(1.8)(1,815,000)2
1 2 (1.8)(1,815,000)2
v1
=
.
2
1,815,000
1,815,000 + 50,000
or v1 = 419 m/s
232
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V =
y
mgRE
= mgRE + mgRE
(1 + )2 =0
RE
V = mgRE +
= mgRE + mgy
QED
Determine F.
Suppose that the object moves from position 1 to
position 2 along path A, and then moves from position 1 to position 2 along path B. Determine the
work done by F along each path.
2
(1, 1) m
Solution:
(a)
Fx =
dV
dV
= 2x, Fy =
= 3y 2
dx
dy
F = 2xi 3y 2 j N.
(b)
W12A =
W12B =
0
(3y 2 ) d y +
0
1
(2x) d x +
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233
(b)
F=
x
y
y
x
(yi xj)|x=1 j dy
= 0 1 = 1 N-m
k
= i0 j0 + (1 1)k
z
0
(yi xj)|y=0 i dx +
Along path A:
= 2k = 0.
UA =
0
= 0 + 1 = +1 N-m
(yi xj)|x=0 j dy +
(yi xj)|y=1 i dx
1
er +
e
r
r
1
1
k(r r0 )2 + q(r r0 )4
2
4
er
re
1
F=
r
r
[k(r r0 ) + q(r r0 )3 ] 0
=
234
ez
z
0
1
[0er 0re + 0ez ] = 0. F is conservative.
r
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y
2
Determine F.
If the object moves from point 1 to point 2 along
the circular path, how much work is done by F?
1m
x
1
er +
e (r sin + r 2 cos2 ).
r
r
Check: Since the force is derivable from a potential, the system is conservative. In a conservative system the work done is U1,2 = (V2
V1 ), where V1 , V2 are the potentials at the beginning and end of the
path. At r = 1, = 0, V1 = 1 N-m. At r = 1 m. = , V1 = 1,
2
from which U1,2 = (V2 V1 ) = 2 N -m . check.
F dr,
1,2
U1,2 =
2 (cos + 2r cos sin )rd = r sin r 2 cos2 2
0
0
= 1 + 1 = 2 N-m
mgT RT
F=
r
r0
RT
er ,
Solution:
(a)
The potential is
mgT RT
er (er dr) + C
V = F dr + C =
r
= mgT RT ln(r) + C,
where C is the constant of integration. Choose r = RT as the
datum, from which C = mgT RT ln(RT ), and
r
V = mgT RT ln
RT
(b)
v=
r
0
v02 + 2gT ln
r
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235
i
j
k
2V
2V
=
i
+
F=
y
z
x
yz
yz
V
V
V
x
y
z
2
2
2V
V
2V
V
+k
=0
j
xz
xz
xy
xy
Thus, F is conservative.
(a)
F=
x
3x 2 2xy
y
x 2
z
0
(b)
F=
x
x xy 2
y
x2y
z
0
(c)
F=
x
2xy 2 + y 3
y
2x 2 y 3xy 2
z
0
236
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Solution:
(a)
(b)
Principle of work and energy: The energy of the car when the
brakes are first applied is
W
g
1
2
dv
= f,
dt
W
g
W
g
dv
v
= f = (250 + 6s).
ds
U=
0
2g
v2 =
W
U=
(250s + 3s 2 ) + C.
From the principle of work and energy, after the brakes are
applied,
f ds =
1
2
W
g
v22
1
2
W
g
v12 .
Rearrange:
At s = 0, v(0) = 40 1000 / 3600 = 11.1 m/s,
.
from which C =
2g
=
W
v2
(11 .12 )
v12 .
+ 3s 2 ) + v12
v22 = .
1
2
W
g
v12 (250s + 3s 2 ).
125
= 41.67, c =
= 25119 .
3
6g
b2 c = 122 .2 m , from
1
2
W
g
v12 (250s + 3s 2 ).
W v12
The solution: s = b
which s = 122.2 m .
W
g
(m/s)2 .
At v = 0, s 2 + 2bs + c = 0, where
b=
The velocity is
(250s
1
2
b=
W v12
125
= 41.67, c =
= 25119 .
3
6g
The solution s = b
which s = 122.2 m .
b2 c = 122.2 m, from
Problem 15.119 Suppose that the car in Problem 15.118 is on wet pavement and the coefficients of
friction between the tires and the road are s = 0.4 and
k = 0.35. Determine the distance for the car to stop.
Solution: The initial velocity of the vehicle is v1 = 40 km/h =
11.1 m/s (a) Assume that the force f = 250 + 6s lb applies until the
tire slips. Slip occurs when f = 250 + 6s = s W , from which sslip =
758.3 m. The work done by the friction force is
Uf =
0
sslip
f ds +
sstop
k W = (250sslip + 3sslip 2 )
1 2
mv
2 1
= 6789 N-m,
sslip
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237
h3
v4 =
238
F dh = mg(h3 h2 ),
h2
(b)
v4 =
2(31405)
= 11.8 m/s .
m
h3
2(43558.3)
= 13.9 m/s at impact.
m
h3
Uthrust =
h3
h2
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30
Solution:
mg
Since s N = (0.24)(270) = 64.8 N, the box will slip up the plane and
f = k N . From work and energy,
1
2
2 mv2
0,
N
f
30
x
Problem 15.123 The Union Pacific Big Boy locomotive weighs 5.29 million lb, and the traction force (tangential force) of its drive wheels is 600 480 N. If you
neglect other tangential forces, what distance is required
for the train to accelerate from zero to 9 6.5 km/h?
V =
F ds = F s.
The energy at rest is zero. The energy at v = 96.5 km/h = 26.8 m/s is
0=
1
2
W
g
from which
v2 + V ,
s=
1
2
W
gF
v 2 = 323.4 m
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239
The work done by the force is equal to the energy acquired by the
locomotive in attaining the final speed, in the absence of other
tangential forces. Thus the work done by the traction force is
1
1
U = mv 2 =
2
2
W
g
(882 )
20.88 10 8
mF ds =
mF
ds
dt
dt =
mF v dt.
0
gF0
.
88W
dv
= mF , from which
From Newtons second law m
dt
dv
=
dt
F0
m
v
1
.
88
F0
m
The integral
Separate variables:
dv
v =
1
88
v
mF = F0 1
= F0 eKt .
88
U=
mF v dt =
F0
v
=
t + C1 .
ln 1
88
88m
Invert:
F0
t
v(t) = 88 1 Ce 88m .
dt.
U = 88F0
(eKt e2Kt ) dt
T
88F0 Kt
1
e2Kt
e
K
2
0
1
88F0 KT
e2KT
e
.
K
2
2
Integrate:
The expression for the velocity is asymptotic in time to the lim it ing value of 96 .5 km/h: in strict terms the velocity never reaches
96.5 km/h; in practical terms the velocity approaches within a
few tenths of percent of 96.5 km/h within the first few minutes.
Take the limit of the above integral:
lim
T 0
mF v dt = lim
T
1
88F0 KT
e2KT
e
K
2
2
1W
88F0
=
(882 ) kinetic energy,
2K
2 g
which checks, and confirms the expression for the velocity. check.
240
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Solution: From Problem 15.14 we know that the force in the crash
barrier is given by
0.8
0.7
F = (120s + 40s 3 ) N.
1
mv 2
2
0.6
v, m/s
The maximum deceleration occurs when the spring reaches its maximum deflection. Using work and energy we have
s
1
mv 2 +
F ds = 0
2
0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
(120s + 40s ) d s = 0
3
0.05
x, m
0.1
0.15
1
mv 2 = 60s 2 + 10s 4
2
This yields an equation that we can solve for the distance s at which
the car stops.
(a)
Using m =
11120 N
9.81 m/s2
s = 14 .68 m , a =
(b)
Using m =
5000 N
9.81 m /s2
120s + 40s 3
F
=
= 113.2 m/s 2
m
m
s = 12 m , a =
120s + 40s 3
F
=
= 138.4 m/s 2
m
m
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241
Problem 15.126 In a preliminary design for a mailsorting machine, parcels moving at 2 m/s slide down a
smooth ramp and are brought to rest by a linear spring.
What should the spring constant be if you dont want the
10 -N parcel to be subjected to a maximum deceleration
greater than 10gs?
2 m/s
3m
dv
dt
= F = kS,
dv
dt
1
2
W
g
= k
k=
v2 + V ,
gv02
2g 2 h
+
W
W
gk
= S.
W
This expression has two unknowns, k and S. S is determined as follows: Choose the bottom of the ramp as the datum. The energy at the
top of the ramp is
dv
dt
dv
dt
dv
= 10 g), from which
dt
2
gv02
2g 2 h
+
W
W
.
Substitute
numerical values: v0 = 2 m/s, W = 10 N, h = 3 m ,
dv
= 10 g m/s 2, from which k = 156.1 N/m
dt
W
g
v02 + W h =
1
2
W
g
v12 +
1 2
kS .
2
242
W 2
W
v0 + 2
h.
gk
k
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300 mm
2
600 mm
50
= 1250 N/m.
S1
300 mm
2
600 mm
k 2
(S S12 ) = 14.46 m/s
m 2
Solution:
(a)
(b)
0.62 + 0.32 S0 =
400
100
, 0.3 S0 =
.
k
k
Subtract the second from the first, from which k = 809 N/m.
Substitute and solve: S0 = 0.176 m, and S1 = 0.124 m, S2 =
0.494 m.
+ 12 kS12 .
At position 2:
1
2
2 mv1
from which
v2 =
v12 +
k 2
(S S22 ) = 6.29 m/s
m 1
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243
kA
The work done as the weight falls is: for the springs
SA
Uspring =
SB
kA s ds +
1
1
kB s ds = kA SA2 kB SB2 .
2
2
S=
F
F
F
+
=
kA
kB
keq
from which
For the weight
Uweight =
(SA +SB )
keq =
W ds = W (SA + SB ).
F
F
F
kA + kB
=
=
=
= 10 N /m .
F
F
S
SA + SB
kA kB
+
kA
kA
1
kA
kA
1 2
mv
+ W SA 1 +
=
kA SA2 1 +
2
kB
kB
2
d
dS
1 2
mv
2
= W keq S = 0,
2W
kA
sA = 4 m .
= 2 m, SB =
kA
kB
1 2
mv
2
=
d
(Uspring + Uweight )
dSA
kA
kA
= kA SA 1 +
+W 1+
= 0,
kB
kB
from which
[SA ]v max =
W
= 1 m.
kA
244
2(Uspring + Uweight )
m
= 9.82 m /s
sA =1
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F ds =
s0
(p patm )A ds
s0
s0
1
2
From which
s
1
2
pA ds.
Gas
1
2
W
g
v 2 + Vgas + Vgravity
Rearrange:
s0
= patm A(s s0 )
Piston
ds
s
= patm A(s s0 ) K ln
s
s0
W
g
W
g
v 2 = Ufriction Vgas Vgravity . At s = 2 m,
v 2 = (1348.7) (1000) 50 = 298.7 N-m,
.
from which
v=
2(298.7)g
= 2 .42 m /s
W
(W ) ds = W (s s0 ).
s0
(f ) ds = f (s s0 ), where f = 50 N .
s0
(b)
= 12 mv 2 + mgh Uaero .
Rearrange:
Uaero = + 12 mv 2 + mgh 12 mv02 = 1.19 1010 N-m
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245
2m
so the collar is still at the datum level at the end of 1.5 s.] The energy
condition as the collar moves up the bar is
1
2
2 mv0
dv
= F = 24 12t 2 .
m
dt
Integrating:
v=
1
m
1.5
(24 12t 2 ) dt =
= 12 mv 2 + mgh.
1
[24t 4t 3 ]1.5
0 = 1.875 m/s.
m
h=
v02
= 0.179 m
2g
[Note: The displacement during this time must not exceed 2 m. Integrate the velocity:
s=
=
1
m
1.5
(24t 4t 3 ) dt
1
[12t 2 t 4 ]1.5
0 = 1.82 m < 2 m,
m
15.24 m
2 + mgh,
= 12 mvtop
2
vtop
= (1.1) mg,
from which
=
246
2
vtop
1.1 g
= 5.39 m
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(c)
9.1 m
Solution:
(a)
= 12 mv 2 + mgL(1 cos ),
From the energy equation v2 = v02 2gL(1 cos ). From Newtons second law, (W/g)(v2 /L) = T W cos , from which
T =
(c)
v02
= 0.883, = 27.9
2gL
W
g
v2
L
+ W cos = 707 .2 N .
v02
+ 1 = 987.5 N
gL
W
g
v02 W L =
1
2
W
g
v 2 W L cos .
Substitute v0 = 4.57 m/s, = 25 and solve: v = 2 .02 m/s. The horizontal component of velocity is v cos = 1 .83 m/s. From conservation
of energy:
W (0 .856) + 12 m(2.02 2 ) = W h + 12 m(1.832 )
from which h = 0.8 93 m .
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247
4.57 m
35
1.52 m
8
y = t 2 + (v2 sin )t + h,
2
where h = 1.52 m, and x =(v 2 cos )t. At impact y = 0, from which
v2 sin
2
[not to be confused
+ 2btimpact + c = 0, where b =
timpact
g
2h
with the b in the drawing], c = . From which, since the time
g
is positive, the time of impact is
(1) timpact =
v2 sin
g
1+
2gh
1+
v22 sin2
1+
1+
2gh
v22 sin2
g
= 7 .86 m/s .
2 cos (b sin + h sin )
Use v12 = v22 = v22 2g(h1 h2 ), from which v1 = 1.44 m/s. check.
timpact
v2 sin
=
g
1+
1+
2gh
v22 sin2
,
and v2 = v12 + 2gh1 . Numerical values are: h= 1.52m, = 35 , h1 =
3.05 m, v1 = 4.57 m/s. Substituting, b = 9.51 m.
248
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k
A
100
= 0.2 m.
k
Vspring
k 2
=
S = 1.02 m
mg
2mg
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249
k
A
0.4 m
B
0.9 m
y
1
2m
2
x
4m
W
g
v12 + W h =
1
2
W
g
v22 ,
250
v12 + 2 gh = 62 + 2 g(2) = 8.67 m /s
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U=
F dr =
= [2y]02 +
(2) dy +
3x dx
0
3 2
x
2
4
= 4 + 24 = 28 N -m.
0
W
g
v12 + W h + U =
1
2
W
g
v22 ,
from which
v2 =
v12 + 2gh +
2g(28)
=
W
62 + 2g(2) +
2g(28)
4
= 1 4.24 m /s
mgr
mgr
er er dr
er e r d
RE
RE
mgr
RE
=
dr =
mgr 2
2RE
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251
mgr 2
.
2RE
mgr 2
2RE
(a)
=
NP
1 2
mv +
2
mgr 2
2RE
.
mgRE
2
=
1 2
mv +
2 EQ
mgRE
2
,
RE
At the midway point, r = RE sin 45 = , and from conserva2
tion of energy
mgRE
2
=
1 2
mv +
2 M
from which vM =
mgRE
4
,
gRE
= 5590.6 m /s = 20126 km/h.
2
Problem 15.145 In Problem 15.123, what is the maximum power transferred to the locomotive during its
acceleration?
252
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(b)
Solution:
(a)
dv
= T = (10.5 103 )(15) = 157.5 kN.
dt
(b)
dv
= F , from which, for
dt
F
t + C.
m
1
2
2 mv2
12 mv12
= 2.98 109 W = 2.98 GW
t
F 2
t + C.
2m
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to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or likewise.
253