SAFETY MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I GENERAL INFORMATION

SECTION

INTRODUCTION

SECTION

COMPANY SAFETY POLICY

SECTION

FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

SECTION

3.1

Safety Department

3.2

Project/Department Manager

3.3

Supervisions

REPORTING, INVESTIGATING AND

RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS
4.1

Serious Accident
4.1.1 Reporting Serious Accident
4.1.2

4.2

4.3.

Investigating Serious Accident

Recordkeeping Procedures
4.2.1

First Aid Log

4.2.2

Individual Medical Record

Injury Reporting and Record-Keeping Procedures

4.3.1

First Report of Injury

4.3.2

Supervisors Accident Investigation Report

CHAPTER II - FIRST AID AND MEDICAL SERVICES

SECTION

5.1

POLICY

5.2

RESPONSIBILITY

5.3

CLINIC AND FIRST AID FACILITIES

5.4

FIRST AID/MEDICAL PERSONNEL

5.5

TRANSPORTATION OF INJURED OR ILL EMPLOYEES

5.5.1

Emergency Transportation

CHAPTER III FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION

SECTION

SECTION

FIRE BRIGADE
6.1

Personnel

6.2

Training Program

6.3

Practice Drills

6.4

Training Records

6.5

Fire Safety Practices

6.6

Emergency Procedures in case of Fire

6.7

Company Offices/Campsite

6.8

Fire Brigade Members

CUTTING AND WELDING OPERATIONS

7.1

Fire Prevention Requirements

7.2

Work Permit

7.3

Welding Safety

7.4

Safe Handling of Compressed Gas Cylinders

CHAPTER IV SAFETY EDUCATION

SECTION

SECTION

SAFETY TIMING, MEETING: SAFETY COMMITTEE

8.1

TOOLBOX SAFETY MEETINGS

8.2

FOREMENS/SUPERVISORS SAFETY MEETINGS

8.3

SUPERINTENDENT S SAFETY MEETINGS

8.4

DOCUMENTATION OF SAFETY MEETINGS

8.5

SUPERVISORS SAFETY TRAINING

8.6

WORKMEN SAFETY TRAINING

8.7

SAFETY COMMITTEE

SAFETY COMMITTEE
CHAPTER V SAFETY PRACTICES

SECTION

10

GENERAL SAFE PRACTICES

SECTION

11

OFFICE SAFETY

SECTION

12

HOUSEKEEPING

SECTION

13

PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

SECTION

14

FIRST AID

SECTION

15

FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION

SECTION

16

ELECTRICAL

SECTION

17

HAND AND PORTABLE POWER TOOLS

SECTION

18

MATERIALS HANDLING, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

SECTION

19

CRANE HOISTS, MOTOR VEHICLES, ELEVATORS AND

HEAVY EQUIPMENT

SECTION

20

LADDERS

SECTION

21

SCAFFOLDINGS

SECTION

22

WELDING AND BURNING OPERATIONS

SECTION

23

EXCAVATION AND TRENCHES

SECTION

24

IONIZING RADIATION

SECTION

25

PAINTS AND COATING

CHAPTER VI INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

SECTION

26

ENVIRONMENTAL & INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS

SECTION

26.1

INTRODUCTION

SECTION

26.2

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD

26.2.1 Chemical
26.2.2 Physical
26.2.3 Biological
26.3

RECOGNITION

26.4

SURVEYING THE WORK ENVIRONMENT

26.5

RECORDKEEPING

26.5.1 Noise
26.5.2 Airborne Contaminants
26.5.3 Toxic Materials
26.5.4 Solvents
26.5.5 Radiation
CHAPTER VII SAFETY HEALTH AND FIRE PROTECTION IN
CONFINED OR ENCLOSED SPACES
SECTION

27
27.1

DEFINITIONS

27.2

REQUIREMENTS

27.3

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

27.4

EMERGENCY LIGHTING

27.5

ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING

27.6

VENTILATION/EXHAUST

27.7

RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS

27.8

FIRE PROTECTION

27.9

COMMUNICATIONS

27.10 RESCUE

SAFETY MANUAL
CHAPTER I GENERAL INFORMATION
SECTION

INTRODUCTION
This manual was established and developed to provide management and
supervision guidelines and roadmaps of the accident prevention program
of the company. It outlines techniques and procedures which are essential
for the protection of the companys greatest asset its people.
We wish to emphasize that all the topics covered by this manual shall
become a basic part of our policy. All level of supervision shall be held
responsible for the effective implementation of all plans, standards and
procedures prescribed herein.

SECTION

COMPANY SAFETY POLICY

2.1

To provide and maintain a safe and healthful working condition for

its people.

2.2

To develop and maintain a vigorous Safety and Accident

Prevention Program to avoid human suffering and financial losses.

2.3

To hold responsible every manager or supervisor who supervises

or directs the work of others in assuring the safety of each
employer under his supervision.

2.4

To guide employees in maintaining safe and impose corresponding

penalty for violations committed.

2.5

To give reward to employees, departments or projects who have

attained an excellent safety record.

SECTION

FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

3.1

Safety Department
The Safety Department is responsible for:

3.1.1

Developing, implementing and administering all aspects of

accident prevention; fire protection and prevention; first aid
policies and procedures and programs on all projects,
offices and facilities.

3.1.2

Monitoring

(indicate your company name) compliance

with standards and procedures promulgated by the

Department of Labor, Bureau of Working Conditions,
Health and Safety Division.
3.1.3

Reviewing standards and regulations promulgated by the

DOLE, Health and Safety Division and other government
agencies, and formulating uniform interpretations and
compliance procedures which are disseminated to affected
departments.

3.1.4

Providing technical liaison with construction engineering,

procurement, medical and labor relations department.

3.1.5

Coordinating project safety, fire protection and first aid

programs within divisional organization.

3.1.6

Staffing project sites with safety personal and in some

cases including security, medical and employee relations.

3.2

Department/Project Manager
3.2.1

Responsible for ensuring the establishment of safety

programs

which conforms to the Companys Safety

Manual
3.2.2

Responsible for monitoring project/department safety

planning

and

supervisory

safety

performance

and

implementing corrective measures when required.

3.3

Superintendent/Supervisor
3.3.1

Responsible for ensuring safety planning and executing

work in compliance with the Companys established safety
procedures, Government Safety and Health regulations,
standard and procedures as well as clients requirements.

SECTION

REPORTING, INVESTIGATING AND RECORDKEEPING

REQUIREMENTS
4.1

Serious Accident
If an employee is involved in a serious accident or a major loss to
equipment or property occurs, the Safety Engineer and/or the
Project-In-Charge shall notify designated personnel and affected
organizations so that an investigation can be initiated. The
following shall be the procedure:
4.1.1 Reporting Serious Accident
Upon learning of a serious or fatal accident in the project,
the following personnel must be immediately notified:
-

Safety Supervisor or Safety Manager or Central Safety

Department

4.1.2

Project Manager or his designated Project-In-Charge

HRD Department

Company Clinic/St. Patricks Clinic

Appropriate Law Enforcement Agency

Investigating Serious Accidents

An investigation should be conducted as soon as possible
after the accident. The investigation must be fact finding,
not fault finding.

Members of the investigating team

should include the Project-In-charge or his representative,

site

Safety Engineer, the

responsible Area

Safety

Supervisor, HRD Department representative and the

employees supervisor. The purpose of the investigation is
to determine the real cause s that similar accidents can be
prevented, and also to determine facts bearing on legal
liability. A description of the operation being performed at
the time of the accident is

essential.

All personnel

assigned to the operation and all witnesses to the accident

8

shall be interviewed and statements taken. A private place

such as an enclosed office or conference room should be
used for these discussions.
The interviewers (2) must obtain hand facts, and not
hearsay. The information obtained must be recorded and
signed by each person involved.
The following information must be obtained from
each person/witness involved:
-

Date and time of accident/interview

Name, badge or I.D., numbers, address, and occupation

of victim, co-workers and/or witnesses.

Location of the witness when the accident took place

What activity is being performed prior to and at the

time of the accident?

What

materials,

equipment

or

conditions

were

involved? Include all contributing factors

-

What happened?

Why did it happen?

Include all unsafe conditions

and/or unsafe acts.

-

To the best of witness knowledge. Was there a

previously known/or reported problem or condition
associated with the accident?

4.1.3

Photographs and Drawings

Drawings and/or sketches indicating the location of the
accident must be made. All measurements such as time,
distance, etc. must be accurate.
Photographs should be taken as soon as possible since
conditions often change rapidly.

The back of each

photographs should contain the following information:

description and location of the principal item (S) date and
time, name of the photographer.

4.1.4

Evidence
Immediately after the accident, the area must be secured in
order to prevent any alteration of the scene prior to the
investigation.

If equipment, tools and materials are

involved in the accident, they shall be removed temporarily

from the service and placed in safekeeping. If this is
impractical, the area shall be condoned off and a security
guard posted to prevent unauthorized personnel from
entering the area.
4.1.5

Interim Reports
The Safety Engineer shall report the progress of the
investigation daily to the Project-In-Charge and the HQ
Safety Office. The investigation report should be prepared
and distributed as soon as possible.

4.2

Recordkeeping Procedures
The project nurse or First Aid Station personnel must maintain a
variety of records for the protection of the employees, the medical
personnel, the company and client.
4.2.1

First Aid Log

This is a chronological listing of all visits to the clinic or
First Aid Station.

Every injury or illness reported, no

matter how slight must be recorded. A copy of the logbook

and necessary forms shall be provided to the clinic or First
Aid Station.
4.2.2

Individual Medical Record

This is confidential record of the employees illness and
injuries reported to the clinic or First Aid Station. The
project nurse of First Aider is responsible for keeping the
medical record of every employee in the site. At the end of
the month, he/she shall submit to the Project-In-Charge and

10

Safety Engineer a summary report of all cases treated in the

clinic.
4.3

Injury Reporting and Recordkeeping Procedures

4.3.1

First Report of Injury

Duty nurse or physician or First Aider shall promptly
accomplish the Clinic Accident Report (See Exhibit I)
which must be distributed to the following office:
-

1 copy Safety Department

1 copy Personnel/Records

1 copy Department where injured is assigned

1 copy Clinic File

The nurse should obtain the necessary information to

complete the report/
4.3.2

Supervisors Accident Investigation Report

The Supervisors Report of Accident Investigation (PD
Form No. 4.7.318) shall be prepared and submitted within
24

hours

after

the

accident.

The

employees

Foreman/Supervisor shall investigate the accident and fillup completely the form and furnish copy to the abovementioned offices. A standard report format is provided to
assist as a guide to the investigator.
4.3.2.1 Investigation
It is important that an accurate description of the
circumstances leading to the accident is provided.
The following questions should be asked of each
person involved and of each witness:
o Where were you when the accident took place?
o What activity was being performed prior to the
accident?
o What materials, equipment or conditions were
involved? Include all contributing factors.

11

o What happened?
o Why did it happen?

Include all unsafe

conditions and or unsafe acts.

To the best of the witness knowledge, was there a
previously known and/or reported problems or
conditions associated with the accident?
Complex situations may necessitate the submission
of the explanation on an attached sheet.
4.3.2.2 Corrective Action
The

Supervisor/Foreman

shall

specify

what

corrective action if any, was taken; instruction

given, etc. If corrective action is not applicable,
indicate same on the report.

12

CHAPTER II FIRST AID AND MEDICAL SERVICES

SECTION

5.1

POLICY
It is the policy of the company to provide first aid, medical services and
emergency transportation for employee who incur occupational injuries or
illnesses.

SECTION

5.2

RESPONSIBILITY
The responsibility for evaluating the requirement of first aid and medical
services is shared by the Safety, Project Manager, HRD and Medical
Department.
The following items must be considered in determining the scope of the
project first aid and medical services and the type of facility required on
site.
Estimated man-hours to be expended and number of employees at
peak.
Duration of the project.
Availability of qualified physician who will come to the jobsite either
on regularly scheduled visits or in an emergency.
Existing medical resources such as clinics, hospitals, ambulance
service, within the community.
Location of the project taking into account accessibility, transportation
and communication facilities.
Exposure to health and safety hazards, i.e., toxic hazards and
occupation disease, exposures and potentials for the occurrence of
explosions, fires or other catastrophes.

SECTION

5.3

FIRST AID FACILITIES

5.3.1

A project with fifty employees or more shall be required to provide

a first aid station manned by a full-time nurse or trained and
certified first aider.
13

5.3.2

The size of the station should not be less than 300 sq.ft. and
equipped with minimum medical requirements including furniture.

5.3.3

A communication facility should be installed at the clinic or first

aid station to permit the duty nurse to summon assistance in case of
emergency.

SECTION

5.4

FIRST AID/MEDICAL PERSONNEL

The Occupational Safety and Health Standards of the Department of Labor
and Employment (DOLE) requires emergency services to be provided in
all workplace with the following number of employees:
5.4.1

When the number of workers us from 10 to 50 in workplace, the

services of a graduate and experienced first-aider shall be
provided.

5.4.2

Where the number of workers exceeds 50 but not more than 200,
the services of a full-time registered nurse shall be provided.

5.4.3

Where the number of workers in a project exceeds 200 but not

more than 300, the services of a nurse physician and dentist shall
be provided. Part-time physician and dentist shall stay in the
premises for at least 2 hours a day if the work schedule is more
than one (1) shift a day.

5.4.4

The selection if personnel shall be made by the Personnel

representative with the concurrence of he Project Manager/Incharge.

SECTION

5.5

TRANSPORTATION OF INJURED OR ILL EMPLOYEES

5.5.1

Routine Transportation of Employees to the Doctor

A suitable vehicle shall be designated as first aid transportation from the
jobsite to the doctors office or clinic. This vehicle should be available
during working hours. If the project is located near a hospital, taxi service
for transportation of employees with minor injuries and illnesses may be
sufficient.

14

5.5.2

Emergency Transportation
A jobsite ambulance will be furnished in all projects to handle the
transportation of seriously ill or injured employees from the jobsite to the
hospital.
5.5.2.1 A qualified driver should be designated in the jobsite to drive the
ambulance in case of emergency.
5.5.2.2 Seriously ill or injured person being brought to the hospital should
always be accompanied by a medical personnel.
5.5.2.3 The jobsite ambulance should not be used for some other purposes
except for emergency cases only. The vehicle should always be in
tip-top condition to respond to emergency.

15

CHAPTER III FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION

Fire prevention, a term to indicate measures especially directed towards preventing the
inception of fire. Its main purpose is to protect life, property and continuity of operation. The
hazard of fire could be minimized or removed by a good housekeeping practice and regular
inspection of the general area. Some of the common denominators of fire incidents are traced to
poor housekeeping, poor control of heat sources, build-up of combustible materials in the
worksite, lack of adequate inspection and very often, inadequate fire fighting facilities.
SECTION

6.1

FIRE BRIGADE
An organized and trained Fire Brigade Team can perform fire fighting and
emergency services to protect life and property from fire. A project fire
brigade team should be formed and trained to handle fire emergencies in
the area. It shall be aided by a Fire Marshal who shall be responsible for:
Implementation and administration of the project fire protection and
prevention program.
Establishing the size and structure of the fire brigade.
Providing and maintaining equipment and supplies
Supervising the training and staffing of the fire brigade.
Establishing liaison with the client or owner fire safety
personnel and local fire departments.
6.1.1

Personnel
Members of the Fire Brigade Team shall include employees who
are familiar with the facilities such as temporary and permanent
electrical and piping systems. Employees with basic knowledge of
basic fire fighting operation.

6.1.2

Training Programs
A written fire brigade training program shall be established
each project.
A minimum program for qualification as a member of a fire
brigade

16

 A continuing program of monthly training sessions for all

members of the team.
6.1.3

Practice Drills
The formal program for practice drills should include:
Drills under conditions as real and practice
Periodic practice for each member of the team utilizing the
equipment specifically assigned.

6.1.4

Training Records
Training records should be kept and maintained for each member
showing training session attendance and participation in practice
drills as a member of the brigade and as an individual.

6.1.5

Fire Safety Practices and Procedures

6.1.5.1 Before any work is started within the refinery cold or
hot operation, the necessary permit shall be secured and
all the requirements stipulated therein are satisfied and
followed.
6.1.5.2 Regular clean-up of scrap materials, saw dusts, wood
shavings, rags, oil and grease and other residue of
construction operation shall be done.
6.1.5.3 Frequent inspection of in the work area at least before
the start of each shift shall be done regularly.
a.

Heating devices, including permanent building

heating system, if this is utilized for interior
heating.

b.

Electrical wiring and equipment

c.

Stores of flammable liquids and materials

d.

The vicinity of welding operations, especially

below overhead welding, if particular fire hazard
exist in such operation, they should be continually
watched during or immediately after welding or

17

cutting, or should be screened with canvass or

other resistant materials.
e.

Beneath and in the vicinity of hot roofing

f.

All places exposed to spark and heat if refuse

burning takes place.

g.

Outdoor and indoor storage area

h.

Machine rooms including offices

i.

Garbage/refuse containers and pick-up points

j.

Fire fighting equipment and other emergency

appliances location

6.1.5.4 Training of personnel on basic fire fighting procedures

6.1.5.5 Enforcement of no smoking rules and regulations
6.1.5.6 Proper

maintenance

of

fire

fighting

equipment

including alarm systems

6.1.5.7 Organize fire brigade team.
6.1.6

Emergency Procedure in Case of Fire

6.1.6.1 On being informed of emergency or upon hearing the
Stop to Work Alarm, all supervisors shall ensure
that:
k.

All work are stopped at once.

l.

All equipment are shut off.

m.

All men are evacuated to a pre-determined

assembly point.

n.

A roll call is taken and every man accounted for.

o.

NO one us permitted to return to work until

notification is received from operations or other
authorized personnel.

p.

When fire becomes serious, seek assistance from

the Fire Department.

6.1.7

Campsite

18

6.1.7.1 First person who notices the fire shall:

a) Immediately turn on the fire alarm system continuously
until all building occupants are notified.
b) Grab the nearest fire extinguisher in the area and
extinguish fire.
c) When fire fighters arrive, clear the area.
6.1.7.2 All employees upon hearing the alarm:
a)

Keep your head down avoid panic and confusion.

b)

Stop working and immediately shut-off equipment

including office machines. Carry out on priority basic
important items in your work area.

c)

Walk fast to fire exit but do not shout, push or cause

disorder.

d)

When fire brigade team arrives, all must clear the area
so that emergency force can function effectively.

e)

Keep a safe distance from the building. DO not enter

the premises until the Return to Work Order is given
by the Fire Marshal.

6.1.8

Fire Brigade Members

6.1.8.1 Stop working and immediately unplug all equipment in
your area.
6.1.8.2 Check the location of fire.
6.1.8.3 If available, wear proper fire fighting body protection and
proceed to the fire scene without delay. Get in touch with
the brigade leader for instructions.
6.1.8.4 Put out the fire using the right type of fire extinguishers.
6.1.8.5 Check that all the occupants of the building or the premises
are out except those actually engaged in the operations
6.1.8.6 Apprise the situation if fire cannot be controlled or is
endangering the neighborhood and request for assistance.
6.1.8.7 Help in restoring displaced items after the emergency.

19

6.1.8.8 Perform

other

assigned

duties

and

responsibilities

immediately.
6.1.8.9 Submit investigation report to all concerned.
SECTION

7.1

CUTTING AND WELDING OPERATIONS

The storage, use and handling of compressed gas cylinders and welding
equipment shall be done in accordance with the guidelines set forth in this
manual.

A hot work permit shall be obtained before any cutting or

welding operation takes place in a restricted area.

7.1.1

Fire Prevention Requirements

Suitable fire extinguishing department shall be available in the
work area and shall be maintained in a state of readiness.
7.1.1.1 Areas where cutting and welding are performed shall be
kept clean, and all accumulation of trash, rags, etc.,
shall be removed. Consideration should be given to the
distance that sparks or slag can travel.
7.1.1.2 When practical, objects to be welded, cut or heated
should be moved to a designated safe location. If this
cannot be accomplished and if all the fire hazards
cannot be removed, positive steps shall be taken to
confine the heat, sparks and slag.
7.1.1.3 All machineries, equipment, materials or other items
subject to damage or possible ignition by sparks from
welding and cutting operations shall be covered with
suitable con-combustible materials. Special attention
should be directed towards welding gas holes and cable
in trays.
7.1.1.4 When cutting and welding operations are performed
above gratings, decks, or near floor or wall openings,
the deck or openings below the operation should be
covered with suitable non-combustible materials. Care
shall be taken not to direct the slag stream from cutting

20

operation through nearby openings.

Particular care

shall be taken that large pieces of hot slag are not

allowed to remain on surface enough to cause
combustion or damage.
7.1.1.5 When welding, cutting or heating is performed on
walls, floors and ceilings where direct penetration of
sparks or heat transfer may introduce a fire hazard to an
adjacent area the same precautions on which the
welding or cutting is being performed.
7.1.1.6 When the welding, cutting or heating operation where
normal fire prevention precautions are not sufficient,
additional personnel shall be assigned to guard against
fire and remain for a sufficient period after completion
of the work to ensure that no possibility of fire exists.
Such personnel shall be instructed as to the anticipated
fire hazard and how fire-fighting equipment is to be
used.
7.1.1.7 No welding, cutting or heating shall be performed
where the application of flammable paints, or the
presence of other flammable paints, or the presence of
other

flammable

compounds

or

heavy

dust

concentration creates a hazard.

7.1.1.8 Drums, pails and other containers which contain or
have contained flammable liquids shall be kept close
except when the contents are moved or transferred.
Empty containers shall be removed to safe area away
from hot work operations or open flames.
7.1.1.9 Drums, containers, or hollow structures which have
contained toxic or flammable substances shall, or be
filled with water or cleaned of such substances and

21

ventilated and tested before welding cutting or heating

is performed.
7.1.1.10

Before heat is applied to a drum, container or

hollow structure a vent or opening shall be provided to

prevent any built-up of pressure during the application
of heat.
7.1.1.11

To eliminate possible fire or asphyxiation hazards in

enclosed spaces as a result of gas escaping, through

leak or improperly closed torch valves, the gas supply
to the torch shall be shut-off at some point outside the
enclosed space whenever the torch is not to be used, or
whenever the torch is left unattended.
7.1.1.12

At the end of each shift, the torch and hose shall be

removed from the confined space. Open end fuel gas

and oxygen hoses shall be removed from enclosed
spaces when they are disconnected from the torch.
7.1.1.13

Hoses, fittings, torches and regulators shall be

inspected daily by the user of the equipment. Defective

equipment shall be removed from service.
7.1.2

Work Permit
Any work carried out in a restricted area will require a work
permit. It is the Superintendents responsibility to find out if an
area is restricted. As a guide, anywhere inside the construction
area where flammable and combustible materials are present is a
restricted area.
7.1.2.1 Function of a Work Permit
A work permit authorizes a specific activity on a specific
time and place. It also lists the hazards, and the safety precautions
that must be taken. It also serves as a record of the activity.
7.1.2.2 Issue and Receipt of Work Permits

22

A work permit is issued to an authorized recipient and must

be obtained from the operating supervisor of the plant or
other restricted areas.
7.1.2.3 When Work Permit is Required
7.1.2.3.1

Release of flammable on injurious liquids or

gases, which are either highly flammable or
injurious, such as opening a line or removing
a pump.

7.1.2.3.2

How work-use of any equipment producing

heat, sparks or flames including internal
combustion engines.

7.1.2.3.3

Enclosed space, entry-entrance into any

confined space, which may have a dangerous
atmosphere such as tanks, or excavations.

7.1.2.3.4

Cold work, any work, in a restricted area not

covered by the example above.

7.1.2.4Compliance with Work Permit

Only the specific activity and equipment listed on the
permit may be carried out. All restrictions listed must be observed;
if any change appears necessary, a new work permit must be
obtained.
7.1.2.5 Location of he Work Permit
The permit must remain in the possession of the authorized
recipient and/or be displayed within a reasonable distance
of the work, and within the confines of the restricted area.
7.1.2.6 Cancellation of a Work permit
A breach in the conditions or issue, or a change in
circumstances, will lead to a cancellation of a work permit
by the operations staff, who is fully authorized to do so. If
the work permit is withdrawn, all work must stop and all
equipment be shut down until a new work permit is issued.

23

7.1.2.7 Closing out of Work Permit

All work permits shall be closed and signed by the
authorized recipient and the operations supervisor who
issued the permit. This rule may be relaxed in certain
circumstances by previous arrangement with the issuer by
the annotation of the work permit.
Those permits will only be valid for one shift. In case of remote
areas, a work permit which is good for one month, is being issued.
7.1.3

Welding Safety
7.1.3.1 Always wear dry, fire resistant protective clothing, cuffles
trousers covering shoe tops, leather gloves, jacket, apron
and proper dark lenses.
7.1.3.2 Always keep a safe and clean work area.
7.1.3.3 Make sure that there are no flammable materials nearby.
7.1.3.4 Do not weld in the vicinity of explosive materials nor near
carbon tetrachloride
7.1.3.5 Always make sure you have enough ventilation to give here
or four complete changes of air per hour.
7.1.3.6 Use air exhaust at the weld whenever welding, lead,
cadmium, chromium, manganese, brass, bronze, zinc or
galvanized metal and stainless steel.
7.1.3.7 Never weld or cut in a confined area without ventilation.
7.1.3.8 Keep all welding equipment in good condition.
7.1.3.9 If it is necessary to couple lengths of cable together, make
sure joints are insulated and all electrical connections are
tight. Use cables with no frayed, cracked or bare spots.
7.1.3.10

When electrode holder is not in use, hang it on the

welding machine or special holder.

7.1.3.11

Always have welding machine properly grounded.

7.1.3.12

Make sure pedal controls are guarded to prevent

accidental start.

24

7.1.3.13

If it cannot be avoided to weld in damp or wet

conditions, wear rubber boots and/or stand on dry

cardboard or wood.
7.1.3.14

Stand only on solid platforms floors or ground.

7.1.3.15

When welding in high places without railing, use

safety belt or lifeline.

7.1.3.16

Always wear proper eye protection, especially when

grinding or cutting.
7.1.3.17

Keep your booth curtains closed to protect the eyes

of others.
7.1.3.18

Never weld or cut directly on a concrete floor.

7.1.3.19

When using a water cooled torch, check for water

leakage.
7.1.4

Safe Handling of Compressed Gas Cylinders

7.1.4.1 Be very careful whenever moves gas cylinders Always
have cap on cylinder when moving.
7.1.4.2 Never use welding gas as compressed air for blowing away
dirt or debris.
7.1.4.3 Before attaching a regulator to a cylinder, open and close
the valve quickly. This is commonly called cracking the
cylinder.
7.1.4.4 Open valve on cylinder slowly after regulator is attached.
7.1.4.5 Be sure that all connections are clean and gas tight. Check
with saliva or soapy water for possible leaks.
7.1.4.6 When the regulator is not in use, the adjusting screws
should be screwed out till diaphragm free.
7.1.4.7 Always protect the hose from rupture or mechanical
damage.
7.1.4.8 Always close the cylinder and release the pressure from the
regulator and hose when your work is completed.
7.1.4.9 Always leave safety plugs alone.

25

7.1.4.10

Always keep the cylinder in an upright position.

7.1.4.11

Always mark the cylinders that have been used.

Empty or MT
7.1.4.12

Never open tank valves until you are certain that

regulator valves are closed.

7.1.4.13

Never open

the valves on the cylinder with a

hammer
7.1.4.14

Never screw the regulator in tight against the

regulator.
7.1.4.15

Never use a cylinder, even when empty as a roller

7.1.4.16

Do not store cylinders in a room where the

temperature is more than 80 degrees.

26

CHAPTER IV SAFETY EDUCATION

One of Managements responsibilities is to establish safe work practices and procedures.
Another is to ensure that each employee is instructed regarding work hazards and the methods by
which these hazards are controlled.
The company provides instruction regarding the project safety program through the new
hire orientation program, the Craft Foreman Orientation program the weekly toolbox safety
meeting and the Supervisors Safety Meeting.
In each project, the time, place and format of the safety meetings shall be jointly agreed
upon by the project Incharge and the Safety Department.
SECTION

8.1

TOOLBOX SAFETY MEETINGS

Toolbox safety meetings shall conform to the following guidelines:
8.1.1

The subject materials developed by the Safety Engineer shall be

distributed to each foreman.

8.1.2

The subject material shall be pertinent to the work being

performed.

8.1.3

The meetings shall be conducted by each foreman with his crew at

the time designated, using the subject material furnished.

8.1.4

The meeting shall provide employees with the opportunity to

discuss safety.

8.1.5

The actual meetings time shall not exceed 15 minutes.

8.1.6

The Superintendent, Safety Engineer and other supervisory

personnel should attend these meetings.

SECTION

8.2

FOREMENS/SUPERVISORS SAFETY MEETINGS

These safety meetings shall conform to the following guidelines:
8.2.1

The subject material shall be typed and reproduced for distribution

at the meeting which will be conducted by the Safety Engineer.

8.2.2

The following items shall be covered at each meeting:

27

8.2.2.1 Review of cases since the previous meeting, identifying

principal

accident

causes,

crafts

involved,

etc.,

including accident prevention methods to be initiated

by responsible individuals.
8.2.2.2 Review of the most frequent noted serious, non-serious
and repeated safety violations, including corrective
actions required by the responsible individual.
8.2.2.3 The Safety engineer shall encourage group discussion
on methods of corrections improvements, etc.
8.2.2.4 Bona fide safety complaints shall be resolved.
8.2.2.5 Shall be selectively assigned to groups to ensure that
adequate supervision remains in the field.
8.2.2.6 Group shall be scheduled for a meeting every other
week.
8.2.2.7 The actual meeting time shall not exceed 30 minutes,
except in unusual circumstances.
8.2.2.8 Attendance at these meetings shall be mandatory.
SECTION

8.3

SUPERINTENDENTS SAFETY MEETINGS

These safety meetings shall conform to the following guidelines:
8.3.1

The subject material shall be typed and reproduced for distribution

at the meeting, which will be conducted by the Project/Department
Manager.

8.3.2

The following items shall be covered at each meeting:

8.3.2.1 Review of cases since the previous meeting. Identifying
principal accident causes, crafts involved, etc., including accident
prevention methods to be initiated by responsible individuals.

8.3.3

Bona fide safety complaints shall be resolved

8.3.4

The Manager shall encourage group discussion on method of

correction, improvements, etc.

8.3.5

The actual meeting time shall not exceed 15 minutes except in

unusual circumstances.

28

8.3.6
SECTION

8.4

Attendance at these meetings shall be mandatory.

DOCUMENTATION OF SAFETY MEETINGS

To demonstrate that each project is complying with the requirements, it is
necessary to document meetings.

This will be accomplished in the

following manner:
8.4.1

Tool Box Meeting

8.4.1.1 Each foreman who conducts a toolbox safety meeting
shall list all employees who have attended.
8.4.1.2 Each foreman shall list all safety suggestions and/or
questions developed during the meeting.
8.4.1.3 The completed toolbox safety meeting report shall be
turned over to the responsible superintendent for review
and corrective action in his area of responsibility. The
report is then to be turned over to the Safety
Department for review and further corrective action if
necessary.

8.4.2

Foremans/Supervisors and Superintendent Safety Meetings

8.4.2.1 An attendance list shall be passed around for each to
sign.
8.4.2.2 The Safety Engineer shall prepare a written summary of
each meeting, highlighting the major items of
discussion, unresolved issues, etc.
A copy of the weekly toolbox meeting and the written summaries
of the Foremens/Supervisors and the Superintendents Safety
meeting shall be sent to the project In-charge, the Area Manager,
Safety supervisor and the Central Safety Office.

SECTION

8.5

SAFETY TRAINING FOR SUPERVISOR

8.5.1

The job of preventing accidents rest upon the supervisor, not

because it ha been arbitrarily assigned to him, but because accident
prevention and production control are closely associated
supervisory functions.

29

To develop therefore the attitude of

supervisor towards safety is to provide them the necessary course

of instruction.
8.5.2

The course for supervisor should include legal requirements,

company and administrative policies, and safety aspect of the work
likely to be undertaken by the supervisors. An outline of such
course are enumerated below.
The law and safety
Policy and administration
Safety and the Supervisor
Principles of Accident Prevention
Site inspection
Accident Reporting and Investigation
Work Permit
Human Behavior
Safety Contest, Awards and Recognition
Yard/Housekeeping and Sanitation
Personal Protective Equipment
Cutting and Welding Operations
Transportation
Excavation
Ladder and scaffolding
Cranes and other Lifting Machines
Lifting tackle
Fire Prevention and Control
Communications

SECTION

8.6

WORKMEN SAFETY TRAINING

8.6.1. Accident prevention for workmen can be considered under three
categories:
8.6.1.1 Integration of safe working practices into all training
for particular skills.
30

8.6.1.2 Specialized safety training applied from within the

company.
8.6.1.3 Use of persuasion
An induction safety course for workmen should be
aimed at the specific hazards which could be
encountered at the specific site where they are working.
Below is an outline of the topic to be discussed during
the safety induction of new employee.
-

Toolbox Meeting

Personal Protective Equipment

Housekeeping and Sanitation

First aid and Emergency Facilities

Fire Protection and Prevention

Report of injuries and Unsafe Conditions

Safety Rules and Regulations

Safety Contest

Emergency Procedures

Responsibility in safety

Work Permit

In addition to the above topic, the procedural guidelines on

the following activities shall also be emphasized to the
employee:
-

Welding and Cutting Operation

Hand and Portable Power Tools

Ladder and Scaffolding

Temporary Electrical Connection

Crane Operation and Safety Rigging Practices

Defensive Driving

Excavation, Trenching and Shoring

Radiation Safety

Road Crossing

31

SECTION

SAFETY COMMITTEE
9.1

The project Safety Committee shall assist the PMT in the

recognition and elimination of unsafe acts and conditions which
may lead to both injury type and/or property loss accidents.
Benefits of the committee include multiple judgement, group
opinions and to secure cooperatives understanding from employees
represented by the committee members. The safety Department
shall coordinate the organization and structure of the Safety
Committee on individual jobsites.
9.1.1

Membership in the committee shall be

comprised of a representative group of
personnel, both manual and non-manual.
The membership should be rotated every 6
months to allow for maximum participation
by jobsite personnel.

9.1.2

The chairman of the committee shall be a

representative of project management, with
authority to act on pertinent committee
recommendations and to report the status of
management

activity

concerning

the

recommendations. It is recommended that

the Field Superintendent be selected to chair
the committee.
9.1.3

The frequency of meetings should be

determined by the amount of construction
activities involving the committee. In any
event, the meeting shall be conducted not
more then once a week and not less than
once a month. The subject of the meetings
shall be limited to safety problems with
impact at the jobsite.

32

9.1.4

Functions of the safety committee shall

include

periodic

inspection,

assist

management in formulating solutions to

major safety problems, recommend subjects
for safety meetings, assist Safety Engineers
in jobsites monitoring, and initiate corrective
action for unsafe acts and conditions.
9.1.5

Minutes of the meeting shall be documented

and sent to project Management and a copy
sent to area Manager and Safety Supervisor.

33

CHAPTER V SAFE PRACTICES

SECTION

10

GENERAL SAFE PRACTICES

The safe practices described in this section are for your protection. Read
and observe them.

Accidents happen without warning and many are

caused by lack of knowledge, inattention and thoughtlessness. Lack of

knowledge of these safe practices will not justify non-compliance.
10.1

Know how to do your job.

10.1.1 Check your area to determine what problem or hazards that
exist.
10.1.2 Your activity may endanger fellow workers or nearby
equipment and materials. Take necessary steps to safeguard
them.
10.1.3 Review the requirements of each assigned job with your
supervisor. You will not be expected to do job which might
result in injury to yourself or others.

10.2

A safety rule can only be changed when life or property is in immediate

danger and by permission of safety top management.

10.3

Be sure you understand emergency instructions. Anticipate what you will

do in case of an emergency. Above all, be calm.

10.4

Do not wear jewelries (rings, bracelets, or neck chains) on the job.

10.5

Report unsafe equipment, hazardous conditions and unsafe acts to your

supervisor.

10.6

Use safety equipment when it is specified for the job. Safety equipment is
available at the tool room.

10.7

Practice good housekeeping in your work area. Pick up your tools. Do

not leave materials and scarp where they will be hazardous to others.

34

10.8

For your protection, obey all warning signs such as Keep Out No
Smoking, Eye Protection Required and Authorized Personnel Only.

10.9

Do not take shortcuts. Use appropriate ladders, ramps, stairways, and

paths.

10.10 Do not use compressed air or oxygen to blow dust or dirt from clothing or
skin.
10.11 Carbon tetrachloride must not be used for any purpose on the job.
10.12 Adequate sanitary facilities are provided on the jobsite. Do not use any
other area.
10.13 You must not engage in horseplay or roughhousing on the jobsite. To do
so may lead to injury.
10.14 Failure to follow practices relating to your safety or that of fellow
employees or failure to safeguard equipment, tools or materials properly
may lead to your discharge.
SECTION

11

OFFICE SAFETY
Office safety is one of accident prevention often neglected by employees.
They think that it is not significant because the injuries sustained in the
office lack the dramatic impact of the industrial injuries in the plant or
construction; however, office injuries can be as painful, severe and
expensive as industrial accidents.
11.1

Leaning out from the chair to pick up objects on the floor, and
leaning back in chair placing feet on the desk is one of the
common cause of falling accidents. This practice is unsafe and
should be avoided.

11.2

Standing on a chair to reach an overhead object is prohibited. Use

proper ladder or stool.

11.3

Electric cords, telephone wires and floor mounted outlets should be

properly laid out, installed and frequently inspected for defects.

35

11.4

Avoid littering; wipe out spilled liquids immediately, pick-up

pieces of paper clips, rubber bands, pencils and other loose objects
as soon as they are spotted.

11.5

Avoid running in offices particularly for elevators.

11.6

Dont stand directly in front of the door but out of the path of its
swing when they go to open it.

11.7

Keep to the right when walking in aisles and passage ways.

11.8

Avoid exchange of jokes while going downstairs and dont

congregate on stairs or landing.

11.9

Dont throw matches or cigarettes into waste basket. Use the

ashtrays.

11.10 Dont block locations of fire fighting equipment.

11.11 Report broken chairs or missing casters, stuck drawers, crack glass
and other hazards to the maintenance.
11.12 Keep file drawers, desk drawers and locker door closed when not
in use. Open only one file or desk drawer at a time. See that files
are bolted to the wall.
11.13 Check office furniture regularly for sharp edges or splinters and
loose casters or bolts.
11.14 Keep sharp objects in proper place. Handle carefully.
11.15 Be sure typewriters are solidly placed.
11.16 Do not adjust or clean power-driven office machines when they are
in motion.
11.17 Do not attempt to make electrical repairs. Call a qualified person.
11.18 If smoking is permitted, use ashtrays. Obey No Smoking signs.
11.19 Report all work-incurred injuries or illnesses immediately to your
supervisor and to first aid.
SECTION

12

HOUSEKEEPING

36

Good housekeeping is an important part of our safety program. It is the

responsibility of all employees-supervisors and craftsmen alike-to practice
good housekeeping.
12.1

Scarp material and rubbish are fire and accident hazards. If an

excess of these materials exists in your area, ask your supervisor to
arrange for their removal.

12.2

You must use the trash barrels which are located throughout the
jobsite. If you need one in your immediate work area, notify your
supervisor.

12.3

Return all surplus material to the stockpile at the completion of

your job.

12.4

Do not leave tools and materials where they will create a hazard
for others. Put them in the gang box or return them to the tool
room.

12.5

Place oily rags in approved metal containers.

12.6

Wipe up spilled liquids immediately. If you cannot handle the

problem, notify your supervisor so that he can arrange for the
necessary clean up.

12.7

Keep change rooms clean. Do not let soiled cloths, food scarps
and soft drink bottles accumulate.

If drinking cups are used,

deposit them in the containers provided. Also place sandwich

wrappers, paper bags and others trash in these containers.
12.8

Toilets, wash-up facilities and drinking fountains are provided for

your convenience and comfort. Please help keep them clean and
sanitary. Report any problem to your supervisor.

SECTION

13

PERSONEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment is available for your use. When equipment
has been specified for certain work assignments or areas, you must use it.
13.1

All employees, visitors and vendors must wear hard hats in

designated areas.

37

13.2

You must wear clothing suitable for the work you are doing.
Minimum attire is long pants and a T-shirt.

13.3

Wear sturdy work shoes. Safety shoes are desirable.

13.4

You must wear proper eye protection when you are exposed to
flying objects, dust, chemicals or harmful rays.

13.5

Hearing protective equipment is available upon request. You may

be required to use it in designated areas or for specific jobs.

13.6

Respiratory equipment may be required in area where health

hazards exist due to accumulation of dust, fumes, mists or vapors.

13.7

Safety belts and lifelines must be used when other safeguards, such
as nets, planking or scaffoldings, cannot be used. Be sure safety
lines are independent of other rigging.

13.8

Wear gloves when handling objects or substances which could cut,

tear, or burn the hands.

13.9

You must wear rubber boots for work in concrete, mud or water.

13.10 Hairnets may be required for employees whose hair is potential

source of injury.
13.11 Electricians using insulated gloves must test them for defects daily.
SECTION

14

FIRST AID
First aid facilities are provided for your safety. Qualified personnel are
available to render treatment and to maintain required records.
14.1

Report all inquiries immediately, no matter how minor, to your

supervisor and to First Aid. Treatment will be given, and the
incident will be recorded. Should later medical care be needed,
you will have fulfilled your obligation.

14.2

You must notify your supervisor and First Aid prior to leaving the
jobsite because of injury or illness, whether personal or workrelated.

14.3

If you get outside medical treatment (without clearing through

First Aid) for a work-related injury of illness, you must notify First

38

Aid at the start of the next scheduled workday. Failure to do so

may result in disallowance of your claim and/or discharge.
14.4

Prior to returning to work after a disabling injury or illness, you

must present a medical clearance for the attending physician to
First Aid.

14.5

Drugs, tranquilizers, and insulin must not be taken on the job

unless authorized in writing by your personal physician. A copy of
this authorization should be in your first aid file.

14.6

If your have a physical handicap, such as diabetes, impaired

eyesight or hearing, back or heart trouble, hernia, or aversion to
heights, tell your supervisors. You will not be expected to do a job
which might result in injury to yourself or others.

14.7

First aid teams are organized and trained to render assistance. In

the event of an injury or illness you will get proper first aid
treatment.

Your physician will be notified in the event if an

emergency.
14.8

If you have had military, Red Cross, or other first aid or medical
training, tell the job Safety Representatives. You may be invited to
join the Project First Aid Team.

14.9

Never move an injured or seriously ill person unless necessary to

prevent further injury. Emergency steps for notifying First Aid are
posted through the jobsite; familiarize yourself with them. First
aid should not be administered by non-designated employees
expect in case of severe bleeding or cessation of breathing.

SECTION

15

FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION

Read and understand the instructions for reporting fires posted on each
bulletin board. In a fire, assure the safety of all personnel, then use the
appropriate fire fighting equipment until help arrives.

39

15.1

If you have been a volunteer fireman or have had fire-fighting

experience, tell your project officer. You may be invited to join the
Project Fire Brigade.

15.2

Familiarize yourself with the location of all fire fighting equipment

in your work area.

15.3

Tampering with fire fighting equipment is a ground for discharge.

15.4

Learn the classification of fires:

CLASS A -

Ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, coal,

paper of fabrics, where wetting and cooling is the
method of extinguishment.

CLASS B -

Flammable petroleum products to others flammable

liquids where oxygen must be excluded for
extinguishment.

CLASS C -

Fires in or near energized electrical equipment

where, because use of water would be hazardous, a
non-conducting extinguishing agent must be used.

15.5

Only approved solvents should be used for cleaning and

degreasing. The use of gasoline and similar flammable products
for this purpose is prohibited.

15.6

Keep the work area neat. An orderly jobsite reduces the fire and
accident hazard.

15.7

Where fire hazards are prevalent, get additional fire extinguishers

and/or post a fire watch.

15.8

When you must weld or burn near combustible materials, move

them, cover with fire-resistant fabric, or wet down.

When in

doubt, consult your supervisor.

15.9

Flammable and combustible liquids must be handled only in

approved, properly labeled safety cans.

15.10 Place oily rags in approved covered metal containers.

15.11 Do not attempt any work involving a source of ignition near a pit,
sewer, drain, manhole, trench, or enclosed space where flammable

40

gases may be present. Wait until tests have been made with an
approved combustible gas indicator by the Safety Department and
the area has been declared for hot work.
15.12 Do not weld or cut on a tank or in an enclosure that has contained
gasoline or others flammable gas or liquids unless it has been
purged, tested by the Safety Department, and proven to be safe.
15.13 The use of open fires is prohibited unless specifically authorized
by the responsible supervisor.
SECTION

16

ELECTRICAL
16.1

All electrical tools and equipment must be grounded.

16.2

Damaged or defective electrical tools must be returned

immediately to the tool room for repair.

16.3

Electricians are the only employees authorized to repair electrical

equipment. Tampering with tools or equipment may result in an
employees discharge.

16.4

Temporary lighting used in damp and/or hazardous locations must

be operated at a maximum of 12 volts.

16.5

You must not work on or in proximity to energize circuits of any

voltage unless adequate safety measures have been taken and the
work operation has been reviewed and approved by the electrical
superintendent.

16.6

When it is necessary to work on energized lines and equipment,

rubber gloves, blankets, mats and other protective equipment must
be used.

16.7

Temporary electric cords must be covered or elevated. They must

kept clear of walkways and other locations where they may be
exposed to damage or create tripping hazards.

16.8

Splices in electrical cords must retain the mechanical and dielectric

strength of the original cable.

41

16.9

Temporary lighting must have guards over the bulbs. Broken and
burned out lamps must be replaced immediately.

16.10 Energized wiring in junction boxes, circuit breaker panels, and

similar places must be covered at all times.
16.11 Hazardous areas must be barricaded and appropriate warning signs
provided.
SECTION

17

HAND AND PORTABLE POWER TOOLS

A craftsman is evaluated by the condition of his tools and the way he uses
them. Only tools in safe working conditions will be issued from the tool
room. You must comply with all of the manufacturers instructions. In
addition, observe the following safe practices:
GENERAL:
17.1

Inspect your tools daily to ensure that they are in proper working
order. Damaged or defective tools must be returned to the tool
room immediately.

17.2

Power saws, grinders, and other power tools must have proper
guards in place at all times.
Removing guards or rendering them inoperable may be grounds
for your discharge.

17.3

Power tools should be hoisted or lowered by a hand line, never by

the cord or hose.

17.4

Cords and hoses must be kept out of walkways and off stairs and
ladders. They must be placed so as not to create a tripping hazard
for employees or to be subjected to damage from equipment or
materials.

17.5

When using the tools listed below or working near objects using
such tools, you must use the additional personal protective
equipment specified. If you have questions about the protective
equipment or safety rules, ask your supervisor.
Jackhammers

- Eye Protection

42

Tampers

Hearing Protection
Foot Protection

Chipping Hammers

Eye Protection

Impact Wrenches

Hearing Protection

Reamers
Cutting Torches

- Eye Protection

Arc Welding

Hand Protection

Powder-Actuated tools

Eye Protection

Grinders
Hand-Held Chipping Hammers
ELECTRICAL
17.6

All

portable

electrical

tools

must

be

grounded

(expect

Underwriters Laboratory approved, double-insulated tools.)

17.7

All electric cords and cables must be covered or elevated to protect

them from damage and to eliminate tripping hazards.

PNEUMATIC
17.8

An approved safety check valve must be installed at the manifold

outlet of each supply line for hand-held pneumatic tools.

17.9

All pneumatic hose connection must be fastened securely.

17.10 Safety clips or retainers must be installed on all pneumatic tools to

prevent the accidental expulsion of the tool from the barrel.
FUEL POWERED
17.11 All fuel-powered tools must be shut down while being refueled.
17.12 Smoking is prohibited during refueling operations. Other nearby
sources of ignition, such as burning and welding, also must be
halted during refueling operations.
POWDER ACTUATED
17.13 Only employees who possess valid credentials are permitted to use
powder actuated tools.

The manufacturers representative will

conduct training classes at the jobsite upon request.

43

SECTION

18

MATERIAL HANDLING STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

All material must be properly stacked and secured to prevent sliding,
falling or collapse. Aisles, stairs and passageways must be kept clear to
provide for the safe movement of employees and equipment and to
provide access in emergencies.
18.1

Use proper lifting techniques when handling materials.

-

Get down close to the load.

Keep your back straight.

Lift gradually, using your legs. Do not jerk or twist.

Get help for bulky or heavy loads.

18.2

The storage of material must not block any exit from a building.

18.3

Material stored inside buildings or structures under construction

must not be placed within 6 feet of any hoistway or others inside
floor opening, nor within 10 feet of any exterior wall which does
not extend above the top of the material stored.

18.4

Pipe, conduit, and bar stock should be stored in racks or stacked

and blocked to prevent movements.

18.5

The quantity of material stored on scaffolds, platforms, or

walkways must not exceed that required for 1 days operation.

18.6

Material must never be thrown or dropped from a distance of more

than 20 feet.

The drop area must be barricaded to protect

personnel from being struck by falling materials. Trash chutes are

required for dropping materials from heights above 20 feet.
18.7

Protruding nails must be bent or pulled when stripping forms or

uncrating materials.

SECTION

19

CRANES, HOIST, MOTOR VEHICLES, ELEVATORS AND

HEAVY EQUIPMENT
Our equipment is built for safe and economical operation, but it is only as
safe as the operator.
GENERAL

44

19.1

All cranes, hoist, motor vehicles, elevators and heavy equipment

must be operated and maintained to conform with established
standards.

19.2

All cranes, hoist, motor vehicle, elevators and heavy equipment

must be inspected prior to use on each shift. All deficiencies must
be repaired before the equipment is used.
Operators of such equipment must keep inspection records
required by law.

19.3

Rated load capacity charts, recommended operating speeds, special

hazard warnings, and other essential information must be
conspicuously posted in all cranes, hoist and other equipment.

19.4

Operators must take signals from only one person; in an

emergency, however, a STOP signal can be given by anyone.

19.5

Only standard hand signals will be acknowledged.

19.6

Routine maintenance, fueling, and repairs must not be performed

while the equipment is in use or the power on.

19.7

When handling or recharging batteries or using jumper cables,

wear face shields.

CRANES
19.8

Accessible areas within the swing radius of all cranes must be

barricaded to prevent employees from being crushed by the
counterweight.

19.9

You are prohibited from riding the hook or load without specific
authorization from your responsible superintendent.

19.10 A fire extinguisher, rated at least 5 BC, shall be located in the cab
of each crane.
19.11 Safety latches are required on all crane hooks.
19.12 No crane or other equipment must be operated within 10 feet of
energized electrical transmission or distribution lines.
19.13 For lines rated over 50 KV, the minimum clearance between the
lines and any part of the crane or load must be 10 feet 0.4 inch for

45

each 1KV over 50 KV.

Or use twice the length of the line

insulator, but never less than 10 feet.

19.14 During transit with no load and the boom lowered, the minimum
equipment clearance must be 4 feet for 50 KV or less, 10 feet 50
KV to 345 KV and 16 feet for voltages up to 750 KV.
19.15 A designated employee must be observe clearance of the
equipment and give timely warning for all operations where the
operators vision is obstructed.
19.16 Any overhead line must be considered energized unless a
responsible client or utility company representative says that it is
not energized.
MOTOR VEHICLES
19.17 The parking brake must be set whenever the vehicle is parked.
Equipment parked on an incline must have the wheels chocked.
19.18 Where provided, seat belts must be used.
19.19 Do not ride in the bed of a truck containing materials which are
improperly secured to prevent movement.
19.20 You are prohibited from riding on loads, fenders, running boards or
tailgates, or with legs or arms dangling over the sides.
19.21 Drives must not move vehicles until riders comply with all
precautions.
19.22 Do not back up any vehicle or equipment when the view to the rear
is obstructed unless:
19.22.1

It is equipped with an operating back-up alarm

which is audible above the surrounding noise for a
distance of 200 feet

19.22.2

Or an observer signals that it is safe to do so.

PERSONNEL HOISTS
19.23 The erection and operation of personnel hoist must conform to
established standards.

46

19.24 Prior to placing a hoist into service, functions and safety devices
must be tested thoroughly under the supervision of the
manufacturers representative or other similarly qualified person.
19.25 At least every 3 months, a full inspection and test must be made by
the Equipment Services Department.
MATERIAL HOISTS
19.26 The erection and operation of hoists must conform to established
standards.
19.27 A sign stating No Riders Allowed must be posted on the car
frame. You are prohibited from riding material hoists except for
authorized purposes of inspection and maintenance.
SECTION

20

LADDERS
All types of ladders are available on the jobsite for the use. There is no
excuse for using a makeshift means of access to a work area.
20.1

Job-made ladders must be constructed to conform with the

established standards.

20.2

Only industrial-type or heavy-duty-grade manufactured ladders

will be used on the job.

20.3

Broken or damaged ladders must not be used. Repair or destroy

them immediately. Ladders to be repaired must be tagged Do Not
Use

20.4

Do not splice together short ladders to make a longer ladder.

20.5

Ladders should not be placed against movable objects.

20.6

The base of the ladder must be set back a safe distance from
vertical approximately one-fourth of the working length of the
ladder.

20.7

Ladders use for access to a floor or platform must extend at least 3

feet above the landing.

20.8

The areas around the top and base of ladders must be free of
tripping hazards such as loose materials, trash and electric cords.

47

20.9

Ladders which project into passageways or doorways where they

could be struck by personnel, moving equipment or materials being
handled must be protected by barricades or guards.

20.10 You must face the ladder at all times when ascending or
descending.
20.11 Be sure that your shoes are free of mud, grease or other substances
which could cause a slip or fall.
20.12 Always move the ladder to avoid overreaching.
20.13 Do not carry materials up a ladder. Use a hand line.
20.14 Stepladders must be fully opened to permit the spreader to lock.
20.15 You are prohibited from standing on the top two steps of a
stepladder.
20.16 Metal ladders must not be used for electrical work or in areas
where they could contact energized wiring. The use of metal
ladders is restricted to special applications where the woodenladders are not practical.
SECTION

21

SCAFFOLDING
Each scaffold must be inspected and approved by responsible supervisory
personnel and safety prior to initial use and after alteration or moving.
21.1

General
21.1.1 There is no such thing as a temporary scaffold.

All

scaffolding must be erected and maintained to conform

with established standards.
21.1.2 Guardrails, midrails and toeboards must be installed on all
open sides of scaffolds more than 7-1/2 feet in height.
Guardrails, midrails and toeboards should be constructed
from components furnished by the manufacturer. Where
this is not possible, sound 2-x-4-inch lumber must be used
for guardrails and 1-x-4inch lumber for the midrails and
toeboards.

48

21.1.3 Scaffold planks must be at least 2-x-10-inch full thickness

lumber, scaffold grade or equivalent.
21.1.4 Scaffold planks must be cleared and must extend over the
end supports at least 6 inches but not more than 12
inches.
21.1.5 All scaffolds must be at least two planks wide; no
employee may work from a single plank.
21.1.6 Scaffold planks must be visually inspected before each use.
Damaged scaffold planks must be destroyed immediately.
21.1.7 Access ladders must be provided for each scaffold.
Climbing off the end frames is prohibited unless their
design incorporates an approved ladder.
21.1.8 Adequate mud sills or other rigid footing, capable of
withstanding the maximum intended load, must be
provided.
21.1.9 Scaffold must be tied on the building or structured at
intervals which do not exceed 30 feet horizontally and 26
feet vertically.
21.1.10

Do not overload scaffolds.

Materials should be

brought up as needed. Scaffolds must not be loaded in

excess of one-fourth of their rated capacity.
21.1.11Barrels, boxes, kegs and similar unstable objects must
never be used as work platforms or to support scaffolds.
21.1.12

Where persons are required to work or pass under a

scaffold, a screen of 18-gauge, inch wire mesh is
required between the toeboard and the guardrail.

21.1.13

Overhead protection is required if employees

working on scaffolds are exposed to overhead hazards.
Such protection must be a 2-inch or the equivalent.

21.2

Rolling Scaffolds

49

21.2.1 The height of rolling scaffolds must not exceed three times
the minimum base dimension.
21.2.2 Suspended scaffolds must not be less than 20, nor more
than 36 inches wide.
21.2.3 Wire ropes used to suspend such scaffolds must have a
safety factor six times the maximum intended load.
21.2.4 Non- conductive insulating materials must be placed over
the suspension cables of each scaffold for protection when
the chance of contact with an electric arc exists.
21.3

Needle Beam Scaffolds

21.3.1 All needle beam scaffolds must be constructed to support
the intended load with a safety factor of four.
21.3.2 All employees working from needle beam scaffolds must
use safety belts and lifelines.
21.3.3 Needle beams must be at least 4 by 6 inches, and the span
must not exceed 10 feet.
21.3.4 Rope supports must be at least 1-inch manila or larger,
attach with a scaffold hitch or eye splice, properly secured
to prevent the beam from rolling or being displaced.
21.3.5 Needle beams suspended by wire rope must be secured
with three wire-rope clamps, properly attached.

21.4

Floats
21.4.1 Floats are intended to support not more than three workmen
and a few tools. They must be inspected carefully prior to
each use.
21.4.2 The platform must be constructed from -inch exterior
plywood, Grade B-B or better. The minimum width must
be 3 feet, and the minimum surface area must be 18 square
feet.

50

21.4.3 The supporting beams must be 2-x-4-inch select lumber

and must project at least 6 inches beyond each side of the
platform.
21.4.4 A 1-x-2-inch edging must be placed on all sides of the
platform to prevent tools from rolling off.
21.4.5 Supporting ropes must be fastened so that the platform
cannot slip or shift.
21.4.6 When working from floats, you are required to wear safety
belt and to be tied off to the structure or to an independent
lifeline.
SECTION

22

WELDING AND BURNING OPERATIONS

Welding and burning operations have a high potential for personnel
injuries and fires. When doing either you must follow these precautions:
22.1

General
22.1.1 Before starting to burn or weld, you must inspect your area
to ensure that sparks or molten metal will not fall on
combustible materials. If you cannot provide the necessary
safeguards, check with your supervisors.
22.1.2 You must not weld or burn in a hazardous area without
obtaining written authorization from the responsible
authority.
22.1.3 You must be sure that suitable fire extinguishing equipment
is available in your work area.
22.1.4 You are responsible for maintaining your burning or
welding equipment in safe operating condition.
22.1.5 When burning or welding, you must wear approved eye
protection with suitable filter lenses.
22.1.6 Keep all welding leads and burning hoses up off floors,
walkways and stairways. You are responsible for seeing

51

that your equipment complies with safe practices at all

times.
22.1.7 Never weld or burn on barrels, tanks, piping, or other
systems which may have contained either combustible or
unknown products without first obtaining approval from
your Safety Representative or other responsible authority.
22.2

Welding
22.2.1 If your eyes are exposed to flying objects from chipping
slag or other weld-cleaning activity you must wear
approved eye protection.
22.2.2 When you weld near other workmen, they must be
protected from the arc rays by non-combustible screens or
must wear adequate eye protection.
22.2.3 The frames of all welding machines must be grounded.

22.3

Burning
22.3.1 Do not use matches to light torches. Spark igniters must be
used. Torches must not be used to light smoking materials.
22.3.2 You must wear appropriate gloves
22.3.3 When a crescent or special wrench is required to operate
the acetylene cylinder valve, the wrench must be kept in
position on the valve.

22.4

Storage and Handling of Cylinders

22.4.1 The protective caps must be kept on all cylinders not in
actual use.

SECTION

23

EXCAVATION SAFETY
To prevent injury and property damage during excavation work, make
adequate protective measures part of the job.

Study pre-excavation

conditions (superimposed loads, soil structure, hydrostatic pressure and

the like) in order to evaluate changes that might occur, or situations that
might develop and in order to plan the job ahead: One major hazard in

52

excavation work is the presence of underground facilities, such as utility

lines (water, electricity, gas or telephone), tanks, process piping and
sewers. If this dug into, undercut, or damaged in anyway, there may be
injury or death to workmen and interruption of service, contamination of
water, disruption of processes and expensive delays.
23.1

Before any attempt is made to excavate, check public utilities for

locations of underground or electric lines.

23.2

No shovel, dragline or other digging should be left in place.

23.3

Establish a proximity limit for machine operations and complete

the excavation by hand digging.

23.4

When hand excavation is being done, worker must be warned

about driving picks, paving breakers, or other powered tools
through the envelope of buried facilities.

23.5

If necessary to dig near to or under the tank, it is either install

shoring or excavate of stable slope away from the outermost edge
of the tank supports, size shoring members to handle any
superimposed loads. Keep the excavated area free of water a
partially filled tank could be floated out of the ground.

23.6

Whenever an open excavation must be made within or adjacent to

a building and lower than wall or column footings and machinery
or equipment foundations, the job should be handled by qualified
personnel to make a thorough study on the amount and strength of
shoring required before work is begun.

23.7

Carefully study the nature of the soil, hydrostatic pressure, superimposed loads (both static and line), and other factors.

23.8

Determine the need for sheet piling, shoring and bracing.

23.9

Excavated materials should be placed at least 24 inches from the

side of the excavation unless toeboards or other effective
barricades have been installed to prevent fall back.

23.10 When the excavation must remain open for the duration of the
construction work, barricades, fences, horses and warning signs are

53

necessary. The work area should be guarded by flares, lanterns or

flashlights at night.
23.11 A trench 4 feet or more deeps should be provided with ladders to
facilitate trench should be more than 25 feet apart and the ladders
extend from the bottom of the trench to at least 3 feet above the
ground surface.
23.12 In hand excavated trenches, wooden cleats should be spiked or
bolted to join the ends of braces to stringers to prevent the braces
from being knocked out of place.
23.13 Checklist For Safe Trenching
Before you dig, check:
a)

Soil conditions

b)

Nearness on buildings, utilities, heavily traffic highways

and any other sources of vibration.

c)

For ground that has been previously disturbed

d)

Closeness of streams, old sewers, under-ground cables and

conduits.

e)

Equipment,

personal

protective

equipment,

shoring

materials, signs, barricades, lights, machinery, etc.

While you dig, watch for:
a)

Changing ground conditions, particularly after rainfall

b)

Low condition or gaseous condition in the trench

c)

Adequacy and condition of shoring and sloping as job

progresses.

d)

The way in and the way out of excavation

e)

Changes in vehicle traffic patterns, keep tracks away from

trench walls

f)

That excavated material is more than 60 cms. Away from

edges of the trench.

g)

Positioning of heavy equipment or pipe

54

h)

Proper positioning and adequacy of cross bracing or jacks

to prevent shoring from moving

i)

That men know safe and proper procedures and they do not
endanger themselves by ignoring these checks.

SECTION

24

IONIZING RADIATION
24.1

Introduction

Ionizing radiations, such as X-rays generated by equipment or Gamma

rays emitted spontaneously by radioactive materials, are widely used in
industry for non-destructive testing, i.e., testing of welds in pipes pressure
vessels, etc. without damaging the materials. The material tested does not
retain any radioactivity when testing is completed.
For all practical purposes, the harmful radiations produced by X-ray
equipment or emitted by radioactive sources are the same. X-ray and
Gamma rays both have properties which should be understood. Even
though they have the ability to penetrate the body, they cannot be
perceived by any of our five senses; they can be absorbed an scattered by
matter; they travel in straight lines at the speed of light; they ionize gases;
they affect photographic emulsions; and by far the most important, they
are harmful to the living cells of our bodies.
24.2

Methods of protection against Radiation

Distance, time and shielding are the usual methods of reducing radiation
exposure.
24.2.1 Distance
This is an effective method of protection because Gamma and Xradiation emitted by point sources obey the inverse square law, that
is, the radiation intensity decrease with the square of the distance.
Conversely, dose rates at close distance can be extremely high,
even for small sources.

It is essential, therefore, that sealed

sources are never handled directly, but only by remote controls.

24.2.2 Time

55

This is also a useful method of protection because high dose rates

can be accepted over short periods of time, provided that the
cumulative doses remain low. The maximum permissible doses
are determined as time-weighted measurements. i.e., mr/hr.
millirems per hours.
24.2.3 Shielding
To lessen harmful radiation, materials of high density, such as lead,
depleted uranium, or tungsten, are used.

A sealed source is

constantly emitting radiation and cannot be switched off.

To

contain unwanted radiation and to facilitate handling of the unit,

the sealed source is housed in a shield which is normally made of
depleted uranium.
In the use of X-ray equipment, no precautions against emitted
radiation are necessary until the electric power is turned on.
24.3

Classification of Personnel
It must be understood that no classification of personnel does not
grant immunity against radiation.
24.3.1 Classified Persons
Any person who in the course of his work, is expected to
deal with ionizing radiation must be classified. This means
that he will have undergone an annual medical examination
and that his base line blood count is known. Classified
Persons can receive the maximum permissible dose at 2.5.
mr/hr or 100 millirems per 40 hour week, but the
cumulative dose must not exceed 3 reins per calendar
quarter reins per calendar year. Competent Persons and
Radiographers are classified persons. A Classified Person
must wear film badge, which is changed at regular
intervals, and a personal dosimeter at all times when using
radioactive material.
24.3.1.1

56

Competent Persons

24.3.1.2

Radiographers
Radiographers are directly concerned
with ionizing radiation in their work.

24.3.2. Non-Classified Persons

Non-Classified Persons are members of the general public
who are not exposed to ionizing radiation as part of their
jobs. These persons must not be exposed to more than 0.75
mr/hr at any time.
24.4

Responsibilities of Safe Handling

Quality Control Manager in coordination with the Safety
Department has full responsibility in all matters concerning the
safe use, storage and transportation of sealed sources and industrial
X-ray machines and equipment.
24.4.1 Competent Person
The Competent Person will make frequent checks at the
beginning of each shift on the zeroing and recharging of
dosimeter and on the condition of the equipment. He will
make field audits to ensure compliance with instructions
and standards and report the results of these audits to the
Safety Department.
He must familiarize himself with all new equipment so that
the correct action can be taken in any emergency situation
involving the equipment.
24.4.2 Radiographer
24.4.2.1

At the start of each shift, the Radiographer

must ensure that all equipment is in safe
working order. All malfunctions must be
reported to the supervisor or Competent
Person immediately.

The Radiographer

must also make sure that he is wearing a

valid film badge and a dosimeter which has

57

been charged and zeroed.

One radiation

monitor must be available for each source in

use. Equipment must be transported to the
work site with the safety locks in place.
Under no circumstances is equipment to be
transported in an assembled or open
condition.
24.4.2.2

Upon arrival at the job site and prior to

operating with any sealed source the
Radiographer

must

ensure

that

Non-

classified Persons will not be subjected to

more than the permitted level of radiation
(0.75 mr/hr).

To keep Non-Classified

Personnel out of the radiation area, radiation

warning signs must be clearly displayed and
a rope barrier and a flashing light erected.
24.4.2.3

A weekly report on the condition of all

equipment

should

be

passed

to

the

supervisor. This report should cover loss,

damage and general wear and tear.
24.5

Shipping and Transportation

The Quality Control Department shall be held responsible for
shipping and air shipping of radioactive materials in and out of the
shops.

24.6

Storage Areas
Upon completion of work at the end of each work period, every
sealed source must be returned to a storage area approved by the
Project Incharge and Safety Department.

The most effective

means of storage is within a properly constructed and fenced off

compound. There are, however, occasions when it is not practical

58

to construct a compound or pit. In such cases the source must be

stored in a locked container well away from living quarters.
Sources must never be left at any time in the back of a truck
whether or not they are under lock and key. Monitor readings
would be taken at the perimeter of the storage area and the
radiation level must not exceed 1 mr/hr at that point. In permanent
storage areas a substantial fence with a security gate must be
installed. For temporary storage areas a permit must be issued by
the Safety representative and a rope barrier must be erected around
the radiation area, signs must be fixed to the barriers.
SECTION

25

PAINTS AND COATING

25.1

Introduction
In addition to the usual hazards associated with construction
activities, workmen engaged in surface preparation and paint
application can be exposed to the dangers of fire, explosion,
chemical burns, toxic fumes, dust and insufficient air. This section
of the Manual discusses these hazards and how to minimize them.

25.2

Fire and Explosion Hazards from Solvents

25.2.1 Flammable Materials
In paint systems, it is normally the solvent vapor that is
flammable and generally the other components are less
dangerous and non-explosive.
25.2.2 Flash Point Definition
The flash point is defined as the lowest temperature at
which a liquid will give off sufficient vapor to ignite when
exposed to an open flame.
25.3.3 Flammable (Explosive) Limits Definition
The lower and upper flammable (explosive) limits define
the range of vapor air concentrations that are potentially
explosive. The lower flammable (explosive) limit (LEL) is

59

typically on the order of 1% to 2% by volume a level

readily obtained in the area near opened solvent containers
and near the nozzle of a spray painting gun in operation.
25.3.4 Ventilation
25.3.4.1

Ventilation is necessary because nearly all

solvent

vapors

are

heavier

than

air.

Therefore, they tend to settle to the lower

level of confined areas.
25.3.4.2

Natural

ventilation

through

opened

manways etc. is rarely, if ever, sufficient to

keep local vapor concentrations to a safe
level. As a general rule, forced ventilation
should

be

used,

especially

in

small

enclosures and always during spray painting.

25.3.4.3

Ventilation requirements are proportionately

greater for vessels smaller than 10,000 bbls,
capacity (56,000 cu.ft.) that for larger
vessels.

25.3.4.4

Mechanical or forced ventilation is needed

during

all

spray

painting

operations,

whenever opened solvent containers are

located

in

enclosed

areas,

in

small

enclosures during hand painting or solvent

wiping, and whenever solvent vapors are
irritating to eyes, skin., lungs, etc. It should
operate

during

paint

application

and

continue until the coating is dry to the touch.

25.3.4.5

The fresh air inlet should be near the top of

the confined space. The discharge openings
should be located near the bottom and
positioned

60

to

eliminate

dead

spaces.

Supplementary fans may be needed to

ensure good air circulation with no dead air
pockets in the vessel.
25.3.4.6

Even

with

forced

ventilation,

vapor

concentrations during spray painting will be

high. While spray painting is in progress, all
workmen should wear chemical cartridge
respirators if out doors or airline hoods if
inside a vessel.
25.3.5 Fire Precautions
25.3.5.1

Smoking or the use of open flames is

permitted only in designated safe areas.

25.3.5.2

All electrical lighting and equipment shall

be explosion proof.

25.3.5.3

Solvents and paints shall not be applied to

surfaces warmer than summer ambient
temperatures.

25.3.5.4

Ventilating equipment shall be used for work

in confined areas.

25.4

Health Hazards
25.4.1 Toxicity
25.4.1.1

Most of the solvent contained in paints or

used for cleaning are toxic in varying
degrees.

The dangers can arise from

inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption.

25.4.1.2

Examples of extremely toxic solvents are

benzene,

methyl

cellusolve

acetate,

cellusolve,
and all

chlorinated

solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.

25.4.2 Skin Irritations

61

methyl

25.4.2.1

The vapors from many solvents can cause

mild to quite severe allergic skin irritations.
The alkaline catalyst used in many epoxy
paints can cause severe chemical burns if
not washed off immediately with water.

25.4.2.2

Strong degreasing solvents such as ketones

and aromatic hydrocarbons remove natural
skin oils and promote skin cracking.
Adequate and readily available washing
facilities should be provided on site so that
workmen do not have to use thinners and
cleansers for washing up.

25.4.2.3

Barrier creams are substances rubbed on the

skin for protection against paint and
solvents.

25.5

Equipment Hazards
Much of the equipment used in surface preparation and paint
applicant is hazardous. The user is directed to observe strictly the
precautionary measures discussed in this section.
25.5.1 Hazards from Hand Operated and Power Tools
The principal hazards associated with hand and power tools
are flying particles and dust and electric shock from
grounded tools. Approved personal protective gear must be
worn when operating these equipment.
25.5.2 Hazard from Sandblasting
25.5.2.1

Dust

from

and

blasting

operations

constitutes a serious health hazard, both to

the operator and to other workmen in the
immediate
protective

area.
gear

Approved
must

operating this equipment.

62

be

personal

worn

when

25.5.2.2

Sandblast nozzles should be equipped with a

remote control shut-off of the deadman
variety to reduce the hazard of injury to
nearby workmen if the hose is dropped.

25.5.2.3

The blast nozzle should be electrically

grounded

to

prevent

static

electrical

discharges or shocks to operating personnel.

25.5.2.4

A noise hazard exists with sandblasting. Ear

protection must always be worn when
blasting particularly within confined areas.
Other workmen in the immediate are may
also need ear protection.

25.5.3 Hazards from Solvent Cleaning

25.5.3.1

Permissible solvents for wiping include

mineral spirits, stoddard solvent, petroleum
naptha, turpentine, xylene and toluene.
Benzene, gasoline, carbon tetrachloride and
chlorinated hydrocarbons are dangerous and
must no be used.

25.5.3.2

A fire and explosion hazard always exists

when using solvents especially in confined
areas.

Adequate ventilation must be

supplied.
25.5.4 Hazards from Paint and Equipment Cleaning
25.5.4.1

All solvents except water based paints are

toxic and flammable. These paints should
be mixed either outside or in an adequately
ventilated area.

25.5.4.2

Adequate washing facilities should be

readily available so that paints and solvents

63

splashed on the body or in the eyes can be

immediately removed.
25.5.4.3

Electrically driven power mixers shall be

grounded.

24.5.5 Hazards from Paint Application

25.5.5.1

Spray painting results in local high solvent

vapor concentrations, giving rise to serious
fire and explosions hazards. Spray painting
must never be done either on or near
surfaces

hotter

than

summer

ambient

temperatures or near open flames. Adequate

ventilation must be maintained in confined
areas.
25.5.5.2

Airless spray guns operate at very high

pressure in the range of 2000-2500 psi.
They are extremely hazardous; the air jet,
which is strong enough to easily slice
through a man, is invisible. Operators and
adjacent workmen must be thoroughly
aware of its potential destructive power.
When the gun is not in use, the safety catch
must be put on so that the trigger cannot be
pulled accidentally.

64

CHAPTER VI INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

SECTION

26.1

INTRODUCTION
Employees must be protected from environmental hazards that arise out of
or during the course of employment. Hazardous exposures which may
adversely affect their health, both immediate and long term effect, must be
controlled. The job site Safety Department must develop a program which
deals with the recognition, evaluation and control of environment health
hazard. Environment health hazards may include conditions which cause
legally compensable illness, or any conditions in the work environment
that impair the health of employees to the extent that they lose work
and/or efficiency.

The program must provide management with

information necessary for the control of recognized health hazards.

SECTION

26.2

ENVIRONMENT HEALTH HAZARDS

Adequate measures shall be provided for the control of stress producing
hazards such as:
26.2.1 Chemical Liquids, dusts, fumes, mists, vapors or gases. The
three routes of entry into the body being inhalation, skin absorption
and ingestion.
26.2.2 Physical Non-ionizing radiation, noise pressure, vibration and
illumination.
26.2.3 Biological Viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects.

65

SECTION

26.3

RECOGNITION
The Jobsite Safety Department must be familiar with each work activity
and the materials associated with the work. By evaluating the processes
and materials prior to their use, acceptable controls can be established.
Frequently trade name substances cannot be identified due to a lack of
information. The purchasing or Safety Departments may find it necessary
to request manufacturers materials safety data sheets, or suitable tests, in
order to determine whether or not hazards exists. Information concerning
control of hazardous data guide, such as those available from the NFPA or
the NSC, once the substance has been identified. A program shall be
established with jobsite Procurement and Engineering Departments
whereby the Safety Department is notified of the intended purchase or
potentially hazardous materials. In many cases, additional research may
find an acceptable substitute material or process which is not hazardous.
In the event that a suitable substitute cannot be used, the Safety
Department will have adequate time prior to the receipt of the materials to
develop suitable control measures. The work area must be continually
surveyed in order to assure that controls are in use and safeguards
maintained.

SECTION

26.4

SURVEYING THE WORK ENVIRONMENT

In order to assure that safeguards are maintained, it will be necessary to
sample the known or suspect environments.

The sample results will

determine the degree of control that is being attained during the actual
work process. The method of sampling must be evaluated to determine
which will produce the most accurate results. For example, it would not
be feasible to measure the quality of breathing air of a welder directly
exposed to fumes and smoke by using a general room air survey. Another
consideration concerns Action Levels or what level of control will be
taken as a result of the samples taken. This 1 occurs when part of the

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samples that are taken within a work environment are above acceptable
limits. When all of the exposures estimates are averaged for the exposed
employees, the Action Level can be determined. Exposures of less than
one half (1/2) the permissible limit usually require no further action.
However, as exposures approach two thirds (2/3) of the limit and above,
further control measures should be considered in order to insure that the
exposure limits are not exceeded. The means of sampling will be either
direct, i.e., noise, flammable gases, O2 deficiency, or indirect; i.e., dust,
fumes, mists, which require a laboratory type analysis. Sample results
found to be within a questionable range may indicate the need for more
accurate surveys, possibly by a certified industrial hygiene laboratory.
SECTION

26.5

RECORDKEEPING
Records of all survey results and employee exposures must be maintained.
Recordkeeping is particularly important in the area of environment health
hazards where the effects of exposures may not be apparent for several
years, and delayed litigation results. The frequency of sampling will be
dependent upon changes in the environment and/or work processes. It
would not be unlikely that samples may be required on an hourly, daily or
monthly basis, depending upon the degree of environmental changes.
Records of all employee training programs and medical examination
(when required) must also be maintained.

SECTION

26.6

COMMON HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENT
Control of various environmental hazards is particularly difficult in the
construction industry due to the constant changes and lack of controlled
environment.

There are, however, several hazards which affect

employees health that can be dealt with, which are common on nearly all
construction sites:
26.6.1 NOISE

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Employees must be protected from the noise level which can cause
hearing impairment. Permissible noise exposures shall not exceed those
listed in the Industrial Safety Manual, 6th Edition. Exposures to impact or
impulse noise shall not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level. Impact
or impulse exposures of 140 dB shall be limited to 100 dB per eight-hour
day. For each decrease at 10 dB in the peak sound pressure level, the
number of impact or impulse exposures can be increased by a factor of 10.
When employees are exposed to sound level exceeding acceptable levels,
feasible administrative or engineering controls to reduce to exposures shall
be utilized. If these controls fail to reduce sound level, to an acceptable
level, personal protective equipment shall be provided and used.
26.6.2 Airborne Contaminants
Exposures of employees to inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, or
contact with any material or substances at or above the concentration
allowed in the table of Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) shall not be
approved. Suitable administrative or engineering controls shall first be
implemented to control airborne contaminants at acceptably prescribed
levels. This can be accomplished with proper ventilation system designed
in accordance with the most recent edition of the manual of recommended
practices in Industry Ventilation. Frequent environment sampling must
be accomplished to insure that ventilation systems are maintaining
contaminants at or below acceptable levels. When engineering controls
are not feasible to achieve full compliance, personal protective equipment
shall be provided and used.
26.6.3 Toxic Materials
Special precautions must be taken when handling extremely toxic
materials such as asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, carbonyls, lead, identified
carcinogens, etc. Design of ventilation system must include filtration to
prevent dispersal into the environment.

Storage, handling, and

identification of toxic materials must be strictly controlled. Sampling

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must be performed on a more frequent basis. Industrial hygiene and

toxicology guides provide specific information concerning special
precautions to be implemented with toxic materials.
26.6.4 Solvents
The use of solvents on the jobsite presents a dual problem in that they are
usually both toxic and flammable. Controls must be established which
provide for the level of exposure to be reduced to an acceptable level
while at the same time preventing as build-up of flammable mixtures.
When selecting solvents, consideration should be given to the solvents that
are at least toxic, flammable and volatile that will do the work required.
26.6.5 Non-ionizing Radiation
Section 24 of this manual outlines the control requirements for employee
exposures to radioactive materials (ionizing radiation).

Non-ionizing

radiation involves the control of exposures to primarily burns, particularly

to the eye, which is susceptible to radiations of this nature.

Control

measure include shielding from harmful rays or arcs and adequate filters
for protection of the eyes.
SECTION

26.7

MINIMUM RECOMMENDED SAMPLING DEVICES FOR THE

JOBSITE
1.

Oxygen monitor with audible alarm.

2.

Combustible/flammable gas detector.

3.

Gas detector with direct reading tubes for specific hazards

including:
-

Carbon monoxide

Hydrogen sulfide

Nitrogen oxides

4.

Sound level meter with calibration accessory

5.

Lightmeter

6.

Particle mass monitor

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CHAPTER VII SAFETY AND FIRE PROTECTION IN CONFINED OR

ENCLOSED SPACES
SECTION

27.1

DEFINITIONS
Confined or enclosed space means any space having a limited means of
egress, which is subject to the accumulation of toxic or flammable
contaminants or may have an oxygen deficient atmosphere. Confined or
enclosed space include, but are not limited to, caissons, storage tanks,
process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts, sewers,
underground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces more
than 4 feet in depth: such as pits, tubs, vaults and vessels.

SECTION

27.2

REQUIREMENTS
Employees required to enter confined or enclosed spaces shall be
instructed.
27.2.1 As to nature of the hazards involved.
27.2.2 Necessary precautions to be taken.
27.2.3 The use of emergency and protective equipment required.

SECTION

27.3

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

27.3.1 Necessary rescue/work equipment such as life lines, harnesses,
belts, stretchers, mobile cranes or hoist, etc., shall be immediately
available at all times.

70

27.3.2 Suitable eye and face protection, and protective clothing shall be
worn by workmen.
SECTION

27.4

EMERGENCY LIGHTING
Emergency lighting shall be provided at all accesses and means of egress.
When this is not practical, flashlights shall be provided to persons required
to enter confined spaces.

SECTION

27.5

ENVIRONMENT TESTING
27.5.1 In areas where the presence of flammable or toxic air
contaminants, or deficiencies of oxygen are suspected, appropriate
tests of the atmosphere shall be made by the safety Department or
a qualified person in charge to assure that explosive or toxic limits
are not exceeded, or the oxygen concentration is not below 19.5%
before persons are allowed to enter the
27.5.2 During inert gas welding, portable and/or fixed oxygen analyzers
with visual/audible alarms shall be provided in areas where oxygen
deficient atmosphere may occur.
27.5.3 Any area suspected of being unsafe for entry due to oxygen
deficiency, or exceeding toxic or flammable limits shall be: 1)
promptly reported to the Safety Department, 2)

posted with

appropriate warning sign, 3) ventilated/exhausted, 4) re-checked

before entry.
27.5.4 Continuous oxygen monitoring with visual/audible alarms shall be
provided in areas designated by the Safety Department.
27.5.5 The Safety Department shall coordinate the maintenance and
calibration of all air sampling equipment and arrange for adequate
sampling for toxic gases as necessary.
SECTION

27.6

VENTILATION/EXHAUST

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27.6.1 Ventilation and/or exhaust will be maintained in all confined or

enclosed areas to preclude concentrations of toxic/hazardous gases,
dusts which exceed prescribed limits.
27.6.2 The person in Charge is responsible for assuring proper ventilation
and/or exhaust prior to the start of work.
27.6.3 The Safety Department is responsible for making appropriate tests
and advising the Person In Charge when the breathing air meet
requirements.
27.6.4 In areas where adequate ventilation and/or exhaust cannot be
provided, personnel shall be required to wear appropriate
respiratory protection.
SECTION

27.7

RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS
27.7.1 A special work authorization (SWA) shall be prepared and signed
by the Person in Charge. It will then be approved by the safety
Department when all requirements of this procedure have been
met. The SWA will consist of a checklist including means of
egress, emergency lighting, toxic gases, flammable gases, oxygen
monitors,

fire

protection,

breathing

apparatus,

emergency

equipment, etc.
27.7.2 A log of all atmospheric sampling in confined or enclosed spaces
will be maintained by the Safety Department.
SECTION

27.8

FIRE PROTECTION
The following conditions shall be assured in confined or enclosed spaces
at all times:
28.8.1 Access ladders, floors, components, etc. which require protective
wrapping shall be covered with flame retardant material.
28.8.2 Flammable liquids (i.e., acetone, alcohol, etc.) must be stored in
UL or FM approved flammable liquid container/dispensers, and the

72

amount of such flammable liquid should not in exceed the amount

necessary to perform the work each day.
28.8.3 Proper fire extinguishers shall be immediately available.
28.8.4 Cylinders containing oxygen, acetylene, or other fuel gases shall
not be taken into confined or enclosed spaces.
28.8.5 All rags, brushes, wipes, gloves, etc. shall be stored in metal
containers with lids.
28.8.6 Current pre-fire plans (evacuation, rescue, equipment, notification,
etc.) must be in effect The Safety Department will maintain current
fire plans for the site fire brigade.
28.8.7 A person shall be posted during all welding, burning and heating
operations to monitor for fires.
28.8.8 Flammable gas equipment, hoses, etc., shall be free of defects and
inspected by the user prior to such operations or are adequately
covered to prevent ignition.
28.8.9 For the elimination of possible fire in enclosed spaces as a result of
gas escaping through leaks or improperly closed torch valves, the
gas supply to the torch shall be closed whenever the torch is left
unattended for a substantial period of time, such as during lunch
period. Overnight and the change shift., the torch and hose shall
be removed from the confined space. Open end fuel gas and
oxygen hoses shall be immediately removed from enclosed spaces
when they are disconnected from the torch or other consuming
device.
SECTION

28.9

COMMUNICATIONS
Communication shall be maintained with all personnel in enclosed or
confined spaces by personnel outside those areas.

This shall be

accomplished by utilizing one (or a combination) of the following

methods:
-

Visual

73

SECTION

Voice

Telephone

Two-way radio

28.10 RESCUE
Whenever work is performed in a confined or enclosed space, emergency
rescue must be anticipated.

In the event of emergency, the Safety

Department will coordinate rescue efforts with the project First Aid and
Rescue Team. Frequent drills shall be conducted with this team in order to
develop skills and establish procedures for emergency rescue; including
communications, handling the sick or injured, and use of rescue
equipment. Available equipment should include:
-

Stretchers (stokes and clamshell)

Wristlets and harnesses

Lifelines

Emergency respiratory equipment; air pacs, 5 minute escape

capsules, resuscitators

Flashlights

Communications equipment; radios

Cranes or hoists

*** nothing follows ***

74