Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mikoyan MiG-29 (Famous Russian Aircraft)
Mikoyan MiG-29 (Famous Russian Aircraft)
MiG-29
under upgrade
[p. 20]
Skat UCAV
a future of combat
aviation?
[p. 36]
New mission
to the ISS
[p. 42]
NEW-GEN TECHNOLOGIES
TO SAFEGUARD YOUR SKIES
Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG has
supplied over 1600 MiG-29 fighters to guard
the skies of dozens countries in Europe,
Asia, Africa and America. By combining
the operational experience with the latest
technological achievements RAC MiG
has developed the new family of multirole
combat aircraft. The MiGs superiority
is secured by the newest AESA Radar,
state-of-the-art optronic systems, up-todate onboard self-defense suite, gravitydefying supermaneuverability and other
innovations.
November 2007
Editor-in-Chief
Andrey Fomin
Deputy Editor-in-Chief
Vladimir Shcherbakov
Editors
Yevgeny Yerokhin
Andrey Yurgenson
Columnist
Alexander Velovich
Special correspondents
Vladimir Karnozov, Alexey Mikheyev,
Victor Drushlyakov, Andrey Zinchuk, Valery Ageyev,
Alina Chernoivanova, Natalya Pechorina,
Dmirty Pichugin, Sergey Krivchikov,
Sergey Popsuyevich, Piotr Butowski,
Alexander Mladenov, Miroslav Gyurosi
Web support
Georgy Fedoseyev
Translation
Yevgeny Ozhogin
Cover picture
Piotr Butowski
Publisher
Director General
Andrey Fomin
Marketing Director
George Smirnov
Executive Director
Yury Zheltonogin
Aeromedia, 2007
Dear reader,
You are holding a fresh copy of the Take-off magazine timed with the
Dubai air show that has been among the major respectable international
aerospace exhibitions. Russian participants interest in it is owing, inter
alia, to the Middle East returning as a leader in importing Russian-made
aircraft and cooperating with this country in the aerospace field.
Just about two months before this Dubai airshow, the town of
Zhukovsky in the Moscow Region saw the completion of the 8th
International Aviation and Space Salon MAKS 2007 the aviationrelated event of the year in Russia. According to numerous MAKS 2007
exhibitors and visitors, the show became far more impressive, with the
number of exhibitors growing noticeably, number of foreign delegations
increasing and infrastructure of the show improving. The status of
MAKS as a business event and a place to conduct scientific fora and
conferences has been bolstered.
For the first time, Russian aircraft makers exhibited their projects
in Zhukovsky under the aegis of the United Aircraft Corporation and
helicopter makers did that under the auspices of the Helicopters
of Russia holding company. Actually, the tendency for aerospace
developers and manufacturers to merge both in Russia and abroad has
been highlighted at MAKS 2007.
This years air show was a kind of parade of aerospace novelties that
were aplenty in Zhukovsky both combat aircraft and missile weapons,
on the one hand, and civil planes, on the other. This is a good sign of
positive dynamics emerging in the Russian aircraft industry, the other
proof being a series of key contracts and agreements made in the
course of MAKS 2007.
In this issue, we have focused on the novelties and events of the
MAKS 2007 show we deem the most important and interesting ones,
as well as on other news of Russian aviation and space industry of
recent months, with preference given to those of them that could be of
special interest to the current and potential users of Russian aircraft in
the Middle East and North Africa.
I wish you fruitful work at the Dubai air show, useful contacts and
lucrative contracts!
Sincerely,
Andrey Fomin,
Editor-in-Chief,
Take-off magazine
November 2007
AIRSHOW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
CIVIL AVIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Two more Il-96s built
New aircraft for Russian carriers
Tu-204 acquires Red Wings
The time has come was the motto of the long-awaited event the rollout of the
first flying prototype of the advanced Russian regional airliner, the Sukhoi SuperJet
100, conducted by the Sukhoi Civil Aircraft company on the premises of the
Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association (KnAAPO) on 26 September.
The first SuperJet 100 rolled out of the Sukhoi Civil Aircraft hangar in a
well-rehearsed top-class ceremony attended by First Vice-Premier Sergey Ivanov
and leaders of Russian and foreign companies involved in the Sukhoi SuperJet 100
programme, airlines and a thousand other guests and media people. The ceremony
marked another stepping-stone to developing the advanced Russian regional jet. The
first flying SuperJet serialled 95001 now enters ground tests in the run-up to flight
trials. According to Sukhoi Director General Mikhail Pogosyan, the maiden flight is
slated before year-end. Andrey Fomin reports from the Komsomolsk-on-Amur
INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
16
20
www.take-off.ru
20
30
be either deep or lite. The former option results in the MiG-29SMT featuring the
highest combat capabilities for earlier built aircraft of the type. Such fighters have
already been supplied to countries in the Middle East and North Africa.
The MiG-29SD and MiG-29SM offer less expensive upgrade packages, with their
avionics not being subject to such drastic updating. Nonetheless, these versions
acquire a number of advanced capabilities in using latest weapons systems.
In addition to modernising operational MiG-29s, MiG Corp.s work is in full swing
on developing a heavily upgraded derivative of the Fulcrum, the MiG-35, that will
hit the market after 200910. The MiG-35s advanced technical solutions also are
to be embodied in the MiG-29M/M2 intermediate derivative carrying less expensive
avionics and weapons suites commonised with the MiG-29SMT. Andrey Fomin
reviews MiG-29 upgrade programmes
MILITARY AVIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Su-34 fielded with Air Force
Growing number of upgraded Su-27SMs
RusAF Chief tries Yak-130 out
36
The Skat low-observable jet-powered combat unmanned aerial vehicle (UCAV) under
development by MiG Corp. became a most interesting and unexpected novelty of the
MAKS 2007 air show. Unveiling the Skats full-scale mockup to the media in a MiG
Corp. hangar at LIIs airfield in Zhukovsky on the third day of the show made quite
a stir, because no details on MiG Corp.s UCAV development had been available and
the Skats demonstration at MAKS 2007, albeit planned by the developer, had not
been advertised at all. Permission to unveil the Skat UCAV was given by Russian
President Vladimir Putin on 21 August. As a result, a full-size Skat mockup was
displayed in a hangar of MiG Corp. at Gromov LIIs airfield, rather than at the display
ground, and few media people were invited, among which Take-off editor was lucky
to be
COSMONAUTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
ISS now run by female.
Another replacement in position in orbit
42
There has been a change of the crew of the ISS. In October, a woman, NASA
astronaut Peggy Whitson, headed a long-term orbital expedition for the first time in
history of space exploration. She and Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko were
accompanied to the ISS by the first Malaysian cosmonaut Sheikh Muszafar Shukor.
He spent 11 days in orbit and came back to the Earth together with the ISS-15
crew cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Fyodor Yurchikhin. Alina Chernoivanova tells
about the current mission to the ISS
www.take-off.ru
AIRSHOW | MAKS-2007
Alexey Mikheyev
Participant companies
Le Bourget
2007
Farnborough
2006
ILA
2006
MAKS
2007
2000
1480
1014
787
Participant countries
42
35
42
39
Aircraft demonstrated
140
145
340
279
Total visitors
314,000
270,000
250,000
725,000
Business visitors
154,000
140,000
115,000
127,000
Public
160,000
130,000
135,000
598,000
Sergey Sergeyev
Andrey Fomin
www.take-off.ru
On 23 August, in a ceremony
during MAKS 2007, Atlant-Soyuz,
Ilyushin and Ilyushin Finance Co.
signed an acceptance report for
the first Il-96-400T (RA-96102) to
enter flight trials with the carriers
participation. The new transport is
to be the first aircraft of the type in
Atlant-Soyuzs fleet being formed
in line with a strategy of entering
regular cargo operations. In this
connection, Atlant-Soyuz Director
General Vladimir Davydov and
his Ilyushin Finance Co.s oppo-
Sergey Sergeyev
Alexey Mikheyev
Alexey Mikheyev
www.take-off.ru
www.take-off.ru
Yevgeny Yerokhin
Yevgeny Yerokhin
Yuri Kabernik
Andrei FOMIN
All photos by the author
unless stated
Yuri Kabernik
10
www.take-off.ru
As of October, the SuperJet 100 orderbook was as follows: 30 aircraft for Aeroflot
with 15 more as an option, 10 for the
Financial Leasing Company, 15 with 10
options for AirUnion, six with four options
for Dalavia, 10 with 10 options for ItAli and
two with two options for Armavia. The first
airliner is estimated to be delivered to the
launch customer, Aeroflot, in November
2008 and to the first foreign customer,
ItAli, in December 2009.
According to Sukhoi managers, the
number of firm orders is to reach 100 by
year-end and total 300 in 2010. Sukhoi
estimates the capacity of the market the
SuperJet 100 can enter by 2025 at 800 aircraft, of which 70 per cent are designed for
export. The production SuperJets flyaway
cost will stand at $28 million, according Sukhoi Director General Mikhail
Pogosyan speaking in Komsomolsk-onAmur. At the inauguration of the SuperJet
International joint venture in Venice,
Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Financial Director
Left and centre: wing and fuselage assembly for the second Sukhoi Superjet 100 flying prototype
(No 95003). Top: airframe panels manufacture by means of Broetje automatic processing system
11
industry | in brief
Andrey Fomin
12
www.take-off.ru
industry | in brief
Alexey Mikheyev
www.take-off.ru
Andrey Fomin
Alexey Mikheyev
13
industry | in brief
Yevgeny Yerokhin
Piotr Butowski
Su-35s debut
KnAAPO
14
www.take-off.ru
industry | in brief
Yevgeny Yerokhin
Yevgeny Yerokhin
Details on MiG-35s
new exterior
Alexey Mikheyev
Alexey Mikheyev
www.take-off.ru
15
industry | in brief
16
Alexey Mikheyev
Alexey Mikheyev
www.take-off.ru
industry | in brief
tories (the Kh-25M and Kh-29 missiles in the first place). Thus, the
missile will handle a wide spectrum
of missions. Its characteristics have
not been revealed yet, but in terms
of dimensions, the missile is known
to be between the family of Kh-25M
modular missiles with a launch weight
of about 300 kg and the heavier
Kh-29T/L, which launch weight stands
at 660680 kg. Like the designs they
are to oust, the new missiles are to be
fitted with various guidance packages,
including TV or active radar homers,
homing submunitions packed by the
cluster warhead, etc.
A full-size mockup of the modified Kh-31AD high-speed antiship
missile featuring an improved powerplant and a large fuel capacity was
unveiled at the air show as well. The
derivative has a longer range over
the baseline Kh-31A.
www.take-off.ru
Kh-31AD
Kh-58UShKE
Yevgeny Yerokhin
Kh-38ME
Yevgeny Yerokhin
Yevgeny Yerokhin
17
industry | in brief
Andrey Fomin
Andrey Fomin
Andrey Fomin
Back to origins
18
Yevgeny Yerokhin
www.take-off.ru
industry | in brief
Yevgeny Yerokhin
30 kg and surveillance/targeting
gear weighs up to 90 kg.
The systems combat radius is
150 km and its altitude bracket
between 50 m and 6,000 m. The
piston engine provides the 150
300-km/h speed for at least 1015
hours. The UAV can take off from
the mobile launcher, propelled by
its booster motor. The UAV lands in
a fixed-wing aircraft manner, using
its four-strut landing gear, but it can
descend by parachute if need be,
e.g. if there is no suitable airstrip
available.
Belarus is said to be among the
systems component suppliers.
Yevgeny Yerokhin
E22 Berta
M850 Astra
www.take-off.ru
19
Piotr Butowski
MiG-29
Over 800 MiG-29 fighters have been exported since the aircraft entered production, with many of them still being in service
with the air forces of almost 30 countries. Many of them were delivered from 1986 to 1995 and are now in the middle of their
service life, which makes the users keen on having them upgraded.
Therefore, along with designing and productionising new variants, such as the MiG-29K/KUB, MiG-29M/M2 and MiG-35, MiG
Corp. has been pursuing several MiG-29 upgrade programmes to meet requirements of various customers. At the same time
with introducing advanced avionics and weapons, the upgrade may include overhaul, conversion to on-condition maintenance
and service life extension. Depending on tasks and the depth of the pockets of the customers, the upgrade may be either deep
or lite. The former option results in the MiG-29SMT featuring the highest combat capabilities for earlier built aircraft of the
type. Such fighters have already been supplied to countries in the Middle East and North Africa.
The MiG-29SD and MiG-29SM offer less expensive upgrade packages, with their avionics not being subject to such drastic
updating. Nonetheless, these versions acquire a number of advanced capabilities in using latest weapons systems.
In addition to modernising operational MiG-29s, MiG Corp.s work is in full swing on developing a heavily upgraded derivative
of the Fulcrum, the MiG-35, that will hit the market after 200910. The MiG-35s advanced technical solutions also are to be
embodied in the MiG-29M/M2 intermediate derivative carrying less expensive avionics and weapons suites commonised with
the MiG-29SMT.
20
www.take-off.ru
CATCHES ITS
SECOND WIND
www.take-off.ru
21
Andrey Fomin
The first MiG-29SMT prototype (aircraft 917) built in late 1990s and offered for
RusAF featured a wide array of precision guided weapons, new avionics, glass
cockpit, mid-air refuelling system and a huge additional 2,000-litre dorsal fuel cell,
at MAKS 2005 airshow
22
www.take-off.ru
Low-cost option
Cash-strapped countries in Eastern
Europe, Africa and Asia needing inexpensive
Piotr Butowski
Andrey Fomin
www.take-off.ru
23
Optionally upgraded
infra-red search-and-track
system
Option for additional
950-litre dorsal fuel cell
In-flight refuelling
system
GSh-301 built-in
cannon of
30mm calibre
24
www.take-off.ru
MiG-29SMT
upgraded fighter main features
Drawing by Alexey Mikheyev
R-73E dogfight
IR-guided air-to-air
missile
www.take-off.ru
25
Deep upgrade
A deeper upgrade of the MiG-29 fighter,
the MiG-29SMT, is offered to the Middle
East, North African and Asian countries that
are in cash and in need of top-notch multirole
fighters. The MiG-29SMT features the
sophisticated Zhuk-ME radar, a new cockpit
management system, a number of latest
avionics,
Anton Pavlov
Anton Pavlov
26
www.take-off.ru
Piotr Butowski
www.take-off.ru
27
MiG -29UB
upgraded
Aircraft length, m
17.32
17.42
Wing span, m
11.36
11.36
Height, m
4.73
4,73
- normal
17,000
16,000
- max
22,000
21,000
Internal fuel, kg
4,200
3,380
11,500
11,500
21,150
21,150
4,500
4,500
- at sea level
1,500
1,500
- at high altitude
2,400
2,230
2.25
2.1
Service ceiling, m
17,500
17,500
1,800
1,400
2,400
2,000
3,000
2,600
6,000
RD-33
Series 3
RD-33
Series 2 (3)
2x8,300
2x8,300
MiG-29SMTs glass cockpit: the main sighting and navigation information is displayed
on two huge multifunction colour LCDs and HUD with HOTAS concept is implemented
Max g load
Anton Pavlov
Powerplant type
Take-off thrust, kgf
Weapons
Number of hardpoints
2xR-27ET1
(T1)
2xR-27ET1
(T1)
Air-to-air missiles
- medium range
6xRVV-AE
- close range
6xR-73E
6xR-73E
2xKh-29T (TE)
2xKh-29T (TE)
2xKh-29L,
Kh-25ML*
2xKh-29L,
Kh-25ML*
Air-to-surface missiles
- general purpose
- anti-ship
2xKh-31A
- anti-radiation
2xKh-31P
2xKh-31P
Guided bombs
4xKAB-500Kr
(OD)
4xKAB-500Kr
(OD)
4xKAB-500L*
4xKAB-500L*
GSh-301
GSh-301
Piotr Butowski
MiG-29SMT prototype (aircraft 777) with different PGMs being displayed at Dubai airshow
in November 2005
28
www.take-off.ru
www.take-off.ru
29
30
Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Then
An-124 Ruslan heavylifters bring
them to the customer two fighters
per sortie. Once in Venezuela, they
are assembled and check-flown by
Russian pilots and then accepted
by the Venezuelan Air Force. The
service will have had as many as 16
Sukhoi jets by late this year, with
the remaining eight to be delivered
by KnAAPO next year. This done,
Rosoboronexport expects to snag
a new Venezuelan contract for 24
fighters more. If this goes to plan,
Hugo Chavez might be offered more
sophisticated Su-35s that should
be ready for delivery in 200910. At
present, Venezuela is regarded as
www.take-off.ru
Alexey Mikheyev
ing to take part in the Indian tender Lockheed Martin and Boeing
with their F-16 Fighting Falcon and
F-18E/F Super Hornet respectively,
Dassault with its Rafale, SAAB and
BAE Systems with their JAS39
Gripen, Eurofighter with the EF2000
Typhoon and Russias MiG Corp.
with its MiG-35.
The proposals should be submitted within six months, i.e. by
late February 2008. The first stage
of the tender the three-month
evaluation of the six contenders
demonstrators is to begin already
next June. Then, IAFs experts will
go to the fighters countries of
origin to evaluate the capabilities of
www.take-off.ru
31
Alexey Mikheyev
Alexey Mikheyev
As
Take-off
learnt
from
Oboronprom company, all six new
Kamov Ka-32A11BC helicopters have
been delivered to Portugal by late
October. The delivery took place under
the $50 million contract signed in May
2006 in the wake of a tender held by
the Interior Administration Ministry of
Portugal. A group of Kamov experts is
now in Portugal, accepting the aircraft
together with Interior Administration
Ministry specialists. Acceptance
includes test flights and training of
air and ground crews. The machines
delivered were made by the Kumertau
Aircraft Production Company
32
www.take-off.ru
A.Gordeyev
A.Gordeyev
34
www.take-off.ru
www.take-off.ru
Alexey Mikheyev
35
Andrey Fomin
Andrey FOMIN
The Skat low-observable jet-powered
combat unmanned aerial vehicle
(UCAV) under development by MiG
Corp. became the most interesting and
unexpected novelty of the MAKS 2007
air show. Unveiling the Skats full-scale
mockup to the media in a MiG Corp.
hangar at LIIs airfield in Zhukovsky
on the third day of the show made
quite a stir, because no details on MiG
Corp.s UCAV development had been
available and the Skats demonstration
at MAKS 2007, albeit planned by the
developer, had not been advertised
at all. Permission to unveil the Skat
UCAV was given by Russian President
Vladimir Putin on 21 August. As a result,
a full-size Skat mockup was displayed
in a hangar of MiG Corp. at Gromov
LIIs airfield, rather than at the display
ground, and few media people were
invited, among which this author was
lucky to be.
36
SKAT
World experience
Mind you, there have been no unmanned
aerial vehicles in this class in Russia until
now. Development of heavy (i.e. weighing
over a tonne) jet-powered reusable UAVs (it
is reusability that distinguishes UAVs from
cruise missiles) has been handled in this
country by the Tupolev design bureau since
the late 1960s. Tupolev has developed the
VR-2 Strizh subsonic theatre-wide recce
UAV (141, or Tu-141, with a takeoff weight
of 5.4 t) and VR-3 Reis subsonic tactical
recce UAV (143, or Tu-143 with a takeoff
weight of 1.4 t). Both were in full-scale
production and in service with the Soviet
Army. In addition, there was production and
operation of the La-17R subsonic tactical
recce UAV with a takeoff weight of about
3 t, which was derived from the La-17 target
drone by S.A. Lavochkins design bureau.
Application of the above UAVs was limited to
UNMANNED FUTURE
OF COMBAT AIRCRAFT?
www.take-off.ru
Andrey Fomin
37
Sergey Kuznetsov
Sergey Kuznetsov
Sergey Kuznetsov
38
www.take-off.ru
www.take-off.ru
Yevgeny Yerokhin
39
40
control surfaces are mounted on nearfuselage areas of the wing centre section and
feature the forward sweep along the trailing
edges (the same 54 deg. or so but in the
opposite direction).
The Skats powerplant is wrapped around
a single Klimov RD-5000B nonafterburning
turbofan rated at 5,040 kgf and being a
derivative of the RD-93 reheated turbofan
a version of the MiG-29s RD-33, which is
mounted on single-engined foreign combat
aircraft. The RD-5000B is fitted with a
flat exhaust nozzle to reduce its infrared
signature. At the first stage of the Skats trials,
the engine can be equipped with a regular
axisymmetric nozzle. The nonvariable air
intake is set on top the fuselage nose section.
Inside the UCAVs airframe, there are two
4.4m-long weapons bays with the 0.65x0.75m
cross section on the sides of the engines
air duct and the powerplant itself. Each can
house an air-to-surface or antiradiation
missile or a 250500kg smart bomb. The Skat
Andrey Fomin
Kh-31P antiradiation
air-to-surface missile
Skat
advanced stealth
unmanned combat
aerial vehicle
(drawing by Alexey Mikheyev)
Skat-PD
41
cosmonautics | mission
42
www.take-off.ru
cosmonautics | mission
Another Russian spacecraft went to the
International Space Station on 10 October.
The Soyuz-FG launch vehicle hauling the
Soyuz TMA-11 blasted off the 1st Launch
Pad at Baikonur at 17.22 hours Moscow
time, with the spacecraft docking to the
Zarya functional cargo unit of the Russian
segment of the ISS two days later. The
16th main expedition comprising Russian
cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko and NASA
astronaut Peggy Whitson as well as the first
Malaysian angkasawan Sheikh Muszafar
Shukor arriving under the 13th expedition
programme (angkasawan is the derivative of
the Malay word angkasa outer space).
The three have long space-related careers.
Malenchenko first went to orbit in 1994,
having worked 126 days at the Mir space
station. He flew again in September 2000 as
part of the STS-106 mission on board the
Atlantis space shuttle under the programme
of preparing the ISS for the arrival of the first
permanent crew. Third time Malenchenko
came to the orbit in April 2003 as crew
commander of the 7th main expedition. While
in orbit, Malenchenko got married, with his
marriage of Russian-American Yekaterina
Dmitiryeva being effected in absentia (under
the law of Texas, the bride was present at the
Mission Control Centre in Houston during
the marriage ceremony). This was the first
ever in-orbit marriage in history of space
exploration.
This flight was not the first one to Peggy
Whitson. She spent six months at the ISS as
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43
cosmonautics | mission
a pleasant surprise to the Russian Federal
Space Agency (FSA). However, the other
surprise could hardly be called pleasant: the
Soyuz TMA-10s lander with the Malaysian
on board followed a ballistic trajectory. On
the morning of 21 October, Oleg Kotov and
Fyodor Yurchikhin, who were members of the
15th main expedition, and Sheikh Muszafar
Shukor left the ISS and headed for the Earth.
At 14.37 hours Moscow time, the lander was
to touch down 85 km north of the town of
Arkalyk in Kazakhstan. However, at 14.18,
two minutes after entering the atmosphere,
Oleg Kotov reported to the Flight Control
Centre (TsUP) that the onboard computer
estimated
time, the landers soft landing
motors kicked in, and the capsule touched
down 10 km away from the Kazakh town of
Tolybai at 14.36 hours, undershooting more
than 400 km. Already at 14.49 hours, the first
search-and-rescue helicopter landed by the
Soyuz capsule lying on its side. The landers
crew did not even have enough time to get really
scared. According to doctors, the Malaysian
cosmonauts pulse rate was 72 beats per minute
and that of Yurchikhin and Kotov 8090 beats
per minute. Soon afterwards, the three were
flown to Zvezdny Gorodok out of Moscow,
and Energias ad hoc technical commission
launched investigation into the reasons behind
the ballistic descent.
Mention should be made that last time a
Soyuz spacecraft landed in a ballistic descent
was May 2003, when Nikolay Budarin,
Kenneth Bowersox and Donald Petit were
returning from the ISS. They were subject to
8.1g overload and the craft landed 460 km
away from the estimated location. Later on,
investigation revealed that the lander went into
ballistic descent due to an inadequate reaction
of the BUSP-M descent control unit part
of the descent control system to signals it
received from the KIOO-18 gyro and angular
rate meter. According to FSA chief Anatoly
Perminov, this time the reasons for the lander
to go ballistic were different. Most probably,
the atmospheric state and the attitude of the
craft played their part, Perminov guessed.
Anyway, the ad hoc commission will find out
the reasons, but the FSA chief was certain
that the incident would not have an impact
on those queuing up to fly to outer space in a
Russian Soyuz spacecraft.
44
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cosmonautics | in brief
46
www.take-off.ru
cosmonautics | in brief
Igor Afanasyev
Igor Afanasyev
www.take-off.ru
47
cosmonautics | in brief
48
Igor Afanasyev
www.take-off.ru