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Renewable Energy: Isidoro Segura-Heras, Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá, Manuel Alcázar-Ortega
Renewable Energy: Isidoro Segura-Heras, Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá, Manuel Alcázar-Ortega
Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 26 January 2010
Accepted 8 September 2010
The importance of renewable energy increases in activities relating to new forms of managing and
operating electrical power: especially wind power. Wind generation is increasing its share in the electricity generation portfolios of many countries. Wind power production in Spain has doubled over the
past four years and has reached 20 GW. One of the greatest problems facing wind farms is that the
electrical power generated depends on the variable characteristics of the wind. To become competitive in
a liberalized market, the reliability of wind energy must be guaranteed. Good local wind forecasts are
therefore essential for the accurate prediction of generation levels for each moment of the day.
This paper proposes an electrical power production model for wind farms based on a new method that
produces correlated wind speeds for various wind farms. This method enables a reliable evaluation of the
impact of new wind farms on the high-voltage distribution grid.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Wind energy
Wind farms
Weibull distribution
Correlated wind speeds
Distributed generation
Reliability
1. Introduction
Wind farms are the most common and fastest growing application of wind energy [1]. Most installed wind power in Spain is
used for this purpose and a total of nearly 20 GW were operating in
2009. Further massive installation of wind farms is planned in
Spain and Europe in the near future [2].
The typical conguration of a wind farm connected to the
transmission grid is formed of a set of wind generators connected
through a medium voltage (MV) network with shared infrastructure
for access and control [3]. Transformers connect the wind farms
to the transmission grid are sized according to the rated power
of the plants. Electricity from wind farms differs from electricity
produced by traditional generators because the power ow between
wind farm and the transmission grid depends on an uncontrollable
source e the wind. Accurate wind forecasts are therefore essential to
forecast generation for each moment of the day.
A wind farm is a complex system with many elements required
for modelling purposes. For the implementation of an electrical
power production model of a wind farm, it is rst necessary to
create a model for the wind speed at each moment. Secondly,
a probabilistic outage model based on the failure probabilities of
the wind farm elements is needed. Finally, the probability of supply
is calculated from the current values of the wind speed; the failure
probabilities; and the wind farm conguration. A compromise must
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 34 963 879 240; fax: 34 963 877 272.
E-mail address: guieses@die.upv.es (G. Escriv-Escriv).
0960-1481/$ e see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.09.007
1009
Fx 1 exp
x x0
x > x0
(1)
where:
x wind speed.
a scale parameter. The value of this parameter is related with the
average wind speed at the location. If the wind speed probability
distribution is given in m/s then
a0:01; 20
- c shape parameter, also known as the slope, because the
value of c is equal to the slope of the regressed line in
a probability plot. Different values of the shape parameter can
have marked effects on the behaviour of the distribution. In the
case of wind speed probability distribution:c0:25; 2:5.
- x location parameter. In this particular case, as the minimum
wind speed is 0, x0 0.
It is therefore easy to generate pseudorandom observations
using approaches such as:
U FX; x0 ; a; c 1 exp
c
X x0
(2)
(3)
Ui 0; 1;
i 1; .; n
Uj 0; 1;
j 1; .; m
X x0 aln1 U1=c
Xi ai $ ln1 Ui 1=ci ;
i 1; .; n
1=c0
j
;
Yj a0j $ ln1 Uj
j 1; .; m
Z1 X1 t11 Y1 . t1m Ym
Zn Xn tn1 Y1 . tnm Ym
(4)
(5)
(6)
1010
2
k
P
1
lnZ1t mlnZ1
H1 p
k1
p
6$
t 1
2
p
k
P
1
lnZnt mlnZn
Hn p6$ k1
(7)
t 1
a001 ; .; a00n ;
c001 ; .; c00n
1
1
; .; c00n
H1
Hn
a001 a1 ; .; a00n an
c001
(8)
SZ SX T*SY*T 0
Step 11: Calculate from the above data the correlation matrix R(Z)
D1/2*S(Z)*D1/2, where D is a diagonal matrix and its
elements are the variances of the Zi (i 1,.,n) variables.
Steps 8, 9, and 10 enable us to calculate the correlation matrix R(Z)
associated with the multivariate Weibull distribution, using the
n m independent random variables.
Step 12: Introduce the correlation values of the multivariate Weibull distribution that must be generated: P(Z).
Step 13: Solve the optimization problem:
Min trSZ
s:a: : PZ RZ
Step 7
a1 ; .; an ; a01 ; .; a0m ;
1011
farm. The sum of these variables will be the binomial variable (Thi)
that we require. The process steps are:
1. Generate for every speed Zhi, UhjyU(0,1), where h 1,.,n;
i 1,.,k and j 1,.,mh.
2. If Zhi vh1 then Thi 0
3. If vh1 Zhi vh3 then:
If Uhj 1 ph1 then Yhj 1, in another case Yhj 0.
4. If vh3 Zhi then Thi 0.
5. Calculate Thi Yh1 Yh2 . Yh,mh
where:
p1 1 1 pg1 1 ptp1 1 ps1 1 pp11 1 pp12
p2 1 1 pg2 1 ptp2 1 ps2 1 pp21 1 pp22
(10)
(11)
Table 1
Model simulation results.
Date/h
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
13/09/2009
14:42
14:52
15:02
15:12
15:22
15:32
15:42
15:52
16:02
16:12
16:22
16:32
16:42
16:52
z1
z2
z3
z4
m1
m2
m3
m4
P1
P2
P3
P4
14.01
7.73
6.68
9.14
4.40
10.16
4.82
6.47
3.52
7.03
10.30
5.47
9.28
1.88
16.82
8.94
8.20
7.69
7.09
11.03
6.83
6.23
3.19
6.04
10.38
9.92
7.69
1.83
13.72
8.18
12.23
7.23
7.37
12.73
5.96
6.40
2.82
6.52
9.65
9.64
7.34
2.37
14.72
9.73
9.33
7.83
6.47
14.58
6.09
6.19
3.18
8.32
9.62
9.69
9.41
2.46
26
28
30
28
29
29
30
28
0
30
30
29
28
0
28
28
29
29
30
30
29
30
0
29
30
30
28
0
29
30
28
30
30
30
28
29
0
28
29
30
30
0
29
28
30
29
30
30
28
29
0
29
27
26
30
0
21.77
5.34
3.81
8.17
0.47
10.97
1.02
3.23
0.00
4.42
11.72
1.85
8.40
0.00
28.00
7.72
6.43
5.45
4.52
13.86
3.93
3.07
0.00
2.67
11.94
10.69
5.27
0.00
23.04
6.62
16.65
4.77
5.02
19.73
2.46
3.22
0.00
3.30
9.69
9.97
4.97
0.00
27.62
9.52
9.22
5.71
3.45
27.86
2.66
2.90
0.00
6.68
8.93
8.75
9.40
0.00
1012
Fig. 3. Electrical power system with wind farms connected in nodes 2 and 3.
The capacity C(z) associated with each turbine for a wind speed
z can be evaluated by using various functions: linear, exponential,
or others. The authors have chosen an exponential function with
the following form:
8 2
0
3 0 z zmin
3 zmax z
>
>
1exp ,
< 6
2 zmax zmin 7
7 zmin z zmax
Cz R6
5
41
1expf32g
>
>
:
R
(13)
zmax z
1013