SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL

SCIENCES

SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP REPORT

Duration:
1-July-2020 - 30-August-2020

Venue:
FOREVIEW TECHNOLOGIES PVT.LTD.

Submitted by

PAVAN KUMAR.B.S (191712227)

TABLE OF CONTENT

 Acknowledgment

 Introduction

 Growth of Machine Learning

 Role of machine learning:

 Necessity of machine learning:

 Why Study Machine Learning?

 Dominance of ML in other areas:

 Importance of machine learning:

 Industries that use machine learning

 The modern world with machine learning:

 Advantages and challenges of machine learning application in manufacturing

 How machine learning is transforming Industrial Production:

 Conclusion
Acknowledgment

The time I spent in FTPL (Foreview Technologies Pvt.Ltd.) as an intern from 1-August-
2020 to 30-October-2020 was a memorable one for me as it was rich in experience sharing and
helped me discover my potential. I have had so many rich experiences and opportunities that I
personally believe will forever shape and influence my professional life while fostering personal
growth and development. The program is designed to provide a broad perspective and well-rounded
exposure to creating a modern and innovative public service ideas; help interns pursue their career
goals, including the development of professional networks and involvement in high-priority
projects; and attract fresh talent to support the work of the organization.

These few details lead me to realize that, like all human endeavours, this report is not perfect
and may contain errors and shortcomings. Thus, I remain open to all criticisms and suggestions
which could present me with new sources of inspiration as I develop in my ability to research and
learn. This report would not have been possible without the contribution and collaboration of others.
My sincere gratitude:

To the Senior Manager- HR & Administrator, ELAM VASANTAN E for endorsing my

application for internship.

To the Head of Department of HSE(Health Safety & Environment), Mr.RAJAMOHANM,

Executive engineer R.KANNAPPAN for her unwavering advice to improve my learning.

INTRODUCTION
Machine Learning is a Study of algorithms that improve their performance at some task with
experience. Optimize a performance criterion using example data or past experience. Role of
Statistics: Inference from a sample. Role of Computer science: Efficient algorithms to solve the
optimization problem. Representing and evaluating the model for inference.

Growth of Machine Learning

 Machine learning is the preferred approach to

1. Speech recognition, Natural language processing
2. Computer vision
3. Medical outcomes analysis
4. Robot control
5. Computational biology
 This trend is accelerating
1. Improved machine learning algorithms
2. Improved data capture, networking, faster computers
3. Software too complex to write by hand
4. New sensors / IO devices
5. Demand for self-customization to user, environment
6. It turns out to be difficult to extract knowledge from human experts’àfailure of expert
systems in the 1980’s.

Role of machine learning:

Machine Learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) where computers independently
learn to do something they were not explicitly programmed to do. They do this by learning from
experience — leveraging algorithms and discovering patterns and insights from data. This means
machines don’t need to be programmed to perform exact tasks on a repetitive basis.
Machine Learning is rapidly being adopted across several industries — according to Research
and Markets, the market is predicted to grow to US$8.81 billion by 2022, at a compound annual
growth rate of 44.1 per cent. One of the main reasons for its growing use is that businesses are
collecting Big Data, from which they need to obtain valuable insights. Machine learning is an
efficient way of making sense of this data, for example the data sensors collect on the condition of
machines on the factory floor.
As the market develops and grows, new types of machine learning will emerge and allow new
application to be explored.

Necessity of machine learning:

 Learning is a hallmark of intelligence; many would argue that a system that cannot learn is
not intelligent.

 Without learning, everything is new; a system that cannot learn is not efficient because it
rederives each solution and repeatedly makes the same mistakes.

Why Study Machine Learning?

• Develop systems that are too difficult/expensive to construct manually because they require
specific detailed skills or knowledge tuned to a specific task (knowledge engineering
bottleneck).
• Develop systems that can automatically adapt and customize themselves to individual users.

– Personalized news or mail filter

– Personalized tutoring
• Discover new knowledge from large databases (data mining).
– Market basket analysis (e.g. diapers and beer)
– Medical text mining (e.g. migraines to calcium channel blockers to magnesium)
Dominance of ML in other areas:

• Artificial Intelligence
Related disciplines
• Data Mining
• Probability and Statistics
• Information theory
• Numerical optimization
• Computational complexity theory
• Control theory (adaptive)
• Psychology (developmental, cognitive)
• Neurobiology
• Linguistics
Importance of machine learning:

The nearly limitless quantity of available data, affordable data storage, and the growth of less
expensive and more powerful processing has propelled the growth of ML. Now many industries are
developing more robust models capable of analyzing bigger and more complex data while delivering
faster, more accurate results on vast scales. ML tools enable organizations to more quickly identify
profitable opportunities and potential risks.

The practical applications of machine learning drive business results which can dramatically
affect a company’s bottom line. New techniques in the field are evolving rapidly and expanded the
application of ML to nearly limitless possibilities. Industries that depend on vast quantities of data—
and need a system to analyze it efficiently and accurately, have embraced ML as the best way to
build models, strategize, and plan.
Industries that use machine learning

Healthcare. The proliferation of wearable sensors and devices that monitor everything from
pulse rates and steps walked to oxygen and sugar levels and even sleeping patterns have generated a
significant volume of data that enables doctors to assess their patients’ health in real-time. One
new ML algorithm detects cancerous tumors on mammograms; another identifies skin cancer; a
third can analyze retinal images to diagnose diabetic retinopathy.

Government. Systems that use machine learning enable government officials to use data to

predict potential future scenarios and adapt to rapidly changing situations. ML can help to improve
cybersecurity and cyber intelligence, support counterterrorism efforts, optimize operational
preparedness, logistics management, and predictive maintenance, and reduce failure rates.
This recent article highlights 10 more applications for machine learning within the healthcare
industry.

Marketing and sales. Machine learning is even revolutionizing the marketing sector as many
companies have successfully implemented artificial intelligence (AI) and ML to increase and
enhance customer satisfaction by over 10%. In fact, according to Forbes, “57% of enterprise
executives believe that the most important growth benefit of AI and ML will be improving customer
experiences and support.
 E-commerce and social media sites use ML to analyze your buying and search history—and
make recommendations on other items to purchase, based on your past habits. Many experts
theorize that the future of retail will be driven by AI and ML as deep learning business applications
become even more adept at capturing, analyzing, and using data to personalize individuals’
shopping experiences and develop customized targeted marketing campaigns.

Transportation. Efficiency and accuracy are key to profitability within this sector; so is the
ability to predict and mitigate potential problems. ML’s data analysis and modeling functions
dovetail perfectly with businesses within the delivery, public transportation, and freight transport
sectors. ML uses algorithms to find factors that positively and negatively impact a supply chain’s
success, making machine learning a critical component within supply chain management.

Within logistics, ML facilitates the ability of schedulers to optimize carrier selection, rating,
routing, and QC processes, which saves money and improves efficiency. Its ability to analyze
thousands of data points simultaneously and apply algorithms more quickly than any human enables
ML to solve problems that people haven’t yet identified.

Financial services. The insights provided by ML in this industry allow investors to identify

new opportunities or know when to trade. Data mining pinpoints high-risk clients and informs cyber
surveillance to find and mitigate signs of fraud. ML can help calibrate financial portfolios or assess
risk for loans and insurance underwriting.

The future of AI and ML in this industry includes an ability to evaluate hedge funds and
analyze stock market movement to make financial recommendations. It may render usernames,
passwords, and security questions obsolete by taking anomaly -detection to the next level: facial or
voice recognition, or other biometric data.

Oil and gas. ML and AI are already working to find new energy sources and analyze mineral
deposits in the ground, predict refinery sensor failure, and streamline oil distribution to increase
efficiency and shrink costs. ML is revolutionizing the industry with its case-based reasoning,
reservoir modeling, and drill floor automation, too. And above all, machine learning is helping to
make this dangerous industry safer.

Manufacturing. Machine learning is no stranger to the vast manufacturing industry, either.

Machine learning applications in manufacturing are about accomplishing the goal of improving
operations from conceptualization to final delivery, significantly reducing error rates, improving
predictive maintenance, and increasing inventory turn.

Not unlike the transportation industry, ML has helped companies improve logistical solutions that
include assets, supply chain, and inventory management. It also plays a key role in enhancing
overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) by measuring the availability, performance, and quality of
assembly equipment.

ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF MACHINE LEARNING APPLICATION IN

MANUFACTURING:

ML has been successfully utilized in various process optimization, monitoring and control
applications in manufacturing, and predictive maintenance in different industries (Alpaydin, 2010;
Gardner & Bicker, 2000; Kwak & Kim, 2012; Pham & Afify, 2005; Susto, Schirru, Pampuri,
McLoone, & Beghi, 2015). ML techniques were found to provide promising potential for improved
quality control optimization in manufacturing systems (Apte, Weiss, & Grout, 1993), especially in
‘complex manufacturing environments where detection of the causes of problems is difficult’
(Harding, Shahbaz, & Kusiak, 2006). However, often ML applications are found to be limited
focusing on specific processes instead of the whole manufacturing program or manufacturing
system (Doltsinis, Ferreira, & Lohse, 2012).

There are many different ML methods, tools, and techniques available, each with distinct
advantages and disadvantages. The domain of ML has grown to an independent research domain.
Therefore, within this section, the goal is to find a suitable ML technique for application in

manufacturing.

Advantages of machine learning application in manufacturing:

The general advantages of ML have been established in previous sections stating that ML
techniques are able to handle NP complete problems which often occur when it comes to
optimization problems of intelligent manufacturing systems (Monostori et al., 1998). In the
following, the focus is on the ability of ML techniques to handle high-dimensional, multi-variate
data, and the ability to extract implicit relationships within large data-sets in a complex and
dynamic, often even chaotic environment (Köksal, Batmaz, & Testik, 2011; Yang & Trewn, 2004).
‘Since most engineering and manufacturing problems are data-rich but knowledge-sparse’
(Lu, 1990), ML provides a tool to increase the understanding of the domain. In this section, the
advantages are presented in an attempt of generalization for ML in total. However, it has to be
understood, that the peculiarity of the advantages may differ depending on the chosen ML
technique.

Overall it is agreed upon that ML allows to reduce cycle time and scrap, and improve resource
utilization in certain NP-hard manufacturing problems. Furthermore, ML provides powerful tools
for continuous quality improvement in a large and complex process such as semiconductor
manufacturing (Monostori et al., 1998; Pham & Afify, 2005).
 An advantage of ML algorithms is the ability to handle high dimensional problems and data.
Especially with regard to the increasing availability of complex data (Yu & Liu, 2003) with little
transparency in manufacturing (Smola & Vishwanathan, 2008), this will most likely become even
more important in the future. However, as is true for most advantages and disadvantages of ML
algorithms, this cannot be generalized. Some algorithms (e.g. SVM; Distributed Hierarchical
Decision Tree) can handle high dimensionality better than others (Bar-Or, Wolff, Schuster, &
Keren, 2005; Do, Lenca, Lallich, & Pham, 2010). As was stated previously, in manufacturing
mostly those ML algorithms are applicable that are capable of handling high-dimensional data.
Therefore, the ability to cope with high dimensionality is considered an advantage of ML
application in manufacturing.

Another advantage of ML techniques is the increased usability of application of algorithms

due to (often source) programs like Rapidminer. This allows (relatively) easy application in many
cases and furthermore comfortable adjustment of parameters to increase the classification
performance.

As previously stated, a major advantage of ML algorithms is to discover formerly

unknown (implicit) knowledge and to identify implicit relationships in data-sets. Depending on the
characteristic of the ML algorithm (supervised/unsupervised or Reinforcement Learning [RL]), the
requirements toward the available data may vary. However, the overall ability of ML algorithm to
achieve results in a manufacturing environment was successfully proven (e.g. Alpaydin, 2010;
Filipic & Junkar, 2000; Guo, Sun, Li, & Wang, 2008; Kim, Kang, Cho, Lee, & Doh, 2012;
Nilsson, 2005).

Given the specific nature of manufacturing systems being dynamic, uncertain, and complex.
Here, ML algorithms provide the opportunity to learn from the dynamic system and adapt to the
changing environment automatically to a certain extent (Lu, 1990; Simon, 1983). The adaptation is,
depending on the ML algorithm, reasonably fast and in almost all cases faster than traditional
methods.

Applying ML in manufacturing may result in deriving pattern from existing data-sets, which
can provide a basis for the development of approximations about future behavior of the system
(Alpaydin, 2010; Nilsson, 2005). This new information (knowledge) may support process owners in
their decision-making or used to automatically improve the system directly. In the end, the goal of
certain ML techniques is to detect certain patterns or regularities that describe relations
(Alpaydin, 2010).

Kotsiantis (2007) compared several algorithms according to their specific performance in

manufacturing application by different attributes. Even so, this presents the opportunity to get a first
impression, it is not suggested to base the decision for a suitable ML algorithm solely on
comparisons as presented in such a table. Each problem is different and the performance of each
algorithm also depends on the data available and data pre-processing as well as the parameter
settings. The best fitting algorithm has to be found in testing various ones in a realistic environment.
This is discussed further in the next section.

Challenges of machine learning application in manufacturing:

A very common challenge of ML application in manufacturing is the acquisition of relevant

data. This is also a limitation as the availability, quality, and composition (e.g. are meta-data
included? are data labeled?) of the manufacturing data at hand have a strong influence on the
performance of ML algorithms. Some challenges the data-set can contain are, e.g. high-dimensional
data can represent for some ML algorithms, that is, it can contain a high degree of irrelevant and
redundant information which may impact the performance of learning algorithms (Yu & Liu, 2003).
Today, most machine learning techniques handle only data with continuous and nominal values
(Pham & Afify, 2005). How significant the influence is, depends on various factors including the
algorithm itself and the parameter settings. It can be considered a general challenge for most
research in manufacturing and not only ML application, to get hold of any data due to, e.g. security
concerns or a basic lack of data capturing during the process. Even though in most cases ML allows
the extracting of knowledge and generates better results than most traditional methods with less
requirements toward available data, certain aspects concerning the available data that can prevent
the successful application still have to be considered. Together with the next point, this highlights
the increased need to understand the data in order to apply ML. Hoffmann (1990) highlights that
compared to traditional methods where a lot of time is spent to extract information, in ML a lot of
time is spent on preparing the data.

After the available data are secured, the data often have to be pre-processed depending on the
requirements of the algorithm of choice. Pre-processing of data has a critical impact on the results.
However, there are many standardized tools available which support the most common pre-
processing processes like normalizing and filtering the data. Also it has to be checked whether the
training data are unbalanced. This can present a challenge for the training of certain algorithms. In
manufacturing practice, it is a common problem that values of certain attributes are not available or
missing in the data-set (Pham & Afify, 2005). These so-called missing values present a challenge for
the application of ML algorithms. There are certain practical induction systems available which may
fill the gap (Pham & Afify, 2005). However, each problem and later applied ML algorithm have
specific requirements when it comes to replacing missing values. By replacing missing values, the
original data-set is influenced. The goal is to reduce the bias and other negative influence as much as
possible in respect to the analysis goal. As this issue represents a very common challenge, there is a
large amount of literature and practical solutions (e.g. in R) available (e.g. Graham, 2012;
Kabacoff, 2011; Kwak & Kim, 2012; Li & Huang, 2009).

A major challenge of increasing importance is the question what ML technique and algorithm
to choose (selection of ML algorithm). Even so, there were attempts to pursue the definition of
‘general ML techniques,’ the diverse problems and their requirements highlight the need for
specialized algorithms with certain strength and weaknesses (Hoffmann, 1990). Especially due to
the increased attention of practitioners and researchers for the field of ML in manufacturing, a large
number of different ML algorithms or at least variations of ML algorithms is available. Adding to
this already existing complexity, combinations of different algorithms, so-called ‘hybrid
approaches,’ are becoming more and more common promising better results than ‘individual’ single
algorithm application (e.g. Lee & Ha, 2009). Many studies are available highlighting a successful
application of ML techniques for specific problems. At the same time the test data are not publically
available in many cases. This makes a neutral and unbiased assessment of the results and therefore a
final comparison challenging. As of today, the generally accepted approach to select a suitable ML
algorithm for a certain problem is as follows:
•First, one looks at the available data and how it is described (labeled, unlabeled, available
expert knowledge, etc.) to choose between a supervised, unsupervised, or RL approach.
•Secondly, the general applicability of available algorithms with regard to the research problem
requirements (e.g. able to handle high dimensionality) has to be analyzed. A specific focus has
to be laid on the structure, the data types, and overall amount of the available data, which can
be used for training and evaluation.
•Thirdly, previous applications of the algorithms on similar problems are to be investigated in
order to identify a suitable algorithm. The term ‘similar’ in this case means, research problems
with comparable requirements e.g. in other disciplines or domains.

Another challenge is the interpretation of the results. It has to be taken into account that not
only the format or illustration of the output is relevant for the interpretation but also the
specifications of the chosen algorithm itself, the parameter settings, the ‘planed outcome’ and also
the data including its pre-processing. Within the interpretation of the results, certain more distinct
limitations (again depending on the chosen algorithm) can have a large impact. Among those are,
e.g. immune to over-fitting (Widodo & Yang, 2007), bias, and variance (therefore bias–variance
tradeoff) (Quadrianto & Buntine, 2011).

The modern world with machine learning:

Machine learning, the driving force of Artificial Intelligence, is a process where a computer
system is taught to observe and analyze a massive amount of automatically extracted data to make
predictions using its perception. What could have taken centuries is being analyzed within minutes
or seconds with the help of machine learning. In the event of a prediction being made incorrect,
machine learning learns to make a more correct prediction with respect to user views, searches, or
online purchases. ML is constantly improving and shaping the future of IoT and AI.
A few examples of machine learning have been listed down that are being used in our everyday life
and perhaps we have no idea that they are being driven by ML.

How Machine Learning is Transforming Industrial Production:

When it comes to industrial applications, it is safe to say machine learning is modifying more
and more business models in the manufacturer-related business models—but how?
 One question that often gets asked about machine learning is how many industrial
applications we can name for it. Well, frankly, that’s the wrong question. Machine learning is not a
device you can plug into a production line and make the production line operate better than it did
before. Machine learning is a process that needs inputs from many devices to feed data to it so that
data can be collected, evaluated, and used to develop knowledge about how a production line
produces the products and parts it does. That knowledge can then be used to determine how
production line can have a higher throughput of parts, operate at a lower cost, and run more reliably.

In that way, machine learning transforms an industrial operation into a system of systems that
can get products to market faster at a lower cost so the company that owns it can remain competitive
in its market and keep their customers happy by delivering the products they want. If you're going to
put a label on that application of machine learning, it’s a higher profit margin that will create more
innovative products to make the customers even happier.
Conclusion

Foreview Technologies offered a wonderful chance to upgrade my skills to a next stage.

Absolutely this will be a great platform to improve my carrier. This internship has offered me a
great opportunity to grow and develop. It has propelled me to be able to overcome challenges and
develop my career. The programme has enhanced my critical thinking and analytical skills as well
as improved my professional and ability to work in a multicultural environment

I am very appreciative of this opportunity and forever grateful to Foreview Technologies for
giving the opportunity to not work as an intern in your plant.