V TR CA VIT NAM TRONG H THNG THNG MI

BIN NG THI C TRUNG I

Hong Anh Tun
Tham lun ca TS. Hong Anh Tun (ging vin Khoa Lch s, Trng i hc Khoa hc
X hi v Nhn vn, HQGHN) trnh by ti Hi tho Quc t v Vit Nam hc ln th
III (H Ni 12/2008) v ng trn Tp ch Nghin cu Lch s, s 9-10/2008, tr. 1-16.
Hi s ni chung v hi thng s ni ring khng phi l hng nghin cu qu mi m
nc ta, d thnh tu trn lnh vc ny cha thc s ni bt (1). Trong khi , nghin
cu nhng kha cnh c th ca lch s dn tc nhn t phng din bin li cha phi l
phng php tip cn ph bin. Phng php ny c nhng li th nht nh, cho php
chng ta c ci nhn i snh v nh v lch s dn tc trong bi cnh rng ca hi s khu
vc v quc t. Tuy nhin, n ng thi i hi s thn trng t ngi vit khi xc nh
phm vi nghin cu, c bit l vic phn lp mt s khi nim c th, nht l nhng khi
nim lin quan n dn tc v tc ngi (2).
Trong mt s bi vit trc y, khi im qua v tr ca Vit Nam trong h thng hi
thng khu vc thi c trung i, ti rt cn nhc khi phn lp v s dng mt s thut
ng nh Vit Nam/i Vit, ngi Vit nhm trnh nhng cch hiu khng st thc
vi bi cnh lch s chung ca quc gia i Vit v c khu vc (3). Mt cch khi qut, vic
phn lp c th ni hm mt s khi nim s gip ngi vit trnh c nhng cch hiu
thi qu (hoc qu tch cc, hoc qu tiu cc) v v tr ca Vit Nam trong h thng hi
thng khu vc qua cc thi k lch s. Trn quan im , bi vit ny tip tc tho lun
v v tr ca Vit Nam trong h thng thng mi Bin ng thi c trung i, c bit l
vai tr ca mt s hi cng chnh yu ca quc gia i Vit di thi L Trn L s
Mc, di tc ng ca qu trnh bin i, chuyn dch ca mng li hi thng khu vc
v quc t (4).
Giao Ch/Giao Chu trong h thng hi thng Vnh Bc B n trc th k X
Tri vi cc quan im s hc truyn thng vn c xu hng h thp v tr ca min bc
nc ta trong h thng hi thng khu vc thi k c v trung i, nhng nghin cu gn
y, nht l nhng nghin cu ca cc nh Vit Nam hc nc ngoi, s dng t liu
thnh vn ca Trung Quc thi k sm cho thy, trong thc t, lnh th ca ngi Vit c
v tr quan trng trong cc tuyn hi thng Bin ng hn nhng g chng ta tng ngh.
Nhng pht hin kho c hc ti cc di tch mi sau Ho Bnh (Soi Nh, Ci Bo) v
hu k mi (Ngc Vng, H Long) trong nhng thp k qua cho thy mt c tr kh
cao v n nh ca cc nhm c dn c ti cc khu vc duyn hi nc ta (5). Khng ch
tin hnh khai thc v canh tc ti ch, nhng c dn c y cn tin hnh giao lu v
trao i vi cc nhm c dn khc pha nam Trung Quc, i Loan, Philippines, ng

Nam to nn mt th ng x tng i m v mt truyn thng giao lu sm v mnh

vi th gii bn ngoi (6).
Sau khi nh Tn (Trung Quc) bnh nh xong cc tc ngi Vit phng Nam vo nm
214 TrCN, min bc nc ta tr thnh mt b phn ca qun Tng, mt trong bn qun
(Mn Chung, Nam Hi, Qu Lm v Tng) do nh Tn lp ra. Sau mt thi gian ngn
thot khi s cai tr ca nh Tn (208-179 TrCN), nm 179 TrCN ngi u Lc li b Nam
Vit ca Triu xm lc v n nm 111 TrCN min bc nc ta b st nhp vo s
qun l ca nh Hn (7). Nhng ti liu sm ca ngi Trung Quc cho thy mc tiu chnh
ca vic xm lc phng nam ca cc triu i Trung Quc l nhm cp bc ca ci
ca cc tc ngi Vit giu c, nht l vi nhng sn vt nhit i nh sng t, ng voi,
lng chim tr, ngc trai trao i c vi cc nhm c dn phng nam (8).
Cc ngun s liu thnh vn Trung Quc giai on sm ng thi cho thy, trong mt s
th k nht nh di thi k Bc thuc, Giao Ch ng vai tr nh mt trung tm iu phi
ca nn hi thng Trung Quc khu vc Bin ng; l s Long Bin tng l trung tm
ca cc hot ng giao lu thng mi, ni n tip cc phi on thng nhn nc
ngoi n bun bn vi Trung Quc. Nhng ti liu ny ng thi cung cp nhng bng
chng c th v s tn ti ca mt tuyn bun bn thng xuyn kt ni Qung Chu vi
cc trung tm bun bn nm trong khu vc ty bc Vnh Bc B (9). Vo khong u Cng
nguyn, hai cng Hp Ph (Hepu) v T Vn (Xuwen) nm sn bc Vnh Bc B ni
ngh nh bt v bun bn ngc trai rt pht trin c ghi nhn l im xut pht
ca ngi Trung Quc i bun bn ven b xung pha nam. Khng lu sau , hai thng
cng ny nh mt dn v tr trung tm iu phi ca mnh v thng nhn phng nam
thng xuyn gh vo vng h chu th sng Hng (10).
Min Bc nc ta ng vai tr quan trng nh ca ng giao thng ca Trung Quc t
nht trong khong ba th k u sau Cng nguyn. T gia th k III sau Cng nguyn, cc
cuc khi ngha lin tip ca ngi Vit chng li ch cai tr ca ngi Hn lin tip n ra.
Chnh sch cai tr khc nghit v s v vt ca cc thi th Trung Quc nc ta khng
ch tc ng tiu cc n tnh hnh trao i bun bn ni ti m cn b coi l mt trong s
cc nguyn nhn dn n cc cuc nh ph ca ngi Chm ra pha bc t na cui th
k IV do nh hng n cc lung trao i truyn thng ca Chmpa qua Giao Ch ln
Trung Quc (11). Sau khi quan h vi Chmpa pha nam c bnh n, hng lot cc
cuc khi ngha li lin tip n ra min bc nc ta, tc ng xu n iu kin bun
bn. Nh mt h qu, thng nhn nc ngoi chuyn hng bun bn, a thng
thuyn ca h xa hn v pha bc n khu vc Qung Chu, ni tnh hnh chnh tr n nh
v iu kin bun bn cng thun li hn (12). Mc d sau tnh hnh min bc nc ta
tr li n nh v thng nhn ngoi quc i khi gh vo trao i, dng nh khu vc
chu th Bc B khng th ly li v tr ca mnh trong h thng hi thng khu vc
nh nhng th k trc . Cng thi im trn, cng Qung Chu tip tc hng thnh
v nhanh chng tr thnh ca ng chnh thng nhn Trung Quc bun bn xung
phng nam. T triu Tu (589-618), cng Qung Chu khng ch l im khi hnh ca
phn ln thng thuyn Trung Quc i xung bun bn vi phng nam m thng nhn
ngoi quc n Trung Quc cng lu tr v bun bn ti y (13). H thng hi thng tch

cc ca triu ng th k VII-X xung ng Nam cng nh vic thng nhn Ty,

Nam, v ng Nam hot ng nng ng ti min nam Trung Quc gp phn kim to
s hng thnh tr li ca hi thng khu vc duyn hi min bc nc ta, mc d hot
ng bun bn vn c duy tr nhng cp khng thc s cao (14).
Th k X gia th k XV
Trong mt thi k tng i di cc nh nghin cu trong nc c xu hng duy tr ci
nhn tng i thiu tch cc v ngoi thng i Vit t sau khi ginh c c lp vo
th k X. Tri li, cc nh s hc nc ngoi cho rng s thuyn chuyn vai tr iu phi
thng mi bin t Giao Ch sang cc hi cng min nam Trung Quc t na cui thi k
Bc thuc cng nh vic ngi Vit ginh c c lp vo th k X khng ng ngha vi
vic ph nhn v tr ca min bc nc ta trong h thng thng mi khu vc, nht l
trong tuyn hi thng ni Trung Quc vi cc khu vc bun bn pha nam (15). Nhng
quan im trn ngy cng c cng c vng chc trn c s nhng nghin cu mi, gp
phn khng nh bin v kinh t bin ng vai tr kh quan trng trong s pht trin ca
lch s Vit Nam c trung i hn nhiu ln ngi ta tng ngh (16).
Hng s nc, hng s bin v cc hot ng kinh t, vn ho gn vi cc hng s ny
trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca lch s Vit Nam c cc nh nghin cu
quan tm phn tch t lu (17). Nm 1986, trn c s phn tch s hnh thnh v pht trin
ca cc trung tm bun bn ven bin (Vn n v Ngh Tnh) thi L Trn, nh s hc
ngi M John Whitmore cao vai tr thng mi nng ng ca ngi Vit trong
nn thng mi quc t rt hng thnh thi by gi, ng thi ku gi cc nh nghin cu
tp trung lm sng t cc vn nh nn tng sn xut x hi phc v thng mi,
phng thc t chc thng mi v s nng ng x hi a n sn phm d tha.
ng kt lun ngun ca ci thu c t thng mi chc chn gp phn ng k vo
vic thit lp v cng c quyn lc chnh tr, kch thch nn kinh t bn a (18). Quan im
ny ca Whitmore sau c cc nh s hc k cn nh Momoki Shiro, Li Tana,
Charles Wheeler, Nola Cooke tip tc nghin cu v n nay c nhng nhn thc
sng t (xin xem c th nhng phn tip theo).
Nhng thng tin d s lc trong cc b s cn li n ngy nay cho thy, sau khi ginh
c c lp vo th k X, nht l di vng triu L (th k XI-XIII), triu nh khng hon
ton quay lng li vi thng mi ni chung v ngoi thng ni ring. Trn c s ca
nn th cng nghip tng i pht trin, triu L c nhng ng thi tng i tch cc
trong bun bn vi nc ngoi. Theo sch Tc t tr thng gim trng bin ca L o,
ch hai nm sau khi thnh lp, nm 1012 triu L xin nh Tng cho m tuyn bun bn n
Ung Chu qua ng bin; nh Tng khc t v ch cho php thng nhn i Vit n
trao i ti Qung Chu v mt s a im khc khu vc bin gii (19). Nm 1040, trn
c s ca mt nn th cng nghip dt la pht trin, vua L Thi Tng dy cung n
dt c gm vc [nn] xung chiu pht ht gm vc ca nc Tng trong kho ra
may o ban cho cc quan [] t l vua khng dng gm vc ca nc Tng na (20).
Nm 1149, p li vic thuyn bun cc nc Tro Oa, L Lc, Xim La n Hi ng xin
c tr bun bn, nh L cho lp trang ni hi o, gi l Vn n, mua bn hng ho
qu, dng tin sn vt a phng (21). khu vc pha nam, cc trung tm trao i vng

Ngh Tnh cng c iu kin pht trin, thu ht mt lng ln thng nhn t Trung
Quc v ng Nam n bun bn (22). Vt ra khi ngha quc gia v chin lc pht
trin kinh t, trn phng din hi thng khu vc v quc t, vic nh L lp trang Vn
n c ngha ht sc quan trng, nh du s d nhp ca quc gia i Vit vo h
thng hi thng khu vc v quc t qua khu vc Bin ng, th hin mt s nt chnh
sau y.
Cho n trc th k XV, cc tuyn hi thng quc t ni Trung Quc vi cc th trng
phng nam ch yu i qua khu vc vnh Bc B; vng duyn hi ng Bc nc ta v
th c v tr ht sc quan trng. Trong ghi chp ca cc thng nhn v thu th cc th
k X-XV, vng bin tri di t pha nam Trung Quc qua Vnh Bc B xung vng b bin
Chmpa ni ting vi tn gi Giao Ch Dng (Bin Giao Ch). Trong khu vc bun bn
si ng ny, cc thng phm chnh l n l, mui v nga c trao i thng
xuyn v i Vit thi L tham d mt cch tch cc vo cc hot ng bun bn khu
vc bin Giao Ch (23). Phn lp cc tuyn thng mi, hc gi Li Tana cho rng, trong bi
cnh rng ca thng mi khu vc v quc t khong cui triu ng (th k VII-X), Giao
Chu ni chung v min bc nc ta ni ring c u th trong vic trao i thng phm
gia hai khu vc l bin v cc vng ni a trong khi Qung Chu v cc cng nam Trung
Quc gi v th tin phong trong giao dch vi cc thng thuyn n t ng Nam , Ty
v Nam (24).
Cng t thi ng, thng nhn v thu th Hi gio c vai tr quan trng trong h
thng hi thng khu vc ng . Vt qua cc trung tm trao i ng Nam truyn
thng, thng nhn Hi n nh c v bun bn ti nhiu thng cng pha nam
Trung Quc, khu vc o Hi Nam v c ghi nhn l c vai tr nng ng trong cc
tuyn bun bn nh khu vc Giao Ch Dng (25). mt s trung tm bun bn ln nh
Tuyn Chu (Phc Kin), cc dng h Hi ln nh Pu Kai-zong (B Khai Tng) v Pu
Shou-geng (B Th Khang) cn c nh Tng phong lm quan gim thng ti cng
Tuyn Chu (26). Trong khi , o Hi Nam, cng ng Hi gio ng n mc nhiu
lng ca ngi Hui-hu (Hi H) c lp nn cc khu vc duyn hi thuc o Hi
Nam (27). Khng ch c v th thng mi vng chc ti cc hi cng min nam Trung Quc
nh cc quan im truyn thng trc y thng ghi nhn, Hi thng cn tch cc
tham d vo cc tuyn bun bn ni lin bin vi cc khu vc ni a, gp phn ng k
vo vic thc y s pht trin ca mng li trao i Bin ng thi k ny (28).
Vi i Vit t cui thi Trn v u thi L, vai tr ca thng cng Vn n v vng
cng bin ng Bc trong h thng hi thng khu vc v quc t Bin ng c bit
n nhiu qua chc nng trung chuyn v xut khu gm s. Bn cnh chc nng trung
chuyn gm s Trung Quc ra th trng khu vc, Vn n cn c bit n nh ca
ng a gm s i Vit (men nu thi Trn v men lam thi L s) ra th trng quc
t (29). Trong mt ci nhn ph qut, s ni ln ca gm s i Vit trn th trng quc t
vo thi im ny p ng mt cch kp thi nhu cu cao v gm s thng mi ca
th trng Ty (Ba T, Ai Cp, Th Nh K) cng nh cc th trng Hi gio khu vc
nh ti Philippines, Sulawesi(30). Gm s i Vit cn c xut khu ra th trng khu
vc n na cui th k XVI trc khi b suy gim do c nguyn nhn trong nc (bin

ng chnh tr tc ng n kinh t) cng nh nhng tc ng t bn ngoi (vic nh Minh

bi b chnh sch Hi Cm vo nm 1567 to iu kin cho sn phm gm s Trung Quc
tr li chim lnh th trng quc t) (31).
Mt trong nhng nhn t tc ng rt ln v gn nh xuyn sut k nguyn sm ca
thng mi ng Nam (900-1300), nh Geoff Wade tng xut, l nhng chnh sch
v thng mi v kinh t ht sc tch cc v ch ng ca cc vng triu Tng v
Nguyn Trung Quc. Ni tip ch trng coi trng tin t pht trin thng mi ca
cc ch hu thi k Ng i, di thi Tng, nhng chnh sch c th v tin t, trao i,
thu kho trong giao dch vi ngi nc ngoi c thc thi nhm kch thch s m
rng ca ngoi thng (32). Trn c s i snh vi nhng bin chuyn ca hi thng
khu vc, nht l hi thng Trung Quc, c nhiu quan im cho rng vic nh L lp
trang Vn n v bin khu vc ng Bc thnh ca ng thng thng ca i Vit l mt
phn ng nhanh nhy v thc thi, ko i Vit d nhp mt cch ch ng v c h
thng vo qu o thng mi quc t khu vc Vnh Bc B vn hng thnh t nhiu
th k trc, c bit l sau nhng chnh sch ngoi thng tch cc ca triu Tng vo
cui th k X (33).
Gia th k XV cui th k XVI
Din mo ngoi thng i Vit ni chung cng nh thng cng Vn n v khu vc
duyn hi ng Bc ni ring t khong ba thp nin cui ca th k XV n cui th k
XVI v ang l ch thu ht nhiu tranh lun gia cc nh nghin cu trong nhng
nm gn y. S thiu vng thng tin v vng hi cng ng Bc t sau nm 1467 trong
cc b chnh s Vit Nam khin cho vic nghin cu gp khng t tr ngi, ng thi dn
n nhng nhn nh v s suy thoi ca ngoi thng v s suy gim chc nng ca
thng cng Vn n (34). Trong khi , thng tin t nhng t kho st, in d, khai
qut kho c hc, kt qu nghin cu gm s thng mi kt hp vi phng php s
hc so snh li cho php suy lun v thng cng Vn n ni ring v vng duyn hi
ng Bc ni chung trong mng li hi thng khu vc di mt quan im c phn tch
cc hn. Hc gi John Whitmore by t s bn khon ca mnh v S bin mt ca
Vn n t cui th k XV khi ng cho rng, trn phng din chnh sch quan phng
ca triu nh L s, nht l t triu L Thnh Tng (1460-1497), r rng nh nc th
hin nhng ng thi kh tiu cc i vi ngoi thng v s tn ti ca thng cng Vn
n (35). Nu chng ta nh ng dng chy gm s ng Nam vi h thng Giao Ch
Dng v tin chc rng Vn n l mu cht quan trng ca h thng ny trong vi thp k
[cui th k XV n u th k XVI], vy th iu g din ra? R. Brown tng gi v
khong trng Mc ca sn phm gm s Vit Nam (v ca cc quc gia khc) trong th
k XVI. Dng nh khong trng Mc ny nh du s chm dt ca h thng Giao Ch
Dng, s bin mt ca Vn n, v s qu sang mt h thng mi dng nh Hi An.
Lm sao chng ta c th l gii c iu ny? (36)
Trong thc t, nu nh chnh s i Vit hm v s suy gim chc nng v xa hn l
s suy tn ca Vn n, gm s thng mi ca i Vit xut khu ra th trng quc t
giai on cui th k XV u th k XVI khin ngi ta khng khi hoi nghi v gi thuyt
ny. Bn thn Whitmore, mc d a ra quan im v s suy tn ca Vn n cng nh

kh nng i Vit nh mt vai tr ca mnh trong h thng thng mi khu vc v quc

t Bin ng t cui th k XV, vn th hin s do d nht nh khi so snh vi nhng
thng tin t kt qu nghin cu gm s thng mi khai qut cc con tu m trong
nhng nm gn y. ng bn khon: ng trn vn ny [chnh sch pht trin kinh t
di triu L Thnh Tng], chng ta c th suy lun rng nn hnh chnh n nh v pht
trin ca i Vit trong th k XV chc chn kch thch v hu thun cho sn xut th
cng nghip v h thng thng mi [tn ti] nh mt b phn ca mng li Giao Ch
Dng. Trong thc t, Vn n nhiu kh nng tr thnh im then cht trong mng
li ny trong mt phn t cui ca th k XV cng nh trong th k XVI v thay th cho
Th Ni. Ti tin rng chng no cu trc quan liu [triu L] cn tip tc hot ng tt,
chng ni thng v ngoi thng cn din ra m p (37).
C th ni, vic xc nh v tr ca thng mi i Vit trong h thng hi thng khu vc
Bin ng t sau nm 1460 n cui th k XVI v ang thc s th thch cc nh
nghin cu. Vic triu L s, c bit l t thi Hng c (1460-1497) c nhng chnh
sch thiu tnh tch cc i vi vn ngoi thng v khu vc hi cng Vn n cng
nh ton b vng ng Bc l iu c tht, th hin r nt trong b Quc triu hnh
lut c bin son vo thi k ny (38). Tuy nhin, mt khu vc bin vin nh khu vc
Vn n, s tn ti ca cc hot ng thng mi phi quan phng l iu kh c th
ph nhn; thng nhn i Vit v thng nhn nc ngoi chc chn vn duy tr hot
ng trao i mt cp nht nh. D sao mc lng, chnh sch khng my ci m ca
triu nh L s chc chn c nhng tc ng tiu cc n s pht trin ca Vn n
ni ring v ton khu vc hi cng ng Bc ni chung t sau thp nin 1460.
S pht trin ca th cng nghip cng nh thi ci m ca nh Mc (1527-1592) i
vi thng nghip c tc ng ng k n tnh hnh trao i trong nc thi k ny. Tuy
nhin, bn thn vn ngoi thng i Vit di triu Mc li tn ti nhng tranh lun.
Nu nh trc y ngi ta vn tin vo mt s song hnh mang tnh tt yu gia s m
rng ca th cng nghip (v ni thng) vi s hng thnh ca ngoi thng i Vit
thi Mc, mt s nh nghin cu gn y li by t nhng bn khon, cho rng cu trc
hi thng quc t khu vc Bin ng thay i mnh vo u th k XVI, khin cho v
tr ca i Vit trn cc tuyn hi thng truyn thng ca khu vc b nh hng rt ln.
Trong rt nhiu nhng nhn t tc ng n hi thng khu vc, ti cho rng c t nht ba
vn c bn sau y cn c lu khi nghin cu ngoi thng i Vit th k XVI,
c bit l khu vc duyn hi ng Bc. Th nht, s thm nhp ca ngi B o Nha
vo phng ng v qu trnh xc lp mng li thng mi lin ng ca Cng ti
Hong gia B o Nha (Estado da India) (39) tng bc ph v cu trc thng mi
Bc Nam khu vc Bin ng v Nam Hi (40). c bit, vi s thm nhp ca ngi
B vo min nam Trung Quc v xc lp v tr thng mi ca h ti Macao trong na u
th k XVI, hot ng bun bn ti cc khu vc duyn hi nam Trung Quc v ng Bc
Vit Nam b tc ng ng k, nu khng mun ni l b suy gim bi sc ht mnh t
ngi B nh c bun bn Macao (41).
Th hai, vic thng nhn Trung Quc, c bit l thng nhn Phc Kin, khai m v
pht trin ngy cng mnh m tuyn hi thng nam Trung Quc Philippines ng

Nam t cui th k XIV, u th k XV (42) tc ng khng nh n v tr ca cc hi

cng ven bin nc ta. Sau khi ngi Ty Ban Nha n nh c v bun bn ti
Philippines, mang n y hng nm mt lng bc ln t Tn Th gii, s lng Hoa
thng v y bun bn ngy cng tng. Nh mt h qu, trong khi tuyn ng bin
pha ng (Dongyang hanglu) ca ngi Trung Quc xung ng Nam ngy cng pht
trin, tuyn ng truyn thng pha ty dc duyn hi Vit Nam (Xiyang hanglu) ngy
cng mt i v th (43). Trong bi cnh , vic vng ng Bc ni ring v phn ln duyn
hi i Vit mt i v th u vit ca mnh trong h thng bun bn chung ca khu vc l
iu c th l gii c.
Th ba, mng li mu dch gm s quc t c nhng thay i mnh t gia th k XVI
v tc ng khng nh n i Vit. Nu nh chnh sch Hi Cm ca nh Minh trong cc
th k XIV v XV to iu kin rt ln cho gm s ng Nam (gm hoa nu v Chu
u ca i Vit, gm G Snh ca Chmpa, gm Sawankhalok ca Xim) pht trin v
chi phi lung gm s thng mi khu vc v quc t, vic bi b chnh sch ng ca
ca nh Minh vo nm 1567 ng thi t du chm ht cho k nguyn gm s thng
mi ng Nam sau khi gm s Trung Quc tr li chim lnh th trng (44). Trong bi
cnh , vic gm s i Vit giai on cui ca triu Mc, d vn pht trin, khng cn
chim lnh c th trng bn ngoi, to nn mt khong trng Mc (Mac gap) trong
thng mi gm s quc t nh Roxanna M. Brown (45) tng bn khon l iu c th l
gii c t bnh din thng mi gm s khu vc v quc t.
Bn cnh ba nhn t mang tnh ngoi cnh trnh by trn y, s thay i triu chnh lin
tc i Vit t nhng thp k u ca th k XVI c th c coi l nhn t ni ti v tc
ng trc tip n v tr ca i Vit, nht l cc hi cng khu vc ng Bc, trong h
thng thng mi Bin ng thi k ny. Sau khi ln ngi nm 1527, Mc ng Dung (v
cc vua tip theo ca triu Mc) lun ch trng pht trin qu hng Dng Kinh (Hi
Phng) thnh trung tm chnh tr th hai sau Thng Long, ng thi bin ni y thnh
ca ng thng thng ca i Vit ra bn ngoi (46). Chin lc ny ca h Mc r rng
ly i mt phn rt ln u th thng mi ca Vn n v vng duyn hi ng Bc,
mc cho nh Mc duy tr mt tm nhn kh ci m v thng mi. T cui th k XVI u
th k XVII, vi s chuyn giao quyn lc t triu Mc sang triu nh L-Trnh, ca ng
thng thng ca i Vit li tip tc c nhng hon i: t Dng Kinh chuyn dch
xung vng ca sng Thi Bnh. Nh vy l, ch trong vng khong mt trm nm di
triu Mc v triu L-Trnh, ca ng thng mi chnh yu ca quc gia i Vit lin
tc chuyn dch xung pha nam: t Vn n (th k XII XVI) qua Dng Kinh (th k
XVI) xung vng ca sng Thi Bnh (th k XVII khong th k XIX).
iu ng ni l, nu nh giai on Dng Kinh vn nm trong giai on qu ca hi
thng khu vc (th k XVI, ngi phng Ty bt u thm nhp), s ni ln ca vng
ca sng Thi Bnh gn vi mt k nguyn mi ca hi thng khu vc ng . T th k
XVII, cc tuyn hi thng truyn thng khu vc Bin ng v Nam Hi vn c iu
hnh bi thng nhn chu (Trung Quc, ng Nam , Nam v Ty ) trc y
dn dn b ngi phng Ty (H Lan, Anh, Php, B o Nha) chim lnh. Khng ch
cu trc hi thng khu vc m ngay c ni dung (hay bn cht) ca cc lung hi thng

cng b bin i ph hp vi bi cnh mi (47). Trong k nguyn mi ca thng mi khu

vc ng , quc gia i Vit (c ng Trong v ng Ngoi) u c v tr quan trng v
trong nhng thi k nht nh tr thnh nhng mt xch khng th thay th (48). Ring ti
ng Ngoi, mt thc t khng th ph nhn l trong th k XVII v mt phn ca th k
XVIII, i a s cc thng thuyn ngoi quc n bun bn vi ng Ngoi u vo ca
sng Thi Bnh v lu tr ti Domea (Tin Lng) trong khi hot ng xut nhp khu din
ra ch yu ti kinh Thng Long (49). Vic i a s thng nhn v thng thuyn ngoi
quc tp trung v Tin Lng th k XVII-XVIII cng nh trng hp ni ln ca Dng Kinh
th k XVI, nh mt h qu, lm suy gim ng k, trn phng din quan phng, v
tr v vai tr ca Vn n ni ring v khu vc cng bin vng ng Bc ni chung.
Mc d vy, cng cn ni thm rng, s chuyn dch ca ng bun bn xung vng
Dng Kinh (th k XVI) v ca sng Thi Bnh (th k XVII XVIII) khng ng ngha vi
s bin mt hay suy tn hon ton ca Vn n v vng duyn hi ng Bc nh mt
s nh nghin cu tng quan nim. Vi v tr tip gip vi khu vc thng mi si ng
ng nam Trung Quc, Vn n v khu vc duyn hi ng Bc d khng cn l ca
ng thng mi chnh ca i Vit nh giai on L, Trn vn c vai tr thng mi
ng k. Nhng n lc ca ngi H Lan v ngi Anh trong chin lc xy dng trung
tm bun bn vng bin gii ng Bc trong na cui th k XVII cho thy khu vc ny
vn c v tr quan trng trong trao i vi Trung Quc qua cc trung tm trao i ln (bc
dch trng) dc bin gii (50). Tuy nhin, tr lc ln nht cho s pht trin ca vng
ng Bc t na cui th k XVII l vn hi tc v s bt n chnh tr vng nam v
ng nam Trung Quc sau s bin Minh Thanh nm 1644. Sau khi nh Minh sp ,
nhiu nhm hi tc cng nh cc th lc phn Thanh phc Minh thng chn vng nam
Trung Quc, mt phn gip vi bin gii Vit Trung, tr chn v tin hnh cp bc
cc thng thuyn ngoi quc n bun bn vi ng Ngoi qua khu vc pha bc Vnh
Bc B v bn o Li Chu (51). Triu nh L-Trnh v th tht cht qun l vng ng Bc
trong phn ln th k XVII, khin cho v tr thng mi ca khu vc ny khng c iu kin
pht huy nh cc th k trc.
Mt s nhn xt
L mt trong s cc khu vc hi thng nng ng bc nht th gii thi c, trung v cn
i s k, Vnh Bc B ni ring v khu vc Bin ng ni chung l im n ca nhiu
thng nhn v thng thuyn ngoi quc. Vo thi c trung i, thng nhn chu
(Trung Quc, ng Nam , Nam , Ty ) hi t v y bun bn, bin ni y thnh
mt khu vc hi thng si ng. Cc hi cng thuc duyn hi nc ta (Vn n ng
Bc; Thanh-Ngh-Tnh bc Trung B; Vijaya ca ngi Chm nam Trung B) cng
nh m pht trin theo. Vi s thm nhp ca ngi chu u vo ng u th k
XVI, cu trc hi thng truyn thng khu vc Bin ng dn dn b ph v, thay th
bi mt cu trc mi mang m du n ca cc th lc thng mi v hng hi phng
Ty.
Tng ng vi cc giai on pht trin chnh ca thng mi khu vc v quc t qua Bin
ng, i Vit, thng qua cc hi cng v trung tm bun bn duyn hi, th hin cc
cp d nhp v ng nhng vai tr khc nhau. Trong ci nhn lch s v h thng, s

d nhp v iu chnh ca i Vit trong h thng thng mi Bin ng c th hin r

qua qu trnh t iu chnh ca ng thng thng: qu trnh chuyn dch dn dn xung
pha nam hi nhp vi nhng bin chuyn ca hi thng khu vc. Nu nh di thi
k L, Trn v u L s (th k XI cui th k XV), Vn n v vng duyn hi ng Bc
l ca ng chnh ca quc gia i Vit, trong th k XVI Dng Kinh (Hi Phng) tr thnh
u mi giao thng trng yu ca triu Mc. S thin dch cn tip din trong th k XVII
vi s ni ln ca vng ca sng Thi Bnh (Tin Lng, Hi Phng) nh ca ng giao
thng chnh ca i Vit thi L Trnh.
Nu nh t thn s thin dch trn ch mi phn nh thc t lch s, lun gii v ni dung
ca nhng bin thin lch s, nht l phn tch cc vn ni v ngoi cnh tc ng n
s thin dch, s cung cp nhng kin gii su sc v s thay i bn cht v cu trc ca
cc hin tng lch s trn. Nh phn tch, n na u th k XVI gm s c coi l
thng phm chnh ca i Vit xut khu ra bn ngoi nn Vn n v vng ng Bc
kh gn trung tm gm s Chu u (Hi Dng) c v tr thun li cho hot ng chuyn
ch v xut khu. Bn cnh l vic Vn n n ng vng ca ng Vnh Bc B trung
tm ca cc hot ng trao i n l, mui, ngaca th gii hi thng Giao Ch
Dng, ni c s tham gia ca ng o thng nhn n t ng Nam , Nam v Ty
T th k XVI, khng ch thng nhn chu mt dn v tr Bin ng vo tay ngi
phng Ty m c cu thng phm cng thay i t gm s sang t la sn phm
ph bin ca vng chu th sng Hng, nht l cc lng la ni ting dc sng Hng, khu
vc kinh thnh v cc vng ph cn Thng Long Ngay c khi gm s ng Ngoi c
ngi nc ngoi xut khu ra ng Nam vi s lng ln vo cui th k XVII, thng
phm ny cng khng cn mang ngun gc Chu u na m c sn xut ch yu ti
Bt Trng, mt trung tm gm s gn kinh thnh Thng Long v nm ngay trn tuyn
ng thu ni kinh ra bin (52). Nhng thay i trn cho thy, trn phng din bn
cht, v tr ca ng Ngoi trong h thng thng mi Bin ng c nhng thay i ln
trong th k XVII.
Ngoi ra, vic triu Mc v L-Trnh tng bc ni lng chnh sch i vi ngoi thng,
ng thi cho php thng nhn nc ngoi lu tr v bun bn ti cc khu vc ni a
(Ph Hin, Thng Long) ng ngha vi s suy gim vai tr ca mt s trung tm bun
bn ven bin. Trong bi cnh , h thng sng t ca Thi Bnh (Tin Lng) qua sng
Luc ln Hng Yn theo sng Hng ln H Ni (hay tuyn sng ng Ngoi trong cc
ghi chp ca ngi phng Ty) tr thnh tuyn ng ngn nht v thun li nht. Vng
ca sng Thi Bnh cn gi vai tr l ca ng giao thng chnh ca ng Ngoi n khi
thc dn Php cho kho st v xy dng th cng Hi Phng vo cui th k XIX.

Ch thch
(1)

. Tng quan v thnh tu nghin cu hi s v hi thng s trong nhng nm gn

y, xin xem: Nguyn Vn Kim, Nguyn Mnh Dng, Truyn thng v hot ng
thng mi ca ngi Vit: Thc t lch s v nhn thc v Phm c Anh, Nguyn
Ngc Phc, Nghin cu ngoi thng Vit Nam trc th k XVIII: vi nt nhn li, in

trong Vit Nam trong h thng thng mi chu , th k XVI-XVII, Nxb. Th Gii, H.,
2007, tr. 311-350 & 417-432.
(2)

. V phng php tip cn ny, Gio s Roderich Ptak (i hc Munchen, c) khi

qut nh sau: Cc s gia chuyn v ch khi nghin cu bin hoc cc vng cn
duyn c xu hng nhn i tng nghin cu t t lin, cho rng vng cn duyn v
bin nn c i x nh mt b phn trc thuc lc a. Bi th chng thng b coi l
yu t ngoi vi v, trn phng din chc nng, ph thuc vo cc trung tm chnh tr v
vn ho trong lc a. Cc nh s hc nghin cu v bin s dng phng php tip
cn ring ca mnh. Mt cch n d m ni, s gia chuyn v hi s t mnh gia bin
khi nhn nhn cc khu vc cn duyn; h nhn t bin vo b, ch khng phi t b
ra bin. Xin xem t: Roderich Ptak, The Gulf of Tongkin: A Mediterranean?, in A Mini
Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of Tongking through History, Australian National
University/Guangxi Academy of Social Sciences, Nanning, China, 3/2008, p. 30.
(3)

. Hong Anh Tun, Hi cng min ng Bc v h thng thng mi ng Ngoi th

k XVII qua cc ngun t liu phng Ty, Nghin cu Lch s, 1/2007, tr. 54-64 &
2/2007, tr. 54-63; Hong Anh Tun, Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 16371700 (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2007), pp. 12-15.
(4)

. Bi vit xin c gii hn ni dung tho lun vo v tr ca min bc nc ta trong h

thng thng mi Bin ng t khong Cng nguyn n cui th k XVI. Th k XVII
(gm c ng Trong v ng Ngoi) s c trnh by ring trong chuyn lun i Vit
trong h thng thng mi Ni ca Cng ty ng n H Lan th k XVII (sp in).
(5)

. H Vn Tn (cb.), Kho c hc Vit Nam (Tp 1: Thi i Vit Nam), Nxb. KHXH,
H., 1998, tr. 199-237 & 264-275. Xem thm t Vn Ninh, Thng cng Vn n,
Nxb. Thanh Nin, H., 2004, tr. 21-76.
(6)

. Vin Nghin cu ng Nam , Bin vi ngi Vit c, Nxb. VHTT, H., 1996, tr. 6495. Xin xem thm t: Nguyn Khc S, Giao lu vn ho thi tin s vng duyn hi
ng Bc Vit Nam qua t liu kho c hc v Trnh Nng Chung, Nhng di tch vn
ho tin s Vn n, Qung Ninh: T liu v nhn thc, k yu khoa hcThng
cng Vn n: Lch s, tim nng kinh t, v cc mi giao lu vn ho, 7/2008, tr. 461474 & 475-489.
(7)

. Nguyn Quang Ngc, Tin trnh lch s Vit Nam, Nxb. Gio Dc, H., 2000, tr. 30-34.
Xem thm t Keith W. Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam: Sino-Vietnamese Relations to the
Tenth Century and the Origins of Vietnamese Nationhood (Ph.D Diss., The University of
Michigan, 1976).
(8)

. Dn li t Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, The Early History of Chinese Trade in
the South China Sea(Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1998), pp. 1-14.
(9)

. Dn li t Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, pp. 1-14.

(10)

. Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, p. 7; Liang Bingmeng, The Hepu Port the Most
Ancient Departure Port and the Maritime Silk Route in A Mini Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of
Tongking through History, pp. 142-151.
(11)

. Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, pp. 31-35. Xem thm t Nguyn Quang
Ngc, Tin trnh lch s Vit Nam, tr. 41-43.
(12)

. Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, pp. 37-38.

(13)

. Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, pp. 17, 25, 31, 35, 38, 44, 45. Xem thm t
Jenifer Holmgran, Chinese Colonization of Northern Vietnam: Administrative Geography
and Political Developments in the Tonking Delta, First to Sixth Century AD (Canberra:
Australian National University Press, 1980), p. 175; Kenneth R. Hall,Maritime Trade and
State Development in Early Southeast Asia (Honolulu: Hawaii University Press, 1985),
pp. 194-197.
(14)

. Kenneth R. Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia, pp.
178-181.
(15)

. Nhng quan im trn c th c xem t: John K. Whitmore, Elephant can

Actually Swim: Contemporary Chinese View of Late Li Dai Viet, in David Marr and A.C.
Milner (eds), Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14thCenturies, Singapore: Institute of Southeast
Asian Studies, 1986, pp. 117-138; Momoki Shiro, Dai Viet and the South China Sea
Trade from the 10th to the 15th Century, Crossroads, 12/1 (1998), pp. 1-34; Li Tana, A
View from the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnam Coast, Journal of
Southeast Asian Studies, 37/1 (2006), pp. 83-102; John K. Whitmore, The Rise of the
Coast: Trade, State and Culture in Early i Vit,Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,
37/1 (2006), pp. 103-122.
(16)

. Gn y c mt s nh nghin cu trong nc kho cu v truyn thng thng

mi v thng mi bin ca ngi Vit trong lch s di cch nhn mi, ci m hn.
Xin xem: Nguyn Vn Kim, Nguyn Mnh Dng, Truyn thng v hot ng thng mi
ca ngi Vit, sd, tr. 311-350.
(17)

. Chng hn, t na cui thp nin nh s hc ngi M Keith W. Taylor (The Birth of
Vietnam) phn tch vn ny kh sinh ng trong lun n Tin s ca mnh bo v
ti H Michigan (M). Nm 1993, Gio s Trn Quc Vng cng cng b chuyn
lun My nt khi qut lch s c xa v ci nhn v Bin ca Vit Nam,Nghin cu
ng Nam , 1/1993, tr. 1-17 .
(18)

. John K. Whitmore, Elephant can Actually Swim, pp. 117-138. Vn ny gn y

li c Whitmore lm sng t thm trong cc chuyn lun The Rise of the Coast, pp.
103-122.

(19)

. Dn li theo: Trng Hu Qunh (cb), i cng lch s Vit Nam, tp 1, Nxb. Gio
dc, H., 1999, tr. 149. C th tham kho thm t Nguyn Vn Kim v Nguyn Mnh
Dng, Truyn thng v hot ng thng mi ca ngi Vit, sd, tr. 311-350.
(20)

. Ng S Lin v cc s thn triu L, i Vit s k ton th, Tp I, Nxb. KHXH, H.,

1998, tr. 261.
(21)

. i Vit s k ton th, sd, tr. 317.

(22)

. Momoki Shiro, Dai Viet and the South China Sea Trade from the 10 th to the
15th Century, pp. 1-34. Xem thm t: Nguyn Th Phng Chi, Nguyn Tin Dng, V
cc mi giao thng ca quc gia i Vit thi L, Trn (th k XI-XIV), Nghin cu Lch
s, s 7/2007, tr. 23-37; H Trung Dng, V tr ca Ngh Tnh trong h thng thng
mi khu vc thi L Trn, Kho lun tt nghip i hc, Khoa Lch s, Trng i hc
Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, HQGHN, 2008.
(23)

. Li Tana, A View from the Sea, pp. 86-90.

(24)

. Li Tana, A View from the Sea, p. 90. V nhng tuyn bun bn gia i Vit vi
min nam Trung Hoa, xin xem t: Nguyn Mnh Dng, Vng ng Bc Vit Nam trong
tuyn hi thng ng th k VIII-XVIII (Qua kho cu mt s t liu B o Nha v
Php) v Dng Vn Huy, Quan h giao thng gia vng ng Bc Vit Nam vi
cc cng min nam Trung Hoa th k X-XIV, k yu khoa hc Thng cng Vn
n, sd, tr. 296-326 & 350-367.
(25)

. Geoff Wade, An Earlier Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia: 900-1300

C.E.?, Workshop on Dynamic Rimlands and Open Heartlands: Maritime Asia as a Site
of Interactions (Conference Proceeding), Osaka University and National University of
Singapore, 2006, pp. 27-81. C th xem thm t Paul K. Benedict, A Cham Colony on
the Island of Hainan, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1941, pp. 129134; Li Tana, A View from the Sea, pp. 90-95.
(26)

. Geoff Wade, An Earlier Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, p. 45.

(27)

. Paul K. Benedict, A Cham Colony on the Island of Hainan, pp. 90-95.

(28)

. Li Tana, A View from the Sea, p. 90.

(29)

. Kt qu nghin cu kho c hc vng qun o Vn n cho thy gm s men

ngc Long Tuyn thi Tng c tm thy vi mt cao ti nhiu a im Vn n
minh chng cho chc nng trung chuyn ca khu vc ny trong h thng mu dch gm
s khu vc ni ring v h thng hi thng khu vc ni chung. Bn cnh , gm s
men nu thi Trn v gm s Chu u thi L cng c tm thy vi mt kh cao.
Xin xem: Nguyn Vn Kim, H thng thng cng Vn n qua cc ngun t liu lch
s, in d v kho c hc, Kho c hc, 4/2006, tr. 46-65; Nguyn Vn Kim, Tnh h
thng v quy m ca Vn n: Vai tr v v th ca mt thng cng, k yu khoa
hc Thng cng Vn n, sd, tr. 276-295. C th xem thm nhng kt qu nghin

cu kho c hc ti h thng o Vn n trong Vn Ninh, Thng cng Vn n,

Nxb. Thanh Nin, H., 2004.
(30)

. Roxanna M. Brown, The Ceramics of South-East Asia (Singapore: Oxford University

Press, 1988), pp. 28-29; John Guy, Vietnamese Ceramics in International Trade, in
John Stevenson and John Guy (eds.), Vietnamese Ceramics: A Separate
Tradition (Michigan: Art Media Resources, 1994), pp. 47-61.
(31)

. Bennet Bronson, Export Porcelain in Economic Perspective: The Asian Ceramic

Trade in the 17th Century, in Chumei Ho (ed.), Ancient Ceramic Kiln Technology in
Asia (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, 1990), pp. 126-150. Xem thm t: Hong
Anh Tun, Gm s ng Ngoi xut khu ra ng Nam th k XVII: T liu v nhn
thc, Nghin cu Lch s, 11/2007, tr. 28-39.
(32)

. Geoff Wade, An Earlier Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, pp. 28-36.

(33)

. C th tham kho nhng lun gii th v v vn ny t: Momoki Shiro, Dai Viet

and the South China Sea Trade; Li Tana, A View from the Sea; John K. Whitmore,
The Rise of the Coast; Geoff Wade, An Earlier Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia.
(34)

. John K. Whitmore, The Disappearance of Van-don: Trade and State in Fifteenth

Century Dai Viet: A Changing Regime? in A Mini Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of Tongking
through History, pp. 167-180.
(35)

. i Vit s k ton th (Tp II, Nxb. KHXH, H., 1998, tr. 427) chp, nm 1467
thuyn i bin ca nc Xim La n trang Vn n dng biu vn khc trn l vng
v dng sn vt a phng, vua khc t khng nhn. Whitmore cho rng thi ny
ca L Thnh Tng kt hp vi nhng ch trng chnh sch ca triu nh v vn
kinh t trong ch trng trng nng c thng th hin rt r l c s tin
rng ngoi thng i Vit i xung t khong thp nin 1460. Xem John K. Whitmore,
The Disappearance of Van-don, pp. 167-180.
(36)

. John K. Whitmore, The Disappearance of Van-don, p. 178. Theo PGS.TS. Nguyn

Vn Kim, s hin din ca cc hin vt gm s mang nin i th k XVII-XVIII ti cc di
tch cc o thuc Vn n l mt trong nhng bng chng thuyt phc v s tn ti
lin tc ca thng cng Vn n n khong th k XVIII. Xin xem: Nguyn Vn Kim,
Tnh h thng v quy m ca Vn n: Vai tr v v th ca mt thng cng, sd, tr.
276-295.
(37)

. John K. Whitmore, The Disappearance of Van-don, p. 178. Cng cn phi lu

rng quan im ca Whitmore trong bi vit ny v vic Vn n b thay th bi Ph
Hin dng nh cha tht s thuyt phc v cp nht bi trong th k XVII Ph Hin
khng phi l trung tm thng mi thc s ca ng Ngoi m ch l mt trong ba a
im thuc mng li thng mi lin hon dc sng ng Ngoi l Thng Long, Ph
Hin, Domea. Xin xem thm v vn ny t: Hong Anh Tun, Hi cng min ng
Bc v h thng thng mi ng Ngoi th k XVII.

(38)

. iu 61-64 (chng Tp lut) ca b Quc triu hnh lut r rng th hin s kht
khe ca nh nc i vi thng cng Vn n. Bn cnh , cc iu 25-28
(chng Cm v) v iu 125 (chng Vi ch) cng quy nh c th v kht khe i vi
ngoi thng v thng nhn nc ngoi. Xin xem t: Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm, Mt
s vn bn in ch v php lut Vit Nam (Tp 1: T th k XV n XVIII), Nxb. KHXH,
H., 2006, tr. 66-67, 96, 183-185.
(39)

. V qu trnh xc lp mng li thng mi ca ngi B o Nha khu vc ng

trong na u th k XVI, xin xem: ng Th Yn, Qu trnh xc lp mng li thng
mi ca B o Nha ng , th k XVI-na u th k XVII, Kho lun tt nghip i
hc, Khoa Lch s, Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, HQGHN, 2007.
Xem thm: Om Prakash, European and Asian Merchants in Asian Maritime Trade,
1500-1800: Some Issues of Methodology and Evidence, in J. M. Flores, (ed.), Revista
de Cultura 13/14: The Asian Seas 1500-1800, Local Societies, European Expansion and
the Portuguese (Macao, 1991). (Reprinted in Om Prakash, Precious Metals and
Commerce, Variorum 1994).
(40)

. Trn phng din thng mi quc t giai on cn i s k, khi nim Nam

Hi/the South Sea thng c hiu theo ngha rng, ch vng bin tri di t Nht
Bn n sn pha ng ca chu Phi.
(41)

. V thng mi ca ngi B o Nha Macao th k XVI-XVII, xin xem t: Tien

Tse Chang: Sino Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and
Chinese Sources (Leiden: Brill, 1933); George B. Souza, The Survival of Empire:
Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 16301754 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
(42)

. Geoff Wade, On the Possible Cham Origin of the Philippine Scripts, Journal of
Southeast Asian Studies24/1, 1993, pp. 44-87.
(43)

. James K. Chin, Bridging East Ocean and West Ocean: Hokkien Merchants in
Maritime Asia Prior to 1683, with a Special Reference to the Ports of East Asia,
in Workshop on Northeast Asia in Maritime Perspective: A Dialogue with Southeast
Asia (conference proceeding), National University of Singapore and Osaka University,
2004, pp. 121-159. Xem thm t: Kenneth R. Hall, Multi-Dimensional Networking:
15th Century Indian Ocean Maritime Diaspora in Southeast Asian Age of
Commerce, Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, 49/ 4, 2006, pp. 454481.
(44)

. Roxanna M. Brown, Ming Gap? Data from Shipwreck Cargoes. Paper presented at
the ARI Workshop on Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century and the Ming Factor,
Singapore, July, 2003. V gm s i Vit xut khu ra th trng khu vc, xin xem:
Aoyagi Yoji, Vietnamese Ceramics Discovered on Southeast Asian Islands, in Ancient
Town of Hi An (Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 1993).

(45)

. Roxanna M. Brown, D liu t v m tu Hi An/C Lao Chm v mt s vng

bin khc ca ng Nam , Tham lun trnh by ti Hi tho Quc t v Vit Nam hc
ln II, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng 7 nm 2004. C th lu thm l vic mt s
ngi chu u ng Nam , chng hn nh Tom Pires, ghi chp v s yu km ca
i Vit trong thng mi khu vc th k XVI l c nhng c s lch s. Xem thm t:
Tom Pires, The Suma Oriental of Tom Pires: An Account of the East, From the Red
Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 (London: Hakluyt Society,
1944), p. 114.
(46)

. V s pht trin ca Dng Kinh thi Mc, xin xem: Th Thu Lan, Vng ca
sng ng Ngoi th k XVII-XVIII: Batsha v mi lin h vi qu hng nh
Mc, Nghin cu Lch s, 1/2008, tr. 21-32 & 2/2008, tr. 42-48; V ng Lun, Du
tch cng bn thng mi v c im kinh t, tn ngng vng h lu sng Thi Bnh
th k XVII-XVIII (Qua cc kho st thc a v t liu vn bia), Nghin cu Lch s,
5/2008, tr. 25-34. C th xem thm t: Trn Quc Vng, Trng Trnh Nguyn Bnh
Khim trong bi cnh vn ho Vit Nam th k XVI, in trong Trn Th Bng Thanh v V
Thanh (cb), Nguyn Bnh Khim: v tc gia v tc phm, Nxb. Gio Dc, H., 2001, tr. 7083; Nguyn Quang Ngc, Domea trong h thng thng mi ng Ngoi th k XVIIXVIII,Nghin cu Lch s, 10/2007, tr. 3-19.
(47)

. P. W. Klein, The China Seas and the World Economy between the 16th and 19th
Centuries: The Changing Structure of Trade, in Davids, C. A., Fritschy, W. and Valk, L.
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Ngun: www.khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn