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Fluid Mechanic & Fluid Machine: Chapter Topic
Fluid Mechanic & Fluid Machine: Chapter Topic
Fluid Mechanic & Fluid Machine: Chapter Topic
Topic
Chapter-1
Properties of Fluids
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Chapter-2
Chapter-3
Indias No 1
IES Academy
Contents
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Chapter-5
Chapter-6
Chapter-7
Chapter-8
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Chapter
Chapter-9
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Indias No 1
IES Academy
Chapter
Contents
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Indias No 1
IES Academy
Contents
Chapter
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Topic
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
1.
Chapter 1
Properties of Fluids
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Fluid
1.
It has no definite shape of its own, but conforms to the shape of the containing vessel.
2.
Even a small amount of shear force exerted on a fluid will cause it to undergo a
deformation which continues as long as the force continues to be applied.
3.
It is interesting to note that a solid suffers strain when subjected to shear forces
whereas a fluid suffers Rate of Strain i.e. it flows under similar circumstances.
Viscosity
Definition: Viscosity is the property of a fluid which determines its resistance to shearing
stresses.
Cause of Viscosity: It is due to cohesion and molecular momentum exchange between
fluid layers.
Newtons Law of Viscosity: It states that the shear stress () on a fluid element layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.
The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity.
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
du
dy
or
du
dy
du
=
dy
du
dy
Thus viscosity may also be defined as the shear stress required producing unit
Units of Viscosity
S.I. Units: Pa.s or N.s/m2
C.G.S Unit of viscosity is Poise= dyne-sec/cm2
One Poise= 0.1 Pa.s
1/100 Poise is called centipoises.
Dynamic viscosity of water at 20oC is approx= 1 cP
Kinematic Viscosity
It is the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid and denoted by
Mathematically =
dynamic viscosity
=
density
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Classification of Fluids
1. Newtonian Fluids
These fluids follow Newtons viscosity equation.
For such fluids viscosity does not change with rate of deformation.
Non-Newtonian Fluid
du
)
dy
Visco-elastic
Fluids
Time - Independent
Time - Dependent
Visco-elastic
1.Thixotropic Fluids
Fluids
du
= + f (t )
dy
du
= ; n < 1
dy
Example: Blood, milk
2. Dilatant Fluids
du
Example:
f(t)is
solid
decreasing
Example: Printer ink; crude
Liquid-
combinations
in pipe flow.
2. Rheopectic Fluids
Example: Butter
or
Plastic Fluid
du
= o +
dy
du
+ E
dy
oil
= ; n > 1
dy
3. Bingham
du
+ f (t )
Ideal =
dy
f(t)is
increasing
Example: Rare liquid solid
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Indias No. 1
Properties of Fluids
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Surface tension
Surface tension is due to cohesion between particles at the surface.
Capillarity action is due to both cohesion and adhesion.
Surface tension
The tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface
between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane
under tension.
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
1 1
p = +
r1 r2
a. Pressure inside a water droplet, p =
b. Pressure inside a soap bubble, p =
c. Liquid jet. p =
2
d
4
d
8
d
Capillarity
A general term for phenomena observed in liquids due to inter-molecular attraction at the
liquid boundary, e.g. the rise or depression of liquids in narrow tubes. We use this term for
capillary action.
Capillary rise and depression phenomenon depends upon the surface tension of the liquid
as well as the material of the tube.
4 cos
1. General formula, h =
gd
4
2. For water and glass = 0o, h =
gd
4 cos 42o
3. For mercury and glass = 138o , h =
gd
(h is negative indicates capillary depression)
Note: If adhesion is more than cohesion, the wetting tendency is more and the angle of
contact is smaller.
< 2
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Upward surface tension force (lifting force) = weight of the water column in the tube
(gravity force)
d2
or
d. cos =
h g
4
or
h=
4 cos
gd
Answer:
dT =
r
2 r dr r
t
R
Total torque, T =
r
2 r dr.r
t
0
dT =
( )
=
T=
Question:
4
2 3
d
R =
r dr =
2
t 0
2t
2t
d 4
32t
A solid cone of radius R and vortex angle 2 is to rotate at an
angular velocity, . An oil of dynamic viscosity and thickness t
fills the gap between the cone and the housing. Determine the
expression for Required Torque.
[IES-2000; AMIE (summer) 2002]
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Answer:
Chapter 1
du
V
r
= =
dy
t
t
Tangential resistance on the ring
dF = shear stress area of the ring
dr
= r 2 r
t
sin
Torque due to the force dF
dT =dF.r
2 3
dT =
r dr
t sin
Total torque
R
2 3
T = dT =
r dr
t sin
0
Shear stress =
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2 R 4 R 4
=
t sin 4 2t sin
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Indias No. 1
Properties of Fluids
IES Academy
Chapter 1
[GATE-2001]
(d) m3/s2
Newtonian Fluid
GATE-3. For a Newtonian fluid
[GATE-2006; 1995]
(a) Shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(b) Rate of shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(c) Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
(d) Rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
Surface Tension
GATE-4. The dimension of surface tension is:
(a) ML-1
(b) L2T-1
(c) ML-1T1
[GATE-1996]
(d) MT-2
(c) J/m2
[GATE-1995]
(d) W/m
IES-2.
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Indias No. 1
Properties of Fluids
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Viscosity
IES-3.
IES-4.
IES-5.
IES-6.
IES-7.
An oil of specific gravity 0.9 has viscosity of 0.28 Strokes at 380C. What
[IES-2005]
will be its viscosity in Ns/m2?
(a) 0.2520
(b) 0.0311
(c) 0.0252
(d) 0.0206
IES-8.
IES-9.
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[IES-2007]
(d)ML-2T-2
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Non-Newtonian Fluid
IES-10.
If the Relationship between the shear stress and the rate of shear
n
du
du
then the fluid with exponent n>1
strain
is expressed as =
dy
dy
is known as which one of the following?
(a) Bingham Plastic
(b) Dilatant Fluid
(c) Newtonian Fluid
(d) Pseudo plastic Fluid
[IES-2007]
IES-11.
Match List-I (Type of fluid) with List-II (Variation of shear stress) and
select the correct answer:
[IES-2001]
List-I
List-II
1. Shear stress varies linearly with the rate of
A. Ideal fluid
strain
B. Newtonian fluid
2. Shear stress does not vary linearly with the
rate of strain
C. Non-Newtonian fluid
3. Fluid behaves like a solid until a minimum
yield stress beyond which it exhibits a linear
relationship between shear stress and the rate
of strain
D. Bingham plastic
4. Shear stress is zero
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
1
2
4
(b) 4
2
1
3
(c)
3
2
1
4
(d) 4
1
2
3
IES-12.
IES-13.
2. Dilatant fluid
C. = ( du / dy ) , n>1
3. Newtonian fluid
D. = 0 +
4. Pseudo-plastic fluid
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IES-14.
A
3
3
(du/dy)n,
B
2
4
n=1
C
4
2
D
1
1
(b)
(d)
A
4
4
B
1
2
C
2
1
D
3
3
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Indias No. 1
Properties of Fluids
IES Academy
Chapter 1
[IES-1995]
with rate of
D
4
4
Surface Tension
IES-16.
[IES-1998]
(b) Cohesion
(d) The difference between adhesive and
cohesive forces
IES-17.
Where ' ' is the surface tension and d is the diameter of the droplet.
IES-18.
IES-19.
Capillarity
IES-20.
IES-21.
[IES-2008]
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
IES-23.
IES-24.
Assertion (A): A narrow glass tube when immersed into mercury causes
capillary depression, and when immersed into water causes capillary
rise.
[IES-2009]
Reason (R): Mercury is denser than water.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
IES-25.
(a)
IES-27.
dp
d
(b)
dp
d
(c)
d
dp
(d)
d
dp
When the pressure on a given mass of liquid is increased from 3.0 MPa
to 3.5 MPa, the density of the liquid increases from 500 kg/m3 to 501
kg/m3.What is the average value of bulk modulus of the liquid over the
given pressure range?
[IES-2006]
(a) 700 MPa
(b) 600MPa
(c) 500MPa
(d) 250MPa
Vapour Pressure
IES-28.
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Indias No. 1
Properties of Fluids
IES Academy
Chapter 1
[IES-2007]
IES-29.
IES-30.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code
given below the lists:
[IES-2008]
List-I (Variable)
List-II (Dimensional Expression)
1. M L2 T-3
A. Dynamic Viscosity
2. M L-1 T-2
B. Moment of momentum
C. Power
3. M L-1 T-1
D. Volume modulus of elasticity
4. M L2 T-2
5. M L2 T-1
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
1
4
2
3
(b)
3
5
1
2
(c)
1
5
2
3
(d)
3
4
1
2
Viscosity
IAS-2.
Newtonian Fluid
IAS-3.
d 2
(a)
dy 2
IAS-4.
du
(b)
dy
du
(c)
dy
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du
(d)
dy
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Indias No. 1
Properties of Fluids
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Non-Newtonian Fluid
IAS-5.
The relations between shear stress ( ) and velocity gradient for ideal
fluids, Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids are given below.
Select the correct combination.
[IAS-2002]
du 2
du
) ; = . ( )3
dy
dy
du
du
(b) =0; = . ( ) ; = . ( ) 2
dy
dy
du
du
du
(c) = . ( ) ; = . ( ) 2 ; = . ( )3
dy
dy
dy
du
du
(d) = . ( ) ; = . ( ) 2 ; =0
dy
dy
(a) =0; = . (
IAS-6.
Surface Tension
IAS-7.
Vapour Pressure
IAS-8.
Match
List-I
(Physical
properties
of
fluid)
with
List-II
(Dimensions/Definitions) and select the correct answer:
[IAS-2000]
List-I
List-II
1. du/dy is constant
A. Absolute viscosity
B. Kinematic viscosity
2. Newton per metre
C. Newtonian fluid
3. Poise
D. Surface tension
4. Stress/Strain is constant
5. Stokes
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
5
3
1
2
(b)
3
5
2
4
(c)
5
3
4
2
(d)
3
5
1
2
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
expressed in N / m
du
dy
du
Rate of strain
dy
IES-4. Ans. (c)
IES-5. Ans. (b) du=2 m/s; dy= 1cm = 0.01 m; = 9.81 poise = 0.981 Pa.s
Therefore ( ) =
2
du
= 0.981
= 196.2 N/m2
dy
0.01
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
4 4 0.073
=
= 292 N / m 2
d
0.001
4
4 0.073
=
30 mm
gd 1000 9.81 0.001
4 cos
gd
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Properties of Fluids
Indias No. 1
IES Academy
Chapter 1
4
gd
du
Where = ; n <1
dy
IES-26. Ans. (a)
Bulk modulus
K =
dp
dv
v
K =
v=
and
dp
d
dv =
d
K =
d
IES-27. Ans.(d)
2
.
d
du
Ns ( 0.3m/s )
=3N/m 2
= 0.001 2
dy
m ( 0.0001m )
du
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Indias No. 1
Properties of Fluids
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Problem
1.
1. Ans. T =
D 4
32h
2.
3.
4.
4coc
( b ) gd
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Indias No. 1
Properties of Fluids
IES Academy
Chapter 1
Students Note
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