_

_
: , . ,

1.
, "
" (, 1957: 20; Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, eds., 1996: 11).

1:

, (Chapman, 1974: 3):
(conduction),
(convection advection)
(radiation).
,
(sensible heat). (),
(), . (Givoni, 1998: 109)

2: . (: Buckley, 1979: 21, 22)

1.1
,
, ,

, . (Chapman, 1974: 110; Santamouris &
Asimakopoulos, eds., 1996: 11; Givoni, 1998: 110; , 2000: 6-1)
, .

(one-dimensional heat conduction)1

(steady state), , 12,
: q/A = dT/dx q/A = (1-2)/(x2-x1)
:

, W

, m2

, W/mK

dT :

dx :

, m

, ,
.
t1

t2

3:
.

1.2
,
( ) ,
. (Santamouris, Asimakopoulos, 1996: 14; Chapman, 1974: 3; Givoni, 1998: 110; , 2000: 6-15)
,
.
, s f, : q/A = (s - f)
:

, W

, m2

(heat

transfer coefficient - film coefficient) (-, 1999),

,
(Chapman, 1974: 14), W/m2

. , . ,
1

s :

f :

,
To

TL
4:
.

1.3
, (infrared (IR) long-wave radiation)

.
, .

.
. (Chapman, 1974: 4; Givoni, 1998: 112; , 2000: 6-14)
: q/A = 4
:

, W

, m2

, 01

Stefan-Boltmann, 5,67x10-8 W/m2K4

(12),
(, 2000: 6-15): Q12= A1 (14 - 24) F12
:

Q12 :

, Wh

A1 :

, m2

Stefan-Boltzmann = 5,67x10-8 W/m2K4

. (Chapman, 1974: 41)

T1 :

T2 :

F12 :

(, ,

).
t1

t2
5:
.

6:
.
[: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation#mediaviewer/File:Wiens_law.svg
Wiens law CC BY-SA 3.0 4C - Own work, based on JPG version]

,
(.. ). (Chapman, 1974: 14)

(. 6). ,
, , ,
, ,
. (Markus & Morris, 1980: 311)
1.4 ()
,
. ,

, .

.
.

, ( ). (Santamouris
& Asimakopoulos, 1996: 15)

. .
(Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 15)

. ,
, .
, ,
, ts, .
.
2.
2.1
,
.

, . (Chapman, 1974: 21)
, 1
1 m2 1m,
( )
, .
W/m.K.

7:
, .

(Chapman,
1974: 22):

(, , ) ( ,

, , ,
, )
( ,

,
)
(

, ,
,

. (Santamouris & Asimakopoulos,, 1996: 21))
(

,
, / , ,
)
(

. (Givoni, 1998: 117)

: = 0,072 e

[1,35 (p/1000)],

: , ,

W/m.K , , kg/m3 (Givoni, 1998: 119))

(

, ( = 0,57 W/m.K)
( = 0,025 W/m.K). ,
,
. (Markus & Morris, 1980: 269))
, , TOTEE 207012/2010, . 48-52. ( 207012/2010

[Online]

Available,

http://portal.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/tptee/totee/TOTEE-20701-2-Final-%D4%C5%C5....pdf)
2.2
,
,
, 1 ,
1 m2 , ,
.
W/m2.K.

8:
, .

( )
( ) .

9:
, .

TOTEE 20701-2/2010, . 54. ( 207012/2010

[Online]

Available,

http://portal.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/tptee/totee/TOTEE-20701-2-Final-%D4%C5%C5....pdf)
2.3
r, ,

. .
() (400-700
nm / 0,4-0,7 m) (Akbari, et al., 2005: 90) ,
, r , , ,
, .
() (
(short infrared), 700-2500 nm / 0,7-2,5 m (long infrared), 2500-100000
nm / 2,5-100 m) (Szokolay, 1980: 257), , .

2.3.1 r &
(reflectivity)
, . (Givoni, 1998: 117; Santamouris
& Asimakopoulos, 1996: 16) (Santamouris,
Asimakopoulos, 1996: 16) (. 10): r = I / I
:

, 0 r 1

, W/m2

, W/m2

, (absorptivity)
, . (Givoni, 1998:
117; Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 16)
(Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 16) (. 8): = I / I
:

, 0 1

, W/m2

, W/m2

, r + a = 1.

10:
.

11:
.

,
. (Givoni, 1998: 113) , (..
, ) (..
, ), .2

Benjamin Franklin
, . ,
. (Buckley, 1979: 55-56)
2

12: Benjamin Franklin

, .
, . (Buckley,
1979: 55-56)

, :
. (Siddiqi, 1984: 899-907) ,
. (Akbari, et al., 1992: 45) ,
. Angstrm
0,18 0,09 ,
, 0,32 0,2. (Angstrm, 1925: 323-342,
Siddiqi, 1984: 900)
TOTEE 20701-1/2010, . 67 (
207011/2010

Online]

Available,http://portal.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/tptee/totee/TOTEE-20701-1-Final-%D4%C5%C5-2nd.pdf
http://portal.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/tptee/totee/TOTEE-20701-1-Diefkiniseis-2-2012-final.pdf),

( 1).
2.3.2 ,
(transmittance)
. (Givoni, 1998: 117;
Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 17)
(Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 17): = I / I
:

, 0 1

, W/m2

, W/m2

13: .

: + r + =1.
. ,
= 1 = r = 0, ,
. (Chapman, 1974: 414)
, ,
,
() ( = 1), ()
( = 0).
TOTEE 20701-1/2010,
. 63 ( 207011/2010
, Online]
Available,http://portal.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/tptee/totee/TOTEE-20701-1-Final-%D4%C5%C5-2nd.pdf
http://portal.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/tptee/totee/TOTEE-20701-1-Diefkiniseis-2-2012-final.pdf),
2.3.3 ,
(emissivity)
, .
(Givoni, 1998: 117; Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 16)
(Markus & Morris, 1980: 311): = / b
:

, 0 1

, W/m2

b :

, W/m2

, ,
, 0,8 - 0,9. , ,
. (Givoni, 1998: 113)
, .

. ( = 0,9),
( = 0,1).

10

, ,
, (0 , -273 C).

[q/A = 4]. ,
.

,
, .
.
,
.

14: .

,
(radiant barrier) .
(low-e) (. .
15), (cool materials , cool paints).

15: (low-e).
[: Goulding John R., Lewis J. Owen, Steemers Theo C., 1994, . ,
: . - .., . I ]

11

1:
[: Szokolay, 1980: 396; Markus& Morris, 1980: 312; Siddiqi, 1984: 899; Goulding, et al., 1996: 207-216; Baker, et al.,
eds., 1993: 2.11; Ecotect software v.5.2, Desktop Radiance v.1.02]

r=1-
a=1-r

,
0,25-0,3
0,7-0,75
0,9
,
0,1
0,9
0,98

/ /

0,45
0,55
0,95

0,45-0,54
0,46-0,55
0,95
/
0,18-0,44
0,56-0,82
0,45

0,08-0,1
0,9-0,92
0,9

0,15-0,4
0,6-0,85
0,9

0,15-0,4
0,6-0,86
0,9
r
a

()
0,2
0,8
0,9

0,2-0,6
0,4-0,8
0,9

(9 x 6 x 19 cm)
0,3-0,5
0,5-0,7
0,94

0,35-0,45
0,55-0,65
0,9

0,2-0,6
0,4-0,8
0,9

0,2-0,75
0,25-0,8
0,9

0,35-0,45
0,55-0,65
0,9


0,3-0,4
0,6-0,7
0,95

,
0,97
0,03
0,2
,
0,2-0,33
0,67-0,8
0,2
,
0,5-0,7
0,3-0,5
0,02-0,05
,
0,60-0,88
0,12-0,40
0,02-0,04

0,05-0,2
0,8-0,95
0,95

0,05-0,2
0,8-0,95
0,95

0,26
0,74
0,92
AL
0,7-0,85
0,15-0,3
0,08

0,08-0,12
0,88-0,92
0,87-0,94


0,31-0,33
0,67-0,69

0,25
0,75

0,1-0,47
0,53-0,9
0,96

2.4 ()

, , Kg, ,
(), 1 1 m2 1m,
1 (1 mm
QS) ,
.

12

Kg / m.h.mm QS.
, , ,

.
: = 0,085 / .

16: .

, TOTEE 207012/2010, . 48-52. ( 207012/2010

[Online]

Available,

http://portal.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/tptee/totee/TOTEE-20701-2-Final-%D4%C5%C5....pdf)

3.
, ,
.
(volumetric heat capacity), (thermal diffusivity)
(thermal admittance).
, (,
, ) TOTEE 20701-2/2010, . 48-52. (
207012/2010
,

[Online]

Available,

http://portal.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/tptee/totee/TOTEE-20701-2-Final-

%D4%C5%C5....pdf), 2 .
3.1 ,
.
kg/m3.
, : ,
. .
(Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 21)

13

.
, .
3.2 , c
(1 kg)
. (Givoni, 1998: 115)
Wh/kg.K J/kg.K.
.
,
.
3.3 , C

(1 m3) . (Givoni, 1998: 115)
, : C = p c
: C

, Wh/m3K

, kg/m3

Wh/kgK.

Wh/m3.K.
.
(Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 21) ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
. (Oke, 1995: 28)
(1160 Wh/m3K),
. ,
, ,
.
3.4 ,

. (Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 22)
m2/h m2/s . 10-6. : = / c

14

, m2/h m2/s . 10-6

, W/mK

, kg/m3

, Wh/kgK

.
, " " ,
, . (Oke, 1995: 43)
(Givoni, 1998: 117),
(Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, 1996: 22).
,
. , ,
, . (Oke, 1995: 45) ,

,
. (Oke, 1995: 45)
( 52 m2/sec 10-6 113 m2/sec 10-6 - ). , ,
1 m2/sec 10-6. ,
(0,983 m2/sec 10-6) ( 0,7 1,3 m2/sec 10-6)
. , (0,141 m2/sec 10-6),
(01 0,25 m2/sec 10-6, ), (0,136 m2/sec 10-6)
.
,
. (Givoni, 1998:
118)
3.7 ,
,
. (Oke, 1995: 46) Wh1/2/m2K
(Oke, 1995: 46): = ( c) 1/2
:

Wh1/2/m2K

, W/mK

, kg/m3

, Wh/kgK

Szokolay (1980: 302)

(specific admittance)

15

3. (2/)1/2,
0,0085. , : = 0,0085 ( c) 1/2
:

W/m2

, W/mK

, kg/m3

, Wh/kgK

,
( 10,66 W/m2 - 25,74 W/m2 - ),
.
( 204 W/m 2 -
307 W/m2 - ). , ( 0,31
W/m2 0,75 W/m2 - ), ,
. (Givoni, 1969: 116)
( 3,16 W/m2 - 6,57 W/m2 -
), ( 1,58 W/m2 5,24 W/m2).
,
. ,
(.. ) , ,
(.. ). (Oke, 1995: 46)
, ,
, . ,
Fanger (1973: 102) (contact coefficient),
.
, ,
. , , Fanger (1973: 101)

.

Szokolay (1980: 303) , (timelag) .

3

16

2: .
[: Szokolay, 1980: 393; Markus & Morris, 1980: 312; Oke, 1995: 44, 259, 281; Balcomb, 1983: 551; , 1993:1520; Santamouris & Asimakopoulos, eds., 1996: 14; -, 1999: : 6-11; Goulding, et al., 1996: 207-216;
P.E.M. software; Ecotect software; Desktop Radiance v.1.0]
: p_, c_ , _ , C_, _, _

p
kg/m3

()
1800

, 1600
, 2000
, 1600
, 2000
, 300
, 1100

/ /
1600
2200
/ 2600
2600
/ 2800
2670

2000
2400
() 600

2000
- 1800

2222

2083

(9 x 6 x 19 cm)
1000

1700

1800

2000

1920

2250
15 mm
1667

500
700
1040

800

700
, . (0.5 mm-PF9-0.5)
1400

,
7800
,
8600
, . (Cu0.5 mm-PE4-Cu0.5)
2540
,
2700
, . (AL0.5 mm-PE3-AL0.5)
1375

4500
,
7200

11300

c
Wh/kgK

W/mK

C
Wh/m3K

m2/sec 10-6

W/m2K

0,22

0,700

396

0,491

8,49

0,22
0,41
0,24
0,43
0,53
1,01

0,300
2,200
0,250
1,580
0,060
0,500

352
820
384
860
159
1111

0,236
0,745
0,180
0,510
0,100
0,120

5,24
21,66
5,00
18,80
1,58
12,02

0,26
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,23

1,050
1,700
2,330
2,900
3,500
2,640

416
572
676
676
728
614

0,701
0,825
0,957
1,192
1,335
1,194

10,66
15,90
20,24
22,58
25,74
20,53

0,24
0,24
0,24

1,400
2,040
0,200

480
576
144

0,810
0,983
0,385

13,22
17,48
2,74

0,30
0,30

1,400
0,870

600
384

0,648
0,332

14,78
11,05

0,24
0,24

1,450
1,190

533
500

0,755
0,661

14,18
12,44

0,26
0,26
0,26
0,39
0,25
0,39
0,39

0,465
0,740
0,350
1,000
0,840
1,500
0,680

260
442
468
788
480
877
650

0,497
0,465
0,207
0,352
0,486
0,475
0,291

5,61
9,15
6,53
14,32
10,24
18,50
10,72

0,55
0,55
0,55
0,75
0,75
0,66

0,140
0,170
0,290
0,150
0,130
0,180

275
385
572
600
525
924

0,141
0,123
0,141
0,069
0,068
0,054

3,16
4,13
6,57
4,84
4,21
6,58

0,14
0,11
0,11
0,26
0,26
0,15
0,11
0,04

204
384
0,287
230
0,290
20,920
113
35

1092
946
279
702
357
675
792
407

51,892
112,755
0,286
91,000
0,225
8,609
39,632
23,888

240,71
307,38
4,57
204,93
5,19
60,60
152,27
60,85

17

2.3 ()
p
c

kg/m3 Wh/kgK
W/mK




AL

- PE
- PP
- PVC

- EPS
- XPS
- PUR

C
Wh/m3K

m2/sec 10-6

W/m2K

2110
1100
1360

0,25
0,28
0,26

0,750
0,186
0,465

527
308
354

0,395
0,167
0,365

10,14
3,86
6,54

940
1270
1500

0,64
0,53
0,47

0,502
0,180
0,220

602
673
697

0,230
0,074
0,087

8,86
5,61
6,32

2500

0,22

0,800

550

0,404

10,70

28
25
50
90
90
120
1000

0,41
0,41
0,39
0,17
0,17
0,42
1,16

0,036
0,036
0,030
0,036
0,036
0,042
0,570

11,48
10,25
19,5
15,3
15,3
50,4
1160

0,871
0,976
0,427
0,653
0,653
0,231
0,136

0,33
0,31
0,39
0,38
0,38
0,74
13,11

4.

1.

Baker N., Fanchiotti A., Steemers K., eds., Daylighting in Architecture. A European Reference Book, Brussels and
Luxemburg: Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General XII for Science, Research and
Development, 1993.

2.

Buckley Shawn, Sun up to Sun down. Understanding solar energy, U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979.

3.

Chapman Alan J., Heat Transfer, New York, London: Collier Macmillan International Editions, 1974. [1 1960].

4.

Fanger P. O., Thermal Comfort, Copenhagen: Danish Technical Press / New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973.
[1 1970].

5.

Givoni Baruch, Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1998.

6.

Khan M.I., "Factors affecting the thermal properties of concrete and applicability of its prediction models", Building and
Environment, 37, 2002, . 607-614.

7.

Markus T.A., Morris E.N., Buildings, Climate and Energy, London: Pitman Publishing Ltd., 1980.

8.

Oke T. R., Boundary Layer Climates, London and New York: Routledge, 1995. [1 : London: Methuen & Co.,
1978].

9.

Olgyay Victor, Olgyay Aladar, Design with Climate. Bioclimatic Aroach to Architectural Regionalism, Princeton, New
Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1963.

10. Reagan J. A., Acklam D. M., "Solar reflectivity of common building materials and its influence on the roof heat gain of
typical south-western residences", Energy and Buildings, 2: 3, 1979, . 237-248.
11. Santamouris M., Asimakopoulos D., eds., Design Sourcebook on Passive Solar Architecture, Athens: CIENE, E. C. D.
G. XVII for Energy, 1996.
12. Szokolay S. V., Environmental Science Handbook for Architects and Builders, Lancaster / London / New York: The
Construction Press, 1980.

18

1.

Goulding John R., Lewis J. Owen, Steemers Theo C., .

, . . , : . - .., 1996 [
: Energy in Architecture. The European Passive Solar Handbook].

2.

. ., . . , : . , 1957.

3.

- , . ,
: , , , 1999.

4.

., ., . 2, : , 2005.

5.

., " ", . , . . , . . , . ,
, : , ,
, 2000, . 6-1-24.

6.

, , : University Studio Press, 1993.

1.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Desktop Radiance v.1.02, [Online] Available, http://radsite.lbl.gov/deskrad

2.

Square One Research PTY Ltd., Dr. Andrew Marsh, Ecotect software v.5.2, [Online] Available, http://www.squ1.com

3.

Weber W., Lachal B., Drexler H., Gallinelli P., Gonzalez D., Passive Electronic Metahandbook, P.E.M. Passive Cooling
Design Guidelines for Mediterranean Climate and Countries. Version 1.2, Geneva: C.U.E.P.E., University of Geneva,
1993-95.

19