Matlab Book

2
MATLAB
3

GUI
text
MATLAB MATLAB 5.3
Release 11 MATLAB MATLAB 6.0 Release 12 MATLAB
GUI
MATLAB 6.0 GUIDE
GUI
GUI GUIDE
1
MATLAB MATLAB
MALLAB Desktop
Cell Array Structure 2
version 5.0
12 15
GUI MATLAB Visual MATLAB
Graphic MATLAB 12 object MATLAB
13 Object 14 GUIDE
GUI 15 GUI

1 MATLAB _________________________________________1
1.1 ______________________________________________________________ 1
1.2 MATLAB ________________________________ 3
1.3 MATLAB___________________________________________________ 6
1.4 _________________________________________________________ 14
1.5 _______________________________________________________________ 19
2 MATLAB ________________________________________20
2.1 Scalars, Vectors and Matrices _______________________________________ 20
2.2 Matrix Operation_______________________________________________________ 27
2.3 Matrix Functions _______________________________________________________ 29
2.4 Multidimensional Arrays__________________________________________________ 37
2.5 Cell Arrays ___________________________________________________________ 39
2.6 Structures ___________________________________________________________ 43
2.7 Output Options ________________________________________________________ 45
2.8 Simple Plot __________________________________________________________ 47
" ________________________________________________ 57
3 MATLAB FUNCTIONS __________________________________________62

3.1 _________________________________________________________ 62
3.2 ______________________________________________________ 63
3.3 Hyperbolic Functions ____________________________________________________ 63
3.4 Complex Number Functions _______________________________________________ 64
3.5 Polynomial Functions____________________________________________________ 65
3.6 Statistical and Logical Functions ___________________________________________ 67
3.7 File Input/Output Functions _______________________________________________ 71
" ________________________________________________ 76
4 M-FILE ______________________________________________79
4.1 M-File_______________________________________________________________ 79
4.2 Script Files & Function Files _______________________________________________ 80
4.3 M-File ___________________________________ 83
5 SOLUTION TO SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ________________________89

5.1 ____________________________________________ 89
5.2 Inverse ___________________________________________ 90
5.3 Matrix ___________________________________________ 91
5.4 Eigenvalues Eigenvectors _____________________________________________ 92
" ________________________________________________ 94
6 INTERPOLATION CURVE FITTING _______________________________98

6.1 Interpolation Curve Fitting _______________________________________ 98
6.2 Interpolation __________________________________________________________ 99
6.3 Polynomial Curve Fitting_________________________________________________ 104
" _______________________________________________ 106
7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION _____________________110

7.1 Numerical Integration ___________________________________________________ 110
7.2 Integrate Double Integral _____________________________________________ 112
7.3 Numerical Differentiation ________________________________________________ 114
" _______________________________________________ 115
8 SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIIAL EQUATIONS ___________________118

8.1 First Order ODE _______________________________________________________ 118
8.2 Higher Order ODE _____________________________________________________ 120
8.3 Boundary Value Problems : Shooting Method __________________________________ 123
" ______________________________________________ 129
9 MATLAB GRAPHICS __________________________________________134

9.1 plot 2 _____________________________________________________ 134
9.2 3 _________________________________________________ 141
9.3 _________________________________________________ 151
9.4 ________________________________________________ 153
" ______________________________________________ 155
10 SYMBOLIC MATHEMATICS_____________________________________160
10.1 Symbolic Algebra ____________________________________________________ 160
10.2 Equation Solving _____________________________________________________ 165
10.3 Differentiation Integration___________________________________________ 168
10.4 Symbolic Transformation_______________________________________________ 170
10.5 Function Calculator ___________________________________________________ 173
10.6 Symbolic Math Toolbox : Student Edition ____________________________ 177
11 M-BOOK__________________________________________________180
11.1 M-book _____________________________________________________ 180
11.2 ___________________________________________________ 181
11.3 Input & Output Cells __________________________________________________ 182
11.4 Notebook Menu ___________________________________________ 187
11.5 M-book Template ______________________________ 188
12 Handle Graphic _____________________________________________190

12.1 MATLAB Graphic Object _______________________________________________ 191
12.2 Create Object Function ________________________________________________ 193
12.3 Basic Graphic Object Properties__________________________________________ 195
12.4 GET and SET Function _________________________________________________ 198
12.5 Related Object Function _______________________________________________ 205
13 Object Property_____________________________________________211
13.1 Figure_____________________________________________________________ 212
13.2 Axes______________________________________________________________ 218
13.3 Uicontrol ___________________________________________________________ 229
13.4 Uimenu ____________________________________________________________ 237
13.5 Uicontextmenu ______________________________________________________ 240
14 GUIDE________________________________________243
14.1 GUI GUIDE________________________________________________ 243
14.2 GUI MATLAB _________________________________________ 244
14.3 Application M-file GUIDE______________________________________ 248
14.4 _______________________________ 256
14.5 User Interface Controls ________________________________________________ 262
14.6 Understanding the Application M-File ______________________________________ 262
14.7 GUI__________________________________________ 267
14.8 GUI ____________________________________________ 269
14.9 ________________________________________________________ 270
15 GUIDE ____________________________________________271
15.1 Radio Button _____________________________________________ 271
15.2 Slider Editable Text __________________________________________ 279
15.3 Check Box, List Box Popup Menu _______________________________ 282
15.4 Object Handle GUI _______________________________ 287
MATLAB________________________________________________ 295
____________________________________________________________ 306
1 MATLAB
1.1
MATLAB MATLAB

MATLAB

MATLAB (Interactive)
MATLAB
MATLAB
array (
element ) array MATLAB dimension

matrix vector
C Fortran
MATLAB
MATLAB MATrix LABoratory MATLAB
Matrix MATLAB
Dr. Cleve Molor Fortran
LINPACK EISPACK
MATLAB C MathWorks
LAPACK ARPACK

MATLAB
matrix
..2000 MATLAB 6.0
Introduction to MATLAB
12 MATLAB

MATLAB
C Fortran
MATLAB

MATLAB MathWorks MATLAB
toolbox MATLAB
Toolbox
MATLAB
toolbox
signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation
MATLAB
MATLAB
Math Works High-Performance

Numeric Computation and Visualization Software

MATLAB
MATLAB function
function function
MATLAB
C, FORTRAN
MATLAB
2 3
MATLAB Dynamic Link Word, Excel

windows
MATLAB toolbox function
MATLAB

2
Basic Operation
MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB

MATLAB
Help MATLAB
Internet
http://www.mathworks.com

1.2 MATLAB
n MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB
5
1. Development Environment.
2. The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library.
3. The MATLAB Language.
4. Handle Graphics
5. The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

Development Environment

graphical user interface MATLAB Desktop Command
Windows, command history browsers help, workspace, files search path
The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library

Algorithms
sine, cosine
inverse matrix eigenvalues eigenvector
fast Fourier transforms
The MATLAB Language
matrix array
input
output Matlab
Handle Graphics

image processing

Graphic User Interface MATLAB
The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)
library C Fortran
MATLAB
MATLAB (dynamic linking), MATLAB engine
MAT-file
o MATLAB
Windows
MATLAB shortcut MATLAB desktop
Start MATLAB
Programs Windows
4
Basic Operation
MATLAB 6 MATLAB desktop

MATLAB MATLAB
desktop
Launch Pad
toolbox MATLAB
desktop
desktop (docking)
desktop desktop shortcut
context menus desktop
Preferences File Command
Window desktop Help
Preferences
1.3 MATLAB
MATLAB 6.0 Version MATLAB
MATLAB desktop
version 6 MATLAB
MATLAB
desktop MATLAB 6

MATLAB Desktop 5 Command Windows,
Command History Window, Current Directory Browser, Workspace Browser Launch Pad
n Command Window
Command Window MATLAB
version MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB Command Window MATLAB

MATLAB MATLAB MATLAB
prompt Professional Edition EDU Student Edition
MATLAB
EDU
file
MATLAB M-file
Basic Operation
Command History
MATLAB
-

(Delete Selection) (Delete to Selection)
(Delete Entire History)
Command Windows
M-file
Shift
Create M-File Editor M-file
M-file
o Current Directory Browser
MATLAB MATLAB Current Directory Search Path

MATLAB file
M-file
Current Directory Search Path
Current Directory
Current Directory Desktop Toolbar
Current Directory
Current Directory
directory Current Directory
Current Directory directory Browser
directory file
Windows
file
MATLAB Current Directory Browser desktop tool current
Directory Browser
Current Directory Browser file

file file
help M-file
Windows
Basic Operation
Search Part
Command Window Function
Search Path Search Path
directory MATLAB directory MATLAB
MATLAB Toolbox Search Path
Search Path Set Path
File Menu directory Search Path
directory Search Path path
MATLAB Command Prompt
path
MATLABPATH
C:\MATLABR12\toolbox\MATLAB\general
C:\MATLABR12\toolbox\MATLAB\ops
..
C:\MATLABR12\toolbox\wavelet\wavedemo
C:\MATLABR12\toolbox\rtw\targets\xpc\target\kernel\embedded
C:\MATLABR12\work
Search Part MATLAB

addpath Search Path rmpath directory Search Path
p Workspace Browser
MATLAB
(Workspace) MATLAB
M-file load
MATLAB 6.0 Workspace Browser
Desktop Tool version MATLAB who whos
Command Windows Workspace Browser
Workspace Browser array workspace

workspace Browser Workspace
Delete Selection

array
( )
cell cell

Open Selection
Array Editor
space sheet Matrix Matrix
array editor

10
Basic Operation
Array Editor ()
cell cell Array Editor

array size
cell
undo
q Launch Pad
Launch Pad toolbox
MATLAB Toolbox
Launch Pad file Windows Explorer
Toolbox

Launch Pad
11
5 MATLAB Desktop
Desktop undock

(Command Windows)
Desktop Dock View
desktop
Desktop
View

Desktop Preference File

r Editor/Debugger
M-file Text Editor Notepad

M-file ASCII Code MATLAB
version 5 editor MATLAB
editor debugger
Editor/Debugger M-files
MATLAB Editor/Debugger text
editor Debugger
MATLAB
12
Basic Operation
MATLAB file M-file

Editor/Debugger
Editor/Debugger
Editor/Debugger
M-file
s Graphic Windows
MATLAB Graphic Windows

Graphic Window
MATLAB Menu Bar Graphic Window
13
Graphical User
Interface
windows Graphic Window
version MATLAB
Graphic Window
version 6
fit curve Graphic Window
Graphic Window Graphic
1.4
MATLAB

MATLAB
MATLAB Command Window
MATLAB
14
Basic Operation
MATLAB

Angsana New Thai
input MATLAB Courier New

Airtime

= B*C(1,2)
output MATLAB Courier
New
Airtime = 20

% comment MATLAB
^ MATLAB
Enter key ( Enter
key )
o MATLAB
quit exit MATLAB

clc Command Window
clf Graphic Window
clear
save disk
MATLAB
Ctrl c
^ MATLAB function
p Function Keys
MATLAB keys
15
Ctrl-p

Ctrl-f
Ctrl-b
Del Backspace
Ctrl-l Ctrl-
Ctrl-r Ctrl-
Ctrl-a Home
End
Ctrl-n
Ctrl-k
1
1
1
1
1
MATLAB
help

help MATLAB function help

help function MATLAB function
MATLAB demo
help Menu bar
Help Windows helpwin
version Help Browser MATLAB

MATLAB MathWorks Help
Browser MATLAB Desktop Web Browser
HTML Help Browser Web Browser
Help Browser
16
Basic Operation
Help Help Browser

MATLAB Help
html Browser
( install ) Help browser
help

r Using MATLAB

Development Environment MATLAB desktop

Mathematics
MATLAB
Programming and Data Types MATLAB
Graphics
MATLAB
3-D Visualization view lighting
17
External Interfaces/API C
Fortran Java, , serial port I/O, ActiveX DDE
Creating Graphical User Interfaces

MATLAB graphical user interface
s Reference

MATLAB Function Reference MATLAB
syntax
Function
By Category Alphabetical List of Functions
External Interfaces/API Reference MATLAB

MATLAB

t MATLAB Demos
Toolbox
MATLAB
MATLAB
demo
demo

Run. MATLAB
18
Basic Operation
1.5
MATLAB

3 MATLAB

MATLAB MATLAB 6

19
2 MATLAB
2.1 Scalars, Vectors and Matrices

scalar vector matrix
MATLAB matrix
scalar matrix [1 x 1]
vector row matrix [ n x 1] column matrix [1 x n]
row vector column vector
MATLAB

underscore ( _ )
MATLAB
19
MATLAB case-sensitive variable
xA, xa, XA
0
assignment statement =
=

A 1
A = 1
20
Basic Operation
vector matrix [ ]
(row) elements row
(space) comma
A = [1, 2, 3]
A = [1 2 3]
MATLAB
A =
1 23
matrix A 1 row x 3 column

sami-colon row matrix
1 2
a=
3 4
a = [1 2;3 4]
a =
1 2
3 4
row
enter
a =[1, 2
3, 4]
row ellipsis comma

3
a = [1, 2, 3,...
4 ,5, 6]
a matrix [1 x 6]
MATLAB matrix matrix

a = [1 2 3]
b = [0 a]
Basic Operation
21
b = [0 1 2 3]
MATLAB (echo)

a = [1, 2, 3]
MATLAB
a =
1
MATLAB semicolon
a = [1, 2, 3];
echo
MATLAB ans
0 MATLAB
echo echo
element matrix index

a = [1, 2; 3, 4]
row 1 column 2 2 5
a(1,2) = 5
matrix a
a =
1 5
3 4
matrix single row single column matrix index matrix

a = [1 2 3]
a(3) = 5
a
a = [1 2 5]
22
Basic Operation
a = [1 2 3] a(7) = 5
a = [1 2 0 0 0 0 5]
MATLAB element 3 7 element
MATLAB 3
who

whos , byte
size
matrix array a = 13
2
,
4
size(a)
ans =
2
o Colon operator
Colon operator operator matrix
vector matrix
x = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 9 10 0];
a column 1 x
a = x(:, 1)
a =
1
4
9
= x(2,:)
b row 2 x
b = [4 5 6]
Colon operator matrix colon 2
k = 1:5
k row vector
k = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Basic Operation
23
colon 3 2
3
k = 1:0.5:5 row vector
k = [1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5]
colon
k = 5:-0.5:1
k = [5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1]
colon operator submatrix

1 2 3
a = 4 5 6
9 7 8
a=[1 2 3;4 5 6;9 7 8]

a =
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
7
8
minor a(1, 1) row 1 column 1

b = a(2:3,2:3);
b row 2 row 3 column 2 column 3 a

c = a(1:2,1)
c =
1
4
d = a(:,2:3)
d =
2
3
5
6
7
8
a(:) matrix column column 1 a column 2, 3...
e = a(:)
e =
1
4
9
2
5
7
3
24
Basic Operation
6
8
Matrix matrix 0 x 0
a = [ ];
= 10:1:0;
matrix
matrix element
Transpose Matrix row column column row
1 2 3
a=
4 5 6
1 4
a = 2 5
3 6
T
MATLAB transpose (
'
) a'
a = [1 2 3;4 5 6]
a =
1
2
3
4
5
6
b = a'
b =
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 1
a = [1 2 3];
a = [3 4];
MATLAB a
= [3 4]
a = [1 2 3];
a = [5 a];
MATLAB
A = [5 1 2 3];
q MATLAB
MATLAB

pi
3.14159
i j
imaginary valve 1
Basic Operation
25
Inf
NaN
clock
date
eps
ans
infinity
Not-a-Number (undefined) 0 0
Computer
format -- 1-jan-97
floating-point precision computer
r Matrix MATLAB
Matrix MATLAB matrix
rand(m,n)
hilb(N)
matrix [m x n] element
0 1
rand(m) square matrix
Hilbert matrix matrix [N x N] element
1
(i + j 1)
magic(N)
zeros(m,n)
ones(m,n)
eye(m,n)
square matrix [N x N] 1 N2
element row, column diagonal
N 1, 3, 4, 5,
matrix [m x n] element
matrix [m x n] element 1
matrix [m x n] element diagonal 1
matrix square matrix
linspace(a,b,n)
row vector 1 x n a
b n n
MATLAB n 100
logspace(a,b,n)
row vector 1 x n a
b logarithmic n n
MATLAB n 100
26
Basic Operation
square matrix m n

matrix 11
ones(2)
1
1

a=eye(3,4)
a =
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
linspace(1,3,10)
ans =
Columns 1 through 7
1.0000
1.2222 1.4444 1.6667
Columns 8 through 10
2.5556
2.7778
3.0000
1.8889
2.1111
2.3333
s String Variable

string
quotation '
Str1='Tom';
Str2='Pookie';
string
function
matrix element string
matrix column
row blank space string
2.2 Matrix Operation

n Dot Product
Dot Product inner product scalar value vector
A B vector
N
A B =
a b N element A B
i i
i =1
A = [1 2 3] B = [4 5 6] C = AB (1)(4) + (2)(5) + (3)(6) = 4+10+18 =

32
MATLAB
C = dot(A,B)
Basic Operation
27
dot(A,B)
dot product A B A B matrix dot product row

vector element column dot product column A
B
A=[1 2 3];B=[4 5 6];
dot(A,B)
ans =
32
o Matrix
Matrix A B matrix column row

matrix row column A
[m x n] B [p x q] AB n = p matrix m x q
AB BA matrix MATLAB C = AB
C =A *B
column A row B MATLAB

p Matrix Scalar
matrix scalar element matrix A=[1 2];
C =2*A
C =
2
q - Matrix
matrix / //
element matrix
A=[1 2 3];
B=[4 5 6];
C=A-B
C =
-3
-3
-3
r Matrix
Matrix square matrix
28
Basic Operation
A2 = AA
MATLAB A2
A^2
A^3
A^2
A*A
A*A*A
s Matrix Polynomial
polynomial function x
f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 +... a1 x + a 0
an , an1 ,... polynomial x matrix matrix polynomial

matrix matrix MATLAB polynomial
matrix function polyvalm
polyvalm (a,x)
polynomial matrix x a x
square matrix a row vector
operation Matrix
MATLAB operation Matrix
operation elements
2.3 Matrix Functions

n Matrix Inverse
A square matrix Inverse Matrix A A-1
AA 1 = A 1 A = I
I identity matrix matrix inverse matrix singular matrix

matrix inverse nonsingular matrix inverse matrix
MATLAB inv
Basic Operation
29
inverse matrix a a singular matrix matrix

inverse MATLAB
inv(a)
A=[1 4;8 9];

inv(A)
ans =
-0.3913 0.1739
0.3478 -0.0435
o Rank of Matrix
row matrix rank matrix

1 2 3
a=
2 4 6
row 2 2 row row a rank 1

matrix rank row singular matrix MATLAB rank
rank
rank(a)
rank matrix a
a=[1 2 3;2 4 6];

rank(a)
ans =
1
p Determinant of Matrix
Determinant square matrix scalar matrix determinant
square matrix a MATLAB
det(a)
determinant a
matrix determinate matrix singular matrix determinant MATLAB
a=[1 2 3; 2 7 6; 5 4 8];
det(a)
ans =
-21
q Matrix
30
Basic Operation
matrix MATLAB function

linear equations
Ax = B
x= A B
MATLAB x=A\B
A\B = A-1B
xA = B
x = BA-1
MATLAB B/A
B/A = BA-1
/ MATLAB left matrix division
\ MATLAB right matrix division
x MATLAB Gauss elimination numerical
1
Technique
r Matrix Decomposition
matrix A matrix 2 matrix

Decomposition Factorization matrix matrix
decomposed matrix 3
c LU-decomposition Triangular Factorization matrix

matrix lower triangular matrix upper triangular matrix
Lower Triangular matrix, L, matrix elements main diagonal
( main diagonal)
1 0 0
L = 4 2 0
5 6 3
Basic Operation
31
matrix elements main diagonal

( main diagonal)
Upper Triangular matrix, U
1 2 3
U = 0 4 5
0 0 6
A matrix
A = LU
MATLAB
[L,U]= lu(A)
matrix A Lower triangular L

upper triangular U LU = A Matrix A Square
Matrix
A=[1 3 2;-2 6 1;2 5 7];

[L,U]=lu(A)
LD =
-0.5000
0
1.0000
1.0000
0
0
-1.0000
1.0000
0
UD =
-2.0000
0
0
-6.0000
-1.0000
0
1.0000
8.0000
2.5000
0 LU-decomposition
LU-decomposition permutes lower
triangular factor
permuted lower triangular factor

[L,U,P]= lu(A)
L =
1.0000
0
0
-1.0000
1.0000
-0.5000
0
U =
-2.0000
-6.0000
0
-1.0000
0
0
P =
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
32
0
1.0000
1.0000
8.0000
2.5000
Basic Operation
PA = LU
d QR-Decomposition matrix orthonormal matrix Q upper

triangular matrix, R ( right hand matrix main diagonal
) orthogonal matrix matrix

QQ T = I
Q 1 = Q T
MATLAB
[Q,R]= qr(A)
matrix Q R A = QR Q orthonormal
R upper triangular matrix A Square
Matrix
A=[1 2 3; 5 8 7];
[Q,R]=qr(A)
Q =
-0.1961
-0.9806
-0.9806
0.1961
R =
-5.0990
0
-8.2369
-0.3922
-7.4524
-1.5689
e Singular Value decomposition (SVD) decomposed matrix matrix 3

matrix
A = QSV
Q V orthonormal matrix S diagonal matrix MATLAB

[Q,S,V]=svd(A)
decompose A A = QSV Q V orthonormal
s diagonal matrix
0 decompose 3 A [m x n]
U, L R A
Q m x m
V n x n
S m x n
Basic Operation
33

A=[1 4;8 9];
[L,U]=lu(A)
L =
0.1250 1.0000
1.0000
0
U =
8.0000 9.0000
0 2.8750
[Q,R]=qr(A)
Q =
-0.1240 -0.9923
-0.9923 0.1240
R =
-8.0623
-9.4266
0
-2.8528
[Q,S,V] = svd(A)
Q =
0.2966
0.9550
0.9550
-0.2966
S =
12.5963
0
0
1.8259
V =
0.6301
-0.7765
0.7765
0.6301
s Array Operation
element matrix
element - by - element operation array operation
A
B
= [1 2 3 4];
= [2 4 4 5];
A * B matrix C c
= ai bi
c (1) = A(1) * B(1) , c ( 2) = A( 2) * B( 2) ,...
array operation . *
C
A.*B
D element clement element A

B . /
D
= A./B
= A.^B
34
Basic Operation
E element element A element B
A=[1 2 3 4 5];
B=[4 5 9 10 2];
A.*B
ans =
4 10
27
40
10
B.Â
ans =
4
25
729 10000
32
0 Array operation matrix matrix
MATLAB
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
0
u Matrix
matrix
MATLAB function
rot90(A)
matrix A 90
rot90(A,n)
matrix A 90 n
fliplr(A)
Matrix A column

flipud(A)
Matrix A row

reshape(A,m,n)
matrix A [m x n] element matrix A
mn MATLAB
column A
Basic Operation
35
diag(x)
triu(A)
triu(A,k)
tril(A)
tril(A,k)
x matrix vector main diagonal x

element x vector matrix vector A diagonal
square matrix matrix A main diagonal
A
square matrix matrix A diagonal k
A
square matrix matrix A main diagonal
A
square matrix matrix A diagonal k
A
A=[1 2 3;0 2 4;3 6 8]

A =
1 2 3
0 2 4
3 6 8
36
rot90(A)
ans =
3
2
1
4
2
0
8
6
3
tril(A)
ans =
1
0
3
0
2
6
0
0
8
triu(A,2)
ans =
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
diag(A)
ans =
1
2
8
flipud(A)
ans =
3
0
1
6
2
2
8
4
3
Basic Operation
2.4 Multidimensional Arrays

MATLAB 2 MATLAB
version 5 2 Matrix 2
x=[1 3 5; 4 2 8]
x =
1 3 5
4 2
8
y=[7 1 4;2 0 1]
y =
7
1
2
0
4
1
z=[4 2 1;3 6 9]
z =
4
2
3
6
1
9
3 3
3 x, y,
z
row column

(concatenates) cat
d=cat(3,x,y,z)
d(:,:,1)=
135
428
d(:,:,2)=
714
201
d(:,:,3)=
4 2 1
3 6 9
size(d)
ans =
2 3
x, y, z 2 x 3 d 2 x 3 x 3 cat
Cat(dims,A1,A2,A3,...)
Basic Operation
37
matrix A1, A2, A3,... matrix

dims matrix
Multi-dimensional Array
ndim(A)
B = permute(A,order)
ipermute(A,order)
shiftdim(A,n)
B = squeeze(A)
dimension A
A B order
order vector B
element
permute(A, order)
dimension A n
dimension 1 B element
A 1
matrix vector
vector
x=[1 3 5;4 2 8];

y=[7 1 4;2 0 1];
z=[4 2 1;3 6 9];
d=cat(3,x,y,z);
e = permute(d,[3 1 2])
e(:,:,1) =
1
4
7
2
4
3
e(:,:,2) =
3
2
1
0
2
6
e(:,:,3) =
5
8
4
1
1
9
f = ipermute(e,[3 1 2])
f(:,:,1) =
1
3
5
4
2
8
f(:,:,2) =
7
1
4
2
0
1
f(:,:,3) =
4
2
1
3
6
9
g=shiftdim(d,2)
g(:,:,1) =
1
4
7
2
38
Basic Operation
4
3
g(:,:,2) =
3
2
1
0
2
6
g(:,:,3) =
5
8
4
1
1
9
p=rand(2,1,4,3);
size(p)
ans =
2
1
4
p=squeeze(p);
size(p)
ans =
2
4
3
1-1-3 g
g(1,1,3)
ans =
5
2.5 Cell Arrays

MATLAB 5 cell array version
element matrix cell
array element matrix matrix
n Cell Arrays
cell arrays { } 2
cell index
x(1,1)={[1 2;3 4]};
x(1,2)={5};
x(2,1)={linspace(0,10,10)};
x(2,2)={'Text Only'};
content addressing
x{1,1}=[1 2;3 4];
x{1,2}=5;
x{2,1}=linspace(0,10,10);
x{2,2}='Text Only';

matrix x 2 x 2 element cell x(1,1) matrix 2
x 2 x
Basic Operation
39
x
x =
[2x2 double]
[1x10 double]
size(x)
ans =
2
5]
'Text Only'
x
class(x)
ans =
cell
x cell arrays x celldisp

celldisp(x)
x{1,1} =
1
2
3
4
x{2,1} =
Columns 1 through 7
0
1.1111
2.2222
3.3333
Columns 8 through 10
7.7778
8.8889
10.0000
x{1,2} =
5
x{2,2} =
Text Only
4.4444
5.5556
6.6667
cell
x{1,2}
ans =
5
cell array matrix

column ;
y={[1 3; 5 6], [2 3; 5 7]; ['TOM';'TON'],[2+i
y =
[2x2 double] [2x2 double]
[2x3 char ] [1x2 double]
5+4i]}
cell array cell

Z=cell(2,2)
z =
[] []
[] []
o Cell Array
40
Basic Operation
cell array matrix
x
x =
[2x2 double]
[1x10 double]
y
y =
[2x2 double]
[2x3 char ]
5]
'Text Only'
[2x2 double]
[1x2 double]
a=[x y]
a =
[2x2 double]
[1x10 double]
b=[x;y]
b =
[2x2
[1x10
[2x2
[2x3
[
5]
'Text Only'
double]
double]
double]
char ]
[2x2 double]
[2x3 char ]
[2x2 double]
[1x2 double]
[
5]
'Text Only'
[2x2 double]
[1x2 double]
matrix colon operator

c=b(2:3,1)
c =
[1x10 double]
[2x2 double]
reshape
c=reshape(b,2,4)
c =
[1x10 double] [2x3 char ]
[ 5] [2x2 double]
'Text Only'
[1x2 double]
cell array
cell cell
cell matrix cell

matrix
deal
Basic Operation
41

c
c =
[ 5] [2x2 double]
[1x10 double]
[2x3 char ]
'Text Only'
c{1,4}
ans =
2
5
[1x2 double]
3
7
c{1,4}(2,1)
ans =
5
[p q] = deal(c{1,2:3})
p =
1
3
5
6
q =
5
p Cell Array Character String
character string matrix

column
MATLAB 5.x cell arrays character string
column cell
x={'Tom';'Pookie';'Tata';'Nut';'Christina';'Mai'}
x =
'Tom'
'Pookie'
'Tata'
'Nut'
'Christina'
'Mai'
class(x)
ans =
cell
size(x)
ans =
6
x cell array 6 row x 1 column row

42
Basic Operation
2.6 Structures
3 MATLAB 5.x
structure MATLAB structure object (Data
Containers) fields (database)
structure
n Structure
MATLAB 5.x

field
field

part (name) (make)

(price) (remark) filed 4 field
field field
Parts.name ='Left motor';
Parts.make='GE';
Parts.price=3990;
Parts.remark='Re-build';
parts
parts =
name: 'Left motor'
make: 'GE'
price: 3990
remark: 'Re-build'
2
parts(2).name='Over head cam';
parts(2).make='ACME';
parts(2).price=420;
parts(2).remark='New';

parts
Basic Operation
43
parts =
1X2 struct array with fields:
name
make
price
remark
1 MATLAB
field
parts.name
ans =
Left motor
ans =
Over head cam
Parts(2).price
ans =
420
field
total = parts(1).price*35.4
total =
141246

o field
program
MATLAB 5.x
field object , matrix, cell array

Structure
field fieldname
fieldnames(parts)
ans =
'make'
'name'
'price'
'remark'
structure struct
parts=struct('name',N,'make',M,'price',P)
parts =
1x2 struct array with fields:
name
make
44
Basic Operation
price
matrix N, M ,P
field sub-field
parts.make.FirstChoice='GE';
parts.make.SecondChoice='PW';
file field make field structure
parts
parts =
make:[1x1
struct]
getfield
F=getfield(S,'field')
F field F =
S S 1-by-1 structure.
F=getfield(S,{i,j},'field',{k})
F = S(i,j).field(k).
MATLAB 5.x MATLAB

2.7 Output Options

MATLAB Command Window Enter Key MATLAB

n Display Format
MATLAB
format short
Basic Operation
22.1234
45
format long
format bank
format short e
format long e
format +
15
2
4 10
15 10
+ , -
22.123456789012345
22.12
2.123 e+01
2.12345678901234 e+01
+
format short MATLAB

format short
pi
ans =
3.1416
format long
pi
ans =
3.14159265358979
format short e
pi
ans =
3.1416e+000
format long e
pi
ans =
3.141592653589793e+000
MATLAB echo
MATLAB
disp
A disp(A) A disp(Display)
MATLAB Display (string)

A=10;
disp(A) ; disp(newtons)
10
46
Basic Operation
newtons
fprintf output
disp fprintf output variable
(specifier) %e, %f %g
%e
exponential notation 2.3456 + 2
%f
%g
%e %f
specifier %6.2f 4 2
1
fprintf
A=10;
fprintf (Total force is %f newtons \n,A)
Total force is 10.000000 newtons
\n
fprintf (Total force is \n
Total force is
10.000000 newtons
%f newtons \n,A)
fprintf (Total force is %6.2f newtons \n,A)

Total force is 10.00 newtons
2.8 Simple Plot

MATLAB 2
3 3
x-y
MATLAB plot
plot
plot(x,y)
Linear plot x y x y
semilogx(x,y) plot x y x log y
semilogy(x,y)
plot x y x y log
loglog(x,y)
plot log scale x y
plotyy(x1,y1,x2,y2)
Basic Operation
47
Linear plot x1-y1 x2-y2 y

y1 y2 x
plot MATLAB graphic window
plot plot graphic window plot

figure Command Window File menu New Figure
graphic windows figure 1, figure 2, ..
plot ( plot
semilogx,... )
plot(x,y)
Plot vector x vector y coordinate (xj , yj)
plot(y)
Plot coordinate ( j, yj ) vector y
plot(z)
complex number z = x + iy plot coordinate (Re(z), Im(z))
A matrix plot coordinate (j,A1j), (j,A2j),.. j index
plot(A)
row plot A column index
plot(x,A)
Plot matrix A m x n vector x x vector m
plot column A x vector x n
plot row A x
plot vector x Matrix A A m x n vector x m
plot(A,x)
plot x column A vector x n plot x
row A
plot column B column A A B m x n
plot(A,B)
plot curve n m coordinate
plot(x,y,str)
str character string
48
y = yellow
g = green
m = magenta
.
*
X
-
--
-. dash-dotted
Basic Operation
b = blue
c = cyan
w = white
r = read
k = black
O
+
S
D
^
V
>
<
P
H
: dotted
MATLAB - ()
MATLAB y, g, m, ... plot string
r+ plot +
plot(x,y,str1,w,v,str2,...)
plot curve 1
plot(xi, yi) str1 plot (wi ,vi) str2
str MATLAB y, g, m ...
a = plot(x,y,str1,w,v,str2,...)
plot curve MATLAB a

plot (MATLAB
handle ) MATLAB

o Graphics Window
Graphics window
character string txt ='charactor string
'
title(txt)
xlabel(txt)
ylabel(txt)
Basic Operation
string txt
string txt x x
string txt y y

49
zlabel(txt)
text(x,y,txt)
( 3 ) z
string txt plot coordinate (x,y)
Text vector string
vector x y txti (xi, yi)
text(x,y,txt,sc)
string txt plot coordinate (0,0)

(1,1) plot
legend(txt1,txt2,...)
legend curve plot txt1 curve

plot , txt2 curve plot
Legend(txt1,txt2,...,pos)
legend off
legend curve plot txt1 curve

plot , txt2 curve plot
pos pos
0 =
1 = ( MATLAB
)
2 =
3 =
4 =
-1 =
legend plot
legend (M,txt1,txt2,...)
M handle legend M
M = plot(x,y,...) help legend
50
Basic Operation
plot MATLAB x, y
plot
axis
axis([Xmin, Xmax, Ymin, Ymax, Zmin, Zmax])
axis(axis)
( z
3 )
Lock scaling plot
plot
hold
axis(string)
string string
auto
Reset scaling MATLAB auto mode
ij
y
xy
y
equal
x y scale
square
normal
off
MATLAB plot
on
MATLAB plot
axis auto, axis on,...
grid
grid on
grid off
grid
grid on grid off grid off grid on
q Graphic
graphic window
figure
graphic window MATLAB
plot
clf
clc
Basic Operation
graphic window
command window
51
hold on
hold off
hold
ishold
graphics window plot plot

plot
hold on
hold on hold off
MATLAB hold plot hold 1
0
r Subplot
graphic window
MATLAB 1 Graphic window
sub - plot graphic window subplot
subplot(m,n,p)
subplot
sub-plot graphic window

matrix m x n plot sub-plot p
p 1 sub-plot

subplot window subplot (1,1,1)
x=0:pi/100:2*pi;
y=sin(x);
z=cos(x);
plot(x,y,'+',x,z,'-')
52
Basic Operation
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0
x=[10 12 14 16 18];
y=[1 2 3 4 5;1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6];
plot(x,y)
xlabel('This is X-axis title')
ylabel('This is Y-axis title')
title('This is Titel of the graph')
text(14,1.5,'This Text start at point (14,1.5)')
legend('First Graph','Second Graph',0)
Basic Operation
53
This is Titel of the graph

6
5.5
First Graph
Second Graph
This is Y-axis title
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
10
This Text start at point (14,1.5)
11
12
13
14
15
This is X-axis title
16
17
18
legend MATLAB handel

x=0:pi/50:4*pi;
y=x.*sin(x).*exp(-x);
z=x.*cos(x*10).*exp(x/20);
y=100*x.*sin(x).*exp(-x);
m=plot(x,y,'r-.',x,z,'b--');
xlabel('This is X-axis title')
ylabel('This is Y-axis title')
title('This is Titel of the graph')
legend(m,'First Graph','Second Graph',3)
54
Basic Operation
This is Titel of the graph

40
30
This is Y-axis title
20
10
-10
-20
First Graph
Second Graph
-30
0
6
8
This is X-axis title
10
12
14
plot subplot
x=[10 12 14 16 18];
y=[1 2 3 4 5; 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6];
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(x,y)
title('This is the graph at position
subplot(2,2,2);
semilogx(x,y)
grid on
subplot(2,2,3);
semilogy(x,y)
subplot(2,2,4);
loglog(x,y)
grid on
1 of 2x2')
2 of 2x2')
3 of 2x2')
4 of 2x2')
Figure Windows
MATLAB 5.3 MATLAB 6.0

graphic windows toolbars

sine MATLAB
X=linspace(0,4*pi);
Basic Operation
55
y=sin(x);
plot(x,y)
figure windows

Edit Current Object Properties Property Editor

Plot

Edit
Axes Properties Property Editor
56
Basic Operation

Graphic

M-file

"
Potential Flow
potential flow half-body (Uniform

flow Source) stream function
= Ur sin +
Basic Operation
q
2
57
U
q flow rate source source strength
plot = stream line plot

r = f()
q
2
r=
u sin
plot x-y polar coordinate

x = r cos y = r sin
zeta=linspace(pi/160,159*pi/160,50);
q=10;U=10;
phi=linspace(q/2,1.5*q,10);
for m=1:10
FOR-Loop M-FILES m
% stream function stream lines
r(m,:)=(phi(m)-(q*zeta/(2*pi)))./(U.*sin(zeta));
end
r=abs(r');zeta=zeta';
for m=1:10
x(:,m)=r(:,m).*cos(zeta);
y(:,m)=r(:,m).*sin(zeta);
end
hold on
plot(x,y);y=-y;plot(x,y);
title('Flow Over Half Body')
axis([-2 6 -1.5 1.5])
axis off;hold off
58
Basic Operation
Flow Over Half Body
plot Contour plot

3
Single Degree of Freedom
Single Degree of Freedom Force Vibration
mx + cx + kx = F0 cos t
m stiffness k damping c harmonic F0

x x
x = Ae nt sin(d t + ) + A0 cos(t )
parameter
n =
k
m
c
2 km
d = n 1 2
natural frequency ,
damping ratio
damping frequency
Transient Vibration Steady State
Basic Operation
59
A0
A0 =
f0
(n2 ) + (2n )
2 2
f0
n2
(1 r 2 ) 2 + (2r ) 2
Phase angle
= tan 1
2r
1 r2
Normalized magnitude AF0 k Phase angle, frequency ratio, r = damping

0
ratio
r=linspace(0,3,200);
r=r';
s=0.1;
x=1./sqrt((1-r.^2).^2+(2*s*r).^2);
phi=atan2(2*s*r,1-r.*r);
subplot(2,1,1)
a(1)=plot(r,x);
hold on
subplot(2,1,2)
b(1)=plot(r,phi);
hold on
s=0.25;
x=1./sqrt((1-r.^2).^2+(2*s*r).^2);
subplot(2,1,1)
a(2)=plot(r,x,'b-.');
subplot(2,1,2)
b(2)=plot(r,phi,'b-.');
s=0.707;
x=1./sqrt((1-r.^2).^2+(2*s*r).^2);
subplot(2,1,1)
a(3)=plot(r,x,'b:');
subplot(2,1,1)
b(3)=plot(r,phi,'b:');
s=1.0;
x=1./sqrt((1-r.^2).^2+(2*s*r).^2);
subplot(2,1,1)
a(4)=plot(r,x,'b--');
xlabel('Frequency Ratio');
ylabel('Normalized Magnitude');
legend(a,'0.1','0.25','0.707','1.0')
subplot(2,1,2)
b(4)=plot(r,phi,'b--');
xlabel('Frequency Ratio');
ylabel('Phase Angle, Rad');
60
Basic Operation
legend(b,'0.1','0.25','0.707','1.0')
Normalized Magnitude
6
0.1
0.25
0.707
1.0
0.5
1.5
Frequency Ratio
2.5
Phase Angle, Rad
4
0.1
0.25
0.707
1.0
3
2
1
0
Basic Operation
0.5
1.5
Frequency Ratio
2.5
61
3 MATLAB FUNCTIONS
MATLAB MATLAB
function function
sub-directories file M-file M-file
function
function function parameter
( )
function(parameter1,parameter2,...)
sine x
abs(x) absolute parameter x
sin(x)
x scalar, vector matrix
3.1
MATLAB function
absolute x
sqrt(x) 2 x
round(x)
x x
fix(x) x x
floor(x)
x x x - infinity
ceil(x)
x x x + infinity
sign(x)
x -1 x < 0, 1 x > 0 0 x = 0
rem(x,y)
x y x/y
exp(x)
ex
log(x)
ln(x) natural logarithm x
log10(x)
log10 x logarithm 10 x
abs(x)
62
MATLAB Function
3.2
MATLAB Radians
180 = rad
sin(x)
sine x radians
cos(x)
cosine x radians
tan(x)
tangent x radians
asin(x)
arcsine inverse sine x 1 1
radians
2
2
arccosine inverse cosine x 1 x 1
radians 0
arctangent inverse tangent x x
2 2
acos(x)
atan(x)
atan2(x,y)
arctangent inverse tangent y/x function radians

x y
function MATLAB

1
1
1
, cos ec( x ) =
, cot( x ) =
cos( x )
sin( x )
tan( x )
1
arc sec( x) = arc cos x 1
x
1
arc cos( x) = arc sin x 1
x
sec( x ) =
x
arc cot( x) = arc cos
2
1+ x
3.3 Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbolic Functions function natural exponential function, ex inverse hyperbolic
function function natural logarithm functions, MATLAB function
hyperbolic function
e x ex
2
e x + ex
2
sinh(x)
hyperbolic sine x
cosh(x)
hyperbolic cosine x
MATLAB Function
63
tanh(x)
hyperbolic tangent x
asinh(x)
inverse hyperbolic sine x ln x +
acosh(x)
inverse hyperbolic cosine x ln x +
atanh(x)
inverse hyperbolic tangent x ln
sinh( x )
cosh( x )
x 2 + 1
x 2 1
1+ x
1 x
x 1
x 1
hyperbolic function MATLAB function

coth( x ) =
cosh( x )
sinh( x )
csch( x ) =
1
sinh( x )
1
1+ x 2
acsch(x ) = ln +
x
x
x 0,
sech( x ) =
x + 1
acoth( x ) = ln
x 1
1
cosh( x )
1+ 1 x2
asech( x ) = ln
x 1
0 x 1
3.4 Complex Number Functions

Complex number z
z = x + iy
x y real i = 1
x real part z ; x = Re(z)
y imaginary part z ; y = Im (z)
MATLAB i j 1 i j
imaginary number function complex number MATLAB parameter z = x + iy
conj(z)
real(z)
imag(z)
abs(z)
angle(z)
complex conjugate z z = x + iy, x - iy

Real part z z = x + iy, x
imaginary part z z = x + iy, y
absolute z x 2 + y 2
argument z angle (z) = tan xy
1
64
MATLAB Function
3.5 Polynomial Functions

polynomial
P ( x ) = a n x n + a n1 x n 1 +....+ a 2 x 2 + a1 x + a 0
coefficient polynomial P(x) n

polynomial degree n polynomial degree n MATLAB coefficient
vector n+1
a n , a n1 ,... a o
P = [a n , a n 1 ,... a 2 , a1 , a 0 ]
vector P polynomial function

polynomial
polyval(P,x)
polynomial coefficient P x x scalar function
x x vector vector x
element function element x
P=[1, 2, 1]
% f ( x) = x + 2 x + 1
Polyval(P,1)% f(1) 1
2
ans =
1
x=[1 2 3 4];
polyval(P,x)
ans =
4 9 16 25
n Polynomial
polynomial P(x) x P(x) = 0

order () polynomial complex
number MATLAB
polynomial roots
roots(A) polynomial A
x4 = 4 x4- 4 = 0
A=[1,0,0,0,-4];
B=roots(A)
B =
-1.4142
0.0000+ 1.4142i
MATLAB Function
65
0.0000- 1.4142i
1.4142
2 , 2i
D=[1,3,0,-1,0,2];
C=roots(D)
C =
-2.9098
-0.7186+ 0.6574i
-0.7186- 0.6574i
0.6735+ 0.5207i
0.6735- 0.5207I
o polynomial
MATLAB roots polynomial

poly
poly(A)
polynomial vector A
B=[1,-3,-1,3];
A=roots(B)
A =
3.0000
1.0000
-1.0000
C=poly(A)
C =
1.0000
-3.0000
-1.0000
3.0000
C B
p polynomial
polynomial scalar polynomial scalar
P=[1, 2, 1]
Q=2*P
polyval(Q,1)
ans =
8
% P( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 1
% Q( x) = 2( x 2 + 2 x + 1) = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2
% Q(1)
polynomial polynomial
MATLAB conv
conv(P,Q)
polynomial
polynomial P Q
66
MATLAB Function

P=[1 2 1];
% P( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 1
Q=2*P;
Q( x ) = 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2
% P(x)*Q(x)
conv(P,Q)
ans =
2
12
polynomial polynomial
MATLAB polynomial
decond
[A,B]=deconv(C,D)
MATLAB polynomial C
polynomial D polynomial A
polynomial B
C=[3,4,-9,13,-1,1.5,-10.5,10,10];
D=[1,3,0,-1,0,2.5];
[A,B]=deconv(C,D)
A =
3 -5 6 -2
B =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 15
polynomial 3x
5x 2 + 6 x 2
polynomial 5x + 15
0 parameter function polynomial

vector parameter matrix MATLAB
row 1 row matrix row row parameter
3.6 Statistical and Logical Functions

n Statistical Functions
function MATLAB function
max(x)
MATLAB x x matrix row

vector column x x complex
number
[y,ind] = max(x)
MATLAB row vector y column
matrix x ind element

column x
MATLAB Function
67
max(A,B)
MATLAB matrix A B
element (i, j) aij bij
function min function max

sum(x)
cumsum(x)
prod(x)
cumprod(x)
mean(x)
median(x)
std(x)
x vector element x
x matrix row vector column
x
x vector x element 2
element 1 2 x , element 3
element 1, 2 3 x x matrix MATLAB
column x
sum element
cumsum element
x vector element x x
matrix row vector element column
x
x vector median element x x
matrix row vector element medien
column x
x vector (standard
deviation) element x x matrix row
vector element column
x
cov(x)
corrcoef(A)
sort(x)
68
x vector Varian x x matrix

diagonal matrix Varian column x
correlation matrix matrix A
x vector vector element
x matrix matrix
column
column x
MATLAB Function
y sort (x) ind index

element x
column vector x, row vector y, matrix A
[y,ind] = sort(x)
x=[4;1;6]
x =
4
1
6
y=[1 8 9]
y =
1
A=[1 9 8;2 12 4;4 7 6]

A =
1
9
8
2
12
4
4
7
6
max(y)
ans =
9
min(A)
ans =
1
sort(x)
ans =
1
4
6
mean(A)
ans =
2.3333
9.3333
6.0000
sum(y)
ans =
18
cumsum(x)
ans =
4
5
11
cumprod(A)
ans =
1
9
2
108
8
756
8
32
192
o Logical Function
MATLAB Function
69
MATLAB function function

, element matrix element matrix function
find(x)
vector element x x
matrix column vector column
x vector
any(x)
1 element x element x
0 x matrix row vector
column column x
all(x)
1 element x element x
0 x matrix row vector
column column x
isnan(x)
1 element x ( Not-aNumber, NaN) 0
finite(x)
1 element x finite 0
element x NaN infinity
isempty(x)
1 x matrix 0

B=[1 0 4;3 6 0;4 2 9]
B =
104
360
4 -2 9
any(B)
ans =
1
find(B)
ans =
1
2
3
5
6
7
9
all(B)
ans =
1
70
MATLAB Function
finite(B)
ans =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.7 File Input/Output Functions

MATLAB

--- file MATLAB
- file

file file
disk file
file
n file
MATLAB file fopen

fid=fopen(filename, permission)
file filename file

permission file directory
MATLAB MATLAB search path.
fid file identifiers file
MATLAB file
permission strings
'r' (read)
'w' file
'a' (append)
'r+'
'w+'
'a+'
MATLAB Function
71
file format binary code

file text 't' string
'rt' 'wt+' UNIX Macintosh text file
binary file PC file
file MATLAB
fid = -1 fid =1, 2 3 MATLAB
file string PC
directory DOS
fids=fopen('all')
row vector file identifiers file

file fclose
st=fclose(fid)
file file identifier, fid, fopen
st =0 file st = -1
st=fclose('all')
file
o Binary File
binary file

fread
fwrite
[A,count]= fread(fid,size,precision)
binary data file fid

matrix A count
size
MATLAB file
N
N element column vector
inf
file ()
[M,N]
matrix M x N column
count=fwrite(fid,a,precision)
72
MATLAB Function
element matrix A file fid

MATLAB column count
elements
precision
String
'char'
- 8 bits
'uchar'
unsigned character - 8 bits
'schar'
signed character - 8 bits
'int8', 'int16','int32','int64'
- 8,16,32 64 bits
'uint8', 'uint16', 'uint32', 'uint64' unsigned integer - 8,16,32 64 bits
'float32'
floating point - 32 bits
'float64'
computer
- 16 bits.
'short'
- 32 bits.
'int'
- 32 64 bits.
'long'
'ushort'
'uint'
'ulong'
'float'
'double'
unsigned integer - 16 bits.

unsigned integer - 32 bits.
unsigned integer - 32 bits or 64 bits.
floating point - 64 bits.
binary file
file
f1=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\myio1.dat','w');
A=linspace(0,2*pi,10);
st =fwrite(f1,A,'float32')
MATLAB Function
73
st =
10
file
f2=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\myio1.dat','r');
B=fread(f2,'float32');
fclose(f2);
file
f3=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\myio1.dat','r');
C=fread(f2,[2 5],'float32');
fclose(f3);
file
F4=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\myio1.dat','r');
D=fread(f2,[2,2],'float32');
E=fread(f2,[3,2],'float32');
fclose(f4);
B C D E
B =
0
0.6981
1.3963
2.0944
2.7925
3.4907
4.1888
4.8869
5.5851
6.2832
C =
0 1.3963 2.7925 4.1888 5.5851
0.6981 2.0944 3.4907 4.8869 6.2832
D =
0 1.3963
0.6981 2.0944
E =
2.7925
3.4907
4.1888
74
4.8869
5.5851
6.2832
MATLAB Function
binary file IEEE

MATLAB C FORTRAN
help fread
p Format File
text file file binary file

fscanf fprintf
[a,count]=fscanf(fid,format,size)
format file fid

format matrix a
count size
fread
format string %
d, i, o, u, x, e, f, g, s, c, [. . .] (scanset).
C %s character string,
%f floating point %d decimal point integer
MATLAB
count=fprintf(fid,format,a)
format data real part matrix a

format string file fid count
file
file text file iotest.txt
x=linespace(0,5,10);
y=[x,cos(x)];
f1=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\iotest.txt','wt');
fprintf(f1,'%8.4f %8.4f\n',y);
fclose(f1);
f2=fopen('c:\temp\iotest.txt','rt');
A=fscanf(f2,'%f %f',[2 5]);
B=fscanf(f2,'%f');
A
A =
0
0.5556
MATLAB Function
1.1111
1.6667
2.2222
2.7778
3.3333
3.8889
4.4444
5.0000
75
B
B =
1.0000
0.8496
0.4437
-0.0957
-0.6063
-0.9345
-0.9817
-0.7335
-0.2647
0.2837
function MATLAB function

function MATLAB
help files
"
Stress-Strain Curve
curve
stress-strain curve curve
stress strain

Youngs Modulus MPa
Ultimate Strength MPa
Percent Elongation at Fracture
Stress (kpsi)
0
30
55
60
68
72
74
75
76
Strain (in/in)
0
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
Stress (kpsi)
76
75
73
69
65
56
51
Strain (in/in)
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.19 (Fracture)
MATLAB Function
file tensile.dat 2 column stress

strain column
kpsi
MPa 1 kpsi = 6.895 MPa
MATLAB
fopen
fid = fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\tensile.dat','r');
A=fscanf(fid,'%f %f',[2 100]);
fclose(fid);
A=A';

100 file 2
stress strain 2 x 100 transpose
column

Stress = A(:,1)*6.895;
Strain = A(:,2);
Young Modulus linear

elastic strain Ultimate Tensile Strength
Young = (Stress(3)-Stress(2))/(Strain(3)-Strain(2));
fprintf('Youngs Moduls = %7.3f MPa \n',Young)
Youngs Moduls = 172375.000 MPa
U_Strangth = max(Stress);
fprintf('Ultimate Tensile Stress = %7.3f MPa \n',U_Strangth)
Ultimate Teasel Stress = 524.020 MPa
Elongation at fracture strain

Elongation = (max(Strain)-min(Strain))*100;
fprintf('Percent Elongation at Fracture = %5.2f \n',Elongation)
Percent Elongation at fracture = 19.00
plot(Strain,Stress,'^-');
xlabel('Strain')
ylabel('Stress')
title('Stress - Strain Curve')
MATLAB Function
77
S tres s - S train Curve

600
500
S tres s
400
300
200
100
0
0
78
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
S train
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
MATLAB Function
4 M-FILE
4.1 M-File
MATLAB
C, FORTRAN, PASCAL,... MATLAB function

function
MATLAB Save extension " m "
MATLAB M-file M-file 2
script file
function function MATLAB
function M-file function file
M-file MATLAB plain text format program
Notepad save file save file extension m
MATLAB 5.x MATLAB Editor/Debugger
M-file file extension M-file
myfile.m command window MATLAB
myfile
M-file
MATLAB M-file directory path

MATLAB MATLAB directory sub-directory drive
MATLAB search path M-file
file path MATLAB
M-file directory M-file MATLAB
MATLAB search path directory MATLAB program
search path
M-Files
79
search path MATLAB

addpath directory search path directory
DOS
search path MATLAB 5.X click
File Set path... path
4.2 Script Files & Function Files

MATLAB
function MATLAB

program computer script files
MATLAB (script) function file

script file function file
Function file input file
output script file function file
parameter
script file M-file MATLAB
function file
output
function MATLAB
script file global variable function file local variable
function file
script file
variable M-file
MATLAB input output
function file script file
parameter
0 script file function file M-file
search path MATLAB
80
M-Files
script file function file
function
mypro(c)
function MATLAB file function file

c
input parameter
mypro
function file save mypro. m
function
a =
myfunc(c,d)
function MATLAB file function file

a
output scalar matrix
c, d
input parameter
myfunc
function file save myfunc. m
function[a, b, c]
= tiger(d, e, f, g)
function file tiger (Save tiger.m) input d, e, f

g a, b c output
0 Function file function M-file Save
function
Comment ( % )
comment
%
comment MATLAB
% help M-file
script file %
help file
function file % function
help
file
M-file
M-Files
81
script file
% Pythagoras Theorem for Me
a
=
input (Please input the first side);
b
=
input (Please input the second side);
c
=
sqrt (a^2 + b^2)
save file pyta.m

pyta
Please input the first side 3
Please input the second side 4
c =
5
help pyta
Pythagoras' Theorem for Me
function file
function c = pyta (a, b)
% Pythagoras Theorem for Me
% format is c=pyta(a,b)
% where a and b are sides of the rectangle
% and c^2 =a^2+b^2
c = sqrt(a^2 + b^2)
Save file pyta.m

c = pyta(3, 4)
c =
5
Pyta (3,4)
ans =
5
x= Pyta (4, 3)
x
=
5
help pyta
Pythagoras Theorem for Me

format is c=pyta(a,b)
where a and b are sides of the rectangle
and c^2 =a^2+b^2
M-file
82
M-Files
4.3 M-File
program computer MATLAB
program C, FORTRAN BASIC

MATLAB line number
subroutine function
MATLAB string, integer
precision
array dimension
function MATLAB
subroutine
MATLAB compile MATLAB
error

Repetitive Control Structure
If - elseif - else - end Conditional Control Structure
While loop
Repetitive Control Structure
For loop
n For Loop
For loop For loop ( Do loop)

for
m = a: b
end
MATLAB (loop) m = a
end MATLAB
for m = a + 1
m = b a b
for m = a:b:c
M-Files
l a c b
83
0 FORTRAN loop i j
integer FORTRAN MATLAB
MATLAB imaginary number 1
For Loop
for loop
for
k = 1 : 5
for i = 1 : 5
p(k,i) =
end
end
k * i ;
matrix p 5x5 element

row column k = 1 loop i = 1
P(1,1) = 1*1=1 end loop 2
k 1 i = 2 P(1,2) = 1*2=2 i = 5
for loop end loop
end loop k = 2
loop i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 loop
k = 5 l = 5
MATLAB 5.x M-file Editer MATLAB loop
loop MATLAB
loop end for loop
loop
o If Statement
If
if
end
MATLAB MATLAB
end condition

84
M-Files
if
MATLAB
==
~=
MATLAB
>
>
<
<
=>
=<
AND
&
OR
x == 0
a =5
end
x = 0 a = 5 x a = 5
If-Elseif-Else
else elseif
if
1
elseif
2
elseif
4
................
else
n
End
1 MATLAB 1 end
MATLAB 2 MATLAB 2 end
MATLAB 3 MATLAB 3 end
M-Files
85
n MATLAB
end
p While - Loop
while loop for loop while loop
for loop loop

while-loop
while
end
loop MATLAB
end
a =0
while a < 5
a =a +1
b =5+a
end
a = 0 loop while a < 5 MATLAB a = 0

+ 1 = 1 b = 5 + 1 = 6 end MATLAB while a = 1
a < 5 MATLAB
a 5
0 loop
loop loop

Ctrl-C MATLAB
q Loop
program loop
Break
86
M-Files
MATLAB loop
end
for k = 1 : 5
y = k^2
if y = = 9
break
end
x = 5/(y-9)
end
MATLAB loop y y 9
MATLAB x y = 9 MATLAB
If (break) MATLAB
end loop for loop
control flow MATLAB 5.X switch - case
switch
case
1
case
2
case
3
...............
otherwise
n
end
switch MATLAB

x=input('
switch x
case 1
1-4
fprintf('
case 2
\n')
fprintf('
case 3
\n')
\n');
fprintf(' 3 \n')
case 4
M-Files
87
fprintf(' 4 \n')
otherwise
fprintf(' \n')
end
x x MATLAB x
x = 1 1
MATLAB
pause
keyboard
pause(n)
n
return
M-file M-file
pause on off pause M-file

M-file
function MATLAB
88
M-Files
5 SOLUTION TO SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

5.1
n 1
nonlinear function function sin, log
n
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n xn
= b1
a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n
= b2
............
a n1 x1 + a n 2 x2 + ... + a nn xn
= bn
matrix
[ A]{ x} = {b}
[A] [n x n] matrix { x} {b} [n x 1] vector
{b} { 0} ; { x} [A] inverse ( det( A) 0 )

{b} = {0} { x} non-trivial solution ({ x} 0) det( A) = 0
eigenvalue problems
{b} { 0} ; [A] inverse ( det( A) = 0 ) { x} unique
{b} {0} [A] inverse

[ A] 1[ A]{x} = [ A] 1 {b}
{ x} = [ A]1 {b}
System of Linear Equations
89
MATLAB variable x n-linear equations [A] {b}

x MATLAB
MATLAB 2
Inverse
Matrix

Numerical method
MATLAB
5.2 Inverse
inverse
MATLAB
inverse Matrix MATLAB x
[ A]{ x} = {b}
x=inv(A)*b
x
2 x1 + x 2 = 1
x1 + 3x 2 + 5x 3 = 2
4 x1 6x 2 + 8x 3 = 4
MATLAB
A=[2,1,0;1,3,5;4,-6,8];
B=[1;2;4];
X=inv(A)*B
X =
0.4833
0.0333
0.2833
D=B-A*X
D =
1.0e-015 *
0.4441
0
90
x1 0.4441 x 10-15
inverse Matrix
analytical numerical
inverse Matrix MATLAB
matrix X = B/A X = A\B
5.3 Matrix
matrix MATLAB
MATLAB
Gaussian Elimination inverse matrix
inverse
matrix ill-condition matrix
singular matrix ( matrix determinant ) inverse
floating point Gaussian Elimination
Method ill-condition
[ A]{ x} = {b}
MATLAB matrix
x=A\b
A=[2,1,0;1,3,5;4,-6,8];
B=[1;2;4];
X=A\B
X =
0.4833
0.0333
0.2833
D=B-A*X
D =
0
91
0
0
5.4 Eigenvalues Eigenvectors
Ax = x
A
x
square matrix
column vector
scalar
solution x { x} = { 0} element x solution trivial

solution scalar non-trivial solution
eigenvalues matrix A x eigenvalue eigenvector
eigenvalue problem
( A I ) x = { 0}
{ x} {0} matrix ( A I ) inverse matrix C d

[ C]{ d } = { 0}
C inverse [ C] [ C]{d } = [ C] {0}

1
{ d } = { 0}
{d } {0} C inverse
92
( A I ) inverse
matrix ( A I ) determinant matrix 0
A I = 0
characteristic equation matrix A unique

x 1 ( A I ) x = { 0} eigenvector x
orthogonal matrix Q orthogonal matrix
QQ T = I
Q T = Q 1
eigenvector orthogonal normalized eigenvector

eigenvalue dot product eigenvector orthonormal
vector MATLAB eigenvalue problem function
eig(A)
column vector eigenvalue matrix A
[Q, b]= eig(A)
square matrix Q column eigenvector A square

matrix b eigenvalue A diagonal 0
A=[1 4;8 9];

eig(A)
ans =
-1.9282
11.9282
[B,C]=eig(A)
B =
-0.8069
-0.3437
0.5907
-0.9391
C =
-1.9282 0
0
11.9282
93
"
eigenvalue
Principal Stress Natural Frequency N-DOF
Principal Stress
Principal Stress Principal Direction stress

system
xx = 120, yy = 55, zz = 85, xy = 55, yz = 33,
zx = 75 MPa
stress tensor 3x3

s=[120 -55 -75;-55 55 33;-75 33 -85]
s =
120 -55 -75
-55 55 33
-75 33 -85
eigenvalue eigenvector
[Direc SP]=eig(s)
Direc =
-0.4654 -0.8372 0.2872
-0.8836 0.4587 -0.0944
0.0527
0.2977
SP =
24.0644
0
0
0.9532
0
0
176.7995
0
0 -110.8640
eigenvalue matrix vector

S=diag(SP)
S =
24.0644
176.7995
-110.8640
Maximum Shearing Stress

MaxShear=(max(S)-min(S))/2
MaxShear =
143.8318
94
Natural Frequency
Vibrations Egienvalue Problem Natural Frequency

Mode Shapes damp
Mx + Kx = 0
x column vector coordinate
x =
d 2x
dt 2
M mass matrix K
stiffness matrix harmonic

x = Ae it
x = 2 Ae it
[ K M ]x = 0
2
[ AM ]x = 0
A = K-1 influence coefficient matrix
eigenvalue
problem x unique solution
mode shape
natural frequency mode shape
3-DOF Mass Stiffness Matrix
m1
M = 0
0
0
m2
0
0
0
m3
k1 + k 2
K = k 2
0
k2
k2 + k3
k3
0
k 3
0
MATLAB Natural Frequency Mode Shape function file

threeDOF.m M = [m1 m2 m3] K = [k1 k2 k3 ] vector
( matrix M K )
function [A,B]=threedof(M,K)
m=zeros(3,3);
k=zeros(3,3);
for j=1:3;
m(j,j)=M(j);
end
k(1,1)=K(1)+K(2);
k(2,2)=K(2)+K(3);
95
k(3,3)=K(3);k(1,2)=-K(2);k(2,3)=-K(3);
k(2,1)=-K(2);k(3,2)=-K(3);
% A - Influence Coefficient Matrix
invk =inv(k);
% D - Dynamics Matrix
D = invk*m;
% Natural Frequency
[A B]=eig(D);
B=diag(B);
A=inv(K)
D = inv(K)*M
Mode Shapes
B=sqrt(abs(1./B)); % =
% Plot Mode Shapes

X=[0 1 2 3]';
subplot(3,1,1);
Y=[0;A(:,1)];
plot(X,Y);
subplot(3,1,2);
Y=[0;A(:,2)];
plot(X,Y);
subplot(3,1,3);
Y=[0;A(:,3)];
plot(X,Y);
m1= m2= m3=1 kg k1 = k2 = k3 = 10 N/mm function threeDOF
M=[1 1 1];
K=[10 10 10];
[A B]=threedof(M,K)
A =
0.5910 -0.7370 0.3280
-0.7370 -0.3280 0.5910
0.3280 0.5910 0.7370
B =
5.6982
3.9433
1.4073
fundamental frequency () 1.4073 rad/sec Mode Shape
96
-1
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
-1
1
0.5
eigenvalue
97
6 INTERPOLATION CURVE FITTING

6.1 Interpolation Curve Fitting

function function
2
1. Interpolation
2. Curve Fitting
2 interpolation function curve

fitting function
function curve
2 MATLAB
1. Interpolation MATLAB
Polynomial interpolation - 2
linear interpolation
Cubic-Spline interpolation - curve polynomial degree 3 2
slope
curve curve
n curve n-1 linear

interpolation curve cubic spline curve polynomial
degree 3
2. Curve fitting MATLAB Least-Square Curve Fitting curve
polynomial degree curve
98
Interpolation and Curve Fitting
curve curve fitting MATLAB

polynomial
Numerical Analysis
MATLAB

6.2 Interpolation
n Linear Interpolation

MATLAB interp1
Interp1(x,y,s)
linear interpolation x y y = y(x)

y(s) x y vector
s vector vector s
0 interp1 x MATLAB x
()
0
1
2
3
4
()
0
200
600
680
800
99
t = 2.5 linear interpolation
x = [0 1 2 3 4];
% x
y = [0, 200, 600, 680, 800];

y1 = interp1(x, y, 2.5)
y1 =
640
t = 1.5 35 linear
interpolation ( x y )
s = [1.5 3.5];
y2 = interp1(x, y, s);
y2 =
400 740
t = 15 400 t = 3.5 740

0 x y matrix MATLAB column
column
o Cubic Interpolation
function cubic interpolation spline curve

interp1(x,y,s,cubic)
x, y, s string cubic
MATLAB cubic interpolation
x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
y = [0, 200, 600, 680, 800];
y1 = interp1(x, y, 2.5,'cubic')
y1 =
657.5000
1.5 3.5
s = [1.5 3.5];
y2 = interp1(x, y, s,'cubic')
y2 =
407.5000 735.0000
100
linear spline
function
p Spline Interpolation
spline interpolation function
interp1(x,y,s,spline)
x, y, s string spline
MATLAB cubic spline
interpolation
2.5 cubic spline
x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
y = [0, 200, 600, 680, 800];
y1 = interp1(x, y, 2.5,'cubic')
y1 =
657.5000
1.5 3.5 cubic spline interpolation
s=[1.5 3.5];
y1 = interp1(x, y, s,'spline')
y1 =
421.2500 698.7500
spline
spline(x,y,s)
interp1 (x, y, s, spline) spline
x, y vector
spline(x,y)
piecewise polynomial interpolate (x, y)
polynomial y = y(x) polynomial ppform polynomial function
ppvalue
pp pp-form polynomial, s
ppval(pp,s)
spline(x, y, s)

spline(x,y,s)
ans =
421.2500 698.7500
101

p=spline(x,y);
u=ppval(p,s)
u =
421.2500 698.7500
q Interpolation
y = x sin( x)
x y vector 1x 20 x
0 2 interpolation x
= 5 M-file
% Interpolation Demo
x=0:pi/5:2*pi;
y=x.*sin(x);
s=0:pi/30:2*pi;
% Set interval for plot
% Linear
a=interp1(x,y,s);
a1=interp1(x,y,5);
% Cubic
b=interp1(x,y,s,'cubic');
b1=interp1(x,y,5,'cubic');
% Cubic Spline
c=interp1(x,y,s,'spline');
c1=interp1(x,y,5,'spline');
% Exact
d1=5*sin(5);
fprintf('Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by linear inter.= %f \n',a1)
fprintf('Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by cubic inter. = %f \n',b1)
fprintf('Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by spline inter. = %f \n',c1)
fprintf('Exact solution of function x*sin(x) at x=5 = %f \n',c1)
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(s,a,'-',x,y,'o')
text(5,2,'Linear Interpolation')
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(s,b,'-',x,y,'o')
text(5,2,'Cubic Interpolation')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(s,c,'-',x,y,'o')
text(4,2,'Cubic Spline Interpolation')
102
Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by linear inter. = -4.755283

Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by cubic inter. = -4.796262
Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by spline inter. = -4.795152
Exact solution of function x*sin(x) at x=5 = -4.795152
5
Linear Interpolation
0
-5
0
5
Cubic Interpolation
0
-5
5
Cubic Spline Interpolation
0
-5
0
function
interpolation function MATLAB function

MATLAB help function
interp2
interp#
interpft
griddata
2- interpolation
interpolation # - MATLAB 6-
Fast Fourier Transform Interpolation Method
2- interpolation
103
6.3 Polynomial Curve Fitting

Polynomial curve fitting polynomial degree n

polynomial
P ( x ) = a n x n + a n1 x n 1 +....+ a 2 x 2 + a1 x + a 0
ai
Least square curve fitting polynomial degree
ai

MATLAB
Polyfit(x,y,n)
x, y fit curve polynomial degree n

MATLAB polynomial y = f(x)
interpolation fit curve polynomial 2

x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
y = [0, 200, 600, 680, 800];
p=polyfit(x,y,2)
p =
-34.2857 345.1429 -28.5714
curve y = a2x2 + a1x + a0 curve 2

a2 = -34.2857, a1= 345.1429 a0 = - 28.5714 2.5
polyval
y1=polyval(p,2.5)
y1 =
620.0000
1.5 3.5
s=[1.5 3.5];
y1=polyval(p,s)
y1 =
412.0000 759.4286
104
interpolation
polynomial degree M-file
% Curve Fitting Demo
x=0:pi/5:2*pi;
y=x.*sin(x);
s=0:pi/30:2*pi;
% Set interval for plot
% Linear
a1=polyfit(x,y,1);
a=polyval(a1,s);
% Second order
b1=polyfit(x,y,2);
b=polyval(b1,s);
% Third order
c1=polyfit(x,y,3);
c=polyval(c1,s);
% Fourth order
d1=polyfit(x,y,4);
d=polyval(d1,s);
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(s,a,'-',x,y,'o')
text(4,2,'Linear Least Square')
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(s,b,'-',x,y,'o')
text(4,2,'Second order')
subplot(4,1,3)
text(4,2,'Third order')
subplot(4,1,4)
text(4,2,'Fourth order')
5
Linear Least Square
0
-5
5
Second order
0
-5
5
Third order
0
-5
5
Fourth order
0
-5
105
curve fitting interpolation
interpolation

Least Square Fitting
"

Interpolation Curve Fitting

Impact of a Jet
(1 cos )
F = mU
m U
2 (flat plat) 90
(hemispherical cup) 180

F = mU

F = 2mU
106

F mU
1 2
600 g

F L = mgl
m g L
150 mm l
F=
mgl
L
TF, VF, TH, LH

T V F H

LF, LH L F H
M-file file M-book
MATLAB Microsoft Word for Windows
M-book LF, TF, VF, LH, TH, VH
Microsoft Word M-file
%
Impact of a Jet for M-book
Initialized Data
LF=LF'; TF=TF'; VF=VF';LH=LH';TH=TH';VH=VH';
List of Constant
grav = 9.81;
% [m/s2]
NozzelDim = 10;
% [mm]
High = 35
;
% [mm]
ArmLength = 150;
% [mm]
mass = 0.6;
% [kg]
Initialize Figure and hold it
figure('NumberTitle','off','color',[1 1 1])
hold on
Calculation and Plot for Hemispherical Cub
FlowRate = VH./TH ;
% [Liter/s]
107
NozzelVel = 4*FlowRate*(10^3)/(pi*NozzelDim^2);
%[m/s]
HitVel =sqrt(NozzelVel.^2-(2*grav*High/1000));
% [m/s]
ActualForce = LH * mass * grav /ArmLength;
% [Newton]
TheoryForce = HitVel.*FlowRate;
% [Newton]
HH=plot(TheoryForce, ActualForce,'b+');
%
% Polyfit
% p
p = polyfit(TheoryForce,ActualForce,1);
SlopHemi = p(1,1);
MaxOfx = max(TheoryForce);
MinOfx = min(TheoryForce);
xx = linspace(0,MaxOfx);
yy = polyval(p,xx);
%
plot(xx,yy,'b');
% p
Calculation and Plot for Flat Plate
FlowRate = VF./TF ;
% [Liter/s]
NozzelVel = 4*FlowRate*(10^3)/(pi*NozzelDim^2);
% [m/s]
HitVel =sqrt(NozzelVel.^2-(2*grav*High/1000));
% [m/s]
ActualForce = LF * mass * grav /ArmLength;
% [Newton]
TheoryForce = HitVel.*FlowRate;
% [Newton]
HF = plot(TheoryForce, ActualForce,'ro');
%
p = polyfit(TheoryForce,ActualForce,1);
SlopeFlate = p(1,1);
MaxOfx = max(TheoryForce);
MinOfx = min(TheoryForce);
xx = linspace(0,MaxOfx);
yy = polyval(p,xx);
plot(xx,yy,'r');
% Polyfit
% p
% Legend
H = [HF,HH];
legend(H,'Flat Plate','Hemisphrical Cup',0)
xlabel('Rate of Momentum Flow (N)')
ylabel('Force on Vane (N)')
fprintf(' Hemisphrical Cup %5.2f \n',SlopHemi)
fprintf(' Flat Plate %5.2f \n',SlopeFlate)
hold off
% ************* END **************
LF, TF, VF, LH, TH, VH

Hemispherical Cup 1.41
Flat Plate 0.77
108
6
Flat Plate
Hemisphrical Cup
5
Force on V ane (N)
-1
0
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
Rate of Momentum Flow (N)
3.5
109
7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION

7.1 Numerical Integration
(Numerical Integration)
1) integrate
interpolation fitting integrate
2) function integrate analytical
integrate
numerical integration
integrate
integrate MATLAB 2
numerical integration function
MATLAB function
numerical integration Trapezoidal Numerical Integration
function integrate numerical
Simpson's Rule function file
n Trapezoidal Numerical Integration

trapezoidal numerical integration MATLAB function trapz
vector matrix x y
integrate y( x)dx x y column vector x
trapz(x,y)
y matrix column matrix x column

vector y matrix column y x
integrate
x sin( x)dx
0
110
Integration and Differentiation
integrate-by-path function trapz

x ( x
) 50
x=0:pi/50:pi;
y 50 x
y=x.*sin(x);
A=trapz(x,y)
A =
3.1406
= 3.14159 3
o Quadrature Integration
Quadrature numerical function MATLAB
function 2 function function function
function quad quadz function function file

function file function y = f(x) integrate quad quadz
integrate
quad(function,a,b)
quad(function,a,b,tol,trace)
quad(function,a,b,tol,trace,p1,p2...)
function function file (

function.m) a b integrate a b
tol, trace, p1. tol
relative error integrate MATLAB
0.001, trace function plot p1, p2 parameters
MATLAB help quad
MATLAB Simpson's Rule integrate
Quad8(function,a,b)
Quad8(function,a,b,tol,trace)
Quad8(function,a,b,tol,trace,p1,p2...)
Parameter function
Newton-Cotes 8 panel rule quad
quad
111
integral function singularity

integrate

function quad M-file function file
save myint.m
function y = myint(x)
y = x.*sin(x);
A=quad('myint',0,pi)
A =
3.1416
= 3.14159 4
function quad8 function myint
format long
A=quad8('myint',0,pi)
A =
3.14159265358962
format
long
pi
ans =
3.14159265358979
13
numerical
integration function trapz, quad quad8
trapz integrate
quad quad8 tol quad
quad8 0.001
7.2 Integrate Double Integral

integrate
integrate 2 function
integrate integrate
double integral
112
x2 y2
dydx
MATLAB function file myint2.m

function f = myint2(x,y)
f = exp(-x.^2 - y.^2)
integral x x 20
( script file)
x = 0:1/19:1;
for
k = 1:20
A2(i) = quad(myint2,0,1,[],[],x(i));
end
integrate quad function integrate 0 1 tol

trace ( [ ]) x(i) M-file myint2
x loop 20 (k = 1 20) A2 matrix 1 x 20
A2 integrate function A2 fixed y x
trapz
A = trapz(x,A2)
A =
0.55762
function integrate double integral function dblquad
dblquad(function,inmin,inmax,outmin,outmax,tol,trace,method)
integrate double integral function quad inmin, inmax

limit integrand outmin outmax limit
integrate function function file integrand
function option tol trace
function quad quad8 method option
integrate quad quad8 MATLAB
quad function file function(inner, outer) inner
outer integrate
function
113
x2 y2
dydx
function file integrand myint3.m

function f = myint3(x,y)
f = exp(-x.^2- y.^2);
dblquad('myint3',0,1,0,1)
ans =
0.5577
MATLAB integration
function MATLAB function function function
function function integrate
MATLAB Symbolic Integration Symbolic Toolbox
7.3 Numerical Differentiation

differentiation y(x) x
dy
y ( x + x ) y ( x )
= y ( x ) = lim
0
dx
x
Numerical Differentiation Continuous function

differentiation function analytical integration
function (x,y)
y ( x)
y ( x k ) =
diff(x)
114
y ( x k ) y ( x k 1 )
x k x k 1
x = x k x k 1
function difference
difference element x x vector 1 x n ( n x 1)

vector 1 x (n-1) [ (n-1) x 1] x matrix m x n
matrix (m-1) x n
dy
dx
set coordinate (xi, yi)

diff(y)./diff(x)
x = [1 2 3 4 5] y = [1 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.4]
dy
dx
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
y = [1, 1.3, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4];
dydx = diff(y)./diff(x)
dydx =
0.3000
0.5000
0.3000
dy
dx
x=1 0.3000,
dy
dx
0.3000
x=2 0.5000, ...
Numerical differential x = xi-xi-1

x
x
x interpolate
curve fitting difference
"

indicated
power indicator
Indicated mean effective pressure, imep

imep =
W
V
Indicated Power
Pi =
imepV N
nr
115
V , N nr 1
2 2 4
4
( CC )
-
( bar )
-
( bar )
141.0
164.25
186.50
207.55
230.00
324.13
410.40
500.00
590.04
680.00
16.0
47.0
42.0
37.0
33.0
21.0
14.5
11.0
8.5
15.0
11.0
9.5
8.0
7.0
4.5
3.0
2.0
1.5
7.0
1.0
770.00
815.00
860.00
5.0
4.5
3.5
1.5
1.5
3.5
plot Indicator diagram - 4

function file
function [Power,imep]=ice_PV(V,PH,PL,N,nr)
plot(V,PH,V,PL)
ylabel('Pressure, bar');
xlabel('Volume, CC');
title('Indicator Diagram')
DP=PH-PL;
116
W=(trapz(V,DP))/10;
Vdis=max(V)-min(V);
imep = (W/Vdis);
Power = W*N*2*pi/(nr*60000);
%
%
%
%
N-m
Displace Volume
MPa
kW
fprintf('Indicated Power = %5.2f kW \n' ,Power)

fprintf('Indicated mep = %5.2f MPa \n' ,imep)
1200 rpm nr = 2 0
N=1200;
nr=2;
[Power imep]=ice_pv(V,PH,PL,N,nr);
Indicated Power = 53.52 kW
Indicated mep = 1.18 MPa
In d i c a t o r D i a g r a m
50
45
40
P ress ure, bar
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
100
200
300
400
500
V o lu m e , C C
600
700
800
900
117
8 SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIIAL EQUATIONS

Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) MATLAB
Partial Differential Equation (PDE) MATLAB toolbox

ODE first order order
MATLAB function initial value problem
function boundary value problems
8.1 First Order ODE

first order ODE
y =
dy
= g ( x, y )
dx
x independent variable y dependent variable function x g(x,y)

linear function y ODE linear ODE nonlinear ODE
g(x,y) y
homogenous ODE nonhomogeneous ODE
ODE
y = y ( x)
y = g ( x, y )
y(x) 1 function
(initial condition) (boundary condition)
function general solutions y(x) boundary initial
118
Ordinary Differential Equations
condition y(x) particular

solution
ODE MATLAB Runge-Kutta Method (R-K) initial

value problem ordinary differential equations MATLAB variable step size
step size solution step
ODE function MATLAB function-function
function file ODE function file ODE function
function - function integrate
order Runge-Kutta Method MATLAB 2 order 2-3
function ode23 order 4-5 function ode45 ODE functions
[x,y]= ode23('function',[a b],initial)
MATLAB Runge-Kutta Method 2nd- order 3rd - order

function function file [function.m ]
function a b
initial function a (initial
condition) x y y = y(x)
[x,y] = ode45(function,[a b],intial)
parameter ode23 R-K order 4 5

ode23 ode23
relative error 0.001 ode45 relative error 10-6
function ode first order ODE
y ' = cos x x sin x
initial condition x = 0, y(0) = 0 exact solution
y = x cos x
function M-file myode.m

function yprime = myode(x, y)
yprime = cos(x) - x.*sin(x)
2 script M-file ( M-file )

[x, y] = ode23(myode,[0
pi],0)
119
column vector x y MATLAB variable step side

x y 0 -
interpolate x y x =
y = p cos(p) = - p =-3.14159
ode23
[a b]=size(y);
y(a)
ans =
-3.1417
y() = -3.1417
ode45
[x, y] = ode45(myode,[0
[a b]=size(y);
format long
y(a)
ans =
-3.14159260200719
pi
ans =
3.14159265358979
pi],0)
y() = - 3.1415926 ode23

ODE function singularity
singularity converge
stiff condition
MATLAB function ODE ode15s, ode23s
help ode23s
8.2 Higher Order ODE

n order ODE
y ( n ) = g ( x, y, y , y ,... y ( n 1) )
y=y(x) y ( n ) =
dny
dx n
initial condition
y( x0 ) = a 0
y ( x 0 ) = a1
..........
y ( n 1) ( x 0 ) = a n 1
120
x independent variable y dependent variable function x

g(x,y,...) linear function y derivative y ODE linear ODE of order n
nonlinear ODE of order n g(x,y,...) y
derivative y homogenous ODE of order n
nonhomogeneous ODE of order n
ODE order 1 ODE
first order ODE
y ( n ) = g ( x, y, y ,... y ( n 1) )
v1 ( x) = y ( n 1)
v 2 ( x) = y ( n 2)
..........
v n 2 ( x) = y
v n 1 ( x) = y
vn = y
v1 ( x) = y ( n ) = g ( x, y, y ,... y ( n 1) )
v 2 ( x) = y ( n 1) = v1 ( x)
v 3 ( x) = y ( n 2) = v 2 ( x)
........
v n 2 ( x) = y = v n 3 ( x)
v n 1 ( x) = y = v n 2 ( x)
v n ( x)= y = v n 1 ( x)
First order n n
nonlinear second order ODE
y = g ( x, y, y ) = y (1 y 2 ) y 2
v1 ( x) = y v1 ( x) = y = y (1 y 2 ) y 2
v2 ( x) = y v2 ( x) = y = v1
v 2 = y,v1 = y
v1 = v1 (1
v 2 = v1
v 22 )
v1
v 22
121
v1 v2 function file myode.m

function dv = myode2(x,v)
dv = zeros (2, 1)
% vector 2x1
dv (1) = v(1).*(1-(v(2).^2))-v(2).^2;
dv (2) = v(1) ;
initial condition
y (0) = 0 = v1 (0)
y (0) = 0.25 = v 2 (0)
0 x 10
MATLAB command
t = [0 10];
initial = [0 0.25];
[x, y] = ode45(myode2,t,initial);
m = plot(x,y);
legend(m,'dy','y')
ode45 vector x 0 10 R-K

variable step size vector y matrix 2 column
column v1 y column 2 v2 y
122
1
dy
y
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
10
second order order

order first order
function file first order
ode45 ode23
ode function output
ode23('myode',t,initial)
output function ode23 1 x y MATLAB

ans MATLAB plot (x, y)
option function ode
option function ode help ode23
8.3 Boundary Value Problems : Shooting Method

ODE order 1 condition
order condition
initial value
123
boundary
condition analytical method
boundary initial value problems Runge-Kutta numerical method
R-K
R-K solution step
boundary value problem

problem
y = x + 1 y
5
y(1) = 2, y(3) = - 1
y x = 1 x = 3
R-K ODE
derivative
condition
R-K

shooting method

1 1
1 3-5
MATLAB
ODE order 2 ODE order 1
dv=zeros(2,1);
dv(1)= x+v(2).*(1-x/5);
dv(2)= v(1);
initial condition
y (1) = 1
( 100%)
init = [-1 2];
1 3
124
intv = [1 3];
ode45
[x,y]=ode45('myode3',intv,init);
[a b]=size(y);
y(a,:)
ans =
6.2568
6.2382
y(3)=6.2382 -1
slope -1 x = 1 y (1) = 1
slop y (1) = 4
init
init=[-4 2];
[x y]=ode45('myode3',intv,init);
[a b]=size(y);
y(a,:)
ans =
-0.6125 -2.4651
y(3) = - 2.4651 -1
y' -1 -4 interpolate
-1 linear
interpolation
1+
4 ( 1)
( 1 6.2382) = 3.495
2.4651 6.2382
y (1) = 3.495
init=[-3.495 2];
[x y]=ode45('myode3',intv,init);
[a b]=size(y);
y(a,:)
ans =
0.5439
-1.0000
y(3) = 1
m=plot(x,y);
legend(m,'dy','y')
125
2
dy
y
1
-1
-2
-3
-4
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

linear interpolation 3 3

Boundary Value Problems

ODE second order linear ODE
shooting method boundary value problem ODE linear

n Shooting Method Linear ODE
Boundary Value Problem linear ODE

2 3 linear interpolation
G1 1
G2 2
R1 1 ( G1)
R2 2 ( G2)
D
3 G
126
G = G1 +
G 2 G1
( D R1)
R2 R1
third order ODE boundary value problems

( order ODE)
2
fourth order ODE 2

interpolate
ODE order
o Nonlinear ODE
nonlinear ODE 3
y = x + 1
x
yy
5
y(1)=2 y(3) = -1
nonlinear yy
MATLAB
script file
function file myode4.m
dv = zeros(2,1);
dv(1) = x+ v(1).*v(2).*(1-x/5);
dv(2) = v(1);
script M-file shooting.m

%Shooting Method for Nonlinear ODE
D = 1;
Intv = [1 3];
% First Try
G1 = -1;
init=[G1 2];
[a b]=size(y);
127
R1=y(a,2);
% Second Try
G2=-5;
init=[G2 2];
[a b]=size(y);
R2=y(a,2);
while abs(y(a,2)-D)>1e-6
1E-6
G=G1+(G2-G1)*(D-R1)/(R2-R1);
init=[G 2];
1
%
G1=G2;
G2=G;
[a b]=size(y);
R1=R2;
R2=y(a,2);
loop
P=abs(y(a,2)-D);
%
fprintf('Now your error is %10.6f \n',P)
% loop
end
%
m=plot(x,y);
legend(m,'dy','y')
plot
% *************************************************** END *******
run file shooting

shooting
Now your error
Now your error
Now your error
Now your error
Now your error
Now your error
Now your error
Now your error
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
1.207074
2.396240
0.568361
0.249510
0.045735
0.003186
0.000039
0.000000
MATLAB error
10-6 MATLAB
128
2
dy
y
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
Boundary Value Problems Shooting Method

Finite Difference Method

Numerical Method
"
(The Excact Solution of Boundary
Layer Theory)
(Boundary Layer)

129

Navier-Stokes Equation

2 f + ff = 0
Blasius Equation H. Blasius

1908
Prandtl 1904
u
= f ( )
U
U
f = df ()
d
= y
kinematic viscosity
x
y

potential flow viscous
flow Blasius Equation Boundary condition
F :
= 0 f = 0 = 0 f = 0
F :
, f = 1
130
Blasius Equation third order ordinary differential equation boundary value problem Runge
- Kutta Method Shooting Method

M-file shooting method
M-file integrand system of first order ODE
function xdot = blas(t,x)
xdot = zeros(3,1);
xdot(1) = -x(3).*x(1)/2;
xdot(2) = x(1);
xdot(3) = x(2);
infinity
infinity
f 1
program shooting method 6 , f = 1 M-file
D=1;
Intv=[0 6];
% **************
G1=1;
init=[G1 0 0];
[x,y]=ode45('blas',intv,init);
[a,b]=size(y);
R1=y(a,2);
G2=2;
init=[G2 0 0];
[a,b]=size(y);
R2=y(a,2);
% **************
while abs(y(a,2)-D)>1e-6
G=G1+(G2-G1)*(D-R1)/(R2-R1);
init=[G 0 0];
G1=G2;
G2=G;
[a,b]=size(y);
R1=R2;
R2=y(a,2);
P=abs(y(a,2)-D);
fprintf('Now your error is %10.6f \n',P)
end
m=plot(x,y);
legend(m,'d2y','dy','y',0)
Now your error is

Now your error is
0.526004
0.249148
131
Now
Now
Now
Now
your
your
your
your
error
error
error
error
0.037440
0.002332
0.000023
0.000000
is
is
is
is
4.5
d2y
dy
y
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

99%
= y @ u = 0.99U
u
= f ( )
U
f = 0.99
interpolation run M-file shooting

shooting
Now your
Now your
Now your
Now your
Now your
Now your
error
error
error
error
error
error
is
is
is
is
is
is
0.514670
0.238315
0.033354
0.001918
0.000016
0.000000
ODE MATLAB
a=y(:,2);
b=interp1(a,x,0.991,'spline')
b =
4.9654
132
= 4.9654
U
x
Ux
=
Reynolds Number, Re x = Ux
4.965x
Re x
133
9 MATLAB GRAPHICS
2 plot MATLAB
plot plot x, y 2
9.1 plot 2
plot x, y plot

n Error Bar
error bar
errorbar(x,y,e,str)
errorbar(x,y,l,u)
plot(x,y) error bar e

coordinate plot x-y str option
character string x,y
error bar (xi , yi ) yi
li yi ui
x = linspace (0,15,40);
y = exp(cos(x)) ;
delta = 0.1*y ;
errorbar (x,y, delta)
134
MATLAB Graphics
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
-2
10
12
14
16
o Graph Function
function file plot function Function
MATLAB fplot
fplot (function, lim, str, tot)
plot function function ( function file function.m)

lim vector Limit function plot
2 lim = [xmin xmax] minimum
maximum x lim = [xmin xmax ymin ymax]
option str
tot relative error tot
lim = [1 0];
fplot(exp(x),lim)
MATLAB Graphics
135
2.5
x 10
1.5
0.5
10
p Polar Plot
plot polar coordinate polar

plot polar coordinate q vector q
radian vector r
polar(q,r)
theta = linspace(0,2*pi,200);
r = sqrt(abs(sin(theta)).*abs(cos(theta)));
polar(theta,r)
option string ,
plot
90
0.8
60
120
0.6
0.4
150
30
0.2
180
210
330
240
300
270
136
MATLAB Graphics
q Plot Complex Plane
complex number z = x + iy plot complex plane

X, Y, Z matrix x,y vector
quiver(X,Y)
quiver(X,Y,dx,dy)
quiver(X,Y,Dx,Dy)
feather(Z,str)
feather(x,y)
compass(z,str)
compass(x, y)
rose(v,n)
coordinate xij, yij

coordinate xi, yi argument dx magnitude dy
coordinate xij, yij argument magnitude dxij, dyij
magnitude argument element

complex matrix Z x option string
str option
feather (x+y * i) i = 1
(0,0) magnitude argument
element complex matrix Z str option
compass (x+y*i) i = 1
argument histogram frequency arguments vector v
n option MATLAB
n = 36
plot complex plane

z =
1.0000+2.0000i
5.0000
3.0000-4.0000i
2.0000+1.0000i
4.0000-2.0000i
0+1.0000i
2.0000
0+4.0000i
4.0000-1.0000i
subplot(2,2,1)
quiver(real(z),imag(z))
title('quiver')
subplot(2,2,2)
feather(real(z),imag(z))
title('feather')
subplot(2,2,3)
compass(real(z),imag(z))
title('compass')
x=[1 2 1 3 4 5 3 2 3 4 4 1 6 7];
MATLAB Graphics
137
subplot(2,2,4)
rose(x)
title('rose')
plot
quiver
feather
-2
-4
1
150
compass
90 5
120
60
2.5
180
30
330
240
270
300
120
210
10
rose
90 4
60
150
15
30
180
210
330
240
270
300
r Histogram Bar Graphs

Histogram
MATLAB histogram
his(x,n)
histogram vector x n option
MATLAB
n = 10
bar graph
bar(x)
bar graph x
bar(x,z)
bar graph x vector z
stairs(x)
stairs graph x (stairs graph bar graph )
stairs(x,z)
stairs graph x vector z
138
MATLAB Graphics
stem graph x stem graph bar graph
stem graph x vector z
stem(x)
stem(x,z)
bar graph histogram

x=[1 2 3 5 4 2 3 1 4 5 3 2 2 3 1 5 6];
x
subplot(2,2,1)
hist(x)
title('Histogram')
subplot(2,2,2)
bar(x)
title('Bar Graph')
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(x)
title('Stem Graph')
subplot(2,2,4)
stairs(x)
title('Stairs Graph')
Histogram
Bar Graph
3
4
2
2
1
0
0
0
Stem Graph
10
15
20
15
20
Stairs Graph
6
5
4
3
2
0
MATLAB Graphics
10
15
20
10
139
s Comet Plot
Comet plot Plot
plot

comet(x,y)
pie(x)
pie(x,y)
pie(x,condition)
vector x y
vector x
element
element vector x
vector x
element x vector y x
0 1 element y 1 element
x
condition
comet plot plot

pie3(x)
pie(x) 3
x=[15 20 14 12 15]';
y=[0 1 0 0 0]';
txt=['Jan'; 'Feb';'Mar';'Apl';'May'];
pie(x,y);
legend(txt)
140
MATLAB Graphics
20%
20%
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apl
May
16%
26%
18%
9.2 3
MATLAB 3
MATLAB 3
(mesh) 3
plot 3 MATLAB
n Plot 3
plot coordinate (x,y,z) Cartesian Coordinate

plot3
Plot3(x,y,z)
x, y ,z vector plot coordinate (xi, yi,
zi) parameter x, y, z Matrix
MATLAB plot column parameter
vector column
Plot3(x,y,z,str) str
plot
Title, xlabel, ylabel, zlabel, text plot
2 z = sin (x) - cos (y) x y 0 2
MATLAB Graphics
141
x
y
z
=
=
=
linspace (0, 2*pi, 100) ;

x ;
sin (x).* cos (y) ;
plot3(x,y,z)
xlabel('X')
ylabel('Y')
zlabel('Z')
title(' 3-D Plot')
3-D Plot
0.5
-0.5
8
6
8
6
4
4
2
Y
2
0
o 3
3
z = f (x,y)
plot plot3 zi = f(xi,

yi)
zij = f(xi,yj)
x vector m y vector n
plot m x n plot3 m n plot m
142
MATLAB Graphics
grid grid
plot grid
[u,v] = meshgrid(x,y)
vector
matrix u v n x m matrix
x y coordinate rectangular domain
coordinate (uij , vij) zij = f (uij,vij)
[x,y,z] = cylinder(r,n)
grid cylindrical coordinate vector r
r
coordinate r
n
n = 20
r r = [ 1 1 ]
[x,y,z] = sphere(n)
spherical grid matrix x, y, z x, y
z (n+1) * (n-1)
grid function MATLAB
function
grid x = [ 1 2 3 ] y = [ 4 5 ] plot
coordinate z zij = f(xi,yj) (xi,yj) (1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (1,5),
(2,5), (3,5) meshgrid [u v] = meshgrid (x,y)
x=[1 2 3];
y=[4 5];
[u v]=meshgrid(x,y)
u =
1
2
1
2
v =
4
4
5
5
zij
3
3
4
5
= f (xij,yij)
mesh, meshc, meshz waterfall
MATLAB Graphics
143
mesh(X,Y,Z,C)
mesh(x,y,Z,C)
mesh(Z)
meshc(...)
meshz(...)
waterfall(...)
hidden on
hidden off
hidden
plot (xij, yij, zij) matrix X,Y,Z m x n

C matrix
C option
MATLAB C = Z
Z matrix m x n MATLAB plot (xi,
yj, zij ) MATLAB meshgrid vector x
y C option
plot (i, j, zij) z matrix
mesh (...) contour curve
mesh (...) grid x y
z
meshz(...) grid
MATLAB mesh
MATLAB mesh
hidden on off MATLAB
hidden on
mesh function
z = sin (x) cos(y)
x y 0 2
script file
% x vector 1 x 100
% y vector 1 x 100
% z [100 x 1] x [1 x 100] = [100 x 1]
x = linspace(0,2*pi,40);
y = x;
z = sin(x)*cos(y);
subplot(2, 2, 1);
mesh(x, y, z);
title('Mesh Plot')
subplot(2, 2, 2);
meshc(x, y, z) ;
title('Meshc Plot')
144
MATLAB Graphics
subplot(2, 2, 3)
meshz(x, y, z)
title('Meshz Plot')
subplot(2, 2, 4)
waterfall(x, y, z)
title('Waterfall')
(x,y) , (y,z) (z, x) 3

gird
x, y, z axis off plot 2
off
mesh
MATLAB
mesh
surf(X,Y,Z,C)
MATLAB Graphics
parameter X, Y, Z C matrix m x n
plot (xij, yij, zij) cij
C C = Z x y vector
plot (xi , yi , zij )
145
surfc(x,y,z,c)
surfl(x,y,z,ls)
surfnorm(x,y,z)
surf(...) MATLAB contour
surf(...)
vector ls = [ u h ] u (x,y) x
h (x,y)
surf(...) normal vector

x y z matrix
vector x y surf(...)
[Nx,Ny,Nz] = surfnorm(x,y,z)
surfnorm (x, y, z) normal

vector (xij, yij , zij) (nxij , nyij , nzij )
3 surf mesh
MATLAB shading 3
shading faceted
shading flat
shading interp
MATLAB

mesh
faceted mesh
interpolated mesh

interpolate
surf
x = linspace(0,2*pi,40); y = x; z = sin(x)'*cos(y);
subplot(2,1,1);
surf(x,y,z);shading interp
axis off
title('Surface Plot')
subplot(2,1,2)
[u v]=meshgrid(x,y);
surfnorm(u,v,z);shading flat
axis off
146
MATLAB Graphics
title('Surface Plot with Normal Line')
3
view
view(az,el)
view(x,y,z)
view(2)
view(3)
[a,b]= view
azimuth, az elevation, el
azimuth (x,y) x
elevation (x,y)
az el
x, y, z Cartesian
MATLAB x, y, z
vector
2 (az = 0, el = 0)
3 (az = -37.50, el = 30)
a az b el
MATLAB Graphics
147
s Contour Line
contour line
contour
contour line
contour(Z)
contour(Z,n)
contour(x,y,z)
contour(...,str)
C = contour(...)
contourf(...)
clabel(C)
contour3(...)
148
contour matrix Z Z m x n, MATLAB

scale x 1 m y 1 n
contour line matrix Z n n
MATLAB n = 10
contour line x,y scale x
y x,y rector (xi,yij,zij)
contour line str string
matrix C label contour
contour plot
lable contour C
C = contour(...) MATLAB

help clabel
contour line 3
MATLAB Graphics
contour
x = linspace(0,2*pi,40); y = x; z = sin(x)'*cos(y);
C = contour(z);
clabel(C);
40
-0.2
-0.4
0.4
0.8
35
-0.2
30
-0.8
-0.4
25 -0.6
0.6
-0.8
-0.6
0.2
0
-0.2
20
0.2
-0.4
0.6
15
0.4
0.6
0
-0.6
-0.8
10
0.8
0.4 0.2
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
columns m x n matrix Z bars 3

vector y y element
bar3(Z)
y =1:m Z m x n
bar3(y,Z,w)
w > 1
w = 0.8
bar3(...,'detached')
bar3(...,'grouped')
bar3(...,'stacked')
bar3(...,linespec)
string
bar3(y,Z)
MATLAB Graphics
149
stem 3
Stem3(z)
Stem3(x,y,z)
Stem3(...,'filled')
Stem3(...,linespec)
discrete surface z stems x-y

2
surface z x,y
stem
plot
3
x = 3 2 5 7 9 6 4 8 4 10]';
y = 2*x-3;
z = y*x';
bar3(z)
stem
x=[3 2 5 7 9 6 4 8 4 10]';
y=2*x-3;
z=y*x';
stem3(x,y,z)
xlabel('This is x')
ylabel('This is y')
zlabel('This is z')
150
MATLAB Graphics
200
This is z
150
100
50
0
20
15
10
8
10
6
5
This is y
4
0
This is x
9.3
MATLAB function

MATLAB
3 -- Red-Green-Blue (RGB) Color RGB color (0, 0, 0)
RGB color (1 , 1, 1) RGB
RGB
0 1
MATLAB (color map)
plot color map matrix m x 3 row 3 RGB color
matrix m
MATLAB color map MATLAB
MATLAB m color map

shading shading interp
MATLAB Graphics
151
interpolate color map matrix color map
color map map map MATLAB

map M-file
color map
colorbar
plot
colorbar(horiz) plot
colormap(map)
color map MATLAB 11 map ( map

) colormap(map) colormap map map
gray
hsv
hot
cool
bone
copper
flag
pink
prism
jet
white
lines
colorcube
summer
autumn
winter
spring
gray linear scale

Hsv-Saturation-Value color map
---
-
- X - ray
- -
-
hsv color map
Color Map
color-cube

colormap ( map)
152
MATLAB Graphics
map(m) map map m

matrix m x 3

x = linspace(0,2*pi,40);
y = x;
z = sin(x)'*cos(y);
surf(x,y,z);
colormap gray
colorbar
title('Surface Plot with Color Bar')
9.4
MATLAB function
MATLAB function frame

movie
movie frame frame figure window
plot frame
MATLAB Graphics
153
frame

M MATLAB frame
column Matrix M n frame
M = moviein(n)
frame
M(n,j) = getframe
frame j figure window
frame
movie(M)
M 1
movie(M,n)
M n
movie(M,n,FPS)
M n FPS frame
FPS MATLAB 12 frame
MATLAB
FPS

ZORO frame 20 frame

M-file
n = 20;
ZORO = moviein(n)
for j = 1:n
plot
ZORO(:,j) = getframe
end
movie(ZORO)
MATLAB version 5.3 6

moviein(n) getframe
MATLAB version 6
n = 20;
154
MATLAB Graphics
for j = 1:n
plot
ZORO(:,j) = getframe
end
movie(ZORO)
format format
MATLAB plot
plot
fixed a
= axis [xmin,xmax,...] plot axis(a), axis(axis)
plot axis a

frame
frame
Windows multi-tasking

cpu
MATLAB
frame-per-second
"
n Flow Pass Rotating Cylinder
2 stream line
stream function contour line
stream line stream function
potential flow doublet
vortex

stream function
MATLAB Graphics
155
= Ur
a2
sin +
ln( r )
2
r
a, K U
M-file a =2
=K
2aU
circulation 4 K= 0
K
M-file
% M-file for Potential Flow
% Flow Pass Rotating Cylindera=2;
r=linspace(a,20);
zeta=linspace(0,4*pi);
r=r';zeta=zeta';
[r zeta]=meshgrid(r,zeta);
K=0;
phi=sin(zeta)*(r./a - a./r)-K*log(r/a);
[x y]=pol2cart(zeta,r);
co= [-150 -100 -75 -50 -25 -10 -1 -0.1 0.1 1 10 25 50 75 100 150];
subplot(2,2,1)
contour(x,y,phi,co,'b');
axis equal
axis off
axis([-6 6 6 6])
K=100;
phi=sin(zeta)*(r./a a./r)-K*log(r/a);
co=[-150 100 75 50 25 10 1 0.1 0.1 1 10 25 50 75 100 150];
subplot(2,2,2)
axis equal
axis off
axis([-6 6 -6 6])
K=200;
co= [-300 -250 -150 -100 -75 -50 -25 -10 -1 -0.1,...
0.1 1 10 25 50 75 100 150];
subplot(2,2,3)
axis equal
axis off
axis([-6 6 -6 6])
K=300;
co= [-400 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -80 -75 -65 -60,...
-40 -30 -1 5 10 25 35 50 60 75];
156
MATLAB Graphics
subplot(2,2,4)
axis equal
axis off
axis([-6 6 -6 6])
o Plot Velocity Vector
potential flow velocity vector

Rankine body stream function
= Uy
q
2ay
tan 1 2
2
x + y2 a 2
potential flow Vx =
Vy =
x
y
gradient stream function

stream line velocity vector
contour plot stream lines
x y gradient
velocity vector quiver
M-file
% Stream Line Plot With Velocity Vector
a=2;
MATLAB Graphics
157
r=linspace(a^2,10);
q=linspace(0,2*pi);
r=r';q=q';
[x y]= pol2cart(q,r);
[x y]= meshgrid(x,y);
phi=0.8*y-(atan2(2*a*y,(x.^2+y.^2-a^2)));
contour(x,y,phi,20,'r');
axis equal
hold on
grid off
phi0=[-0.01 0 0.01];
% stream line
contour(x,y,phi,phi0,'r')
% stream line body
x=linspace(-7,7,10);
y=linspace(-4,4,10);
x=x';y=y';
[x y]=meshgrid(x,y);
a=2;
phi=0.8*y-(atan2(2*a*y,(x.^2+y.^2-a^2)));
[v u]=gradient(phi,0.2,0.2);
v=-v;
u=abs(u);
quiver(x,y,u,v,0.6)
hold off
axis off
% velocity
% velocity vector
Response Surface
single DOF damped forced vibration

2 function frequency ratio damping ratio
158
MATLAB Graphics

Normalize Magnitude 1
normalized magnitude 1

damping ratio
MATLAB Graphics
159
10 SYMBOLIC MATHEMATICS
MATLAB
MATLAB toolbox Symbolic Mathematics
Symbolic Math Toolbox
MATLAB Toolbox Student Edition MATLAB MATLAB 5.x
version
MATLAB 5.x Symbolic
Toolbox MATLAB 5.x
Symbolic Mathematics
sin(x) x
sin(x) symbolic mathematic x
x)
=
function sin(x) sin(x) d sin(
dx
cos(x)
Symbolic Math Toolbox symbolic function MATLAB

Maple V. Software Package software symbolic mathematic
University of Waterloo Watterloo Maple

Software, Inc. Canada
10.1 Symbolic Algebra

n Symbolic Expression
Symbolic expression quote make
t = x^2+5*x-4
expression t(x) expression 1

sin(y+x) x y
independent variable
160
indepandent variable MATLAB expression 1
( i j ) x x MATLAB
2 () MATLAB x
( x ) independent variable MATLAB
expression independent variable function symvar
symvar(exp(x))
MATLAB independent variable symbolic expression exp
variable
symbolic variable / symbolic expression MATLAB
symbolic variable sym
S=sym(expression)
symbolic variable S expression expression

symbolic variable expression
x=sym(x)
x symbolic variable x
x symbolic expression
f=x^2+3*x-5;
g=2*x^2-5*x+2;
f g symbolic expression
syms symbolic variable
syms ex1 ex2...
symbolic variable expressions expression
x, y z symbolic variable
syms 'x' 'y' 'z'
sym(x); sym(y); sym(z);
161
findsym
findsym(S)
symbolic variable S S sym
s=sym('exp(bc)*sin(z)');
findsym(s)
ans =
bc, z
bc z symbolic variables expression

x=sym('x');
f=5*x^2-3*x-1;
findsym(f)
ans =
x
f symbolic expression symbolic variable x expression

symbolic expression class
class(OBJ)
OBJ
double double precision floating point

number MATLAB
sparse 2-D real (or complex) sparse matrix
struct Structure array 12
cell
cell array 12
char
Character String
sym
symbolic variable
x=sym('x');
class(x)
ans =
sym
f=5*x^2-3*x-1;
class(f)
ans =
sym
o plot symbolic expression
ezplot plot
1. plot 2
162
plot symbolic expression s function

plot 2 2
ezplot(s)
ezplot symbolic variable

ezplot(s,[min max])
plot independent variable S min max
p Expression
expression function function
collect(s)
collect(s,v)
expand(s)
factor(s)
simple(s)
simplify(s)
expression S
collect(s) v independer variable

expression s
expression s
s
s Maple
function expression
x=sym(x)
s1= x^2-4*x+4;
s2=(x*cos(x))^2-x^2;
s3=(x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)/(x^2-4*x-6);
factor(s1)
ans =
(x-2)^2
expand(s2)
ans =
x^2*cos(x)^2-x^2
factor(s2)
ans =
x^2*(cos(x)-1)*(cos(x)+1)
collect(s3)
ans =
(x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)/(x^2-4*x-6)
expand(s3)
ans =
1/(x^2-4*x-6)*x^3-7/(x^2-4*x-6)*x^2+36/(x^2-4*x-6)
163
simple(s3)
ans =
(x^3-7*x^2+36)/(x^2-4*x-6)
symbolic expression MATLAB

q Operations on Symbolic expression
operation symbolic expression symbolic function
symbolic function symbolic expression

function
numden(s)
expression 2 symbolic expression s
numeric(s)
s
double(sym(s))
poly2sym(c)
pretty(s)
sym2poly(s)
symadd(s1,s2)
symmul(s1,s2)
sympow(s1,s2)
symsub(s1,s2)
polynomial coefficient vector c symbolic expression

s output
s polynomial coefficient vector
symbolic expression, s1 + s2 sym(s1)+sym(s2)
s1+s2
symbolic expression, s1 x s2 sym(s1)*sym(s2)
s1*s2
symbolic expression, s1^s2 sym(s1)^sym(s2)
s1^s2
symbolic expression, s1 - s2 sym(s1)-sym(s2)
s1-s2
function s1,s2 s3 symbolic expression
x = sym(x)
s1= x^2-4*x+4');
s2= (x*cos(x))^2-x^2
s3= (x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)/(x^2-4*x-6)
[s4 s5]=numden(s3)
s4 =
(x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)
s5 =
x^2-4*x-6
sym2poly(s4)
ans =
1
0
0
36
s4 + s5
164
ans =
(x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)+x^2-4*x-6
factor(ans)
ans =
x^3-6*x^2+30-4*x
10.2 Equation Solving

n
MATLAB symbolic expression
solve(s)
expression s variable s
s symbolic equation s
solve(s1,s2,...,sn) n s1,s2 sn independent variable
symbolic equation s1, s2,...sn
solve(s)
syms x1 y1 z1
s1= x1+y1+z1-5;
s2= 2*x1-y1+2*z1-4;
s3= x1-4*y1-z1+2;
a=solve(s1)
a =
-y1-z1+5
symbolic expression MATLAB x

independent variable s1, s2, s3
[x y z]=solve(s1,s2,s3)
x =
9/2
y =
2
z =
-3/2
x = 9/2, y = 2 z = -3/2 x,y z

class(x)
ans =
sym
165
x symbolic variable
double
x expression
double(x)
double precession number
x
double(x)
ans =
4.5000
symbolic MATLAB
analytical solution MATLAB numerical solution
S1=sym('x^3*exp(x)*sin(x))=2');
[b]=solve(s1)
b =
.2539413645466444913948333 1.040276743255826267579410*i
o Solution to ODE
first-order-ODE
y' =
dy
= g( x, y)
dx
ODE symbolic toolbox

first-order ODE
dsolve(equation,condition)
ODE
symbolic
equation option condition initial
condition independent variable MATLAB
symbolic t dy MATLAB Dy D
dt
differential dependent variable
dz
MATLAB
= sin x
dt
Dz=sin(x)
166
second derivative D2y third derivative
D3y condition
MATLAB C1, C2,... integrate
first order 1
dsolve('Dx = -a*x^2')
ans =
1/(a*t+C1)
x = dsolve('Dx = -a*x^2','x(0) = 1','s')
x =
1/(a*s+1)
x = dsolve('Dx = -a*x^2','x(0) = 1')
x =
1/(a*t+1)
first order
dsolve(equation1, equation2,...,condition)
dsolve(equation1, equation2,...,condition)
S = dsolve('Df = f + g, Dg = -f + g','f(0) = 1','g(0) = 2')

S =
f: [1x1 sym]
g: [1x1 sym]
2 output S MATLAB
field S.f S.g (
MATLAB 5 12)
field
S.f
ans =
exp(t)*cos(t)+2*exp(t)*sin(t)
S.g
ans =
-exp(t)*sin(t)+2*exp(t)*cos(t)
first order 3
[u1 v1 w1] = dsolve('Du=v, Dv=w, Dw=-u','u(0)=0, v(0)=0, w(0)=1')
u1 =
1/3*3^(1/2)*exp(1/2*t)*sin(1/2*t*3^(1/2))1/3*exp(1/2*t)*cos(1/2*t*3^(1/2))+1/3*exp(-t)
167
v1 =
1/3*3^(1/2)*exp(1/2*t)*sin(1/2*t*3^(1/2))+
1/3*exp(1/2*t)*cos(1/2*t*3^(1/2))-1/3*exp(-t)
w1 =
1/3*exp(-t)+2/3*exp(1/2*t)*cos(1/2*t*3^(1/2))
order
nonlinear second order ODE
d2y
dx
= y
initial condition
dy
5
dx
y (0) = 0
y(0) = 0.25
dsolve('D2y=y-Dy-5','Dy(0)=0,y(0)=0.25')
ans =
5+(-19/8-19/40*5^(1/2))*exp(1/2*(5^(1/2)-1)*t)-19/40*(5^(1/2)1)*5^(1/2)*exp(-1/2*(5^(1/2)+1)*t)
analytical solution MATLAB
10.3 Differentiation Integration

differentiation Integration symbolic math function
diff(s)
differentiation expression s independent variable
diff(s,t)
differentiation expression s independent variable t
diff(s,n)
differentiation expression s independent variable
n
diff(s,t,n)
differentiation expression s t n
symbolic toolbox function diff numerical diff function

MATLAB symbolic numeric variable
Numeric Integration function
168
int(s)
integrate symbolic expression s independent variable
int(s)
integrate symbolic expression s independent variable t
int(s,a,b)
integrate s independent variable limit a b

int(s,t,a,b)
integrate expressions t a b
int(s,m,n)
integrate expression s independent variable

limit m n symbolic variable
function integrate
integrate symbolic MATLAB
Symbolic differentiation integration
x=sym(x);
s1=x^3*exp(x)*sin(x)-2;
s2=x^3+3*x^2+5*x-2;
s3=x*sin(x);
diff(s1)
ans =
3*x^2*exp(x)*sin(x)+x^3*exp(x)*sin(x)+x^3*exp(x)*cos(x)
diff(s1,'x')
ans =
diff(s1)
ans =
diff(s1,'t')
ans =
0
diff(s2)
ans =
3*x^2+6*x+5
diff(s3,3)
ans =
-3*sin(x)-x*cos(x)
integrate
int('x^4')
ans =
1/5*x^5
int('x*cos(x)')
ans =
cos(x)+x*sin(x)
169
int('x^2*exp(x)')
ans =
x^2*exp(x)-2*x*exp(x)+2*exp(x)
int('x*sin(x)',0,pi)
ans =
pi
int('x^2/sin(x)')
ans =
int(x^2/sin(x),x)
MATLAB integrate
10.4 Symbolic Transformation

transformation function
Fourier Transform Laplace Transform Symbolic Toolbox transformation
n Laplace Transform
Laplace Transform function f(t) time domain function L(s) s-domain
transformation
L ( s) =
f (t )e
st
dt
Laplace Transform differential equation

Control System MATLAB laplace
L = laplace(F,var1,var2)
Laplace transform symbolic expression F var1domain function var2-domain

L(var2) transform F(var1) option var1,
var2 MATLAB var1 t var2 s
F, var1 var2 sym
sym
f = ilaplace(L,var1,var2)
inverse Laplace transform symbolic expression L

L option var1 var2 t s
f(var2) inverse transform L(var1) F,

170
var1 var2 sym
sym
Laplace transform
f (t ) = 5e 2 at cos t
MATLAB
syms a s t w
f=5*exp(-2*a*t)*cos(w*t);
L=laplace(f,t,s)
L =
5*(s+2*a)/((s+2*a)^2+w^2)
ilaplace(L,s,t)
ans =
5*exp(-2*a*t)*cos(w*t)
o Fourier Transform
function function
function time-domain frequency-domain
Fourier Transform
F ( ) =
f ( t )e
jt
dt
transform frequency-domain time-domain Inverse Fourier Transform
f (t) =
F ( ) e
jt
dt
MATLAB symbolic Fourier transform

F = fourier(f, var1, var2 )
Fourier transform symbolic f

independent variable x function
w. independent
variable var1 var2
f = ifourier(F,var1,var2)
171
inverse Fourier transform symbolic F

independent variable w
function x
independent variable var1 var2
syms x t
fourier(exp(-x^2),x,t)
ans =
pi^(1/2)*exp(-1/4*t^2)
f=ifourier(F,t,x)
f =
1/2*4^(1/2)*exp(-x^2)
simple(f)
ans =
exp(-x^2)
Fourier Transform function 2 function Step function u(t)

Impulse function (t) Step function
Ku(t-a) = 0 t < 0
Ku(t-a) = a t > 0
impulse function
K ( t a ) = 0
for t a
K ( t a) dt = K
for t = a
MATLAB function function

Step function Heaviside(t) Impulse function Dirac(t)
function
p Z-Transform
transform transform function
discrete-time domain Z-transform

F ( z) =
f ( n) z
n=0
z complex MATLAB function ztrans iztran Z-transform inverse Ztransform

172
F=ztrans(f,var1,var2)
f=iztran(F,var1,var2)
Z-transform symbolic function f

independent variable n F
function z
var1 var2
inverse Z-transform symbolic function F
independent variable z f
function n
var1 var2
syms k n w z
ztrans(2^n)
ans =
z/(z-2)
iztrans(ans)
ans =
2^n
F=ztrans(cos(n*k),k,z)
F =
z*(-cos(n)+z)/(-2*z*cos(n)+z^2+1)
F=ztrans(cos(n*k),n,w)
F =
w*(-cos(k)+w)/(-2*w*cos(k)+w^2+1)
f=iztrans(exp(x/z),z,k)
f =
x^k/k!
F=ztrans(f,k,z)
F =
exp(x/z)
10.5 Function Calculator

symbolic toolbox M-file file function
function symbolic toolbox
function calculator funtool
funtool figure windows 3
173
1 function f(x) 2 function g(x)

3 function f(x), g(x)
function f(x) 3
n 1
1
1. function f(x) MATLAB expression
Enter MATLAB f(x)
1
2. function g(x) MATLAB expression
Enter MATLAB g(x)
2
3. x x
[xmin , xmax ] xmin xmax x
4. parameter a function
parameter f(x) g(x) parameter a
a f(x) g(x)
o 2
174
2 function 1
function f(x) f(x)
2 4
1 f(x)
f(x)
df/dx
int f
simple f
num f
den f
1/f
finv
f(x)
f(x)
f(x) ()
f(x) f(x)
f(x) f(x)
f(x) 1/f(x)
f(x) inverse function
inverse function function
2 function f(x) parameter a

f +a
f -a
f *a
f / a
fâ
f(x+a)
f(x*a)
f(x) f(x) + a
f(x) f(x) - a
f(x) f(x) * a
f(x) f(x) / a
f(x) f(x) ^ a
f(x) f(x + a)
f(x) f(x * a)
175
3 f(x) g(x) function operation

f +g
f g
f *g
f /g
f(g)
g =f
swap
f(x) f(x) + g(x)

f(x) f(x) - g(x)
f(x) f(x) * g(x)
f(x) f(x) / g(x)
f(x) f(g(x))
g(x) f(x)
f(x) g(x)
4 Function Calculator
function f(x) list funtool
f(x) function file fxlist
fxlist function function
Insert
f(x) list
Cycle
f(x) f(x) list
Delete
function f(x) list ( list)
Reset
f, g, x, a and fxlist
Help
funtool
Demo
funtool
Close
funtool

funtool function
MATLAB Graphics User Interface (GUI)
mouse MATLAB
176
GUI GUI
2
10.6 Symbolic Math Toolbox : Student Edition

Symbolic Math Toolbox Version 2.0 version Student Edition
.. 1997 version
symbolic toolbox

help
Calculus.
diff
int
limit
taylor
jacobian
symsum
Differentiate.
Integrate.
Limit.
Taylor series.
Jacobian matrix.
Summation of series.
Linear Algebra.
diag
triu
tril
inv
det
rank
rref
null
colspace
eig
svd
jordan
poly
expm
Create or extract diagonals.

Upper triangle.
Lower triangle.
Matrix inverse.
Determinant.
Rank.
Reduced row echelon form.
Basis for null space.
Basis for column space.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Singular values and singular vectors.
Jordan canonical (normal) form.
Characteristic polynomial.
Matrix exponential.
Simplification.
177
simplify
expand
factor
collect
simple
numden
horner
subexpr
subs
Simplify.
Expand.
Factor.
Collect.
Search for shortest form.
Numerator and denominator.
Nested polynomial representation.
Rewrite in terms of subexpressions.
Symbolic substitution.
Solution of Equations.
solve
Symbolic solution of algebraic equations.
dsolve
Symbolic solution of differential equations.
finverse
Functional inverse.
compose
Functional composition.
Variable Precision Arithmetic.
vpa
Variable precision arithmetic.
digits
Set variable precision accuracy.
Integral Transforms.
fourier
Fourier transform.
laplace
Laplace transform.
ztrans
Z transform.
ifourier
Inverse Fourier transform.
ilaplace
Inverse Laplace transform.
iztrans
Inverse Z transform.
Conversions.
double
poly2sym
sym2poly
char
Convert symbolic matrix to double.

Coefficient vector to symbolic polynomial.
Symbolic polynomial to coefficient vector.
Convert sym object to string.
Basic Operations.
178
sym
syms
findsym
pretty
latex
ccode
fortran
Special Functions.
sinint
cosint
zeta
lambertw
Create symbolic object.

Short cut for constructing symbolic objects.
Determine symbolic variables.
Pretty print a symbolic expression.
LaTeX represention of a symbolic expression.
C code represention of a symbolic expression.
Fortran represention of a symbolic expression.
Sine integral.
Cosine integral.
Riemann zeta function.
Lambert W function.
String handling utilities.

isvarname
Check for a valid variable name.
vectorize
Vectorize a symbolic expression.
Pedagogical and Graphical Applications.
rsums
Riemann sums.
ezplot
Easy to use function plotter.
funtool
Function calculator.
Demonstrations.
symintro
symcalcdemo
symlindemo
symvpademo
symrotdemo
symeqndemo
Introduction to the Symbolic Toolbox.

Calculus demonstration.
Demonstrate symbolic linear algebra.
Demonstrate variable precision arithmetic
Study plane rotations.
Demonstrate symbolic equation solving.
179
11 M-BOOK
11.1 M-book
word processing

word processing
copy

word
processing
word processing
word processing
M-book
M-book 2 Microsoft Word for Window
program word processing program word processing
MATLAB
Word Word
MATLAB background
Word MATLAB
program M-book Save file Word document file (.doc)
M-book ( Window 95 system)

MATLAB 4 MATLAB 5
Microsoft Word for Window 6.0 7.0
180
M-book
Word 97 Math Works MATLAB

5.0 download file Internet
www.mathworks.com MATLAB 5.1 Word 97
Word MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB directory Word
template
M-book template Word Word
template Word template

Normal.dot MATLAB Word template M-book.dot
template Word MATLAB macro
11.2
Word MATLAB M-book Word
Word template Normal.dot document file Mbook
file Word
file New File Menu New dialog box
M-book template Word document file
Word MATLAB
file file M-book
MATLAB ()
Dynamics Data Exchange (DDE) Word MATLAB
macros - DDE Cells

MATLAB Word
styles text cells
menu Notebook Menu bar Word
MATLAB Word M-book
prompt MATLAB
notebook
M-book
181
Word template M-book.dot

document file M-book document
document template M-book New M-book document

file Insert Menu insert file dialog box
file M-book
11.3 Input & Output Cells

MATLAB Word MATLAB
Word cell Word
MATLAB input cell MATLAB
output cell
input cell MATLAB
MATLAB
n Input cell
Input cell cell text cell text
input cell
input cell
MATLAB command window
text
Highlight
Notebook Menu Define Input Cell Alt-D
M-book input cell

input style ( style
) cell mark cell mark [ ]
input cell cell mark
Word cell mark
cell mark
182
M-book
style M-book input cell

Courier New 10 points
input cell
normal text
A=10;
B=20;
C=A*B
highlight input cell
A=10;
B=20;
C=A*B
Notebook Menu Define input cell Alt-D

[A=10;
B=20;
C=A*B]
o input cell
input cell cell MATLAB cell

MATLAB cell

input cell
input cell input cell
Highlight input cell

Notebook Menu Group Cell Alt-G M-book input cell
input cell text
input cell M-book text input cell Group
p AutoInit Cell
M-book
183
input cell file

(Automatic Initialize) AutoInit Cell AutoInit Cell
input cell
input MATLAB
Highlight
Notebook menu Define AutoInit Cell ( short cut key)
M-book AutoInit Cell Cell mark
Courier New 10 points
q MATLAB
input cell MATLAB input cell

AutoInit Cell M-book
input cell M-book MATLAB
input cell cursor cell Notebook
Menu Evaluate Cell Ctrl-Enter
input cell M-book Notebook Menu Evaluate M-book
Alt-R Notebook M-book
input cell M-book highlight input cell ( text
text MATLAB) Notebook
Menu Evaluate cell Ctrl-Enter M-book input cell
cell
r
Notebook output cell output cell ,
Command Window MATLAB Output cell

M-book input cell output text input cell output cell
input cell text input cell
Output cell Command Windows
, Echo,
input cell output cell
184
M-book
output cell Notebook output cell

input cell output cell Notebook output
cell output cell
input cell input cell output 1 Notebook
output cell output output
input cell
output Courier New 10 points

Notebook Menu option
input cell output cell text highlight cell
Notebook Menu Undefined cell Alt-U
output cell Highlight output cell Notebook Menu Purge
Output Cell Alt-P
s Input Output Cell
M-book
M-book 1 file
MATLAB MATLAB copy M-book
M-book
M-book file
Clear input
cell M-book M-book
M-book output
input cell output
input cell cell input cell cell
input cell
input cell
Evaluate M-book Alt-R Update
error input cell cell MATLAB

input cell Notebook Menu Options
Options Window Check box Stop evaluating on error Check box
185
MATLAB error input cell cell
error MATLAB input cell input cell

t Graphic Output
Graphic output output cell

Graphic window M-book Notebook Menu option
Options window cheek box Embed Figures in M-book box
output cell M-book graphic
window command window
Toggle Graph Output for Cell Notebook Menu
Graphic Output cell M-book
Output cell ( Embed Figures in M-book)
input cell cursor cell Toggle Graph output
for cell Notebook Menu cell mark
Word
Graphic Output
Option Notebook Menu
Mouse click picture holder
mouse
MATLAB M-book
click picture holder
shift drag holder
holder
16 256
option Notebook Menu
u Calculate Zone
calculate zone calc zone text, input cell, output cell
M-book calc zone M-book calc zone section
brake brake section calc zone

input output M-book calc zone highlight
186
M-book
, input, output zone Notebook Menu

Define calc zone MATLAB section calc zone input cell

input cell zone Evaluate calc zone
Notebook Menu
calc zone calc zone
zone M-book
11.4 Notebook Menu

M-book Template program MATLAB
() background Menu bar Word
Menu 1 Menu Notebook Menu Menu
Short cut Key
Alt +D
input cell highlight text

MATLAB
Automatic Initialized cell input cell
M-book
Text 1
zone zone
Define input cell
Define AutoInit cell
3
4
Define Calc Zone

Undefined Cells
Alt + U
5
6
7
Purge output cell

Group Cell
Ungroup cell
Alt + p
Alt + G
Hide Cell Marks

(Show Cell Marks)
9
10
Toggle Graph
Output to Cell
Evaluate Cell
Ctrl - Enter
11
Evaluate Calc zone
Atl - Enter
M-book
Alt + [
input output cell text

cell
output cell cell
Input cell Cell cell
Group cell 6
Cell Mark [...]
M-book Hide show
Cell Mark
Note Cell Mark
M-book
Cursor input cell
input cell highlight input cell
cell cursor cell
calculate zone calc zone
187
Short cut Key
12
13
Evaluate M-book
Evaluate loop
Alt - R
Alt - L
14
Bring MATLAB to
Front
Alt - M
15
Notebook Options..
M-book input cell

M-book loop Cell
Cell
loop
MATLAB window foreground MATLAB
command window background
option
1. Number format
format MATLAB
2.
2.1 M-bookEmbed Figures in Mbook
2.2 2.1 16 256
3. M-book Input cell

Stop Evaluation on Error
11.5 M-book Template

M-book Template MATLAB
Style
Normal
Font
Times New Roman
10 points
AutoInit
Courier New
10 points
Error
Courier New
10 points
Input
Courier New
10 points
Output
Courier New
10 points
word Thai
Edition style
1. Format Menu Style
188
M-book
2. Style Window
3. window (style)
4. style highlight style
5. Click Modify Menu bar
6. Fonts...
7. Fonts window ,
8. Click OK Fonts style window

9. style
10. click Apply
Word
M-book
189
12 Handle Graphic
MATLAB

(Low Level Command)
(Graphical User Interface,
GUI) MATLAB
MATLAB

MATLAB
MATLAB
Figure window MATLAB Axes
Figure window axes

Parent & Child Object Hierarchy object
MATLAB
Handle Handle

Handle
Handle

handle
190
Handle Graphic
12.1 MATLAB Graphic Object

MATLAB

handle
object MATLAB object
MATLAB
Object
Root object
Root object MATLAB

MATLAB
Figure object
Axes object
Image object
Light object.
Line object
patch object
Rectangle
Patches Surfaces
Surface object
text object
uicontextmenu object
uicontrol object
uimenu object
Context menu
MATLAB GUI

Menu bar Figure window.
object MATLAB
Handle Graphic
191

Object MATLAB
Root
Figure
Uimenu
Image
Uicontextmenu
Light
Line
Axes
Patch
Uicontrol
Rectangle
Surface
Text
Line Child Axes Line

Axes plot
Parent object Figure Axes Figure
Parent

MATLAB
Handle MATLAB Handle
192
Handle Graphic
(Handle)
MATLAB Object Object
Handle Object
Object Handle

(Property)

12.2 Create Object Function

Root object

Handle
MATLAB
Function
figure
axes
uicontrol
uimenu
uicontextmenu
image
light
line
patch
rectangle
surface
text
Object Description
Figure object
Axes object
Uicontrol object
Uimenu object
Uicontextmenu object
Image object
Light object
Line object
Patch object
Rectangle object
Surface object
Text object
MATLAB (Default Value)

Error
Handle Graphic
193

h = function('property name', property value,...)
MATLAB ( line, axes )

'property name' property value
MATLAB Handle h
Read only Property Name

Tag, Visibility ''
Property Value
Handle
Handle h
Handle
Handle

GUI GUI environment

High-Level Low-Level
MATLAB High-level graphics routines plot surf
Low-level graphics routines
High-level graphics routines
High-level routines
high-level graphics routines

High-level graphics routines
Low-level graphics routines

high-level graphics routines plot MATLAB
194
Handle Graphic
plot high-level graphics routines

NextPlot axes figure
replace
object creation functions low-level graphics routines
parent NextPlot
line
Line('XData',x,'YData',y,'ZData',z,'Color','r')
MATLAB axes
x Xdata x y z
axes MATLAB axes
figure window axes MATLAB figure window
MATLAB

high-level functions plot plot graphics objects
axes ( Position Units)
low-level line
high-level functions
hold NextPlot

NextPlot Figure Axes
12.3 Basic Graphic Object Properties
parent
children
Handle Graphic
195
axes object
line object

GUI

MATLAB root
properties handle pointer cursor
figure properties children
axes properties child
parent
child child
parent

GUI

read only

(Default Values)
BusyAction
196
MATLAB callback (
object )

Handle Graphic

ButtonDownFcn
Children
Clipping
Handles object children object
children
axes
CreateFcn
DeleteFcn
HandleVisibility
handle
Interruptible
Parent
Parent
Selected
SelectionHighlight
Tag
Type
object figure, line, text
UserData
Visible

MATLAB
LineStyle XMinorTickMode
MATLAB

2 3

M-files
MATLAB version
2 3
Handle Graphic
197
12.4 GET and SET Function
GET SET
GET
Graphic object
get(object_handle)
returned_value = get(object_handle,'PropertyName');
object_handle handle 'PropertyName'

"

set get

sine

x=linspace(0,2*pi);
y=sin(x);
line_handle = plot(x,y);
198
Handle Graphic
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
line_handle handle object 2 object

MATLAB handle

MATLAB handle
gca (Get Current Axes) MATLAB handle

handle
handle
gcf (Get Current Figure)
fig_handle = gcf
fig_handle =
1
axes_handle = gca
axes_handle =
73.0007
Handle Graphic
199
MATLAB handle 1
handle 73.007
handle (Figure, Axes, Line)
get
Figure MATLAB
get(fig_handle)
BackingStore = on
CloseRequestFcn = closereq
Color = [0.8 0.8 0.8]
Colormap = [(64 by 3) double array]
CurrentAxes = [73.0007]
CurrentCharacter =
WindowButtonUpFcn =
WindowStyle = normal
ButtonDownFcn =
Children = [73.0007]
Tag =
Type = figure
UIContextMenu = []
UserData = []
Visible = on
get(line_handle)
Color = [0 0 1]
EraseMode = normal
LineStyle = LineWidth = [0.5]
Marker = none
MarkerSize = [6]
MarkerEdgeColor = auto
MarkerFaceColor = none
XData = [ (1 by 200) double array]
YData = [ (1 by 200) double array]
ZData = []
ButtonDownFcn =
Children = []
Clipping = on
20
0
Handle Graphic
CreateFcn =
DeleteFcn =
BusyAction = queue
HandleVisibility = on
HitTest = on
Interruptible = on
Parent = [73.0007]
Selected = off
SelectionHighlight = on
Tag =
Type = line
UIContextMenu = []
UserData = []
Visible = on

get

l_color=get(line_handle,'Color')
l_color =
0
l_color
[0 0 1] RGB
n Querying Individual Properties
structure
get(gca,'ColorOrder')
ans =
0
0
1.0000
0
0.5000
0
1.0000
0
0
0
0.7500
0.7500
0.7500
0
0.7500
0.7500
0.7500
0
0.2500
0.2500
0.2500
Structure
output get MATLAB
structure array field field field

a = get(line_handle);
Handle Graphic
201
a structure array field

filed
a.Color
ans =
0 0 1
o Querying Groups of Properties

cell array

camera mode cell array
camera_props(1)={'CameraPositionMode'};
camera_props(2)= {'CameraTargetMode'};
camera_props(3)= {'CameraUpVectorMode'};
camera_props(4)= {'CameraViewAngleMode'};
cell array
get(gca,camera_props)
ans =
'auto' 'auto' 'auto' 'auto'
9 set
set
set
set(object_handle,'PropertyName','NewPropertyValue')
object_handle
PropertyName
NewPropertyValue
20
2
handle

NewPropertyValue

Handle Graphic
RGB
[1 0 0]
set(line_handle,'Color',[1 0 0])

quote string
MATLAB
set
set(object_handle,'PropertyName')
MATLAB

MATLAB
set(line_handle,'LineStyle')
[ {-} | -- | : | -. | none ]
[ {-} | -- | : | -. | none ] { }

set(line_handle,'LineWidth')
A line's "LineWidth" property does not have a fixed set of property values.

Set(object_handle)
set(axes_handle)
AmbientLightColor
Box: [ on | {off} ]
Handle Graphic
203
CameraPosition
CameraPositionMode: [ {auto} | manual ]
CameraTarget
CameraTargetMode: [ {auto} | manual ]
CameraUpVector
CameraUpVectorMode: [ {auto} | manual ]
Tag
UIContextMenu
UserData
Visible: [ {on} | off ]
set
structure arrays cell arrays
view1.CameraViewAngleMode = 'manual';
view1.DataAspectRatio = [1 1 1];
view1.ProjectionType = 'Perspective';
set(gca,view1)
output set MATLAB

structure array
a = set(gca);
field a field

a.GridLineStyle
ans =
'-'
'--'
':'
'-.'
'none'
grid line styles

case sensitive
structure field case sensitive
20
4
Handle Graphic
a.gridlinestyle
??? Reference to non-existent field 'gridlinestyle'.
error MATLAB case

sensitive
MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB
get factory-defined
a = get(0,'Factory');
0 handle root structure array

field field factory
value field
UimenuSelectionHighlight: 'on'
SelectionHighlight uimenu on
Get(0,'FactoryObjectTypePropertyName')

get(0,'FactoryTextFontName')
Windows
ans =
Helvetica
Helvetica
12.5 Related Object Function

GUI
findobj
Handle Graphic
h = findobj
205
h = findobj('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
h = findobj(objhandles,...)
h = findobj(objhandles,'flat','PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
findobj handles

h = findobj
handles root object

findobj
ans =
0
1.0000
73.0007
1.0010
handle root, figure, axes line

h = findobj('PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
handle PropertyName
PropertyValue
findobj handle

h = findobj(objhandles,...)
handles
h = findobj(objhandles,'flat','PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
findobj error handle
findobj('Color','r')
20
6
Handle Graphic
Color property red r [1 0 0]

MATLAB findobj
handle
copyobj
new_handle = copyobj(h, p)

Parent handle parent
line
axes
copyobj
new_handle = copyobj(h, p)
handle h handle
children handle p h p
new_handle
new_handle(i) h(i) ] parent
p(i) h p h parents
p new_handle(i) h parent p(i) length(new_handle)
length(p).
h p new_handle(i) h(i)
Parent p new_handle length(h)
surface figure
surface
h = surf(peaks);
colormap hot
figure windows
% figure
figure %
axes
Handle Graphic
207

new_handle = copyobj(h,gca);
colormap hot
view(3)
grid on

surface colormap figure view grid
axes surface
gca
handle axes ( gca = Get Current Axes)

h = gca
h = gca handle axes figure

MATLAB handle
get(gcf,'CurrentAxes')
MATLAB
current axes MATLAB
plot, text, surf
current axes current figure current axes
gcbo
handle callback
h = gcbo
[h, figure] = gcbo
h = gcbo handle callback [h, figure] =

gcbo handle callback handle figure
MATLAB handle callback root

CallbackObject callback callback MATLAB
20
8
Handle Graphic
CallbackObject handle callback callback

MATLAB handle
CallbackObject root read-only
callback
CurrentFigure root CurrentAxes CurrentObject
callback
callback callback
callback
callback CreateFcn DeleteFcn ResizeFcn
figure gcbo callbacks
CurrentFigure root CurrentObject CurrentAxes figure
CallbackObject root
callbacks gcbo [ ]
gcf
handle (gcf=Get current figure )

h = gcf
h = gcf handle current figure

figure window plot, title surf
MATLAB handle
handle
get(0,'CurrentFigure')
gco
handle current object (gco = get current object)

h = gco
h = gco(figure_handle)
h = gco handle current object h

current object figure figure_handle.
= gco(figure_handle)
Handle Graphic
209
current object
uimenus
current object
MATLAB handle the current object CurrentObject figure
CurrentObject CurrentFigure callback
callback callback
CurrentObject CurrentFigure callbacks CreateFcn, DeleteFcn uimenu
Callback CurrentFigure CurrentObject
handle gcbo
handle callback
callback
handle current object figure window 2
h = gco(2)
h =
146.0001
handle
handle

210
Handle Graphic
13 Object Property
(Graphical Object)

GUI
MATLAB

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Figure Object
Axes Object
Uicontrol Object
Uimenu Object
UiContextMenu Object
2 Children Figure Object

object children axes

get set
GUI

MATLAB Reference Book I Reference

Book II Using Graphic Manual
GUI MATLAB
Object Property
211
13.1 Figure
figure graphics object

figure
figure('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
figure(h)
h = figure(...)
figure (figure graphics objects) figure objects

MATLAB

figure('PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
MATLAB
figure(h)
handle h h handle
handle h h
MATLAB handle h
handle h h error
handle
MATLAB handle
h = figure(...) returns the handle to the figure object
MATLAB

structure arrays cell arrays get set gcf

handle

212
Object Property
root
ScreenSize 4 [, , ,
]:
scrsz = get(0,'ScreenSize')
scrsz =
1
1 1024 768
figure('Position',[1 scrsz(4)/2 scrsz(3)/2 scrsz(4)/2])
set(0,'DefaultFigureProperty',PropertyValue...)
Property PropertyValue
set get

Property Name
Property Description
(Positioning the Figure)
Position
Units
Property Value
:
[left, bottom, width, height]
:
: inches, centimeters,
normalized, points, pixels,
characters
: pixels
(Specifying Style and Appearance)
Color
MenuBar
Name
NumberTitle
Object Property
: ColorSpec
: color
scheme
: none, figure
: figure
: string
: ' ' (string )
: on, off
213
Property Name
Resize
SelectionHighlight
Visible
WindowStyle
Property Value
Figure No. n, n : on
: on, off
: on
: on, off
: on
: on, off
: on
: normal, modal
: normal
(Controlling the Colormap)

Colormap
colormap
Dithermap
DithermapMode
FixedColors
MinColormap
ShareColors
: m x 3
RGB
: jet colormap
Colormap truecolor : m x 3
data
RGB
pseudocolor
: colormap
MATLABdithermap
: auto, manual
: manual
colormap
: m x 3
RGB read only
: scalar
: 64
MATLAB color table on, off
slots
: on
(Specifying the Renderer)

BackingStore
off screen pixel buffering
DoubleBuffer
Renderer
214
: on, off
: on
: on, off
: off
: painters, zbuffer,
OpenGL
:
MATLAB
Object Property
Property Name
Property Value
(General Information About the Figure)

Children
Handle uicontrol, uimenu : handles
Parent
Selected
Tag
Type
UserData
RendererMode
uicontextmenu
root object Value: always 0
parent
: on, off
: on
: string
: string
(read only)
: string 'figure'
:
: [ ] ()
: auto, manual
: auto
(Information About Current State)

CurrentAxes
Handle
: handle axes
CurrentCharacter
: character (read only)
CurrentObject
Handle
CurrentPoint
SelectionType
(read only)
: graphics object handle
: 2-element
[x-coord, y-coord]
Callback Routine Execution
BusyAction
: normal, extended,
alt, open
: cancel, queue
: queue
ButtonDownFcn
: string
: string
CloseRequestFcn
: string
close : string
Object Property
215
Property Name
CreateFcn
DeleteFcn
Interruptible
KeyPressFcn
ResizeFcn
UIContextMenu
WindowButtonDownFcn
WindowButtonMotionFcn
WindowButtonUpFcn
Property Value
: string
: string
: string
: string
: on, off
: on ()
: string
: string
: string
: string
context menu
: handle Uicontrextmenu
: string
: string
: string
: string
: string
: string
(Controlling Access to Objects)

IntegerHandle
handle : on, off
: on (handle
)
handle : on, callback, off
: on
: on, off
( : on
CurrentObject )
HandleVisibility
HitTest
NextPlot
(Defining the Pointer)
Pointer
216
: add, replace,
replacechildren
: add
: crosshair, arrow,
watch, topl, topr, botl, botr,
circle, cross, fleur, left,
right, top, bottom,
Object Property
Property Name
PointerShapeCData
PointerShapeHotSpot
Property Value
fullcrosshair, ibeam,
custom
: arrow
: 16-by-16 matrix
: Pointer
custom
active spot : 2-element
[row, column]
: [1,1]
(Properties That Affect Printing)
InvertHardcopy
: on, off
: on
: portrait, landscape
: portrait
: 4-element
[left, bottom, width, height]
PaperOrientation
PaperPosition
PaperPositionMode
PaperSize
: [width, height]
PaperUnits
PaperType
read only
: see property
description
: usletter
: normalized, inches,
PaperSize centimeters, points
PaperPosition
: inches
PaperType
PaperUnits
WYSIWYG : auto, manual

: manual
set get
Object Property
217
13.2 Axes

figure
axes
axes('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
axes(h)
h = axes(...)
axes (low-level function)

Figure (current figure)
MATLAB
axes object
Property Name
(Controlling Style and Appearance)

Box
axes plot box on off
Clipping
GridLineStyle
Layer
LineStyleOrder
LineWidth
SelectionHighlight
TickDir
TickDirMode
218
Property Value
: on, off
: off
axes axes
(clip) figure
grid
: -, --, :, -., none
: :()
: bottom, top
: bottom
: LineSpec
: - ()
points (1 point = : points
1/72")
: 0.5 points
axes on
: on, off
: on
(tick marks)
: in, out
: in(2-D),out(3-D)
MATLAB : auto, manual
Object Property
Property Name
Property Value
TickLength
: auto
: [2-D 3-D]
: [0.01 0.025]
two-element vector
Visible
XGrid, YGrid, ZGrid
: on, off
: on
grid : on, off
: off
(General Information About the Axes)

Children
Handles images, lights, lines, patches,
CurrentPoint
surfaces text
: handles
: 2x3
HitTest
current object : on, off
: on
Parent
Handle figure
Position
Selected
Tag
Type
Units
UserData
: figure
handle
figure
: [left bottom width
Height]
: [0.1300 0.1100
0.7750 0.8150]
: on, off
: on

: any string
: '' ( string )
: string 'axes'
: inches, centimeters,
'Position'
Characters, normalized,
Points, pixels
: Normalized
: any matrix
: [ ] ()
(Selecting Fonts and Labels)
FontAngle
Object Property
: normal, italic, Oblique

219
Property Name
FontName
FontSize
FontUnits
FontWeight
Title
XLabel,
YLabel,
ZLabel
XTickLabel,
YtickLabel,
ZtickLabel
XTickLabelMode,
YTickLabelMode,
ZtickLabelMode
Property Value
: normal
Helvetica :
Courier
: Helvetica
:
: 10
: points, normalized,
FontSize
inches, centimeters, pixels
: points
: normal, bold, light,

demi
: normal
Handle title
: handle
title
Handles
: Handles
tick mark labels : strings
:
MATLAB
tick mark labels
: auto
(Controlling Axis Scaling)

XaxisLocation
x
YaxisLocation
XDir, YDir, Zdir
XLim, Ylim, Zlim
220
: top, bottom
: bottom
y
: right left
: left
: normal, reverse
: normal
: [min max]
:
MATLAB
Object Property
Property Name
XlimMode,
YlimMode,
ZlimMode
XScale,
YScale,
Zscale
: auto
XTick,
YTick,
Ztick
XTickMode,
YTickMode,
ZtickMode
Property Value
linear logarithmic : linear, log
: linear (
plot
log )
ticks marks
:
tick
marks
:
MATLAB
tick mark
: auto
(Controlling the View)
CameraPosition
CameraPositionMode
CameraTarget
CameraTargetMode
CameraUpVector
CameraUpVectorMode
CameraViewAngle
Object Property
: [x,y,z]
:
MATLAB
: auto

: [x,y,z]
:
MATLAB
: auto
: [x, y, z]
:
MATLAB
: auto
: 0180
221
Property Name
CameraViewAngleMode
Projection
Property Value
:
MATLAB
: auto
projection
: orthographic,
perspective
: orthographic
(Controlling the Axes Aspect Ratio
DataAspectRatio
:
[dx dy dz]
:
MATLAB
DataAspectRatioMode
: auto
PlotBoxAspectRatio
:
[dx dy dz]
:
MATLAB
PlotBoxAspectRatioMode MATLAB : auto, manual
: auto
Callback (Controlling Callback Routine Execution)
BusyAction
ButtonDownFcn
CreateFcn
DeleteFcn
Interruptible
UIContextMenu
: cancel, queue
: queue
: string
: string
: string
: string
: string
: String
: on, off
: on
contextmenu
: handle
Uicontextmenu
(Specifying the Rendering Mode)

DrawMode
(rendering)
222
: normal, fast
: normal
Object Property
Property Name
(Targeting Axes for Graphics Display)
HandleVisibility
NextPlot
(Properties that Specify Color)
AmbientLightColor
CLim
Colormap
CLimMode
MATLAB Clim
Color
ColorOrder
XColor,
YColor,
ZColor
tick marks
Property Value
: on, callback, off

: on
: add, replace,
replacechildren
: replace
: ColorSpec
: [1 1 1]
: [cmin cmax]
: MATLAB
: auto, manual
: auto
: none, ColorSpec
: none
: m x 3
RGB
:
: ColorSpec
:
1.

M-file
Object Property
223
h(1)= axes('Position',[0 0 1 1]);

sphere
shading interp
h(2)= axes('Position',[0 0 .4 .6]);
sphere
h(3)= axes('Position',[0 .5 .5 .5]);
sphere
shading interp
h(4)=axes('Position',[5 0 .4 .4]);
sphere
h(5)= axes('Position',[.5 .5 .5 .3]);
sphere
colormap(hot)
shading interp
set(h,'Visible','off')
m-file
2. X Y

Y
X X
224
Object Property
MATLAB 5.0 plotyy

Y x
XAxisLocation YAxisLocation X
Y 2
XaxisLocation and YAxisLocation
X Y
2
x-y
low-level line axes

Handle
x1 x2
x1=linspace(0,30);
y1=sin(x1).êxp(-x1/10);
hl1= line(x1,y1,'color','r');
ax1= gca;
set(ax1,'Xcolor','r','Ycolor','r');
grid on

x y none

ax2 = axes('Position',get(ax1,'Position'),...
'XAxisLocation','top',...
'YAxisLocation','right',...
'Color','none',...
'XColor','k','YColor','k');
Object Property
225
x2=x1/10;
y2=100*sin(x2/30).*exp(-x2);
hl2 = line(x2,y2,'Color','k','Parent',ax2);
grid on
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.8
3
1.4
1.2
0.6
1
0.4
0.2
0.8
0.6
-0.2
0.4
-0.4
0.2
-0.6
-0.8
10
15
20
25
0
30
grid grid on
grid
grid
grid grid grid
grid tick mark

tick mark grid
tick mark
tick mark
tick mark
tick mark tick mark 7 x (
) y tick mark 8
tick mark
226
Object Property
xlimits = get(ax1,'XLim');
ylimits = get(ax1,'YLim');
x y
xinc = (xlimits(2)-xlimits(1))/6;
yinc = (ylimits(2)-ylimits(1))/7;
tick mark
set(ax1,'XTick',[xlimits(1):xinc:xlimits(2)],...
'YTick',[ylimits(1):yinc:ylimits(2)])
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
1.4
0.7429
1.2
0.4857
0.2286
0.8
-0.0286
0.6
-0.2857
0.4
-0.5429
0.2
-0.8
0
10
15
20
25
0
30
trick mark y
limit y 7 y 8 trick mark
7 1 1.1
2.1 7 0.3
ylimits = [-1.0 1.1];
set(ax1,'YLim',ylimits);
yinc = (ylimits(2)-ylimits(1))/7;
set(ax1,'XTick',[xlimits(1):xinc:xlimits(2)],...
'YTick',[ylimits(1):yinc:ylimits(2)])
Object Property
227

1.1
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
1.4
0.8
1.2
0.5
0.2
0.8
-0.1
0.6
-0.4
0.4
-0.7
0.2
-1
10
15
20
25
0
30
228
Object Property
X2 value
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
1.4
0.8
1.2
0.5
0.2
0.8
-0.1
0.6
-0.4
0.4
-0.7
0.2
-1
10
15
X1 value
20
25
Y2 value
Y1 value
1.1
0
30
13.3 Uicontrol
user interface control object
handle = uicontrol(parent)
handle = uicontrol(...,'PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
uicontrol uicontrol (user interface controls)

GUI uicontrols uicontrol
MATLAB
uicontrol
uicontrol MATLAB
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Object Property
Check boxes
Editable text
Frames
List boxes
Pop-up menus
Push buttons
229
7.
8.
9.
10.
Radio buttons
Sliders
Static text
Toggle buttons

GUI
uicontrol
uicontrol
1. Check boxes

check box

2. Editable text boxes
230
Object Property
fields
editable text input
Microsoft Windows editable text box focus menu bar callback
editable text UNIX
Microsoft Windows editable text box menu bar
get(edit_handle,'String') MATLAB
edit box MATLAB callback
String
3. Frames
Frames

uicontrol
uicontrol Frames callback
uicontrols frames Frames
frame uicontrols
uicontrols frame frame
Stacking order uicontrols

frame frame
4. List boxes
String
Min Max Value
Value MATLAB
callback list box
Value
Object Property
231
Done GUI callback

List boxes
(double clicks)
SelectionType figure normal open
callback
5. Pop-up menus

String
Pop-up menus
String
6. Push buttons

Push buttons
7. Radio buttons
check boxes
Radio button Radio button
radio button
8. Sliders
slider

slider
9. Static text boxes

232
Object Property

GUI
static text interactive callback static text
10. Toggle buttons
on off
callback
Toggle buttons toolbars
uicontrol structures
cell arrays arguments handle
set get
Uicontrol children figures axes
uicontrol objects
Property Name
Property Value
Controlling Style and Appearance

BackgroundColor
background
Cdata
FegroundColoror
SelectionHighlight
String
Visible
: ColorSpec
:
Truecolor image control : matrix
: ColorSpec
: [0 0 0]
: on, off
: on
Uicontrol : string
list
box pop-up menu
: on, off
Uicontrol
: on
General Information About the Object

Object Property
233
Property Name
Children
Uicontrol objects
children
uicontrol
(Enable disable)
parent Uicontrol
Enable
Parent
Selected
SliderStep
Style
Tag
TooltipString
Type
UserData
Controlling the Object Position
Position
Property Value
: on, inactive, off

: on
: scalar figure handle
: on, off
: off
slider
: two-element vector
: [0.01 0.1]
uicontrol object
: pushbutton,
togglebutton,
radiobutton, checkbox,
edit, text, slider, frame,
listbox, popupmenu
: pushbutton
: string
tooltip : string
object
graphics object
: string (read-only)
: uicontrol
User-specified data (
: matrix
)
: [ ]
uicontrol
: position rectangle
: [20 20 60 20]
: pixels, normalized,
inches, centimeters,
points, characters
: pixels
Controlling Fonts and Labels

FontAngle
FontName
Font family ()
FontSize
: normal, italic,
oblique
: normal
: string
:
: size in FontUnits
Units
234
Object Property
Property Name
FontUnits
FontWeight
HorizontalAlignment
VerticalAlignment
String

Uicontrol
list
box pop-up menu
Controlling Callback Routine Execution

BusyAction
Callback
ButtonDownFcn
Callback
CreateFcn
DeleteFcn
Interruptible
Min
Value
:
: points, normalized,
inches, centimeters,
pixels
: points
: light, normal, demi,
bold
: normal
: left, center, right
: uicontrol object
: string
: cancel, queue
: queue
: string
callback
: string
Callback
Callback
Mode
Callback
Uicontextmenu
UIContextMenu
Information About the Current State
ListboxTop
Max
Property Value
List box

uicontrol

uicontrol
uicontrol
: string
: string
: on, off
: on
: handle
: scalar
: [1]
: scalar
:
: scalar
:
: scalar or vector
:
Controlling Access to Objects

Object Property
235
Property Name
Property Value
HandleVisibility
handle
command line
GUIs
: on, callback, off

: on
HitTest
: on, off
: on
push button
h = uicontrol('Style', 'pushbutton', 'String', 'Clear',...
'Position', [20 150 100 70], 'Callback', 'cla');
uicontrol colormaps figure pop-up

menu M-file Callback
hpop = uicontrol('Style', 'popup',...
'String', 'hsv|hot|cool|gray',...
'Position', [20 320 100 50],...
'Callback', 'setmap');
uicontrol
hsv, hot, cool gray String
|
Callback M-file setmap
M-file callback

M-file callback setmap
M-file M-file setmap
val = get(hpop,'Value');
if val ==1
colormap(hsv)
elseif val ==2
colormap(hot)
elseif val ==3
colormap(cool)
elseif val ==4
colormap(gray)
end
236
Object Property
Value 1 4 hsv
value 1
uicontrol command line
GUI
command line
13.4 Uimenu
uimenu('PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
uimenu(parent, 'PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
handle = uimenu('PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
handle = uimenu(parent,'PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
uimenu
uimenu context menu
Handle = uimenu('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
handle

handle = uimenu(parent,'PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
(submenu) handle parent

parent handle figure uimenu object Uicontextmenu MATLAB
MATLAB

uimenu
property name property value structures cell arrays
input arguments Callback uimenu
MATLAB Uimenus
WindowStyle normal figure object
uimenu WindowStyle modal
Object Property
237
MenuBar figure
MenuBar figure
MATLAB
MenuBar none

uimenu
Property Name
Checked
ForegroundColor
Label
SelectionHighlight
Menu
Separator
Separator line
mode
Uimenu
Visible

Accelerator
Keyboard equivalent
Children
Handles
Enable
uimenu
Parent
Tag
Type
UserData
Controlling the Object Position
Position
handle parent
Uimenu
graphics object
uimenu
Property Value
: on, off
: off
: ColorSpec
: [0 0 0]
: string
: on, off
: on
: on, off
: off
: on, off
: on
: character
: vector of handles
: on, off
: on
: handle
: string
: uimenu
: matrix
: scalar
: [1]

238
Object Property
Property Name
Property Value
BusyAction
Callback
callback
Callback
Callback
Callback
: cancel, queue
: queue
: string
handle
command line
GUIs
: on, callback, off

: on
ButtonDownFcn
Callback
CreateFcn
DeleteFcn
Interruptible
HandleVisibility
HitTest
: string
: string
: string
: on, off
: on
: on, off
: on
Workspace figure window

(save) workspace MATLAB
Ctrl Q Quit
accelerator key
f = uimenu('Label','Workspace');
uimenu (f,'Label','New Figure','Callback','figure');
uimenu (f,'Label','Save','Callback','save');
uimenu (f,'Label','Quit','Callback','exit',...
'Separator','on','Accelerator','Q');
Object Property
239
13.5 Uicontextmenu
context menu
handle = uicontextmenu('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...);
uicontextmenu context menu

context menu uimenu

UIContextMenu handle context menu UIContextMenu
uicontextmenu objects

Property Name

Visible
Uicontextmenu
Position
uicontextmenu
Visible on

Children
handle uimenus
Parent
Tag
Type
uicontextmenu
parent Uicontextmenu
graphics object
Property Value
: on, off
: off
: two-element vector
: [0 0]
: matrix
: scalar figure handle
: string
: uicontrol
: matrix
UserData
BusyAction
Callback : cancel, queue
240
: queue
Object Property
Property Name
Property Value
Callback
Callback
Callback
Callback
: string
CreateFcn
DeleteFcn
Interruptible
HandleVisibility
: string
: string
: on, off
: on
handle
: on, callback, off
: on
command line
GUIs
context menu line

M-file
% context menu
cmenu = uicontextmenu;
% context menu
hline = plot(1:10,'UIContextMenu',cmenu);
% callbacks context menu

% 3
cb1 = ['set(hline, ''LineStyle'', ''--'')'];
cb2 = ['set(hline, ''LineStyle'', '':'')'];
cb3 = ['set(hline, ''LineStyle'', ''-'')'];
% context menu
item1 = uimenu(cmenu, 'Label', 'dashed', 'Callback', cb1);
item2 = uimenu(cmenu, 'Label', 'dotted', 'Callback', cb2);
item3 = uimenu(cmenu, 'Label', 'solid', 'Callback', cb3);
M-file

Object Property
241
context menu MATLAB

line object context menu GUI
children Axes

MATLAB
242
Object Property
14 GUIDE
Graphical User Interface (GUI) user interface graphical object
slider objects object

slider

Application GUI application
application
input
GUIDE
GUI GUIDE
GUIDE
GUIDE GUI
GUIDE

14.1 GUI GUIDE

MATLAB GUI (figure window)
axes, uicontrol
MATLAB version uicontrol , uimenu
text base version5
MATLAB Graphical User Interface Development Environment GUIDE
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUIDE GUI
GUIDE M-file handle object
Introduction to GUIDE
243
GUI M-file
callback
14.2 GUI MATLAB

GUI M-file
GUIDE
GUIDE 2 GUI
FIG-file
GUI
M-file GUI callback
callback sub function M-file M-file
GUI Application M-file
Application M-file
GUI FIG-file
n Application M-file GUIDE
GUIDE GUI Application M-file
Application M-file
GUI

M-file GUI
M-file
M-file MATLAB
Application M-file Sub function uicontrols GUI
callback
GUIDE GUIDE fig-file
GUI M-file GUI
MATLAB GUI GUIDE GUIDE Application M-file
GUI GUIDE
GUIDE Application option GUIDE FIG-file M-file
244
Layout Editor GUI

Application M-file GUIDE
Application M-file
Note GUIDE Application M-file Fig-file Layout Editor

GUI Active Layout Editor, GUIDE Application M-file
GUI
o GUIDE Application Options
GUIDE MATLAB COMMAND WONDOW prompt

guide
Layout Editor
GUI
Tool Application Options
245
GUIDE Application Options
GUIDE FIG-file Fig-file M-file

Resize Behavior
GUI
MATLAB GUIDE 3
Non-Resizable (default)
Proportional GUI MATLAB
GUI GUI
User-Specifide GUI
GUI GUI
GUI
GUI
Proportional
Proportional
GUI
User-Specify
246
Command-Line Accessibility
MATLAB graph figure axes parents MATLAB

figure Axes MATLAB
figure Axes MATLAB figure Axes
GUI axes
GUI axes
GUI GUIDE Command-Line Accessibility
Off - command-line GUI (default)
On command-line GUI
User-Specified GUIDE GUI Handle Visibility
Integer Handle figure
Note Findobj GUI Handle Visibility Figure off

handle figure MATLAB figure
Application M-file handle GUI
findobj handle figure
figure 2
Handle Visibility off handle children
figure children root object figure current figure
(current figure MATLAB) handle
handle
Integer Handle off MATLAB handle
(68.0001224)
GUI handle
GUI
247
14.3 Application M-file GUIDE

GUI GUIDE GUIDE FIG-file M-file
4 Application M-file

Generate callback function prototypes

Application allows only one instance to run
Use system color scheme for background
Function does not return until application window dismissed

Application M-file
Generate Callback Function Prototype GUIDE Application
Option GUIDE sub function application M-file GUI
( frame Static text) GUEDE sub function
sub function GUIDE sub
function callback context
callback sub function
n
function object.Tag_Callback(h,eventdata,handles.varagin)
arguments
h
handle callback
eventdata
handles
structure handle GUI
file tag handle
GUI callback
MATLAB
varargin
variable-length callback function
push button Tag pushbutton1
GUIDE sub function application
function pushbutton1_Callback(h,evendata,handles,varargin)
248
GUIDE Callback push button

Mygui(pushbutton1_callback,gcbo,[],guidata(gcbo))
Mygui
Pushbutton1
gcbo
[ ]
guidata(gcbo)
FIG-file GUI
Callback- callback sub funcion
handle push button
eventdata
handles structure figure GUI
sub function GUIDE

argument
, (1) sub function application M-file (2)
callback gx1 gx2 subfunction
function M-file
MYGUI(pushbutton1_callback,gcbo,[],guidata(gcbo),gx1,gx2)
GUI
GUI
MATLAB GUI
MATLAB GUI
MATLAB GUI MATLAB
GUI GUI
MATLAB GUI GUI
code application M-file application M-file
fig = openfig(mfilename,reuse)
fig = openfig(mfilename,new)
Note openfig application M-file command line

249
o System MATLAB
GUI
uicontrol figure GUI
uicontrol
application M-file
%Use system color scheme for figure
set(fig,color,get(0,Default UIcontrol Background Color);
Note M-file command line

p input
GUIDE application option

Function does not return until application window dismissed
application M-file input

uiwait M-file
MATLAB

GUI
GUI callback uiresume
MATLAB command line
dialog box callback
application M-file code
%wait for callbacks to run and window to be dismissed
uiwait(fig);
fig handle figure

Note M-file command line
250
q Tag
GUI Tag
GUIDE Tag ()
pushbutton1 string callback sub function
pushbutton1_callback

Tag
active save GUI
save as GUIDE application M-file
callback callbacks
Note GUIDE Tag function structure file Tag
MATLAB
Tag Activate save GUI
Application M-file Tag
application M-file
GUIDE application M-file
application M-file
Tag application M-file GUIDE sub function
handles MATLAB GUIDE Tag
file handles application M-file
x = get(handles,listbox1,string)
Tag Listbox1 graph

x = get(handles,graph,string)
GUI file structure handles listbox1

error MATLAB

FIG-file M-file M-file
GUIDE file extension ( fig M) file file

251
GUI Building Tools (GUI Layout Tool)
MATLAB GUI GUI Layout tools
GUI GUI uicontrol

axes GUI
Layout Editor GUI

Alignment Tool GUI
Property Inspector
Object Browser handle MALAB
Menu Editor context menu
GUIDE Layout Editor
Layout Editor
guide
MATLAB GUI GUI

guide mygui.fig
( .fig ) GUI GUI

open File Layout Editor
r GUI Layout Editor
Layout Editor
uicontrol axes

1. uicontrol axes GUI component palette
2. GUI cursor
252
3.
s Activating the Figure
GUI activate figure

Layout Editor Activate activate figure Tool Activator
button Toolbar
activate figure
GUIDE SAVE M-file Fig-file file
SAVE Dialog box SAVE AS FILE SAVE
MATLAB (Append)
Note GUI
Tag GUI Activate Figure
Layout Editor Context Menu
Layout Editor
context menu
context menu subfunction application M-file
callback routine
Context figure
253
t Aligning Component in The Layout Editor

Alignment Tool Alignment Tool Alignment Tool
Alignment Tool
Alignment Tool
(select) component palette
254
Align
Shift

Vertical Horizontal
Apply
Alignment Tool Grids Rulers
grid Grid and Rulers
Layout
Grid size 10 57 200 Pixel 50 default

Snap-to-grid 9 pixels
grid grids snap-to-grid
grid Layout Editor
guide line
guide line ruler
gui
grid grid
255
GUI
GUI
context menu
Bring to Front, Send to back, Bring Forward
send
Backward
14.4
GUI Property
Inspector

Property Inspector

Property Inspector Tools
Inspect property Edit
Inspect Properties context
256
Property Inspector Toolbar
Property Inspector Layout Editor

Property

Property Inspector
Mixed

n The Object Browser
257
OBJECT BROWSER
figure children figure

object Browser GUI
The Menu Editor
MATLAB
Menu bar object - figure menu bar
Context Menu -
Menu Editor
Menu Editor Layout Editor Toolbar Edit Menu bar Layout Menu Editor
258
UI menu UIcontext menu

o Menubar
MATLAB figure Menu bar

New Menu Toolbar
UI MENU Property
Lable (), Tag () Seperator () Checked
Menu property () Callback menu
259
New Menu Item

Print File
New
Menu Item New Menu Item
p callback
callback
MATLAB callback Menu Editor
print-dsp Subfunction
Application- M file GUIDE UI control callback
Note GUIDE callback subfunction application M-file
subfunction
callback String
callback
subfunction
My Gui (Name_of_subfunction, gcbo, I J, guidata (gcbo))
My Gui Applicaton M-file

Name_of_subfunction subfuncton
handle
[]

guidata (gcbo) handles GUI
gcbo
260
callback Menu Editor application M-file

subfunction Name_of_ subfunction
q Context Menu
Context Menu
Menu Editor context menu
1.
Paren Menu context menu children context menu

figure paren menu Context Menus tab
Menu Editor New Context menu
2.
Tag context menu

callback String

Context menu Layout Editor
Property Inspector UI context Menu Context
Menu
Callback subfunction
3.
4.
5.
6.
261
14.5 User Interface Controls

User interface control 1) Check Boxes, 2) Editable Text, 3) Frames 4)
List boxes, 5) Push Buttons, 6) Radio Buttons, 7) Sliders, 8) Static Text, 9) Toggle Buttons
object Properties
GUIDE MATLAB
6.0 Callback subfunction ( frame Static text)
Tag subfunction DUIDE
Control default Tag

UI Control
Check Boxes
Editable Text
Frames
List Boxes
Push Buttons
Radio Buttons
Slider
Static Text
Toggle Buttons
Default Tag
checkbox1, checkbox2,..
edittext1, ..
frame1, ..
listbox1, .
pushbutton1,
radiobutton1,
slider1,
text1,
Togglebottom1,
14.6 Understanding the Application M-File

Application M-file GUI
Fig-file GUIDE GUI Application M-file

Code Subfunction Application
M-file Callback Subfunction Callback
Initialize GUI
M-file GUI application Mfile GUIDE
Application M-file GUIDE
M-file
GUI Application M-file
262
Callback
Application M-file
Application M-file
n Automatic Naming of Callback Routines
GUIDE Callback subfunction
Layout Editor Static Text Frame GUI

MATLAB Callback Callback subfunction application M-file
MATLAB Subfunction GUIDE GUI
GUIDE
1.
2.
GUI GUIDE Layout Editor

Save GUI Layout Editor GUIE
Application M-file Fig-file GUI
Callback
my_gui('ObjectTag_Callback',gcbo,[],guidata(gcbo))
application M-file save

ObjectTag_Callback Subfunction Application M-file
ObjectTag Tag
Tag pushbutton1 subfunction pushbutton1_Callback
subfunction application M-file GUI
gcbo get callback object handle Callback
[ ]
guidata(gcbo) handle GUI
GUI
GUI GUIDE Subfunction
ObjectTag_Callback GUI MATLAB
Application M-file ( my_gui.m)
Subfunction ObjectTag_CallBack application M-file Subfuction
my_gui
263
% --------------------------------------------------------------function varargout = ObjectTag_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin)

% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.ObjectTag.
disp('ObjectTag Callback not implemented yet.')
input Subfunction
h
handle
eventdata
handles
structure field handle
GUI field Tag GUI
3
Figure Tag figure1 handle
1.00256
Push Buttom Tag ObjectTag handle 5.00123
Slider Tag slider1 handle 6.00301
handles Structure 3 field

handles.figure1 1.00256
handles.ObjectTag 5.00123
handles.slider1 6.00301
handle GUI findobj
GUI version MATLAB
varargin (variable argument input)
disp('ObjectTag Callback not implemented yet.')
Command Window
Callback Subfuction
264
Application M file
Application M-file M-file Command

Windows
1. M-file
2. M-file Subfunction
callback
GUIDE Switchyard Code GUI
GUI
The Switchyard Code
GUI
Switchyard Code
GUIDE

if nargin
fig
% Use
== 0 % LAUNCH
GUI
= openfig(mfilename,'reuse');
system color scheme for figure:
set(fig,'Color',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
% Generate
a structure of handles to pass to callbacks, and store it.

handles = guihandles(fig);
guidata(fig, handles);
if nargout > 0
varargout{1} = fig;
end
elseif ischar(varargin{1}) % INVOKE NAMED SUBFUNCTION OR CALLBACK

try
[varargout{1:nargout}]=feval(varargin{:});%FEVAL switchyard
catch
disp(lasterr);
end
end
code
265
if
Command line GUI 0
MATLAB GUI GUI
if nargin
fig
== 0 %
LAUNCH GUI
= openfig(filename,'reuse'); GUI
FIG-file reuse GUI

( )
GUI new
uicontrol GUI GUI

GUI
set(fig,'Color',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
guihandles structure
field
handles handle fig field
Tag handles
handles
guihandles(fig);
handles
guidata
MATLAB handles

GUI
handles
guidata(fig, handles)
if elseif GUI
MATLAB
Subfunction Subfunction
266
GUIDE GUI
GUI GUI
14.7 GUI
GUI MATLAB
MATLAB GUIDE
Callback GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI GUI
GUI GUI
GUI GUI
GUI GUI
GUI
GUI

GUI
GUI
GUI

n
267
GUI
GUI GUI

Interactive
GUI

GUI

Slider

GUI

GUI
File
help
GUI

GUI
268

A simple design is a good design.
14.8 GUI
GUI
GUI GUI
GUI GUI

GUI
GUI

GUI
GUI

callback
269
GUI GUI
MATLAB GUIDE
figure windows callback Callback Editor
GUI calback

MATLAB
GUI MATLAB web site
14.9
GUI

Editable text object
String Slider
Slider Value
270
15 GUIDE
GUIDE
GUIDE

GUI MATLAB
15.1 Radio Button

GUI GUIDE
application M-file
GUI Radio Button
GUI
Getting Start with GUIDE
271
radio button check box

GUI
GUIDE Layout Editor
GUIDE Command Windows

GUIDE
GUIDE Layout Editor
Allocation Option Tool

MATLAB
uicontrol GUI Radio Button

4 Radio Button Tool Pallet

Radio Button
4

Static Text
GUI
272
Frame GUI Frame

Tool Pallet Radio Button Frame Radio Button
Frame Radio Button
Frame Context Menu
Send to Back Frame Radio Button
GUI Alignment Tool
Tag
Property Inspector
Property Inspector
273
Figure
Layout Editor Property Inspector
Radio Button
Property Inspector Tag String
Tag radiobutton1 String Radio Button default

Tag Option1 String Option 1
String Radio Button Option 1
Tag String Radio Button Option2,
Option3, Option4 Option 2, Option 3, Option 4
274
Value Radio Button Option 1 0.0

1.0 default
Static Text String Default Static Text
You have select Option 1 default
Save Activate GUI
Save GUI
Save File
MATLAB
option Click OK MATLAB
option.fig
Application M-file option.m
MATLAB GUI
Editor/Debugger option.m
275
Option GUI Command Windows
Option3 Callback not implemented yet.
callback subfunction option.m

GUI

Radio Button
Option 2 Option 1
subfunction

% ---------------------------------------------------------------function Turn_Off(off)
set(off,'Value',0);
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
276
Subfunction Turn_Off off off

vector handle value handle
off radio button

subfunction
subfunction callback uicontrol
subfunction Option 1
function varargout=Option1_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Option1.
disp('Option1 Callback not implemented yet.')
disp('...')
off = [handles.Option2 handles.Option3 handles.Option4];

turn_Off(off);
set(h,'Value',1);
set(handles.text1,'String','You have selected Option 1');
off vector handle Radio Button

off function Turn_Off
Value 3 Value (h
handle Callback) 1
( Radio Button
(value = 1) (value = 0) (value = 0)
(value = 1)
String Static Text handles
handles.text1 You have selected Option 1 1
subfunction
% ---------------------------------------------------------------function varargout=Option2_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
off =[handles.Option1 handles.Option3 handles.Option4];
Turn_Off(off);
set(h,'Value',1);
277

Turn_Off(off);
set(h,'Value',1);
Turn_Off(off);
set(h,'Value',1);
Subfunction off
Value = 0
GUI Save
GUI
GUI
GUI Command Windows
option
GUI

GUI
GUI title Untitled
GUI
Layout Editor figure Property Inspector
Name Untitled My First GUI: Option ( )
Save Layout Editor
update GUI
update GUI Activate GUI
GUI
278
GUI GUI
GUI GUI
Subfunction Callback Function

Function-file
15.2 Slider Editable Text

uicontrol GUI
Slider Value
Slider
Max Min
Value
Editable Text
String Editable Text
String Numeric
GUI
Slider Editable Text
slider
Editable Text Slider
Slider 10 0
Editable Text
GUIDE Layout Editor

279
GUIDE Command Windows

GUIDE
Layout Editor uicontrol

Tag
Property Inspector
Property Inspector Tag
Editable Text Tag edit1 Slider Tag slider1
Slider
Default 0 1 Max
10 Value Slider 0 default
Editable Text String
0 string
0 a
Save Activate GUI
Save GUI Save File
MATLAB numerical OK
MATLAB numerical.fig numerical.m
Activate GUI MATLAB GUI
Editor/Debugger numerical.m
GUI
Slider Editable Text String

2
str2num(X) String X X
[ ]
280
num2str(X) X String
Slider callback slider1_Callback

nvalue = get(h,'Value');
svalue = num2str(nvalue);
set(handles.edit1,'String',svalue);
Value
nvalue nvalue String
String Editable Text Tag edit1 svalue
slider
slider
Editable Text callback edit1_Callback
svalue = get(h,'String');
nvalue = str2num(svalue)
if nvalue > 10
nvalue = 10;
set(h,'String','10');
elseif nvalue < 0
nvalue = 0
elseif nvalue == [ ]
nvalue = 0
end
set(handles.slider1,'Value', nvalue);
String Editable Text

String nvalue if
nvalue
String Editable Text ( 10
String)
Value Slider Editable Text

GUI
GUI save file Editor/Debugger

Activate GUI GUI
281
15.3 Check Box, List Box Popup Menu

Check Box, List Box Popup Menu GUI
Check Box, List Box
Popup Menu
Value
Value 1 Value 0
List Box Value
1 Value 1 2 Value 2
String List Box String
Vector
Check
Box
Value List box

String Popup Menu Vector

List Box Popup Menu
List Box
GUI Popup Menu GUI
GUI
Popup Menu
282

Product Popup Menu
/

List Box
Static Text
GUIDE Layout Editor
Tag
String Static Text Tag Static Text

Product Result
283
Check Box String At Work Tag Work Value 0

Check Box String At Home Tag Home Value 0
Popup Menu Tag Popup1 Sting
String

OK Property Inspector
Value 1
List Box Tag HomeList Sting
String

284
OK Property Inspector
Value 1 Enable
off
Figure Name Product Selection

Save Activate GUI
Save GUI Save File
MATLAB product OK
MATLAB product.fig product.m
activate GUI MATLAB GUI
Editor/Debugger product.m
GUI
GUI
GUI Callback Subfunction
Subfunction
Subfunction Callback
Subfunction Subfunction manager
Application M-file product.m
% ---------------------------------------------------------------function manager(handles)
nselect = get(handles.Popup1,'Value');
pop_string = get(handles.Popup1,'String');
ProSelect = pop_string(nselect);
string_display = strcat('You have selected',ProSelect);
if get(handles.Work,'Value') == 1;
string_display =strcat(string_display,'for use it at work');
if get(handles.Home,'Value') ==1;
Nselect = get(handles.HomeList,'Value');
list_string = get(handles.HomeList,'String');
HomeSelect = list_string(Nselect);
string_display=strcat(string_display,'and use it at home',
HomeSelect);
285
end
elseif get(handles.Home,'Value') ==1;
nselect = get(handles.HomeList,'Value');
list_string = get(handles.HomeList,'String');
HomeSelect = list_string(nselect);
string_display=strcat(string_display,'and use it at home',
HomeSelect);
end
set(handles.Result,'String',string_display);
subfunction input handles

handle Popup Menu
String
strcat String
string Popup Menu List Box

if elseif end Logic
check box
string list box
Subfuction Application M-file
manager(handles) Subfunction Check Box At Home
List Box
% ---------------------------------------------------------------function varargout=Home_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin)

% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Home.
if get(h,'Value') == 1
set(handles.HomeList,'Enable','on');
else
set(handles.HomeList,'Enable','off');
end
manager(handles)
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
Enable on
off
GUI
286
GUI save file Editor/Debugger

Activate GUI GUI
15.4 Object Handle GUI

GUI GUIDE FIG-file M-file
Structure handles field Tag
field handles
MATLAB handles
GUI
handle handles
handle
handles GUIDE uicontrol
layout GUI
GUI
Subfunction handles
Subfunction

Subfunction GUI GUI

GUI guihandles guidata
= guihandles(fig); guihandles Structure
handle fig field
handles handle fig field Tag

handles
handles
guidata
MATLAB handles

GUI handles
guidata[fig, handles]
287
Subfunction
handles guidata
Callback Callback
Subfunction Application M-file Subfunction
handles
GUI
GUIDE Layout Editor
GUI Uicontrol

GUI
Uicontrol
288
Property name
Property value
Figure
Axes
Name
Next Plot
Tag
My Graph
Replacechildren
Xmin
String
Blackgroundcolor
Tag
String
Blackgroundcolor
Xmax
5
Push Button
(sin(x))
Tag
String
Sine
sin (x)
Uicontrol
Property name
Property value
Push Button
(cos(x))
Tag
Cos
String
Tag
cos(x)
XSine
String
x sin (x)
Tag
XCos
String
Tag
String
Value
Tag
String
x cos (x)
GridOn
Grid On
0
Popupmenu2
Blue, Green, Red, Yellow, Black,
Pink
Editable Text ()
Editable Text ()
Push Button
(x sin(x))
Push Button
(x cos(x))
Toggle Button
Popup Menu
(
)
Static Text
String

Save Activate GUI
Save GUI Save File
MATLAB My_graph OK
MATLAB My_graph.fig My_graph.m
289
activate GUI MATLAB GUI

Editor/Debugger My_graph.m
GUI
subfunction application M-file
1 subfunction push button

Sine code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
function varargout=Sine_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Sine.
set(handles.figure1,'HandleVisibility','on');
xmin = str2num(get(handles.Xmin,'String'));
xmax = str2num(get(handles.Xmax,'String'));
x=linspace(xmin,xmax,200);
y=sin(x);
LinePlot=plot(x,y);
handles.LineX = LinePlot;
guidata(gcbo, handles);
popupmenu2_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin);
set(handles.figure1,'HandleVisibility','off');
Code
1 function, 3 GUI
handle handle
plot GUI set ON set Callback
Callback Command windows
set ON On
plot Command windows
4 5 string edit text
6, 7 8
handle LinePlot
9 field handles field
LineX handle
10 gcbo
get callback object push button handles.figure1 handle
GUI GUI
gcbo MATLAB parent
290
handles
Subfunction
11 function popup menu
12 handle MATLAB
Push Button plot

Code
function varargout=Cosine_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Cosine.
y=cos(x);
LinePlot=plot(x,y);
% ---------------------------------------------------------------function varargout=Xsine_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Xsine.
y=x.*sin(x);
LinePlot=plot(x,y);
% ---------------------------------------------------------------function varargout=Xcosine_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Xcosine.
y=x.*cos(x);
LinePlot=plot(x,y);
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
Popup menu Code

% ---------------------------------------------------------------function varargout=popupmenu2_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.popupmenu2.
291
col = get(handles.popupmenu2,'Value');
LinePlot=handles.LineX;
if col == 1
set(LinePlot,'Color',[0 0 1]');
elseif col == 2
elseif col == 3
elseif col == 4
elseif col == 5
elseif col == 6
end
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
handles.LineX
RGB
Callback Toggle Button Code
% ---------------------------------------------------------------function varargout=GridOn_Callback(h,eventdata, handles, varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.GridOn.
status = get(h,'Value');
if status == 0
set(h,'String','Grid On');
grid off
else
set(h,'String','Grid Off');
grid on
end
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
Toggle
code handle grid
on grid off
Subfucntion Callback Editable Text Max Min

Callback
GUI
Save Application M-file activate GUI
292
GUI
GUI
error plot graph
handles.LineX
GUI handles
GUI
Application M-file guidata guidata
guidata
set(fig,'HandleVisibility','on');
y=sin(x);
LinePlot=plot(x,y);
guidata(fig, handles);
set(fig,'HandleVisibility','off');
handles GUI
Save Application M-file activate GUI
293

Subfunction
GUI
GUI
GUI
294
MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB function
MATLAB
function MATLAB
function help
General Purpose Commands
Managing Commands and Functions
addpath
Add directories to MATLABs search path
doc
Load hypertext documentation
help
Online help for MATLAB functions and M-files
lasterr
Last error message
lookfor
Keyword search through all help entries
path
Control MATLABs directory search path
profile
Measure and display M-file execution profiles
rmpath
Remove directories from MATLABs search path
type
List file
version
MATLAB version number
what
Directory listing of M-files, MAT-files, and MEX-files
whatsnew
Display README files for MATLAB and toolboxes
which
Locate functions and files
Managing Variables and the Workspace
clear
Remove items from memory
disp
Display text or array
length
Length of vector
load
Retrieve variables from disk
pack
Consolidate workspace memory
save
Save workspace variables on disk
size
Array dimensions
who, whos
List directory of variables in memory
Controlling the Command Window
echo
Echo M-files during execution
format
Control the output display format
more
Control paged output for the command window
Working with Files and the Operating Environment
cd
Change working directory
delete
Delete files and graphics objects
diary
Save session in a disk file
dir
Directory listing
edit
Edit an M-file
fullfile
Build full filename from parts
inmem
Functions in memory
MATLABroot
Root directory of MATLAB installation
Appendix
295
tempdir
tempname
!
Return the name of the systems temporary directory.

Unique name for temporary file
Execute operating system command
Starting and Quitting MATLAB

MATLABrc
MATLAB startup M-file
quit
Terminate MATLAB .
startup
MATLAB startup M-file
Operators and Special Characters
+
Plus
Minus
*
Matrix multiplication
.*
Array multiplication
^
Matrix power
.^
Array power
kron
Kronecker tensor product.
\
Backslash or left division.
/
Slash or right division
./ and .\
Array division, right and left
:
Colon
()
Parentheses
[]
Brackets
{}
Curly braces
.
Decimal point
...
Continuation
,
Comma
;
Semicolon.
%
Comment
!
Exclamation point
'
Transpose and quote
.'
Nonconjugated transpose
=
Assignment.
==
Equality.
<>
Relational operators
&
Logical AND .
|
Logical OR.
~
Logical NOT
xor
Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
Logical Functions
all
Test to determine if all elements are nonzero
any
Test for any nonzeros
exist
Check if a variable or file exists
find
Find indices and values of nonzero elements
is*
Detect state.
*isa
Detect an object of a given class.
logical
Convert numeric values to logical
Language Constructs and Debugging

MATLAB as a Programming Language
builti
Execute builtin function from overloaded method
eval
Interpret strings containing MATLAB expressions
feval
Function evaluation
function
Function M-files
global
Define global variables
nargchk
Check number of input arguments
296
Appendix
script
Script M-files
Control Flow
break
case
else
elseif
end
error
for
if
otherwise
return
switch
warning
while
Break out of flow control structures

Case switch.
Conditionally execute statements
Terminate for, while, switch, and if statements or indicate last index
Display error messages
Repeat statements a specific number of times
Default part of switch statement
Return to the invoking function
Switch among several cases based on expression
Display warning message
Repeat statements an indefinite number of times
Interactive Input
input
Request user input.
keyboard
Invoke the keyboard in an M-file.
menu
Generate a menu of choices for user input
pause
Halt execution temporarily
Object-Oriented Programming
class
Create object or return class of object
double
Convert to double precision
inferiorto
Inferior class relationship
inline
Construct an inline object.
isa
Detect an object of a given class
superiorto
Superior class relationship
uint8
Convert to unsigned 8-bit integer
Debugging
dbclear
dbcont
dbdown
dbmex
dbquit
dbstack
dbstatus
dbstep
dbstop
dbtype
dbup
Clear breakpoints
Resume execution
Change local workspace context
Enable MEX-file debugging
Quit debug mode
Display function call stack
List all breakpoints.
Execute one or more lines from a breakpoint.
Set breakpoints in an M-file function
List M-file with line numbers
Change local workspace context
Elementary Matrices and Matrix Manipulation

Elementary Matrices and Arrays
eye
Identity matrix
linspace
Generate linearly spaced vectors
logspace
Generate logarithmically spaced vectors
ones
Create an array of all ones
rand
Uniformly distributed random numbers and arrays
randn
Normally distributed random numbers and arrays
zeros
Create an array of all zeros
: (colon)
Regularly spaced vector
Special Variables and Constants
Appendix
297
ans
computer
eps
flops
i
Inf
inputname
j
NaN
nargin,
nargout
pi
realmax
realmin
varargin,
varargout
Time and Dates
calendar
clock
cputime
date
datenum
datestr
datevec
eomday
etime
now
tic, toc
weekday
The most recent answer

Identify the computer on which MATLAB is running
Floating-point relative accuracy
Count floating-point operations
Imaginary unit.
Infinity
Input argument name
Imaginary unit.
Not-a-Number
Number of function arguments.
Ratio of a circles circumference to its diameter,
Largest positive floating-point number
Smallest positive floating-point number
Pass or return variable numbers of arguments.
Calendar.
Current time as a date vector
Elapsed CPU time .
Current date string
Serial date number
Date string format
Date components
End of month.
Elapsed time.
Current date and time
Stopwatch timer .
Day of the week .
Matrix Manipulation
cat
Concatenate arrays
diag
Diagonal matrices and diagonals of a matrix
fliplr
Flip matrices left-right
flipud
Flip matrices up-down
repmat
Replicate and tile an array.
reshape
Reshape array .
rot90
Rotate matrix 90 degrees.
tril
Lower triangular part of a matrix.
triu
Upper triangular part of a matrix .
: (colon)
Index into array, rearrange array .
Specialized Matrices
compan
Companion matrix .
gallery
Test matrices .
hadamard
Hadamard matrix . .
hankel
Hankel matrix .
hilb
Hilbert matrix .
invhilb
Inverse of the Hilbert matrix .
magic
Magic square
pascal
Pascal matrix .
toeplitz
Toeplitz matrix .
wilkinson
Wilkinsons eigenvalue test matrix
Elementary Math Functions
abs
Absolute value and complex magnitude
acos, acosh
Inverse cosine and inverse hyperbolic cosine
acot, acoth
Inverse cotangent and inverse hyperbolic cotangent
298
Appendix
acsc, acsch
angle
asec, asech
asin, asinh
atan, atanh
atan2
ceil
conj
cos, cosh
cot, coth
csc, csch
exp
fix
floor
gcd
imag
lcm
log
log2
log10
mod
real
rem
round
sec, sech
sign
sin, sinh
sqrt
tan, tanh
Inverse cosecant and inverse hyperbolic cosecant

Phase angle
Inverse secant and inverse hyperbolic secant
Inverse sine and inverse hyperbolic sine
Inverse tangent and inverse hyperbolic tangent
Four-quadrant inverse tangent.
Round toward infinity.
Complex conjugate
Cosine and hyperbolic cosine.
Cotangent and hyperbolic cotangent.
Cosecant and hyperbolic cosecant
Exponential
Round towards zero
Round towards minus infinity
Greatest common divisor
Imaginary part of a complex number
Least common multiple
Natural logarithm
Base 2 logarithm and dissect floating-point numbers into exponent and
mantissa
Common (base 10) logarithm
Modulus (signed remainder after division)
Real part of complex number
Remainder after division
Round to nearest integer
Secant and hyperbolic secant
Signum function
Sine and hyperbolic sine
Square root
Tangent and hyperbolic tangent
Specialized Math Functions

airy
Airy functions
besselh
Bessel functions of the third kind (Hankel functions)
besseli,
besselk
Modified
Bessel functions
besselj, bessely Bessel functions
beta, betainc,
Beta functions
betaln
ellipj
Jacobi elliptic functions
ellipke
Complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind
erf, erfc, erfcx,
Error functions
erfinv
expint
Exponential integral
gamma,
Gamma functions
gammainc,
gammaln
legendre
Associated Legendre functions.
pow2
Base 2 power and scale floating-point numbers
rat, rats
Rational fraction approximation
Coordinate System Conversion
cart2pol
Transform Cartesian coordinates to polar or cylindrical
cart2sph
Transform Cartesian coordinates to spherical
pol2cart
Transform polar or cylindrical coordinates to Cartesian
sph2cart
Transform spherical coordinates to Cartesian
Matrix Functions - Numerical Linear Algebra
Appendix
299
Matrix Analysis
cond
condeig
det
norm
null
orth
rank
rcond
rref, rrefmovie
subspace
trace
Condition number with respect to inversion

Condition number with respect to eigenvalues
Matrix determinant
Vector and matrix norms
Null space of a matrix
Range space of a matrix
Rank of a matrix
Matrix reciprocal condition number estimate
Reduced row echelon form.
Angle between two subspaces.
Sum of diagonal elements.
Linear Equations
\/
Linear equation solution.
chol
Cholesky factorization
inv
Matrix inverse
lscov
Least squares solution in the presence of known covariance
lu
LU matrix factorization.
nnls
Nonnegative least squares
pinv
Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of a matrix
qr
Orthogonal-triangular decomposition
Eigenvalues and Singular Values
balance
Improve accuracy of computed eigenvalues
cdf2rdf
Convert complex diagonal form to real block diagonal form
eig
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
hess
Hessenberg form of a matrix
poly
Polynomial with specified roots
qz
QZ factorization for generalized eigenvalues
rsf2csf
Convert real Schur form to complex Schur form.
schur
Schur decomposition
svd
Singular value decomposition
Matrix Functions
expm
Matrix exponential
funm
Evaluate functions of a matrix
logm
Matrix logarithm
sqrtm
Matrix square root
Low Level Functions
qrdelete
Delete column from QR factorization.
qrinsert
Insert column in QR factorization.
Data Analysis and Fourier Transform Functions

Basic Operations
convhull
Convex hull
cumprod
Cumulative product
cumsum
Cumulative sum
cumtrapz
Cumulative trapezoidal numerical integration
delaunay
Delaunay triangulation
dsearch
Search for nearest point
factor
Prime factors
inpolygon
Detect points inside a polygonal region
max
Maximum elements of an array
mean
Average or mean value of arrays
300
Appendix
median
min
perms
polyarea
primes
prod
sort
sortrows
std
sum
trapz
tsearch
voronoi
Median value of arrays

Minimum elements of an array
All possible permutations
Area of polygon
Generate list of prime numbers
Product of array elements
Sort elements in ascending order.
Sort rows in ascending order
Standard deviation
Sum of array elements
Trapezoidal numerical integration
Search for enclosing Delaunay triangle
Voronoi diagram.
Finite Differences
del2
Discrete Laplacian
diff
Differences and approximate derivatives
gradient
Numerical gradient
Correlation
corrcoef
cov
Correlation coefficients.
Covariance matrix
Filtering and Convolution

conv
Convolution and polynomial multiplication
conv2
Two-dimensional convolution.
deconv
Deconvolution and polynomial division.
filter
Filter data with an infinite impulse response (IIR) or finite impulse response
(FIR) filter
filter2
Two-dimensional digital filtering
Fourier Transforms
abs
angle
Phase angle
cplxpair
Sort complex numbers into complex conjugate pairs
fft
One-dimensional fast Fourier transform
fft2
Two-dimensional fast Fourier transform
fftshift
Move zeroth lag to center of spectrum.
ifft
Inverse one-dimensional fast Fourier transform
ifft2
Inverse two-dimensional fast Fourier transform
nextpow2
Next power of two
unwrap
Correct phase angles
Vector Functions
cross
Vector cross product
intersect
Set intersection of two vectors
ismember
Detect members of a set
setdiff
Return the set difference of two vectors
setxor
Set exclusive-or of two vectors
union
Set union of two vectors
unique
Unique elements of a vector
Polynomial and Interpolation Functions

Polynomials
conv
deconv
Poly
Appendix
Convolution and polynomial multiplication

Deconvolution and polynomial division
Polynomial with specified roots
301
polyder
polyeig
polyfit
polyval
polyvalm
residue
roots
Polynomial derivative
Polynomial eigenvalue problem
Polynomial curve fitting
Polynomial evaluation
Matrix polynomial evaluation
Convert between partial fraction expansion and polynomial coefficients
Polynomial roots
Data Interpolation
griddata
Data gridding.
interp1
One-dimensional data interpolation (table lookup)
interp2
Two-dimensional data interpolation (table lookup)
interp3
Three-dimensional data interpolation (table lookup)
interpft
One-dimensional interpolation using the FFT method
interpn
Multidimensional data interpolation (table lookup).
meshgrid
Generate X and Y matrices for three-dimensional plots
Generate arrays for multidimensional functions and interpolation
ndgrid
spline
Cubic spline interpolation
Function Functions Nonlinear Numerical Methods
dblquad
Numerical double integration
fmin
Minimize a function of one variable
fmins
Minimize a function of several variables.
fzero
Zero of a function of one variable .
ode45, ode23,
Solve differential equations
ode113,
ode15s, ode23s
odefile
Define a differential equation problem for ODE solvers
odeget
Extract properties from options structure created with odeset
odeset
Create or alter options structure for input to ODE solvers
quad, quad8
Numerical evaluation of integrals
Sparse Matrix Functions

Elementary Sparse Matrices
spdiags
Extract and create sparse band and diagonal matrices
speye
Sparse identity matrix
sprand
Sparse uniformly distributed random matrix
sprandn
Sparse normally distributed random matrix.
sprandsym
Sparse symmetric random matrix
Full to Sparse Conversion
find
Find indices and values of nonzero elements
full
Convert sparse matrix to full matrix
sparse
Create sparse matrix
spconvert
Import matrix from sparse matrix external format
Working with Nonzero Entries of Sparse Matrices
nnz
Number of nonzero matrix elements
nonzeros
Nonzero matrix elements
nzmax
Amount of storage allocated for nonzero matrix elements
spalloc
Allocate space for sparse matrix
spfun
Apply function to nonzero sparse matrix elements
spones
Replace nonzero sparse matrix elements with ones
Visualizing Sparse Matrices

spy
Visualize sparsity pattern
302
Appendix
Reordering Algorithms
colmmd
Sparse column minimum degree permutation.
colperm
Sparse column permutation based on nonzero count
dmperm
Dulmage-Mendelsohn decomposition
randperm
Random permutation .
symmmd
Sparse symmetric minimum degree ordering.
symrcm
Sparse reverse Cuthill-McKee ordering.
Norm, Condition Number, and Rank
condest 1
norm matrix condition number estimate
normest 2
norm estimate.
Sparse Systems of Linear Equations
bicg
BiConjugate Gradients method .
bicgstab
BiConjugate Gradients Stabilized method
cgs
Conjugate Gradients Squared method .
cholinc
Incomplete Cholesky factorizations .
gmres
Generalized Minimum Residual method (with restarts).
luinc
Incomplete LU matrix factorizations .
pcg
Preconditioned Conjugate Gradients method .
qmr
Quasi-Minimal Residual method .
Sparse Eigenvalues and Singular Values
eigs
Find a few eigenvalues and eigenvectors .
svds
A few singular values.
Miscellaneous
spparms
Set parameters for sparse matrix routines .
Sound Processing Functions

General Sound Functions
sound
Convert vector into sound
SPARCstation-specific Sound Functions
auread
Read NeXT/SUN (.au) sound file
auwrite
Write NeXT/SUN (.au) sound file
.WAV Sound Functions
wavread
Read Microsoft WAVE (.wav) sound file
wavwrite
Write Microsoft WAVE (.wav) sound file .
Character String Functions

General
abs
eval
strings

Interpret strings containing MATLAB expressions
MATLAB string handling
String Manipulation
deblank
Strip trailing blanks from the end of a string
findstr
Find one string within another
lower
Convert string to lower case
strcat
String concatenation
strcmp
Compare strings.
strjust
Justify a character array.
Appendix
303
strmatch
strncmp
strrep
strtok
strvcat
upper
Find possible matches for a string

Compare the first n characters of two strings
String search and replace
First token in string
Vertical concatenation of strings
Convert string to upper case
String to Number Conversion

char
Create character array (string)
int2str
Integer to string conversion
mat2str
Convert a matrix into a string
num2str
Number to string conversion
sprintf
Write formatted data to a string
sscanf
Read string under format control
str2num
String to number conversion
Radix Conversion
bin2dec
Binary to decimal number conversion
dec2bin
Decimal to binary number conversion
dec2hex
Decimal to hexadecimal number conversion
hex2dec
IEEE hexadecimal to decimal number conversion.
hex2num
Hexadecimal to double number conversion.
Low-Level File I/O Functions

File Opening and Closing
fclose
Close one or more open files
fopen
Open a file or obtain information about open files
Unformatted I/O
fread
Read binary data from file
fwrite
Write binary data to a file.
Formatted I/O
fgetl
fgets
fprintf
fscanf
Return the next line of a file as a string without line terminator(s)

Return the next line of a file as a string with line terminator(s)
Write formatted data to file
Read formatted data from file
File Positioning
feof
Test for end-of-file
ferror
Query MATLAB about errors in file input or output
frewind
Rewind an open file
fseek
Set file position indicator
ftell
Get file position indicator.
String Conversion
sprintf
Write formatted data to a string .
sscanf
Read string under format control
Specialized File I/O
dlmread
Read an ASCII delimited file into a matrix.
dlmwrite
Write a matrix to an ASCII delimited file
imfinfo
Return information about a graphics file
imread
Read image from graphics file
imwrite
Write an image to a graphics file
wk1read
Read a Lotus123 WK1 spreadsheet file into a matrix
wk1write
Write a matrix to a Lotus123 WK1 spreadsheet file.
304
Appendix
Bitwise Functions
bitand
Bit-wise AND.
bitcmp
Complement bits
bitor
Bit-wise OR
bitmax
Maximum floating-point integer
bitset
Set bit
bitshift
Bit-wise shift.
bitget
Get bit
bitxor
Bit-wise XOR
Structure Functions
fieldnames
Field names of a structure
getfield
Get field of structure array
rmfield
Remove structure fields
setfield
Set field of structure array
struct
Create structure array
struct2cell
Structure to cell array conversion
Object Functions
class
Create object or return class of object
isa
Detect an object of a given class
Cell Array Functions
cell
Create cell array
cellstr
Create cell array of strings from character array
cell2struct
Cell array to structure array conversion
celldisp
Display cell array contents
cellplot
Graphically display the structure of cell arrays
num2cell
Convert a numeric array into a cell array
Multidimensional Array Functions
cat
Concatenate arrays
flipdim
Flip array along a specified dimension
ind2sub
Subscripts from linear index.
ipermute
Inverse permute the dimensions of a multidimensional array
ndgrid
Generate arrays for multidimensional functions and interpolation
ndims
Number of array dimensions
permute
Rearrange the dimensions of a multidimensional array
reshape
Reshape array
shiftdim
Shift dimensions
squeeze
Remove singleton dimensions
sub2ind
Single index from subscripts
Appendix
305

MATLAB
The Student Edition of MATLAB Version 5 : Users Guide, Prentice Hall, 1997.
Biran, A. and Breiner, M., MATLAB for Engineers, Addison-Wesley, 1995.
Enander, E. P., et al, The MATLAB Handbook, Addison-Wesley, 1996.
Etter, D.M., Engineering Problem Solving with MATLAB, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 1997.
MATLAB Language Reference Manual : Version 5, MathWorks Inc., 1996.
MATLAB Graphics Reference Manual : Version 5, MathWorks Inc., 1996.
MATLAB Notebook Users Guide : Version 5, MathWorks Inc., 1996.
Gerald, C.F. and Wheatley, P.O., Applied Numerical Analysis, 5th ed., Addison-Wesley, 1994.
Kreyszig, E., Advance Engineering Mathematics, 7th ed., John Wiley, 1993.
Inman, D.J., Engineering Vibration, Prentics Hall, 1994.

Thomson, W.T., Theory of Vibration with Applications, 4th ed., Prentics Hall, 1993.
Rao, S. S., Mechanical Vibrations, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1995.
Steidel, R. F., An Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations, 3rd ed., John Wiley, 1989.
Kelly, S.G., Mechanical Vibrations, McGraw-Hill, 1993.
Ferguson, C. R., Internal Combustion Engine, John Wiley, 1986.
Heywood, J. B., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, 1988.
Shames, I. V., Mechanics of Fluids, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1992.
Janna, W. S., Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd ed., PWS, 1993.
Anderson, J. D., Fundamental of Aerodynamics, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1991.
Smith, W. F., Principles of Materials Science and Engineering, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Shames, I. V., Introduction to Solid Mechanics, 2nd ed., Prentics Hall, 1989.
Web Site: www.mathworks.com
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2

3 MATLAB FUNCTIONS __________________________________________62

5 SOLUTION TO SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ________________________89

6 INTERPOLATION CURVE FITTING _______________________________98

7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION _____________________110

8 SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIIAL EQUATIONS ___________________118

" ______________________________________________ 129

9 MATLAB GRAPHICS __________________________________________134

12 Handle Graphic _____________________________________________190

Math Works High-Performance

Numeric Computation and Visualization Software

 MATLAB Dynamic Link Word, Excel

The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library

The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

MATLAB 6 MATLAB desktop

MATLAB Command Window MATLAB

Current Directory Browser file

Search Part MATLAB

Workspace Browser array workspace

M-file Text Editor Notepad

MATLAB file M-file

MATLAB Graphic Windows

 Angsana New Thai

 input MATLAB Courier New

output MATLAB Courier

 quit exit MATLAB

help MATLAB function help

version Help Browser MATLAB

Help Help Browser

Development Environment MATLAB desktop

Creating Graphical User Interfaces

MATLAB Function Reference MATLAB

External Interfaces/API Reference MATLAB

matrix A 1 row x 3 column

row ellipsis comma

MATLAB matrix matrix

element matrix index

matrix single row single column matrix index matrix

MATLAB element 3 7 element

Colon operator matrix colon 2

k = [5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1]

colon operator submatrix

a=[1 2 3;4 5 6;9 7 8]

minor a(1, 1) row 1 column 1

b row 2 row 3 column 2 column 3 a

a(:) matrix column column 1 a column 2, 3...

Transpose Matrix row column column row

2.2 Matrix Operation

A = [1 2 3] B = [4 5 6] C = AB (1)(4) + (2)(5) + (3)(6) = 4+10+18 =

dot product A B A B matrix dot product row

A=[1 2 3];B=[4 5 6];

Matrix A B matrix column row

column A row B MATLAB

matrix scalar element matrix A=[1 2];

an , an1 ,... polynomial x matrix matrix polynomial

2.3 Matrix Functions

I identity matrix matrix inverse matrix singular matrix

inverse matrix a a singular matrix matrix

A=[1 4;8 9];

row 2 2 row row a rank 1

a=[1 2 3;2 4 6];

matrix determinate matrix singular matrix determinant MATLAB

matrix MATLAB function

matrix A matrix 2 matrix

MATLAB Dynamic Link Word, Excel

Angsana New Thai

input MATLAB Courier New

quit exit MATLAB

mx + cx + kx = F0 cos t