Nguyn Thanh Phng

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Bi ton v phn ng tch ankan

Cn H2n+2 d

+O2
C H + H2
CO +Ca(OH)2
t0 ,xt
hn hp S n 2n

Dng 1: Ankan T : Cn H2n+2

Cn H2n-2 + 2H2
H2O
Ca H

2a+2 + Cb H2b

Bi ton c th yu cu tnh 1 s yu t sau:

-V, n, m ankan ban u hoc hn hp sau phn ng
-Hiu sut phn ng tch ankan, tm cng thc phn t ankan
-Th tch O2 cn dng t chy T hoc S
-Tng khi lng CO2 v H2O
-Khi lng kt ta to thnh, khi lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 tng hoc gim,.
Phng php gii: p dng LBTKL v phn tch
h s ca phn ng p dng.

V
ankan sn phm
=2
V
ankan p

*Dng ton tch (crackinh) ankan thng gp l

1Vankan p 2Vankan sn phm

hay

*Nu cha bit t l th gi s:

V
ankan sn phm
= ( = 2, 3, 4...)
V
ankan p

Sau p dng LBTKL gii bnh thng hoc rt ra biu thc:

H% =

1
Mt
.(
- 1).100
( - 1) M s

(3)

V d 1: Crackinh 560 lt butan, xy ra ng thi cc phn ng:

C4H10 C4H8 + H2

(1)

C4H10 CH4 + C3H6

(2)

C4H10 C2H6 + C2H4

(3)

Sau phn ng thu c 896 lt hn hp kh X. Th tch C4H10 c trong hn hp X l

(cc th tch kh o cng iu kin)
A. 336 lt.

B. 168 lt.

C. 280 lt.

D. 224 lt.

Nguyn Thanh Phng

-V(C4H10 p)=Vs Vt =896 560 =336 (l)

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-V(C4H10)=Vankan d=Vt Vankan p=560 336 =224 (l) D

V d 2: Cho 40 lt n-butan qua xc tc nung nng 5000C thu c 56 lt hn
hp X gm H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 v mt phn n-butan cha phn ng
(cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). Gi s ch c cc phn
ng to ra cc sn phm trn.
a.Hiu sut phn ng to ra hn hp X l
A. 40%.

B. 20%.

C. 80%.

D. 20%.

b. t chy hon hon ton hn hp X cn V(lt) O2 ( trong cng iu kin nhit

v p sut). Gi tr ca V l
A. 250

B. 260

C. 448

D. 672

a. Da vo sn phm to thnh ta thy:

-1Vankan p 2Vsn phm
-Vankan p =Vs Vt =16
Kt qu: H%= 16 .100 40% A (hay H%= ( 56 1).100 40% )
40

40

b. t chy X cng nh t chy ht C4H10 ban u

O

4CO2 5H2O
C4H10
2

Bo ton O: VO 40.4.2 40.5 260(l ) B

2

V d 3: Crackinh V lt butan thu c hn hp X ch gm cc ankan v anken. T

khi hi ca X so vi hiro bng 21,75. Hiu sut phn ng crackinh butan l
A. 33,33%.

B. 25%.

C. 75%.

D. 66,67%.

-Phn tch bi ton th 1Vankan p2Vsn phm

nt. Mt =ns. Ms

nt Ms
n 21,75.2

t
ns Mt
ns
58

nt 3
.
ns 4

Ta c t l s mol l hng s nn kt qu khng ph thuc vo s mol trc v sau

Vy chn nt=3 (mol) v ns=4 (mol) nbutan p=4-3=1 mol
Kt qu: H%= 1 .100 33,33% A ( H%= (
3

58
1).100 33,33%)
21,75.2

Nguyn Thanh Phng

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V d 4: Nhit phn mtan thu c hn hp gm C2H2, CH4 v H2. T khi hi
hn hp kh so vi H2 bng 5. Hiu sut phn ng nhit phn ?
A. 50%.
-LBTKL:

B. 60%.

C. 70%.

D. 80%.

nt 5.2
n 5

t chn nt=5 mol v ns=8 mol nmtan p =3 mol

ns 16
ns 8

Kt qu: H%= ( 8 1).100 60% B ( H%= ( 16 1).100 60%)

5

5.2

C th p dng (2) do Vmtan p=Vhh sau p - V mtan trc p

V d 5: Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y
(cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng
12. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C6H14.

B. C3H8.

C. C4H10.

Cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut nn

D. C5H12.

nt V t 1

ns Vs 3

1 12.2
Mt 72 CTPT ankan l C5H12 D
3 Mt

p dng LBTKL

V d 6: un nng 11,6 gam butan mt thi gian, thu c hn hp X gm H2,

CH4, C2H6, C4H8, C3H6, C2H4, C4H10. t chy hon ton X ri cho sn phm chy hp
th ht vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy khi lng bnh tng thm m gam.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 35,2.

B. 53,2.

C. 80,0.

D. 18,0.

Khi t chy hn hp X cng nh t chy 11,6 gam butan ban u .

S mol C4H10= 0,2 mol
Bo ton C v H: m=0,2.4.44+ [(0,2.10):2].18=53,2 gamB
V d 7: Hn hp kh X etan v propan c t khi so vi H2 bng 20,25 c
nung trong bnh vi cht xc tc thc hin phn ng hiro ho. Sau mt
thi gian thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi H2 bng 16,2 gm cc ankan,
anken v hiro. Bit tc phn ng ca etan v propan l nh nhau. Hiu sut
phn ng hiro ho l
A. 25%.
B. 30%.
C. 40%.
D. 50%.

Nguyn Thanh Phng

xt ,t
C2H4 + H2
C2H6

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xt ,t
xt ,t
C3H6 + H2 v C3H8
C2H4 + CH4
C3H8
0

Bi ny cng thuc dng 1Vhh ankan p 2Vhh sn phm

Do hiu sut phn ng tch nh nhau nn

nt
n 0,8
16,2

t
ns 20,25
ns
1

Chn nt=0,8 mol v ns=1 mol nx p=0,2 mol

H%=

0,2
.100 25% A
0,8

(H%= (

20,25
1).100 =25%)
16,2

V d 8: Crackinh mt ankan thu c hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H2 bng

19,565. Bit hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh l 84% . Ankan em crackinh l
A. butan.

B. hexan.

Bi ny cha bit t l

Vankan sn phm
Vankan p

C. pentan.

.Theo bi th

Vankan p
Vankan trc p

D. propan.
=0,84

Chn Vankan trc p = 1Vankan p=0,84 Vankan d=1 0,84 = 0,16 mol
Gi s Vsn phm= .Vankan p (=2,3,4)Vhh sau p = .0,84 + 0,16
p dng (1):

2 Mt 72 ankan : Pen tan C

1
19,565.2

vi
.0,84 0,16
Mt
3 Mt 105(loi)

C th gi s nh = 2 .p dng (2): (

Mankan
1).100 84 Mankan72
19,565.2

V d 9: Nhit phn 8,8 gam propan thu c hn hp kh A gm H2, CH4,

C2H4, C3H6 v mt phn propan cha phn ng. Bit rng c 90% C3H8 tham gia
phn ng nhit phn. T khi hi ca hn hp X so vi hiro c gi tr l
A. 11,58.

B. 15,68.

C. 22,00.

D. 24,44.

Phn tch sn phm th 1Vankan p2Vsn phm

Cch 1: npropan trc p=0,2npropan p=0,2.90%=0,18npropan d=0,02 mol
nhh sau p=0,2+0,18=2.0,18+0,02=0,38 moldX/H2=[(8,8:0,38):2]11,58A
Cch 2:p dng (2) (

44
1).100 90 M s d X / H2
Ms

Nguyn Thanh Phng

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Dng 2:
Ankan d

Ankan

xt, to

Anken sp

Anken

Ankan d

Ankan sp

Ankin

Ankan sp
H2

Ankin sp
Bnh Br2

H2

i vi bi ton dng ny th da vo sn phm (sp), phn tch h s p dng

LBTKL, bo ton s mol lin kt pi.
V d 1: (Da theo d kin bi 7.24 trang 56, SGK 11 ban c bn)
Khi crackinh butan, xy ra cc phn ng sau:
C4H10 C4H8 + H2

(1)

C4H10 CH4 + C3H6

(2)

C4H10 C2H6 + C2H4

(3)

Mt phn butan khng tham gia phn ng.

Hn hp kh A thu c c th tch 47 lt. Dn ton b hn hp kh ny i qua
nc brom c d th th tch kh cn li l 25 lt. Bit rng cc kh o cng iu
kin nhit v p sut.
a. Th tch butan trc phn ng l
A. 25

B. 22

C. 35

D.92

b. Hiu sut crackinh l

A. 50%

B. 88%

C.75%

a. Cc anken: C2H4, C3H6, C4H8 phn ng ht vi nc Br2 d

Kh thot ra l H2, CH4, C2H6 v C4H10 d
VC4H10 p = V(C2H4, C3H6, C4H8) = V(H2, CH4, C2H6)
VC4H10 trc p = VC4H10 p + VC4H10 d
=V(H2, CH4, C2H6) + VC4H10 d =25 ltA
Vbutan p=Vs Vt = 47-25=22 lt H%=88%

D.80%

Nguyn Thanh Phng

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V d 2: (H khi B - 2011): Cho butan qua xc tc ( nhit cao) thu c hn

hp X gm C4H10, C4H8, C4H6 v H2. T khi ca X so vi butan l 0,4. Nu cho
0,6 mol X vo dung dch brom (d) th s mol brom ti a phn ng l
A. 0,24 mol.

B. 0,36 mol.

C. 0,60 mol.

D. 0,48 mol.

Phn tch sn phm th butan ch b tch H2 m khng b gy lin kt C C

-LBTKL:

nt
n
MX

t 0, 4 nt=0,24 v ns=nx=0,6 mol

ns Mbu tan
0,6

S mol tng ln l s mol H2 = S mol c to thnh= S mol Br2 p

nH2 0,60,240,36

V d 3: Nhit phn 8,96 lt propan thu c hn hp kh X gm H2, CH4, C2H4,

C3H6 v mt phn propan khng tham gia phn ng. Dn hn hp kh X i qua
bnh ng nc brom d th thy khi lng bnh tng ln m gam v thy cn hn
hp kh Y thot ra, t khi so ca Y vi H2 l 13,25. Bit cc kh o ktc.
a. Gi tr ca m l
A. 7

B. 8

C.9

D.10

Phng trnh phn ng nh sau:

o

xt ,t
H2 + C3H6
C3H8
o

xt ,t
CH4 + C2H4
C3H8

Cc anken: C3H6 v C2H4 phn ng ht vi nc Br2.

Kh Y: H2, CH4 v C3H8 d
nC3H8 trc p = nC3H8 p + nC3H8 d =n(H2, CH4) + nC3H8 d =nY=(8,96:22,4)=0,4 mol
mY=0,4.13,25.2=10,6 (g)
Khi lng tng: m= m(C2H4 v C3H6)=mC3H8 - m(H2, CH4,C3H8 d)
mC3H8 mY = 0,4.44 10,6= 7 (gam)A