Mostafa Khalili, 15.04.

2014
Midterm presentation
Institute of Communications Engineering

Cycle-Slip-Robust Fiber-Optics Communications

Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Seite 2

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Outline
1. Introduction
2. General System Model

3. Problem of Cycle-Slips
4. Possible Solutions
5. Trellis Coded Modulation

6. Encoder Design
7. Decoding
8. Simulation and Results
9. Summury and Outlook

Seite 3

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

1. Introduction

Advantages of Coherent Optical Communication:

Overall better performance compared to direct-detection schemes

Receiver-side compensation for impairments in electrical domain

Application of spectrally more efficient modulation formats, i.e. PSK

and QAM

Higher optical sensitivity at receiver

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Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

2. General System Model

Signal and local-oscilator(LO) lasers have Lorentzian line-shape

Non-zero linewidths of lasers introduces a phase impairment

Frequency mismatch of lasers introduces a frequency impairment

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Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

2.1. Channel Model

Discrete AWGN channel plus phase and frequency impairments:

received sequence

information encoded on the signal

complex Gaussian noise sequence

angular frequency of local oscillator

angular frequency of optical signal

phase of optical signal

phase of local oscillator

= exp + () +

= 0
=

Seite 6

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

2.2. Phase Noise Model

Wiener process phase noise [Taylor, 2009]

real Gaussian noise sequence of variance 2

symbol period

combined half maximum linewidths of signal and LO lasers

= exp () +
= 1 +
2 = 2

Seite 7

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

3. Problem of Cycle-Slips

Drastic changes (equal

or greater than the
transparency of signal
constellation e.g. /2) in
phase noise values
Cause of undetected
wrong phase locking

Seite 8

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

4. Possible Solutions

Using differential modulation schemes

Introducing a penalty compared to synchronos schemes

Using periodic pilot symblos

Loss of data rate
Excessive errors after a cycle-slip till next pilot symbols

Rotationally invariant codes

Complexity

Seite 9

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

5. Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) [Ungerbck, 1982]

Modulation and error-correction coding are realized jointly

Coding gain doesnt require BW expansion

Using rate

Set-partitioning is to compensate for smaller and maximize

+1

convolutional code and doubling the signal set size

Seite 10

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

5.1. Rotationally-Invariant TCM

Locking to wrong phase, system can still operate

Particular phase rotaion of symbols still produce a valid code sequence

Decoder able to decode a proper code sequence, albeit a wrong one

Full rotational invariance achievable for

2D-TCM: via nonlinear codes

- Almost no advantage over MultiD-TCM

MultiD-TCM: via linear codes

+ Fractional values possible for spectral efficiency in bits per 2D-symbol

+ Signal sets have smaller peak-to-average power ratio
+ Higher-speed decoding
+ Fits nicely to dual-polarization coherent optical communication

Seite 11

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

6. Encoder Design (L*2D full Rotational Invariant TCM)

Steps:
1. Deciding for a 2D-Constellation and dimentionality L

Desired bandwidth efficiency

Suitable for effective partitioning

Minimmum average energy
900 rotational symmetry

2. Find L*2D signal set generators

MultiD set-partitioning problem

3. Systematic code search

Largest minimum free Euclidian distance ( )

Smallest number of nearest neighbours ( )

900 rotational invariance

4. Precoder and postdecoder

Ensure nearest code sequence to correct code sequence after rotation

Seite 12

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

General encoder structure:

Seite 13

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

6.1. Deciding for a 2D-Constellation and Dimentionality L

Set partitioned 16QAM

with natural mapping

L=2, easier due to dual

polarization transmission
3.5 bits per polarization

Seite 14

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

6.2. Find L*2D signal set generators (2*8psk Example)

02
0
=
= 2
1
1

01
11

00
10

0 = 0,1 , 1 = 1,1
2 = 0,2 , 3 = 2,2
4 = 0,4 , 5 = 4,4

= 5 number of partition levels

5 6
=

0
=
1

=0

Seite 15

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Signal set Generators for 2*16QAM: [Pitrobon and Costello, 1993]

0 = 0,1 , 1 = 1,1 , 2 = 0,2 , 3 = 0,4
4 = 2,2 , 5 = 4,4 , 6 = 0,8 , 7 = 8,8

Signal set mapper equation:

=

0
=
1

+ 8 7

1
0
0
+ 2 2
+ 0
( 4)
1
1
1
0
1
0
( 2) + 4 5
+ 3
( 2)
1
1
1

=
=0

1
+ 6
1

2 4 + 1

Seite 16

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

6.3. Systematic Code Search

Systematic
convolutional
Encoder with
checked bits

Best codes found

for 2*16QAM TCM
by [Pitrobon and
Costello, 1993]

Seite 17

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

6.4. Precoder and postdecoder

Effect of 900 phase rotation

0,
=
=
1,
+ 8 7

1
0
0
+ 2 2
+ 0
( 4)
1
1
1
0
1
0
( 2) + 4 5
+ 3
( 2)
1
1
1

=
=0

1
+ 6
1

2 4 + 1 + 1

Bits 0 = 1 and 1 = 4 need to be precoded

Precoder equation:
= 2 1 + 0
= 2 1 + 0
= + ( 4)

Postdecoder equation:
= 3 +

( 4)

Seite 18

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

7. Decoding

Soft viterbi joint decoding and demapping

Using modified trellis with 2 parallel branches (: # )

Branch metrics: based on Euclidian distance

All encoded and unchecked bits will be decoded together

Example: modified trellis for rate code

Seite 19

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

8. Simulation and Results

Simulations are done for data length of 106 bits

Symbol-rate = 10 Gbaud

Laser linewidths = 5 mHz

Since 2 has a small value, probability of cycle-slip is below 109

Due to limited data length, one artificial cycle-slip is added randomly

Two very primitive phase estimators are used:

Decision-Directed phase estimator (feedback)
Feedforward phase estimator

Ideal phase estimator is applied to evaluate performance of the code

Ideal phase estimator can not detect the cycle-slips

Seite 20

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Seite 21

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Seite 22

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Seite 23

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Seite 24

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

9. Summury and Outlook

Problem of cycle-slips is a degrading factor in coherent optical

communication

To tackle this problem, applicability of rotationally invariant codes has

been investigated

A 900 rotational invariant 4D-TCM scheme with rate 3.5 bits/symbol

has been designed

Proposed TCM scheme provides reasonable gain compared to

uncoded and known RS(239,255)-encoded differential schemes

A proper outer code can eliminate the error floor caused by cycle-slip
and boost the performance

Search for a proper outer code based on desired rate could be the
next step

Seite 25

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Questions?

Seite 26

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Thank You !

Seite 27

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Phase Estimators

Decision-Directed phase estimator:

Seite 28

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Feed-Forward phase estimator:

= 2

b 0,1, , 1 , : , =

Seite 29

Zwischentitel
Leitthema| oder
Name | Datum
Mostafa
Khalili | |15.04.2014
Cycle-Slip-Robust
Fiber-Optics Communications Using Rotationally Invariant Codes

Ideal phase estimator: