1 1925 5 6 . 50mm f3.

5 Elmar

1.

Introduction

1.1

General Introduction

1925 Leipzig Spring Fair . 2000 3 75

3 . (Berek)
200 ( ) / (Leitz/Leica),
(Wetzlar) / (Leica/Solms) .
, .
.

30 50
. Lipinski "
".
. TriElmar-M Vario-Elmarit-R 1:2.8/35-70 Elmax, Summarex
.

. -
.
. . 20
.
.
Glossy .
. .
. ,
.

,
.
, 35
. .

 , (tolerance)
.

.
. ( )
. .
.

(1:2/35mm) , , .
, .
( )
. .
.

.
. .
. 90
21 . -
. ,
, .

. .
, ' '
.
. '
' .
.

1.2

. 1

 . 1925

. 35
.
.
. 1
, , R M ,
. ,
1
.
.
,
.

. Solms
,
.

, .
.

. (blur) ,
, , .
.
.
.

. ,
Anastigmat Apo-Summicron-M 2/90mm,
. ,
. 5.6
. 5.6
Elmar 1:3.5/50 Summilux-R 1:1.4/50

 . .
, Kodachrome 25 64, Agfa APX25, Ilford 100 Delta
. (
) ,
.
. MTF
. , ,
,
MTF .
,
.
.
.
. Defocus blur
,
.

1.3

. EKO (Department of Optical

Development and Engineering at Leica Solms)

.
. Peter
prescription .
Lothar Klsch
.

Hove Publishing Derek Grossmark Ron Clark

Lucien .

 Wooster ,

.

Els .
,
. Leica CL
.

Leica AG .

Absorban

Hektor

Summar

Summilux

Colorplan

Leica Summarit

Elmar

Leicaflex

Summaron Televit

Elmarit

Noctilux

Summicron Visoflex

Telyt

95 .

Erwin Puts
2001 2
Email : imxputs@knoware.nl

 2 , 1:4.0/28-35-50 Tri-Elmar ASPH 3 MikroSummar ( UR-Leica ) 90

.

2.

2.1

Part 1 : . 1925 1930

1907 1911 24x36mm

.
. 24x36mm 43.27mm
21.6mm . 46
. 40 60 .

Mikor-Summar Milar .

3 Mikro-Summar 1:4.5/42mm Ur-Leica

Mikro-Summar 1:4.5/42mm
. Solms Ur-Leica .
Milar Summar .
. Solms 42
. 1910 6 Mikro-Summar
. Ur-Leica
. 6 Mikro-Summar.

2.2

24x36mm ? 35 (Kino-film)
24x24, 32x44, 18x24, 30x42 .
Kino-film
. 24x36mm 1:1.5 "point and shoot"
6x9cm .
1 1 6x9cm
. (9x12cm, 13x18cm) 1:1.35
1:1.5 . 69
.

.
.

4 .

2.3

20 6x9cm 13x18cm
. 25cm
. 9x12cm
.
,
. 1.2m 1.5m
.
25cm .
(Circle of confusion)
.

9x12cm ( 7.2x10.8cm) 3
5
1/30mm, 0.0333mm .
.
.
. 0.03mm
0.03mm, 30

0.03mm .
,
. 0.03
.
2 .

2.4

Leica

Anastigmat Elmax . Ernst Leitz

 Max . Tessar 4 Elmax 5

. 3 Anastigmat .
35 . Solms
1922 .

Elmax 3 .
3 . Elmar
. 1925 . Elmax ()
. . .
. ,
. .
.
(Astigmatism) (Coma)
.

1:3.5/50mm
.
. !

. 3
. .
1925 1961 .

. .
. ,
.
.

. 4 .
. 3 4
() .
, .
12mm

. .

. 5.6
.
.

. 3 Cooke triplet 4
.
.
. 4
Cooke .
.

2.5

Part 2: 1930 1957

1925 (Orthochromatic) ISO20 ISO30

. (Panchromatic) . (ISO10 ISO15) f3.5
.
. , ''

. ISO25 3.5

 . Kodachrome 25 Tri-Elmar 4/28-50mm,

Vario-Elmar-R 1:4/35-70mm 1:4 .
. ,
. 3.5 ,
. F/16 ISO20 f16
1/20, f4 1/500 f4 1/10
. .

2.6

. .
.
,
.
.
. 1930
: 35 90, 105 135
. 1925 .

Triplet . (, , )
triplet Elmax . doublet 1:3.5/35, 1:3.5/50,
1:4/90, 1:6.3/105 1:4.5/135mm . Triplet doublet
Hektor 1:2.5/50 1:1.9/73mm . doublet Hektor
1:6.3/28mm . doublet Hektor 1:2.5/125 1:4.5/135mm,
Thambar 1:2.2/90mm .

doublet, - (double-Gauss) . Lee

6 , Singlet, doublet, doublet,
singlet . Summar .
singlet Summitar Summicron . singlet
Xenon/Summarit . Mert
Summarex 1:1.5/85mm .

Telyt 1:4.5/200 1:5/400mm

. .
.


.
.

. ,
.
.
. .
(skew) .
. .
.
, .
.

2.7

Summar Type
9 5cm 1:2 Summar

. Hektor
1:2.5/50mm .
3 triplet
. 6 ,
6 Sonnar
.

.
35

. .

35
. .
.
, ,
.
(Hektor ) triplet .
singlet (Crown type) singlet
(flint type) triplet . singlet doublet
singlet . doublet (
(meniscus) ) .
doublet - ,
.
- 6 .
. 50 , ( Sonnar Ernostar)
triplet -
. Summar
. Summar cross section Summicron
. Summar 1:2/50mm
veiling glare .

Summar Split-triplet-type
. , 1939
Summitar 1:2/50mm .
, .
Summar .
. .

(Longitudinal)
. 1935 Kodachrome ISO 6
, Isopan Super Special ISO100 ,

 .
.
ISO 20 1950 ISO40 . ISO100
1957 Super Anscochrome.
. 1930
RMS 20 30 lp/mm .
.

Summitar (zonal area) 10

lp/mm . ( ) 30 lp/mm
.

.
,
1:1.5 1938 . 1932
1:1.5 Sonnar (triplet)
. Xenon 1:1.5/50mm .
(Bertele )
.

Xenon
.
. .

.

2.8

1930 , 35, 90, 105

135mm . 1:3.5 1:4.5. Elmar 1:4/90

. ( 12mm ) 90mm
. 30

 . 90 .
Berg-Elmar 1:4/105mm , 240g .
.
. Elmar 1:4.5/135mm

. Hektor 1:4.5/135mm . Elmar
1:3.5/35mm , ,
. ,
.

Elmar 1:4.5/35mm 1935 . fix

focus click stop . Berg-Elmar
. ( )
.

2.9

Hektor

Hektor 1:1.9/73mm . triplet

. Hekto 2.5/50mm 1.9/73mm
. 1.9 (1:2.5 2/3 ) (30 45) .
Hektor . 1.9/73mm
/
. .

Thamber 1:2.2/90mm -
.
.
.

, .
.

28mm Hektor 1:6.3/28mm 1935 .

 . 8
. 10mm .
.

2.10 Telyt
/ 135mm
. (Visoflex PLOOT
.)
. . 1936
Telyt 1:4.5/200mm 1:5/400mm
. 200 400 .

2.11
, ,
. Summarex . 1943
: "auswechselbaren Leica-Objektive"
. Hektor
1:1.9/7.3cm 1936 RM 260.00 . Summarex
85mm 5.6 8 .

1944 3 15 . 1:0.85/150mm
10 #594852. .
Elkinor 1:1.5/300 400, IR Summar 1:0.85/75mm 150mm, UR Summar
1:1/90mm 150mm . 1941 .
. . Rogliatti
1945 11 11 #587601 Summitar .
1945 11 6 Hektor 13.5cm 600000~601000
. Summitar 1946 603000 . #587601
#586001~590000 Summitar 1942 !
1941 10 ( #580000) . 1941

10 .
. (Kriegberichterstatter)

(US Naval Research Lab) 1946 10 3

, , Schott .
Mnnchen ()
.
.

1945 6 595000 . (1001 Elmar 1:3.5/50mm)

1941 10 1945 6 15000
IR Tessar 5/5000mm .
15000 . 1941 10

.

10 1943

2.12 1957
.
.
.
.
: ,
.

1945 Leitz-Werke 1939 .

Summaron 1:3.5/35mm 1949 . Hektor 28mm,

. 6
Elmar .
.

( 1941) ,
. ( 1949 )
.
, Schott
.

1950 Summarex 1:1.5/85mm .

. 2.8
.
, M
.

Summaron 1:5.6/28mm (1955) .

.
. 12
. , .
, .

 11 Summicron
.
. . 21
. .
Super-Angulon 1:4/21mm 1958 .
. .
.
. Super-Angulon .
.

Summicron 1:2/50mm (1953) .

M
.

2.13 1925 1957

1900 .
Schrder, Moser Miethe
Abbe Rudolph Mert, Lee
. (triplets, Petzval versions, DoubleGauss ) 19
(anastigmatism) . 1900

 1940
. .
.
35
1935 .

. ( )
.
.
Grundlagen der praktischen Optil (1930) .
10 (Energiebilanzen) .

. 50
.

. Nokton fame Albrecht Tronnier
.
.
.
,
.
1943 Hansen
.

12
13

1925 1957

.
,
.

1930 1940 414,000

, 169,000 Elmar 1:3.5/50mm 123,000 Summar 1:2/50mm.
Elmar 1:4/90mm Elmar 1:3.5/35mm 28,000 26,000 .
Hochhaus Leitzianer 70% 50 . 35 90
13% .
. 1929
.

1930 28 400, 1:1.5

, Mountain-Elmar 1:6.3/105mm, Thambar 1:2.2/90mm,
Summarex 1:1.5/85 .
.

.

. British Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee
1946 Summitar 1:3.2
. 1:3.2
.

35 .
.
,
.
.

2.14 3 : , 1957~1988
30
. "Wirtschaftswunder"
.
1955 3 40000 100000

14: #2,000,000

1964 2 1952 12
. 1000 30
. , 0.01mm ,
. , - ,
.
, . 1965
SLR . RF
. SLR RF
. Leicaflex (1964) Leica CL (1972)
.

.
. .
70
.
.
.

. .
,

 .
.
.
(, , AF) .

. .
,
.
,
.
. ,
.
, ,
.

15: Apo-Telyt-R 1:3.4/180mm

16 : Apo-Macro-Elmarit-R 1:2.8/100mm
17 : Noctilux-M 1:1.0/50mm

1972 1974 Wild Heerbrugg .

1974 1988
. , M6 R6, Noctilux Apo-Telyt 3.4/180,
Apo-Macro-Elmarit-2.8/100

2.15
. M3

. Noctilux 1:1.2/50mm (1966) M3
M3 .

18: M3

SLR
. .
. M
. 1964
. 1958
. .
.
.
. 1960 M2/M3 3 35.
1970 M4 2 Leicaflex SL .
.

19 M

M3/4 . M5 TTL
. CL
. ,
.
RF . RF SLR
. M : (M42) .

20:Leicaflex

Leicaflex SL2 , "

" SLR, R3
. R . R3 R4
, . R5 R6, R7
. 90 90 Solms .

 , R
. 70 : SLR AF
. ,
.
.

. 1
.
.
,
. .

21

.
. .

1925 35 . 1986 12 Wild Solms

1988 6.
. 20 , 50 RF
80 SLR .
. ,
R M

 . .
. " "
.
. ( , , , ) 'ray intercept curves'
() .
.
.
. R
.
. . R
.
.

2.16
1957 1988 M 40
R 50 , 3 .
1964 1960 . R
M . 1964 4
1:2.8/35mm, 1:2/50, 1:2.8/90 1:2.8/135 4
. 35
. R Throat (M 27.8, R
47) 50 retro-focus
. .
.
, M R
.

 22

? M R .
M Noctilux
. ,

. R
. M R
50 .

 23 Leica CL

24 1980 M

M R
. Visoflex R
. Summicron 1:2/50mm Summilux 75/80, Elmarit
1:2.8/135mm .

.

.
. ,
.

,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
.

.

2.17 M R
R M .
, 1954 1971 (M2/3/4 ) M

 15 800 .
.
. 1971 (M5 CL )
21 135 .
.
1975 1980 M4-2 M4-P
. 1980 1990
M

25 Noctilux-M 1:1.2/50mm

M
, .
( )
. Noctilux 1:1.2/50mm

. M
1964

. Telyt (400 800
)
.

R . 1964
R . R , 28
135 . .
35, 90, 100, 135 180 1:2.8 . 1:1.4
1969 50mm Summilux M 10 .

26 Summilux-R 1:1.4/35mm

35 1.4 1984
Summilux 1:1.4/35

. 1:2/35mm 1972 M 10 . R
. R M
. SLR M
. , SLR ,
M
SLR .
SLR
.
SLR .

27 Elmarit-R 1:2.8/19mm

10 1975 R
19 ApoTelyt 3.4/180mm.
. ,
,
. M5 R
/ -
. SLR -
. M 28 R 35
. 1975 ElmaritR 1:2.8/19mm 1980 Elmarit-M 1:2.8/21mm .
. 1980 M
R floating element ,
Summilux-R 1.4/35mm (1984) Apo-Elmarit-R 2.8/100mm (1987)
. .
. 1978
SLR .

 28

2.18
,
1953
Summicron 1:2/50mm. 1949 1952 Schott
. Summitar Leitz Rechenburo

2/50 .
.
. M
. Summicron Summitar
. Summitar
'' . Summicron 1:2/50mm 1957
7,8 . M
. 7 Summicron
2 ( Luftlinse)
. doublet ,

. .

. 1957 M
.

. 30 , ,

. 1949
.

. .
, .

. 1950 1980 ,
- . ,
. Summaron 1:2.8/35mm Summilux 1:1.4/50mm
. fine-tuning
M R .
: 1959 Summicron 1:2/90 Summilux
1:1.4/50 . .
Hochhaus
. .
. 28 135
.
10 . Summilux 1:1.4/35mm .
. Summicron
1:2/35mm . (, )
.

.
.
,

 .
Gordian knot 30 . 1966 Noctilux 1:1.2/50mm
.
, , /
. 1.4
1961 1:1.4/50 1970 R . R 1998 8
. M
.
. Summilux 35mm
1.4
64 . Summilux-R 35mm
1961 M . M
. R

10 .

2.19
70 ,
. , Summicron 1:2/50mm ,
. Summicron I 1953
54 . 1957 M Summicron (II) . 1964 R
6
. (1969) ELC M Summicron (III)
. 1969 Summicron M 1964
Summicron R . 7 6
. .
R 1976 Summicron-R (II). ,
.
. 1979 M Summicron-M (IV).
5 ,
. , .

 29 Summicron-M 1:2/50mm
30 Summicron-R 1:2/50mm

. (
)
. Tele-Elmarit 1:2.8/90mm
. 1973 , CL
Elmar-C 1:4/90mm . 1964
Leicaflex . 1980
R-90mm 1990
M . Tele-Elmarit M
. 135
.
135 .
.
M Tele-Elmarit 1.4
. 1:4.0
135 .
.
.

31 Novoflex

Visoflex R Novoflex , Telyt

.

2.20
. .

 R .
.
.
. ,
.

. .
.
.

.

32 1:2.8/45-90mm

, R
.
. : 1:2.8/45-90mm,
1:2.5/35-70mm 1:3.5/70-210mm.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.


.

 R

. , 15-24
, ,
. ,
.
,
. 1:2.8/45-90mm
1969 , 1974 1:4.5/80-200
. 1:4.5/75-200
1984 1:4/70-210
? 3.5/35-70
1982, 1988 .
(1990 3.5-4.5/28-70mm .)
,

.

32 1:2.8/45-90mm
33 Vario-Elmar-R 1:4.5/75-200mm
34 PC : PA-Curtagon 1:4/35mm
35 Super-Elmar-R 1:3.5/15mm

2.21 ELC ELW

1949 Zimmermann .

Walter Mandler . 50
.

.
, .


.
.
.
. 1952 987,101
Summarit.

1955 .
. M R ELC
(Ernst Leitz Canada) .
Mandler 50
. .


.
. 35
. 70 H. Marx
Solms, , . COMO
Solms . COMO
Correction, Optimisation, Minimisation Orthogonalisation .

.
.
. 1.2/50mm
,
.

,
. ELC
. . 1970
M R . M5 CL
, - .
.

 , 10
, .

36 1:1.2/50

37 H. Marx 1:1.2/50 1966 .

.

2.22
1948 1990 .
. .

. Schott Corning
.
.

10 .
10x20 . , 5 10
.
.
. ()
. 1938
.

38 1970 Schott

 .

. Schott Sofirel, Corning
.

.
Noctilux (900403) ,
Schott .
.

39

2.23
2 .
.
.
1 1 .


.
.
.
. .
. - doublet (
) 0.1mm doublets 0.02mm
. .
.

40 ( )

.
0.1mm 0.01mm
.
.
.

 .
.
.
. .
.
.
.

41

(
1mm) . 1mm
. 10 20
. .

.
.

 .
.
.

. , , , 0
. ,
.
. .
. , ,
.
.
.
.

60
. .
? . ,
. :
.
.
. .
/
.
.

 42

2.24 2 : 1957~1988
R/M
.
,
,
.
. 100 13 11 .
10 . .
third order .
.

M .
: , 35 90
, 135 , 50
.

R .
. .
.
,
.
. .
Correfot AF .

M5/CL R3
. M5 SL
SLR .
Noctilux 1:1/50mm Apo-Telyt-R 1:3.4/180mm
. M R (R 1.2/50 .)
.
Elmarit-R
1:2.8/90mm (1983) Apo-Macro-Elmarit-R 1:2.8/100mm (1987)
.

Apo-Macro-Elmarit-R 1:2.8/100mm Vollarth .

. .
.
100% , ,
95% .
, ,
.

1987 3,451,920 Summicron-M 1:2/50mm.

7km Solms
.

2.25 Part 4: 1990

1980 1990 M . M M
1975 Noctilux 1:1/50mm 1980
Elmarit-M 1:2.8/21mm . 2/50mm, 2.8/90mm, 2/90mm, 2.8/135mm
1.4/75mm R . Summilux 1.4/75 ELC
. ELC . 10 R
. 1.4/35mm (1984), 2.8/280mm, 2.8/100mm (1987)
2.8/19mm 10 .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 1955 1975
ELC .
.
. ELC
. ELW ELC
.
.
.
. Thomas Leica Fotography
International (7/1982) .

 43 Summilux-M 1:1.0/35mm Asph.

2.26 New Vision

Lothar Klsch .
Summilux-M 1:1.4/35mm ASPH. 1991
Walter Watz . ,
.
,

.

Summilux 1966 Noctilux

1:1.2/50mm . 1.4/35mm ,
. 35 50
(Zonal aberration)
. M 1.4/35
.
zonal . Summilux
-
. 5 9
.
. - relaxed
.

. .

. , ,
.
, .

.

.
.

,
. ,

.

.
,
.
1994
Summilux Press moulding Hoya .
.

44
45 Apo-Summicron-R 1:2.0/180mm
46 Apo-Elmarit-R 1:2.8/180mm

1993 1996 R .
. Apo-Telyt-R 1:4/280mm R
. . ApoSummicron-R 1:2/180mm (1994) Apo-Elmarit-R 1:2.8/180mm (1998)
.


.
.

.
Vario-Apo-Elmartit-R 1:2.8/70-180mm
.
4/80-200 4.2/105-280 .
.
- Summicron-M 2/35mm ASPH , 1.4/35mm
ASPH . Elmarit-M 1:2.8/21 ASPH 1:2.8/24mm ASPH
24 .

ApoSummicron-M 1:2/90mm . (1.2 )

,
. Summicron-M 1:2/50mm

 . Apo-Telyt-M 1:3.4/135mm

. 1:5.6 Apo-Telyt Tele-Elmar-M 1:4/135mm
,
. .
. ,
.

Tri-Elmar-M 1:4/28-50mm

. M
.
. M
M3 .
.

.
2000

.

47 Vario-Apo-Elmarit-R 1:2.8/70-180mm
48 Vario-Elmar-R 1:4.0/80-200mm

Noctilux . . Noctilux
. Tri-Elmar, Elmarit
24mm Apo-Summicron 90 Telyt 135mm
.

R .
. .
.
:
. :
, ,
. .

R .
. ,
2.8/28mm 1.4/50mm
. 35,
60, 80 . 15, 16, 24
PC 28 . 180 280
. 280 800 Modular system
, .
Nature photographer .

2.27
.
.
, gradient
, .

 , .

.

, .
.
.
.
? ?

, ,
.
. ( . R ,
.)

.
.
.
.
(aberration content) ,
. (brute-force method)
.
.
.

2.28
.
, .
,
.
.

Gauss, Clark, Rudolph, Lee, ,

.

. Rudolph Lee,
5 . PC 60
(skew ray surface) .
.

()
. .

.
meridional rays.
meridional . 2 . (skew
rays) . 3
, .

. ( , .) .

.
.
. (1930 1960)
( )
.

. Zuse Z5 1953
(, pencil) .
Seidel-Theory , Zuse Z5
.
.
.
.

 .
, .

. .
. (, , , )
.
. ,
.

.

49

2.29 , ,
spatial frequency

 .
.
.

Decentring .
, .
decentring .
.
? .
, ? .

. 1
.
. .

50

 .
.
.
. . (?
Strong radius)
. .
.

.
. , , 1/250
.
.
.

? .
.
.

2.30
0 .
.
.
. ,
, , , (decentring)
. .
. 5% +5% .
.
.
.

 . .
.
.

.
. ,
.
. .
MTF . shift .
( )
. ( )
(0.01mm) . .
. 45 .
decentring
.
.