Chapter 8

Circuit Switching & Telephone Network

1.
2.

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Circuit switching
Telephone network

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Switching
Whenever we have multiple devices, we have the
problem of how to connect them to make one-oneone communication possible.

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Circuit-switched Network
Creates a direct physical connection between two devices
such as phones or computer

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A Circuit Switch
Device with n inputs and m outputs that creates a
temporary connection between an input link and output
link

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A Folded Switch
n-by-n folded switch can connect n lines in full-duplex
mode

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Circuit Switching Technologies

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Crossbar Switch

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Crossbar Switches: Problem

The number of switches is huge.
connect n inputs by m output -- require n * m
crosspoint.
Ex : 1000 input, 1000 output 1,000,000 crosspoint

Inefficient
fewer than 25% of the crosspoints are in use at a given
time.

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Multistage Switch

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Switching Path

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Multistage Switches: Advantage

Advantage: The number of crosspoints
single-stage switch
~ need 225 crosspoint(15 * 15)
multistage switch
~ first-stage : 10 crosspoint(5 * 2) *3 = 30 crosspoint
~ second-stage : 9 crosspoint(3 *3) * 2 = 18 crosspoint
~ third-stage : 10 crosspoint(5 * 2) *3 = 30 crosspoint
total number of crosspoint : 78

Disadvantage: Call blocking

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TDM, with and without TSI

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Time-Slot Interchange

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TDM Bus

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Combinations
Space Division SW : Simple (O), Crosspoints (X)
Time Division SW : Processing delay (X)
Space-and Time-Division Switching combinations
take advantage of the best of both
TST(time-space-time)
TSST(time-space-space-time)
STTS(space-time-time-space)

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TST Switch

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A Telephone System

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Telephone Companies: Brief History

Before 1984
Almost all services are provided by AT&T Bell System
In 1984, AT&T was broken into
AT&T long Lines
23 BOCs(Bell Operating Companies)
BOCs are grouped together to several RBOCs

Between 1984 and 1996

Divided into more than 200 LATAs (Local Access Transport
Areas)

After 1996
Any companies can provide any services
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LATAs
A LATA can be a small or large metropolitan area
Intra-LATA services are provided by local
exchange carriers
ILEC (Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers)
CLEC (Competitive Local Exchange Carriers)

Inter-LATA services are handled by IXCs (InterExchange Carriers)

Called long-diatance companies

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Switching Offices in a LATA

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POP (Point of Presence)

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Rotary and Touch-Tone Dialing

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