Topic 6

Introduction to Network
Engineering: Switching

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 What is the communication Networks
• The system includes many nodes, many ways and many
users (like as a traffic system in the city):
• Design not only satisfy to all of users but having a good
performance for whole system

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 Three fundamental issues
• In the network there are many ways going to or
from a node. So need the switch at every node
for selecting the desired output (or way) go to
destination.
• In the network also has a lot people activating in
same time, therefore need the protocols (or law)
to access, to queue, to route for sharing the
common infrastructure with efficiency.
• Set up the infrastructure in accordance with the
number of users

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 Switching
• There are two kind of Switching (or exchange): circuited switching and
packet switching.
• The circuited switching:
– Set up a path from a source node- to destination node (connections)
for only a dedicated call.
– During the call the connections is maintained although no
information passed (switch does not change, this method ensures
the connections but is wasteful resource)
– Set up to be realized first and only one time for a call

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 Switching
• The packet switching:
– A call is broken into many pieces called the packet.
– The path from source node-to- destination node realized for
every packet.
– In the path in the same time may be pass packets of different
calls (switch change for every packet)
– The packets of a call may be go by different ways from a source
to destination. (this method uses the resource efficiency but less
guarantee connection)

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 Questions
• How to design the switch
• How to setup the call
• How to balance the number of user with
infrasturucture

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 Simple model of a local system
• n(n-1)/2

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 Use the switch
• Save Number of line

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 Local network

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 Flexibility frame

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 National network
• long distance or trunk network

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 The life cycle of a local call

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 Time delay

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 Structure of a Switch
(Space-Division Switching)
• Cross-point is a matrix of switch. An electrical
contact is made by a horizontal and vertical relay
• n>m: Concentrator, n<m: Expander.

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 Staged Switching
(control be handled step by step)
• In general, 1000 subscribers need switching matrix 1000 x
1000 =1000000 cross points (it is expensive)
• Using concentrator and expander need
2 x 10 x (100 x 10) + 100 x 100 = 30000 cross points

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 Common control Switch
(Control can’t be handled step by step, Number is
stored in a register)
• Construction
by common
control :
10(100x10)+
10(10x10)+
10(10x100)=
21000

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Communications
General Construction of 3 stage-switch
• Number cross points: Nx=2kN+k(N/n)2
• More than one path between every input and output line
(increasing the reliability of S), number cross point
decrease, but may be block call

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 Example of block switch

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 Design for non-blocking switch
• S is not block if always available path between every in-
out free couple
• In worse case n-1 input and n-1 output are occupied, for
non blocking number k arrays have to ≥ n-1+n-1+1
• Replace to formula

• Differentiating Nx respect to n for minimum

• For example, N=1000, Nxopt=184000

whereas a single-stage switch require
1000000 cross-point
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 Time Division switching
• Unlike switch for analog. this switch inter-connect
(permute) for each time slot period

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 Time-space-time switch

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 Photonic switching
• Base on time-division Multiplexing

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 Photonic switching
• Base on wavelength-division Multiplexing

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 Separate signaling and speech

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 SPC (stored program control)

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 Evolution of switching system

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 Revision
• What are fundamental issues in network
Engineering.
• How many kind of switching in network
• The different things between step by step
and common control switch.
• What is non blocking switching
• What is space-time switching

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 Reference model and protocols
• Reference model to unify device
manufacturing. It is regulated by the ITU
• Protocols are the rules of communication
between layers in the model

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 Reference model OSI (Open System
Interconnect) in communications

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 Functions of layers
• End-Users
• Encryption to security (letter)
• The control structure of dialogue
– How do conduct com. session
• End-to-end control of packets
– How do acknowledge
• Routing of packets in network
– How to go to destination
• Error control
– How do control error
• Transmission of raw bits of data
– How do transfer

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 Example for 7 of layers

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 Summary
• In Network there are circuited switching and packet
switching. The packet switching need a buffer in
addition
• A size of circuited switching (number of trunks) based
on Erlang formula, which relating to offered traffic and
grade of service. The local switch have to be a non-
blocking switch in local area.
• Multi access (share system) to exchange depend on
on the method of handling lost calls. There are three
handlings concerning to Erlang formulas
• Multiplexing (share a link) can carried out in the time
domain. There is the switch mixing time and space.
• Need protocols for two target: Ensure communication
and optimize to use network
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