StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume1Issue1,December2012www.seipub.

org/scea

CombinedMechanismsofCollapseof
DiscreteSingleLayerSphericalDomes
AnitaHandruleva*1,VladimirMatuski2,KonstantinKazakov3
DepartmentMechanics,HigherSchoolofCivilEngineeringL.Karavelov
175SuhodolskaStreet,1373Sofia,BULGARIA
*1

anita_handruleva@vsu.bg;2vmatuski@vsu.bg;3kazakov@vsu.bg

Abstract

Gioncu [8, 9] describes in detail the status of the

research of the sustainable behavior of single layer
latticedomes.Someimportantstudiesinthisareaare
made by Sumec [10]. The extensive use of discrete
computationalmodelsforthecalculationofplaneand
space structures is closely related to the rapid
development of effective software programs. Gioncu
identifies four main factors that have particular
importanceonthesustainablebehavior:

This paper presents investigation of combined mechanisms

of collapse of discrete singlelayer domes. Main factors
influencingsustainablebehaviorare:morphologyofthegrid
configuration, geometry and material characteristics of the
structural elements, type of joints and the supporting
conditions. On this basis, representative configuration of
discrete spherical dome for structural analysis is selected.
The numerical solution is performed by software based on
theFiniteElementMethod.Severalloadcasesareconsidered.
Theseareconsistentwiththesurfacesofinfluencethathave
been determined. In order to define the critical valueof the
load parameter, the loading is increased incrementally and
iterative procedure is used in a given load step in order to
exclude the structural elements which have reached their
limitcapacity.Thustheboundaryequilibriumofthesystem
is defined. The study reveals geometric nonlinearities by
accountingforPeffects,i.e.theinfluenceofnormalforces
on the stiffness of the system. It is assumed that the
displacementsincreaseafterexclusionoftheelementswhich
havereachedtheirlimitcapacity.Theequilibriumconditions
aredefinedforthedeformedshapeofthestructure.Results
arepresentedingraphicalandtabularform.

formofthegridconfiguration;
structural composition of grid configuration:
triangularorquadrilateral;
geometrical and physical characteristics of the
individualstructuralelement;
type of connections: welded, bolted or special
mechanicaljoint.

Keywords

The main task of the study of the sustainability of

lattice domes is to determine the critical load
parameter. Three types of analysis theories can be
applied:

SingleLayerDomes,MechanismsofDestruction,LossofStrength
andStability

1) theory of first order: equilibrium equations are

definedfortheundeformedsystem;

Introduction

2) theory of second order: equilibrium equations are

definedonadeformedsystem,butthedisplacements
aresmallcomparedtothedimensionsofthesystem.

The study of the sustainable behavior of discrete

domes is integral part of their analysis and design.
Scientistsallovertheworldhaveconductednumerous
studies and experiments in order to ensure their
stability and reliability. One of the reasons for such
extensive research is the large number of cases of
domes which failed due to loss of stability under
loading considerably smaller than the critical loading
ofthesystem.Themainfactorsinfluencingsustainable
behavior of discrete domes are: morphology of the
grid, geometry and material characteristics of
structural elements, type of joints and the supporting
conditions.

3) theory of third order: equilibrium equations are

definedfordeformedsystematanymagnitudeofthe
displacements.
The studies related to the problem of stability of
structuresusingFEMaregivenindetailin[1,2,5,6].
A characteristic of the calculation is the socalled
geometric stiffness matrix that takes into account the
influence of the normal forces on the stiffness of the
system.
For the calculation of critical loads, based on second

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andthirdordertheorytheloadshavetobetreatedasa
process because of the nonlinear behavior of the
system.
GioncuandBalut[8]illustratesomeiterativemethods
to obtain solutions and develop the thesis that after
determinationofthebifurcationload,aninvestigation
accordingtosecondandthirdordertheoryisrequired
inordertospecifywhetherthesystemisvulnerableto
initial imperfections. There are several steps in the
studyofsustainability.Thesestepsare:
Determine the type of nonlinear analysis to be
applied: geometric nonlinear elastic analysis and
geometricalandphysicalnonlinearitywithelasto
plasticanalysis;
Selectthephysicalmodel:adiscretesystemoran
equivalentcontinuousmodel;
Select a computing model and computational
procedure for nonlinear precritical study and
aftercriticalbehavior;
Accountingforfactorsaffectingbearingcapacity:
density of grid structure, geometric and
mechanical tolerances, plastic deformation,
stiffnessoftheconnections,distribution.
Detailed analyses indicate the main unsustainable
formsofsinglelayerlatticedomesareasfollows:
1)InstabilityofasingleelementIndividualelement
isunstableorexcludedafterreachingitslimitcapacity,
but the structure continues to work. Geometric
deviations are the main reason for loss of stability of
theelements.Thisraisesthequestionwhethertotake
into account the influence of such elements on the
behavior of the entire structure. The answer depends
on the critical behavior of the element. In most cases,
all other structural elements connected to certain
unstable element have a stabilizing effect on it. It is
essential to ensure continuity of the structuralsystem
especially of those elements belonging to ring and
radialbeamsofthecylindricalshells.
2)Locallossofstability:
/Unacceptabledeviationofasinglenodeorgroupof
nodesthisiswhensignificantnodaldisplacementis
observedreferredtotheoriginalmiddlesurfaceofthe
dome structure. The phenomenon is known as
pittinginsphericalshells.Thisrequiresexamination
of the after critical behavior of the system. Many
researchers are on the opinion that this phenomenon
leads to the failure of the structure. Pitting occurs

20

when a node is considerably heavier compared to its

neighboring nodes, or when a group of nodes are
equallyloaded,butoneofthemdeviatessignificantly
fromtheinitialgeometry.Suchbehaviorisreferredto
assensitivityofthestructuretonodalimperfections.
b/Unacceptablelineardisplacementofanodethisis
observed when all nodes in a given direction
(meridian or parallel) are loaded with significantly
larger forces compared to nodes outside the given
direction.Thisbehaviorissimilartotheoneina/.
c/Generalinstabilitystretchesoveralargeareaofthe
structureconsistingofseveralelementsandnodes.
d/Combinedinstabilitysuchformsofinstabilityare
observed when the value of the critical load
corresponds to two separate unstable forms (usually
nodalandlattice).
General characteristic feature of the single layer
oblique lattice domes is the nonlinear behavior with
progressive decreasing stiffness. Large numbers of
scientistsallovertheworldaredealingwithproblems
of stability of lattice domes. Guidelines for their
research related to the sustainable behavior under
staticand dynamicloading are defined in the context
ofphysicalandgeometricnonlinearity.
Morris [12] shows that the critical behavior gives
information about the sensitivity to geometric
deviations of the system. Ueki, Kato, Kubodera and
Mukaiyama [13] perform parametric study of
sustainable behavior of single layer lattice dome.
MurakamiandHeki[11]discussthestabilityoflattice
dome under the action of vertical load. Critical loads
and corresponding forms of loss of stability are
determinedbyFEMprogram.BoriandChiostrini[15]
study postcritical behavior of lattice dome with a
radiusR=30mandH=3mforprimaryvariationsinthe
elements.Theydevelopanumericalmethodbasedon
fundamentalrelationshipsinFEM,inwhichtheeffect
of these variations is expressed by additional
(fictitious)nodalforces.Theyassumethatthevalueof
thedeviationincreasesproportionallytotheradiusof
inertia of the element. Sumec [10] determines the
criticalloadforslopinglatticedomewiththeanalogy
ofacontinuousshell.Dependingonthegeometryand
density of the grid, the author has developed a
method in which by means of charts and analytical
expressions the critical load can be determined. The
influence of the primary deviation is reflected by
proofreading coefficients. Holzer and Tissaoui [16]
give numerical solution by the FEM for stability
studiesinthreecasesofsnowloads.

StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume1Issue1,December2012www.seipub.org/scea

The results show considerable differences in the

behavior of the domes when applying linear and
nonlinearanalysis.Thecriticalloadforthedomewith
geometric variations is much smaller than the one
withidealgeometry.IkarashiandKato[17]investigate
dome with three models of connections: hinge, rigid
andsemirigidconnection.

rigidconnectionbetweentheelementsofthegrid
structureandthebasering;
rigid connection between the elements of the grid
structure.
Pipesections834withcrosssectionarea=9,93m2,
inertialmomentI=77,64cm4andinertialradiusi=2,8cm
are assumed for the structural elements. Steel grade
S235JRH according to N 102192 with characteristic
strengthRy=235MPaisused.

Judging from current analyses, it can be concluded

thattheinvestigationofthebehaviorofspatialtrusses
is a major challenge for civil engineers, both
practitioners and researchers. Considerable interest
has been shown by scientists and researchers all over
the world in this area, as evidenced by the large
number of publications and articles in scientific
journals. Most programming systems have
possibilities for more detailed analysis of space
systemsusinglinearandnonlinearsolutionanalysisin
terms of geometric nonlinearity of the elements of
structureandphysicalnonlinearityofthematerial.
Investigation of the Discrete Single-Layer
Spherical Dome in a State of Equilibrium

FIG.1DISCRETESPHERICALDOMEUNDERINVESTIGATION

The limit compression load bearing capacity of the

diagonal and the ring elements is calculated by
considering their slenderness and the results are
showninTable1andTable2.

This article investigates a typical discrete spherical

domeastheoneshowninFig.1.Thelossofstability
of this dome is connected to a hidden form of
deformation of the structural elements when the
critical load is reached. Investigation of the boundary
stateofstressandstrainofthestructureindicatesthat
thefollowingfeatureshavetobeconsidered:

TABLE1LIMIT LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF THE DIAGONAL

ELEMENTS FOR COMPRESSION

Li
first level
second level
third level
fourth level
fifth level
sixth level
seventh level
eighth level

Due to prevailing compression in the dome

elements and their decisive role in ensuring
stability and rigidity, it is assumed that the
mechanisms of destruction will occur by
exclusionofthebarsthataremostheavilyloaded
incompression.

Duetothelargenumberofelementsandnodesit
is impractical (or even impossible) to search for
independent mechanisms of failure under the
actionparametricallyincreasingforces.

first level
second level
third level
fourth level
fifth level
sixth level
seventh level
eighth level

Thefollowingdimensionsandassumptionsare
consideredforthedomeunderinvestigation:
baseringdiameterD=30m;

3,4192
3,2635
3,1059
2,9538
2,8158
2,7012
2,6186
1,5961

9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93

2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8

101,2321
96,6250
91,9571
87,4536
83,3679
79,9750
77,5286
47,2571

Ry

N cr ,i

23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5

119,9081
126,7467
133,9074
141,0374
147,694
153,3577
157,5181
191,7595

0,5409
0,5717
0,6040
0,6362
0,6662
0,6918
0,7105
0,8650

Limitloadbearingcapacityoftheelementsintension
is 221,69kN. The self weight of the structure is
considered. The computational solution is performed
with software based on the Finite Element Method.
Various load cases are considered local loads,
symmetricandantisymmetricloads.Theloadpattern
isconsistentwiththeinfluencesurfacesdefinedin[7].

diameterofkeyringdk=1,65m;
cyclicangleatthebase=15;
central semi angle =50 and corresponding
heightofthedomeH=7m;
numberofinnerringsn=7;

283,45
270,55
257,48
244,87
233,43
223,93
217,08
132,32

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TABLE2LIMITLOADBEARINGCAPACITYOFTHERINGELEMENTS

first level
second level
third level
fourth level
fifth level
sixth level
seventh level
eighth level

353,48
311,18
265,18
216,03
164,31
110,64
55,65
21,54

first level
second level
third level
fourth level
fifth level
sixth level
seventh level
eighth level

4,2639
3,7537
3,1988
2,6059
1,9820
1,3346
0,6713
0,2598

9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93
9,93

2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8

Ry

N cr ,i

0,3913
0,4781
0,5849
0,7134
0,8648
1,0393
1,2366
0,8650

23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5
23,5

86,7537
105,9781
129,6605
158,1615
191,7191
221,6873
221,6873
221,6873

Li

126,2429
111,1357
94,7071
77,1536
58,6821
39,5143
19,8750
7,6929

FIG.3FIRSTANDFIFTHSTAGEOFEXCLUSIONOFELEMENTS
Inthenextcalculationstepsprogressiveexclusionof8,
33,47andintheend12elementsoccurs.Thisprocess
isillustratedinFig.5.Whentheloadisq8=8kN/m2total
of102elementsreachtheircapacity.Deformedscheme
ofthelaststageofexclusionisillustratedinFig.4.

In order to determine the critical value of the load

parameterincrementallyincreasingloadingisapplied
with successive approximations for calculation of the
boundaryequilibriumofthesystemineachloadstep.
At a given stage of loading when an element reaches
itslimitbearingcapacityitisexcludedfromworkand
in the next step of calculation its contribution is not
considered. This is repeated until the equilibrium of
thesystemisreachedforthisstageofloadingwithout
theexcludedelements.Thestudywasconductedin
terms of geometric nonlinearity introduced by
accounting for P effects, i.e. influence of normal
forcesonthestiffnessofthesystem.Itisassumedthat
thedisplacementsincreaseafterexclusionofelements
after reaching their capacity. The equilibrium
conditions are defined for the deformed shape of the
structure.

FIG.4LASTSTAGE(FIFTHSTAGE)OFEXCLUSIONOF
ELEMENTSANDITSCORRESPONDINGDEFORMEDSCHEME
FORLOADCASE1

Analysis of the Results

FirstLoadCase
ThefirstloadcaseisthelocalloadshowninFig.2.

FIG.2LOADCASE1LOCALLOAD

It has initial value q1=1kN/m and is increased with

equal step. When the load reaches q8=8kN/m2 two
elements reach their capacity and are excluded from
thenextcalculationstage(seeFig.3andFig.5).
2

22

FIG.5NUMBERANDSEQUENCEOFBARSREACHINGTHEIR
CAPACITYFORLOADCASE1

SecondLoadCase
In the second case, the load is applied in anti
symmetricpattern(ratio2:1)withrespecttooneofthe
axis(forexample,axisY)ofthedome,seeFig.6.The
first elements reach their capacity at q4=4kN/m2. The

StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume1Issue1,December2012www.seipub.org/scea

sequence of exclusion of elements at this stage of

loading is shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. First to be
excluded are elements number 1, which leads to
overloading of elements 2. They are excluded from
the next stage, and this process continues until the
structure no longer fulfills its operational purpose.
This promptly leads to overloading of consecutive
groups of elements, increasing the displacement and
destructionofthedome.Thelaststageofexclusionof
elements and the corresponding deformed scheme is
showninFig.9.Theprocessofsuccessiveexclusionis
progressive,resemblingadominoeffect.Whenload
q4=4kN/m2isreachedtotally94elements(in1ststage
4,in2dstage16,in3dstage74)areexcluded.

FIG.9SECONDANDLASTSTAGE(THIRDSTAGE)OF
EXCLUSIONOFELEMENTSANDITSCORRESPONDING
DEFORMEDSCHEMEFORLOADCASE2

ThirdLoadCase
In this case the load is localized between the sixth,
seventh and eighth level, see Fig. 10. Step load is
appliedandtheelementsstartreachingtheircapacity
at13kN/m2.

FIG.6ANTISYMMETRICALLOADCASE2

FIG.10LOCALLOADCASE3

Inthefirststagebarsfromthesixthandseventhinner
ring (48 in number) are excluded because of reaching
theircapacityincompression,thenatthesecondstage
elements are excluded from the fourth inner ring (in
tension), then from the fifth and eighth inner ring (in
compression). After these two stages static scheme of
the elements changes and they begin to work in
bending.Inthethirdstagetheyareoverloadedbythe
bendingmomentsoccurringinthem(144innumber
thediagonalelementsintheloadedarea).

FIG.7ISTSTAGEANDIIIRDSTAGEOFEXCLUSIONOF
ELEMENTSANDITSCORRESPONDINGDEFORMEDSCHEME
FORLOADCASE2

FIG.11SECONDSTAGEOFTHEEXCLUSIONOFBARS

Whentheloadisq13=13kN/m2totalof264elements(in
1st stage 48, in 2d stage 72, in 3d stage 144) are
excludedfromthesystem.Thisprocessisillustratedin
Fig.11,Fig.12andFig.13.

FIG.8NUMBERANDSEQUENCEOFBARSREACHINGTHEIR
CAPACITYFORTHESECONDANTISYMMETRICALLOAD
CASE

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elements are overloaded bending moments (264 in

number the diagonal elements in loaded area).
Totally360elements(in1ststage24,in2dstage24,
in 3d stage 48, in 4th stage 264) are excluded at
q14=14kN/m2. This process is illustrated in Fig. 15, Fig.
16andFig.17.

FIG.12ISTSTAGEANDIIIRDSTAGEOFEXCLUSIONOF
ELEMENTSANDITSCORRESPONDINGDEFORMEDSCHEME
FORLOADCASE3

FIG.15THIRDSTAGEOFTHEEXCLUSIONOFELEMENTSAND
ITSCORRESPONDINGDEFORMEDSCHEMEFORLOADCASE4

FIG.13NUMBERANDSEQUENCEOFBARSREACHINGTHEIR
BEARINGCAPACITYFORLOADCASE3

FourthLoadCase
Inthiscasetheloadislocalizedinseventhandeighth
levelasshowninFig.14.

FIG.16ISTSTAGEANDIVTHSTAGEOFEXCLUSIONOF
ELEMENTSANDITSCORRESPONDINGDEFORMEDSCHEME
FORLOADCASE4

FIG.14LOADCASE4

At 14kN/m2 the elements start reaching their capacity.

First elements from the eighth inner ring working
undercompressionareexcluded(24innumber),then
inthesecondstageelementsoftheseventhinnerring
(in compression) are excluded, and in the third stage
elements of the fifth inner ring (in tension) and sixth
innerring(incompression)reachtheircapacity.
After these three stages the static scheme of the
elements changes and they begin to work in bending
as in the previous load case. In the fourth stage the

24

FIG.17NUMBERANDSEQUENCEOFELEMENTSREACHING
BEARINGCAPACITYFORLOADCASE4

FifthLoadCase
ThislocalloadcaseisshowninFig.18.

StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume1Issue1,December2012www.seipub.org/scea

example, axis Y) of the dome as illustrated in Fig. 22.

Atloadingq4=4kN/m2theelementsstartreachingtheir
capacity. First to lose stability are the elements with
number 1, which leads to overloading of the
elements 2 (see Fig. 23 and Fig. 24), which are
excludedfromthenextstage.Thiscontinuesuntilthe
structurenolongerfulfillsitsoperationalpurpose.

FIG.18LOADCASE5

Whenthevalueoftheloadisq10=9kN/m2,twoelements
lose stability and are excluded from the next
calculationstage.Consecutiveexclusionof9elements
and then another 15, 78 and 38 occurs reaching total
numberof142(seeFig.19andFig.20).

FIG.22LOADCASE6ANTISYMMETRICLOADING

FIG.19ISTSTAGEANDIVTHSTAGEOFEXCLUSIONOF
ELEMENTSANDITSCORRESPONDINGDEFORMEDSCHEME
FORLOADCASE5

FIG.23ISTSTAGEANDVTHSTAGEOFEXCLUSIONOF
ELEMENTSANDITSCORRESPONDINGDEFORMEDSCHEME
FORLOADCASE5

FIG.20NUMBERANDSEQUENCEOFELEMENTSREACHING
BEARINGCAPACITYFORLOADCASE5

The last stage of the exclusion of bars and its

correspondingdeformedschemeisshowninFig.21.
FIG.24NUMBERANDSEQUENCEOFBARSREACHING
BEARINGCAPACITYFORLOADCASE6

The last stage of the exclusion and its corresponding

deformedscheme areshown in Fig.25. Finallyunder
loading of q4=4kN/m2 total of 131 elements are
excludedfromthestructuralsystem.

FIG.21FINALSTAGE(FIFTHSTAGE)OFEXCLUSIONOF
ELEMENTSANDITSCORRESPONDINGDEFORMEDSCHEME
FORLOADCASE5

SixthLoadCase
Inthesixthcase,theloadisappliedinantisymmetric
pattern(inratio3:1)withrespecttooneoftheaxis(for

25

www.seipub.org/sceaStudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume1Issue1,December2012

BankovB.,PavlovaU.,Finiteelementmethodinstructural
mechanics.,UACEG,Sofia,1996.
Bobev T., Ganev T., Rangelov R., Pavlova U., Boichev I.,
FIG.25THELASTSTAGE(FIFTHSTAGE)OFEXCLUSIONOF
ELEMENTSANDITSCORRESPONDINGDEFORMEDSCHEME
FORLOADCASE6

Conclusions
Studiesconductedundersixdifferentloadcasesshow
different forms (mechanisms) of failure. Apparently,
the most unfavorable load configurations are anti
symmetricones.Limitloadofthelocalsymmetricload
configuration(thirdandfourthcase)havelargervalue,
thus reflecting a much larger symmetrical stiffness in
comparison to the behavior under the antisymmetric
load configuration. In the symmetric local load
configurations, elements directly under the load
contour are affected. The limit value of the applied
load decreases when for antisymmetric distribution
larger area of the dome is covered. This leads to
exclusionoflargenumberofmeridianelementsatthe
base. Characteristic feature of all load cases is the
domino effect where the limit load is reached by
progressiveexclusionofgroupsofelementsatatime.
Basedonthisresearchthefollowingconclusionscan
beformulated:
1) Typical for the dome structure is the elasto
plasticbehavior.
2) Progressive collapse is observed when
reachingthelimitload.
3) The limit load is the lowest for anti
symmetrical load patterns. For local load
configurations over small area, local failure
under larger limit load is observed. By
enlargingtheloadedareathevalueofthelimit
loaddecreases.
4) Overloading and subsequent failure is
observed for the elements in proximity of the
localloadstamp.
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Anita K. Handruleva was born in

Burgas,Bulgariain1985.Sheisassistant
professor in the field of Structural
mechanics
in
the
department
Mechanics, Higher School of Civil
Engineering L. Karavelov, Sofia,
Bulgaria.Sheisauthoroftwobooksand
morethan25researchpapersinthefield
of FEM computational modelling and the Structural
mechanics. Assist. prof. Handruleva is member of IASS,
IABSEandothersprofessionalsocieties.

ContinuumModeling.,Int.JournalofSpaceStructures,
Vol.7,No.4,1992,pp.275283.
Sumec J., Regularne mriezkove dosky a skrupiny.,
Bratislava,1984.
SakaT.,TaniguchiY.,PostBucklingBehaviorofSquareon
Diagonal DoubleLayer Grids Constructed by Bolted
Jointing System., Proceedings of the IASS, Vol. III
Copenhagen,1991,pp.199206.
Suzuki T., Ogawa T., Ikarashi K., ElastoPlastic Buckling

Vladimir D. Matuski was born in

Kustendil, Bulgaria in 1975. He is
assistant professor in the field of
Structural mechanics in the structural
mechanics dept. of VSU Luben
Karavelov, Sofia, Bulgaria. He is
coauthoroftwobooksandmorethan10
research papers in the field of the
Structural mechanics. Assist. prof. Matuski is member of
IASSandIABSE.
Konstantin S. Kazakov was born in
Sofia,Bulgariain1966.Heisprofessorin
the field of Structural mechanics and
Numericalmethodsinengineeringinthe
structural mechanics dept. of VSU
LubenKaravelov,Sofia,Bulgaria.Heis
author of five books and more than 140
researchpapersinthefieldoftheStructuralmechanicsand
the FEM computational technology. Prof. D.Sc. Kazakov is
memberofseveralprofessionalsocieties.

Analysis of Rigidly Jointed Single Layer Reticulated

Domes., Int. Journal of Space Structures, Vol. 7, No. 4,
1992,pp.363367.
Smith E.,Nguyen T., Buckling of DoubleLayer Grid Edge
Members,Int.JournalofSpaceStructures.,Vol.12,No2,
1997,pp.8187.
Saka T., Approximate Analysis method for PostBuckling
BehaviorofDoubleLayerSpaceGridsConstructionbya
BoltedJointingSystem.,ProceedingsoftheIASS,Vol.4,
Madrid,1989.
See T., McConnel R., Large Displacement Elastic Buckling
of Space Structures, Journal of Structural Engineering,
ASCE112(5),1986,pp.10521069.
Suzuki T., Ogawa T., Ikarashi K., ElastoPlastic Buckling
Analysis of Rigidly Jointed Single Layer Reticulated

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