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Finite element methods is a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and
mathematical physics.
In this method, instead of solving the problem for the entire body in one operation, we
formulate equations for each element and combine them to obtain the solution for the
whole body.
8.What are the methods generally associated with the finite element analysis?
Force method and Displacement or stiffness method are the two methods.
10.Why polynomial type of interpolation functions are mostly used due to the following
reasons:
1. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations
2. It is easy to perform differentiation or integration
3. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the
polynomial.
11. What are h and p versions of finite element method?
In h version, the order of the polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant
and the number of elements increased.
In p version the number of elements is maintained constant and the order of polynomial
approximation of element is increased.
2.NASTRAN
3. COSMOS
4. NISA
UNIT 2
ONE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
[ B]
[ D][ B]d v
Where,
12. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for one dimensional element bar
element.
AE 1 1
l 1 1
A is the area of the bar element
E is the youngs modulus of the bar element
L is the length of the bar element
l2
lm
m2
A E lm
Stiffness matrix, [K] = e e 2
le l
lm
2
lm m
Where,
l 2 lm
lm m 2
l2
lm
lm
m 2
A is the area
E is the youngs modulus
Le is the length of the elment
L,m are direction cosines
17. Write down the expression of shape function N and displacement u for one
dimensional bar element.
For on dimensional bar element,
Displacement function, u = N1 u1 + N2 u 2
lx
l
x
N2 =
l
19. Distinguish between essential boundary condition and natural boundary condition.
There are two type of boundary conditions. They are,
1. Primary boundary condition (or) essential boundary condition:
The boundary condition which in terms of the field variables is known as primary
boundary condition
2. Secondary boundary condition or natural boundary condition:
The boundary conditions which are in the differential form of field variables is known as
secondary boundary condition.
20. What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value problem?
The solution of differential equation obtained for physical problems which satisfies some
specified conditions known as boundary conditions.
If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with initial conditions then it is
known as initial value problem.
If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with boundary conditions then
it is known as boundary value problem.
Unit 3
TWO DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
u ( x, y ) N 1
Displacement function u =
v ( x, y ) 0
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2
N3
0
u1
v
1
0 u 2
where N1
N 3 v
u 3
v 3
q1
1
0
[B] =
2A
r1
Where,
q2
q3
r1
q1
0
r2
r2
q2
0
r3
0
r3
q3
q2= y3-y1
q3= y1-y2
r1 = x3-x2
r2= x1-x3
r3= x2-x1
8. Write down the stress strain relationship matrix for plane stress condition.
For plane stress problems, stress strain relationship matrix is ,
1
0
E
1
[D] =
0
1 2
1
0 0
9. Write down the stress-strain relationship matrix for plane strain condition.
For plane strain problems, stress strain relationship matrix is,
0
(1 )
E
0
(1 )
0
[D] =
(1 )(1 2 )
(1 2 )
0
0
2
10. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional CST element.
Stiffness matrix [K] = B D B At
Where, [B] is the strain displacement matrix
[D] is the stress-strain matrix
A is the area of the element
t is the thickness of the element
T
11. Write down the expression for the shape function for a constant area triangular
element.
For CST element,
Shape function,
Where,
p1 q1 x r1 y
2A
p q 2 x r2 y
N2 2
2A
p q3 x r3 y
N3 3
2A
N1
p1 x 2 y 3 x3 y 2
p 2 x3 y1 x1 y 3
p3 x1 y 2 x 2 y1
Unit 4
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
d T T
Fq
dt q q q
3. What are the conditions for a problem to axi symmetric?
1. The problem domain must be symmetric about the axis of rotation.
2. All the boundary conditions must be symmetric about the axis of rotation.
3. All loading conditions must be symmetric about the axis of rotation.
3. What is HRZ Lumping scheme.
The essential idea in this scheme is to simply use only diagonal elements of the consistent
mass matrix but to scale them in such a way that total mass of the element is preserved.
4.Give the consistent mass matrix for bar element:
2 1
me A
6 1 2
N1
N
me A 2 N1
N3
0
N 4
N2
N3
N 4 dx
K 2rABT DB
r1 r2 r3
3
7. What are the ways in which a three dimensional problem can be reduced to a two
dimensional approach.
1. Plane Stress: on dimension is too small when compared to other two
dimensions. Example: Gear thickness is small
2. Plane Strain: one dimension is too large when compared to other two
dimensions. Examples: Long Pipe (length is long compared to diameter)
r
Unit 5
APPLICATIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER & FLUID
MECHANICS
2. Write down the element level heat transfer equation for bar element with heat
conduction.
k 1 1 Tk
/ 2 Qo
1 1 T
k 1
/ 2 Q
3. Write down the equation for the Jcobian matrix for four nodded quadrilateral element.
J 12
J
Jcobian matrix, J 11
J 21 J 22
J 11 1 1 x1 1 x2 1 x3 1 x4
4
J 12 1 1 y1 1 y 2 1 y3 1 y 4
4
Where,
J 21 1 1 x1 1 x2 1 x3 1 x4
4
J 22 1 1 y1 1 x2 1 y3 1 y 4
4
Where , are natural co-ordinates.
x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 , y1 , y 2 , y 3 andy 4 are Cartesian co-ordinates.
4. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for four nodded iso parametric quadrilateral
element.
1 1
Stiffness matrix, K t B T D B * J * *
1 1
5. Write down the element force vector equation for four nodded quadrilateral element.
T Fx
Force vector, F e N
Fy
Where N is the shape function
Fx, Fy are force on x, y direction respectively.
f x x wi f xi
n
i 1
Beam element is not an iso parametric element since geometry and displacements are
defined by different interpolation functions.