Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of Materials, 4th ed
Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phul
Objectives of Chapter 13
Explore the properties and applications of
Cu, Al, and Ti alloys in load-bearing
applications.
Chapter Outline
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
Aluminum Alloys
Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys
Copper Alloys
Nickel and Cobalt Alloys
Titanium Alloys
Refractory and Precious Metals
Section 13.1
Aluminum Alloys
Hall-Heroult process - An electrolytic process by which
aluminum is extracted from its ore.
Temper designation - A shorthand notation using letters
and numbers to describe the processing of an alloy. H
tempers refer to cold-worked alloys; T tempers refer to
age-hardening treatments.
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Figure 13.1
Production of
aluminum in an
electrolytic cell.
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Example 13.1
Strength-to-Weight Ratio in Design
A steel cable 0.5 in. in diameter has a yield strength of 70,000
psi. The density of steel is about 7.87 g/cm3. Based on the data
in Table 13-5, determine (a) the maximum load that the steel
cable can support, (b) the diameter of a cold-worked
aluminum-manganese alloy (3004-H 18) required to support
the same load as the steel, and (c) the weight per foot of the
steel cable versus the aluminum alloy cable.
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Example 13.2
Design of an Aluminum Recycling Process
Design a method for recycling aluminum alloys used for beverage
cans.
Example 13.2 SOLUTION
One approach to recycling the cans is to separate the two alloys from
the cans. The cans are shredded, then heated to remove the lacquer
that helps protect the cans during use. We could then further shred
the material at a temperature where the 5182 alloy begins to melt.
The small pieces of 5182 can therefore be separated by passing the
material through a screen. The two separated alloys can then be
melted, cast, and rolled into new can stock.
An alternative method would be to simply remelt the cans.
Once the cans have been remelted, we could bubble chlorine gas
through the liquid alloy. The chlorine reacts selectively with the
magnesium, removing it as a chloride. The remaining liquid can then
be adjusted to the proper composition and be recycled as 3004 alloy.
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Example 13.3
Design/Materials Selection for
a Cryogenic Tank
Design the material to be used to contain liquid hydrogen fuel
for the space shuttle.
Example 13.3 SOLUTION
Liquid hydrogen is stored below 253oC; therefore, our tank must
have good cryogenic properties.
Lightweight aluminum would appear to be a good choice.
Aluminum does not show a ductile to brittle transition. Because
of its good ductility, we expect aluminum to also have good
fracture toughness, particularly when the alloy is in the annealed
condition.
One of the most common cryogenic aluminum alloys is
5083-O. Aluminum-lithium alloys are also being considered for
low-temperature applications to take advantage of their even
lower density.
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Example 13.4
Design of a Casting Process for Wheels
Design a casting process to produce automotive wheels having
reduced weight and consistent and uniform properties.
Example 13.4 SOLUTION
Thixocasting process in which the material is stirred
during solidification, producing a partly liquid, partly solid structure
that behaves as a solid when no external force is applied, yet flows
as a liquid under pressure. We would select an alloy with a widefreezing range so that a significant portion of the solidification
process occurs by the growth of dendrites. A hypoeutectic
aluminum-silicon alloy might be appropriate. In the thixocasting
process, the dendrites are broken up by stirring during
solidification. The billet is later reheated to cause melting of just
the eutectic portion of the alloy, and it is then forced into the mold
in its semi-solid condition at a temperature below the liquidus
temperature.
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Section 13.2
Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys
Magnesium alloys are used in aerospace applications,
high-speed machinery, and transportation and materials
handling equipment.
Instrument grade beryllium is used in inertial guidance
systems where the elastic deformation must be minimal;
structural grades are used in aerospace applications; and
nuclear applications take advantage of the transparency
of beryllium to electromagnetic radiation. Beryllium is
expensive, brittle, reactive, and toxic.
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Section 13.3
Copper Alloys
Blister copper - An impure form of copper obtained
during the copper refining process.
Applications for copper-based alloys include electrical
components (such as wire), pumps, valves, and
plumbing parts, where these properties are used to
advantage.
Brass - A group of copper-based alloys, normally
containing zinc as the major alloying element.
Bronze - Generally, copper alloys containing tin, can
contain other elements.
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Figure 13.6
Binary phase
diagrams for the
(a) copper-zinc,
(b) copper-tin,
(c) copperaluminum, and
(d) copperberyllium
systems.
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Example 13.5
Design/Materials Selection
for an Electrical Switch
Design the contacts for a switch or relay that opens and closes
a high-current electrical circuit.
Example 13.5 SOLUTION
When the switch or relay opens and closes, contact between
the conductive surfaces can cause wear and result in poor
contact and arcing.
Therefore, our design must provide for both good
electrical conductivity and good wear resistance. A relatively
pure copper alloy dispersion strengthened with a hard phase
that does not disturb the copper lattice would, perhaps, be
ideal. In a Cu-Al2O3 alloy, the hard ceramic-oxide particles
provide wear resistance but do not interfere with the electrical
conductivity of the copper matrix.
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Example 13.6
Design of a Heat Treatment
for a Cu-Al Alloy Gear
Design the heat treatment required to produce a high-strength
aluminum-bronze gear containing 10% Al.
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Section 13.4
Nickel and Cobalt Alloys
Nickel and cobalt alloys are used for corrosion protection
and for high-temperature resistance, taking advantage
of their high melting points and high strengths.
Superalloys - A group of nickel, iron-nickel, and cobaltbased alloys that have exceptional heat resistance, creep
resistance, and corrosion resistance.
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Example 13.7
Design/Materials Selection for a
High-Performance Jet Engine Turbine Blade
Design a nickel-based superalloy for producing turbine blades
for a gas turbine aircraft engine that will have a particularly
long creep-rupture time at temperatures approaching 1100oC.
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Section 13.5
Titanium Alloys
Titaniums excellent corrosion resistance provides
applications in chemical processing equipment, marine
components, and biomedical implants such as hip
prostheses.
Titanium is an important aerospace material, finding
applications as airframe and jet engine components.
Titanium alloys are considered biocompatible (i.e., they
are not rejected by the body). By developing porous
coatings of bone-like ceramic compositions known as
hydroxyapatite, it may be possible to make titanium
implants bioactive (i.e., the natural bone can grow into
the hydroxyapatite coating).
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Figure 13.10
Portions of the
phase diagrams for
(a) titanium-tin,
(b) titaniumaluminum, (c)
titaniummolybdenum, and
(d) titaniummanganese.
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Figure 13.11
The effect of
temperature on
the yield
strength of
selected
titanium alloys.
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Example 13.8
Design of a Heat Exchanger
Design a 5-ft-diameter, 30-ft-long heat exchanger
for the petrochemical industry (Figure 13.15).
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under license.
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Example 13.9
Design of a Connecting Rod
Design a high-performance connecting rod for the engine
of a racing automobile (Figure 13.16).
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Example 13.10
Materials for Hip Prosthesis
What type of a material would you choose for an implant to be
used for a total hip replacement implant?
Example 13.10 SOLUTION
We need to consider the following factors: biocompatibility,
corrosion resistance, high-fracture toughness, excellent
fatigue life, and wear resistance.
These requirements suggest 316 stainless steel or Ti6% Al-4% V. Titanium is bio-compatible and would be a better
choice. Perhaps a composite material in which the stem is
made from a Ti-6% Al-4% V alloy and a head that is made
from a wear-resistant, corrosion resistant, and fractured tough
ceramic, such as alumina, may be an answer.
Another option is to coat the implant with a material
like porous hydroxyapatite to encourage bone growth.
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Section 13.6
Refractory and Precious Metals
Refractory metals These include tungsten,
molybdenum, tantalum, and niobium (or columbium),
have exceptionally high-melting temperatures (above
1925oC) and, consequently, have the potential for hightemperature service.
Applications of Refractory metals include filaments for
light bulbs, rocket nozzles, nuclear power generators,
tantalum- and niobium-based electronic capacitors, and
chemical processing equipment.
Precious Metals - These include gold, silver, palladium,
platinum, and rhodium.From an engineering viewpoint,
these materials resist corrosion and make very good
conductors of electricity.
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