H thng VIBA

Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng viba

1.1. Gii thiu chung

H thng truyn dn l 1 h thng bao gm cc thit b, phng tn dng
truyn tn hiu t ni ny n ni khc.
Ngy nay, theo phng tin truyn dn, cc HTTT bao gm cc loi h thng
ch yu sau:
+ HTTT dng cp ng trc, trong mi trng truyn dn l cp ng trc
(coaxial cable)
Cc h thng s dng cp ng trc c dung lng khng cao, c ly khong
lp ngn v kh nng c ng km. Cc h thng loi ny ang dn c thay
th v c s dng ch trong nhng tnh hung c th nht nh.
+ HTTT sng cc ngn (microwave) vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn trn
gii sng cc ngn, bao gm cc loi h thng thng tin v tinh, thng tin v
tuyn tip sc (radio-relay) v thng tin di ng;
Cc h thng thng tin v tinh c dung lng trung bnh song b li c c ly
lin lc t ln n rt ln. Cc h thng ny c s dng lm trc xuyn lc
a hoc phc v cho cc tuyn kh trin khai cc loi hnh lin lc khc (nh
tuyn lin lc t lin-hi o, t lin-cc gin khoan du, t lin-cc tu
vin dng...). Ngoi ra, cc h thng v tinh a tnh cn c s dng cho
cc h thng pht qung b truyn hnh. Trong tng lai gn, khi h thng cc
v tinh qu o thp v trung bnh c trin khai, cc h thng v tinh c th
c s dng cho c thng tin di ng ph sng ton cu.
Cc h thng thng tin di ng phc v cc u cui di ng, ni chung c
dung lng thp. Kh nng di ng l u th ln nht ca cc h thng ny.
Cc h thng v tuyn tip sc mt t (terrestrial radio-relay) c dung
lng t thp ti cao, c kh nng thay th tt cc tuyn cp ng trc trong
cc mng ni ht ln ng trc. Vi thi gian trin khai tng i thp, tnh
c ng ca cc h thng v tuyn tip sc mt t hn hn mt s loi h
thng khc. Mt u im na ca cc h thng ny l rt d trin khai, ngay
c trong cc iu kin a hnh gy nhiu tr ngi cho vic trin khai cc loi
h thng dung lng cao khc nh trong cc th, hoc qua cc vng c a
hnh rng ni vi c ly chng lin lc ln n 70 km, trung bnh l t 40 dn 45
km.
+ HTTT quang si (fiber-optic) vi mi trng truyn dn l cp si quang
hc (gi tt l cp quang).
H thng cp quang c dung lng ln nht, gi r (theo chi ph tnh trn
knh thoi) do thng c s dng lm ng trc quc gia, xuyn quc
gia, xuyn lc a. Nhc im c bn ca HTTT cp quang l kh nng c
ng h thng km, chi ph lp t ban u kh cao, v vy trong mt s
trng hp c th th vic trin khai c xem l rt kh khn.
+ HTTT v tuyn lm vic trong gii tn s t 60MHz tr xung.
1.2. H thng thng tin vi ba
T ting Anh microwave c ngha l sng cc ngn hay vi ba theo cch dch
qua ting Trung Quc. T vi ba c s dng chung cho cc h thng v tinh,
di ng hay v tuyn tip sc mt t, song nc ta t viba c s dng
t trc ch ch cc h thng v tuyn tip sc. Do , hin nay trong cc
ti liu k thut ca ta, ni vi ba l ni ti h thng v tuyn tip sc mt t.
Thng tin sng cc ngn gia hai im bt u xut hin vo nhng nm 30
ca th k trc tuy nhin lc by gi do kh khn v mt k thut nn ch
lm vic di sng mt do vy u im ca thng tin siu cao tn cha c
pht huy. Nm 1935 ng thng tin VTTS u tin c thnh lp Newyooc
v Philadenphi chuyn tip qua 6 a im v chuyn c 5 knh thoi. V
TTVTTS bng n sau chin tranh th gii ln th hai. H thng vi ba s bt u
hnh thnh t u nhng nm 50 v pht trin mnh m cng vi s pht trin

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H thng VIBA
ca k thut vin thng.
H thng vi ba (microwave link): l h thng truyn thng tin gia 2 im
bng sng v tuyn cc ngn.

Hnh 1.1 S mt tuyn vi ba n gin

Hnh 1.2 M hnh ca mt h thng thng tin vi ba gm nhiu trm chuyn

tip
1.2.1. Di tn s ca cc h thng vi ba:
Tng quan v phn chia cc bng tn
Bng tn
K hiu
c tnh lan truyn
Phm vi ng dng
3-30KHz
Tn s rt thp - Sng mt t
ng dng nhiu cho
(Chc km)
(VLF)
- Lan truyn c ly xa
thng tin di nc
- Mc tp nhiu kh (solar)
quyn ln
30-300KHz
Tn s thp (LF)
- Tng t nh VLF V tuyn hng hi
(Km)
nhng b hp th vo
ban ngy
300Tn s trung bnh - Sng mt t v V tuyn v nh v
3000KHz
(MF)
sng tri ban m
hng hi, cc tn s
(Trm mt)
- Suy hao thp ban cho cu h v v
m cao vo ban tuyn qung b AM
ngy
- Tp kh quyn
3-30MHz
Tn s cao
Phn x tng in ly V tuyn nghip d;
(Chc mt) (HF)
thay i theo thi pht sng quc t;
gian trong ngy, ma thng tin qun s,
v tn s
hng khng ng
di.
30-300MHz Tn s rt cao Lan truyn theo tn Truyn hnh VHF,
(mt)
(VHF)
nhn thng (LoS)
pht
thanh
FM,
thng tin o hng
AM, thng tin vi ba
0,3-3GHz
Tn s cc cao Lan truyn theo tm Truyn hnh UHF,
(dm)
UHF
nhn thng
radar, thng tin vi ba
3-30GHz
Tn s siu cao Lan truyn Los, suy Thng tin v tinh,
(cm)
(superhigh
hao nhanh theo lng thng tin vi ba.
frequency-SHF)
ma, suy hao kh
quyn do xi v hi
nc, hp th hi
nc cao 22GHz.
30-300GHz Tn s siu siu LoS, hp th hi nc Rada, v tinh th

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H thng VIBA
(mm)
103-107GHz

cao
(Extremely ti 183GHz v hp th
High
Frequency xi ti 60 v 119GHz
EHF)
Hng ngoi, nh LoS
sng nhn thy v
tia cc tm

nghim.
Thng tin quang

Thng tin siu cao tn lm vic di sng cc ngn dng truyn tn hiu
c di tn rng. V l thuyt, gii sng dng cho cc h thng vi ba l t
60MHz cho ti 60/80GHz. Trong thc t, i vi cc h thng vi ba dng
thng phm thng lm vic trn gii sng t 60MHz n 20 GHz, cc h
thng cng tc vi gii tn s cao hn (6080 GHz) hin vn ang cn trong
giai on th nghim.
H thng thng tin siu cao tn lm vic di tn s 60 MHz 80 GHz do c
di tn lm vic rt rng v cao so vi thng tin cao tn v vy c s dng
lm phng tin truyn dn chnh trong vin thng cng cng siu ngn

C
fsiu cao siu cao,siu ngn

Trong h thng thng tin siu cao tn bao gm:

+ H thng thng tin vi ba l h thng thng tin siu cao tn cc trm
chuyn tip c t trn mt t.
+ H thng thng tin v tinh l h thng thng tin siu cao tn cc trm
chuyn tip c t trn v tinh nm ngoi qu t.
+ Thng tin di ng l giao tip vin thng gia my di ng MS vi
trm thu pht gc BTS cng lm vic di sng siu cao tn.
1.2.2. c im h thng
+ Do lm vic di sng siu cao tn nn m bo c vic truyn
nhng tn hiu di rng.
+ rng di tn siu cao khong 30GHz do nhiu i c th lm
vic ng thi.
+ Hu nh khng b can nhiu kh quyn v cng nghip
+ Trong di sng SCT d dng to ra cc h thng anten c tnh nh
hng cao, bp sng hp nh vy my pht c th gim cng sut v trn
cng mt phm vi ta c th trin khai nhiu h thng cng lm vic m khng
gy nhiu ln nhau.
+ Trin khai nhanh v gi thnh r hn so vi cc h thng thng tin
dng cp (cp quang hoc cp ng trc) v vic trin khai h thng cp l rt
tn km v trong khu vc ng dn c c nhiu cng trnh xy dng th vic
trin khai mt h thng cp l rt kh khn.
+ D dng qun l v h thng vi ba ch gii hn qun l trong phm vi
ca trm v tuyn dc theo trc (trong khi h thng cp phi qun l ton
b tuyn cp v cbit phi i u vi nguy c t cp).
+ Di sng SCT c nhc im l ch truyn c chc chn trong tm
nhn thng c ly khng qu 50 km. V vy khi mun thng tin i xa cn thc
hin chuyn tip nhiu ln.
+ C tc nh hn nhiu so vi h thng cp quang v hin nay
ng trc ch cn s dng nhng khu vc cha ko c cp quang do a
hnh phc tp.
+ Chu tc ng ca ng truyn: hp th do hi nc v xi, suy hao
do ma v hin tng pha inh c bit i vi cc h thng bng rng phi
chu tc ng ca pha inh a ng chn lc theo tn s.

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H thng VIBA

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1.3. Phn loi

- C nhiu phng php, cn c phn loi:
Theo dung lng (tc bt tng cng B u vo) cc h thng vi ba s c
phn thnh:
Cc h thng dung lng thp: B<10 Mb/s;
Cc h thng dung lng trung bnh: B (10100 Mb/s);
Cc h thng dung lng cao: B>100 Mb/s.
Theo c ly lin lc (haul)
Tuyn di (c ly lin lc ln hon 400km): thng l nhng ng trc c dung
lng ln so snh c vi cp quang. Di tn c s dng rng ri t 4 n
6 GHz.
Tuyn ngn (c ly lin lc di 400km): dung lng thp, thng thng 1DS1,
4DS1, 1E1, 4E1 dng ni cc trung tm chuyn mch di ng. Di tn
thng s dng khong 15 GHz v di tn ny cho php thu gn kch thc
ca an ten v thit b. Do chng ngn nn khng cn phn tp chng li
hin tng pha ing. Nguyn nhn gy gin on lin lc ch yu gy do ma
nn cn c h s khuych i ln v chng ngn. Vi chng ln hn thng s
dng di tn L6GHz, U6GHz hoc 11GHz dung lng thp. Di tn ny khng
chu nh hng pha ing do ma nn c th bo m c ly lin lc xa hn.
- Cn c phn loi theo mc ch s dng:
+ H thng vin thng ring ( ni b ) l mng thng tin phc v cho
thng tin ring, ni b ca cc c quan, n v khng dng kinh doanh.
+ H thng vin thng cng cng: l h thng ginh cho mi i tng
s dng v s dng kinh doanh, yu cu cht lng cao, thun tin, n
gin, d s dng.
- Cn c phn loi theo quy m ca mng:
+ Mng ni ht: phc v cho 1 khu vc a l, khu vc dn c ( tnh,
thnh ph)
+ Mng quc gia ( mng lin tnh) phc v thng tin gia cc vng, cc
khu vc, cc tnh thnh.
+ Mng quc t: dng phc v thng tin gia cc nc.
- Cn c phn loi theo a l:
+ Mng vin thng nng thn: mt tha, khng tp trung.
+ Mng vin thng thnh ph: mt dy c, tp trung nhiu.
- Cn c phn loi theo phng php x l truyn dn tn hiu:
+ H thng vin thng tng t
+ H thng vin thng s.
Ch yu i vo vin thng cng cng, vin thng s.
1.4. Cc ch tiu cht lng c bn ca h thng vi ba:
i vi cc h thng thng tin s hin ti, cc tn hiu s l cc tn hiu
nhn gi tr trong tp hu hn cc gi tr c th c v c thi gian tn ti hu
hn. Khi tp cc gi tr c th c ca tn hiu gm hai phn t 0 v 1 th h
thng c gi l nh phn v tn hiu khi c gi l bt. Gi gi tr ca bt
th k l Dk v thi gian tn ti ca n l Tk (Tk =T v l hng s vi mi k).
u thu tn hiu khi phc li l
v c rng l k, nu
k Dk th tn hiu

Dk
th k c gi l b li, nu

T tn hiu th k c gi l c jitter. Cng nh cc

h thng truyn dn s khc, ch tiu cht lng c bn ca h thng vi ba s l

xc sut bt li v jitter (rung pha hay cn c gi l trt trong mt s ti liu).
Xc sut li bt BER (Bit-Error Ratio) c nh ngha l:
BER=P{ k Dk}, vi P{.} l xc sut
(1.1)

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H thng VIBA
Khi

= T+dT th

.T

c gi l jitter

(1.2)

Tu tng loi dch v m cc h thng c cc i hi khc nhau v BER v

jitter. i vi cc h thng truyn thoi, yu cu BER<10 -6 v do thoi t nhy
vi jitter nn c th cho php jitter kh cao. i vi tn hiu truyn hnh, nu
s dng iu ch xung m (PCM) thng th BER i hi cng nh i vi thoi
song cn lu l tc truyn vi truyn hnh l kh cao. Khi s dng ADPCM
(Adaptive Differential Pulse Coded Modulation: iu ch xung m vi sai t
thch nghi) truyn hnh th yu cu BER<10 -9, thm ch cn yu cu ti
BER<10-12. Ni chung cc tn hiu truyn hnh rt nhy cm vi jitter. Nhn
chung khi BER10-3 th h thng c xem nh gin on lin lc. Jitter c
xem l ln nu ln hn 0.05T (gi tr nh-nh).
Thc t ngi ta cn s dng mt s thng s cht lng dn xut khc nh
cc giy khng li, cc giy b li, cc giy b li trm trng, cc pht suy gim
cht lng... nh gi h thng vi ba s.
Giy b li (Errored Second) l nhng khong 1s m trong c t nht mt
bt li
T s giy b li (Errored Second Ratio) =

ER' s
T (s)

Giy b li trm trng (Severely Errored Second) l nhng khong 1s m

BER>10-3
T s giy b li trm trng (Severely Errored Second Ratio) =

SER' s
T (s)

Cc pht suy gim cht lng l nhng khong thi gian 1 pht trong
BER > 10-6
Tnh khng kh dng ca h thng l khong thi gian khng th lm vic
c, bt u khi BER >10-3 trong mi giy v ko di 10 s lin tip (10 s ny
l khong thi gian khng lm vic c). Thi gian khng lm vic c kt
thc khi BER <10-3 trong mi giy v ko di lin tip trong 10s.
Tiu chun vi h thng thc
i vi tuyn c c ly L<280 km
- Pht suy gim cht lng < 0,045% thi gian 1 thng bt k
- Giy li trm trng < 0,006% thi gian ca thng bt k
i vi tuyn c c ly 280km<L<2500 km
- Pht suy gim cht lng < (L/2500)x 0,4% thi gian 1 thng bt k
- Giy b li trm trng < (L/2500)x 0,054 % thi gian ca 1 thng bt k
Ch tiu v kh dng ca h thng L < 600 km l 0,06. (L/600) %
1.5. Cc kiu m hnh kt ni ca h thng:
1.5.1.V ba s im ni im.
Mng vi ba s im ni im hin nay c s dng ph bin. Trong cc
mng ng di thng dng cp si quang cn cc mng quy m nh hn
nh t tnh n cc huyn hoc cc ngnh kinh t khc ngi ta thng s
dng cu hnh vi ba s im - im dung lng trung bnh hoc cao nhm tha
mn nhu cu ca cc thng tin v c bit l dch v truyn s liu. Ngoi ra,
trong mt s trng hp vi ba dung lng thp l gii php hp dn cung
cp trung k cho cc mng ni ht, mng thng tin di ng
1.5.2.Vi ba s im ni nhiu im.
Mng vi ba s ny ngy cng tr thnh ph bin, n bao gm mt trm
trung tm pht thng tin trn mt anten ng hng phc v cho mt s trm
ngoi vi bao quanh. Neu cc trm ngoi vi ny nm trong phm vi ( bn knh)

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truyn dn cho php th khng cn dng cc trm lp, nu khong cch xa
hon th s s dng cc trm lp a tn hiu n cc trm ngoi vi. T y,
thng tin s c truyn n cc thu bao. Thit b vi ba trm ngoi vi c th
t ngoi tri, trn ct v.v... mi trm ngoi vi c th c lp t thit b cho
nhiu trung k. Khi mt cao c th b sung thm thit b, c thit k
hot ng trong cc bng tn 1,5GHz - 1,8GHz v 2,4GHz s dng mt sng
mang cho h thng hon chnh.

1.6.
-

Hnh 1.3 : M hnh kt ni viba im ni a im

ng dng ca vi ba:
Cc ng trung k s ni gia cc tng i s
Cc ng truyn dn ni gia tng i chnh n cc tng i v tinh.
Cc ng truyn dn ni cc thu bao vi cc tng i chnh.
Cc h thng vi ba lu ng
a thng tin n vng su, vng xa m khng th thi cng bng cp.

Chng 2: CU TRC H THNG VI BA

2.1. S khi c bn ca h thng vi ba s:

2.1.1. S khi ca mt trm u cui thc t:
S khi c bn tuyn pht:
Nhim v:
- Bin i tn hiu bng gc thnh tn hiu dng sng
- Chuyn i tn hiu ln bng tn cng tc
- Khuch i tn hiu, hn ch ph tn hiu v bc x qua an ten.

Hnh 2.1. S khi c bn tuyn pht.

Chc nng:
i vi h thng viba s tn hiu vo tuyn pht bao gm d liu di dng
s c a n t tng i hoc t trm viba s khc.
- M ho: M ho knh nhm sa li bng cch a vo mt lngthng tin
d.
- Khi iu ch nh x t tn hiu s bng gc thnh tn hiu dng sng:
Cc dng iu ch c bn FSK, PSK, QAM. Z
FSK :
+ Khng nhy cm vi mo bin
+ Thit b n gin.
+ Hiu qu ph thp
PSK v QAM hiu qu ph ph thuc vo mc iu ch M
Hiu qu ph tng k=log2(M) ln
Khi M=4 th 4-PSK v 4-QAM nh nhau

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Khi M=8 thng s dng 8-PSK
Khi M>8 thng s dng M-QAM
Cc b lc pht c lp ngay sau b iu ch quyt nh ph tn ca
knh. Thng thng l b lc cosine nng vi h s un lc t 0.2 n 0.7.
- B trn tn nhm a tn hiu ln bng tn cng tc. Tu thuc tn s
cng tc m h thng c th thc hin trn nhiu ln hoc thc hin iu ch
ngay cao tn. Tuy s iu ch trc tip t cao tn nhng ch c s dng
nhng thit b c tn s cng tc thp khong 1 GHz viu ch FSK do
nhc im ca s ny l kh t c mt c tuyn iu ch tuyn tnh
v hn na tn s trung tm ca my pht khng n nh. Khi iu ch trung
tn yu cu i vi tn s trung tn l f tt > 3Rb (Rb l tc ca lung s liu)
- Khuch i cng sut: C th dng n sng chy (TWT) hoc bn dn
Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs FET) cho ra cng sut khong vi W. Thng thng sau
b khuch i cng sut thng lp mt mch lc ph nhm hn ch s m
rng ph do tnh phi tuyn ca b khuch i.
- H thng an ten phid c s dng dn sng v bc x sng in t
vo mi trng. Dy phi thng gy ra mt lng tn hao nht nh t l
vi di ca phi. An ten thng c dng parabol c tnh nh hng cao v
tng ch ln khong vi chc dBi.

Hnh 2.2 S khi c bn tuyn thu

Tuyn thu
Nhim v:
- Thu nhn v chuyn i tn hiu thu c v trung tn
- Chuyn i thnh tn hiu bng gc
- Khi phc xung clock
Chc nng:
tuyn thu, tn hiu thu c a n my thu chuyn i tn hiu
thu c v tn s trung tn. My thu thc cht l mt thit b x l tn hiu
cao tn bao gm mt khi khuch i cao tn v cc b trn tn.
B khuch i tn hiu cao tn c tc dng tng nhy my thu. (Gii
thch)
Cc b trn tn kt hp vi cc b lc thng gii bin i tn hiu siu cao
tn thu c v tn s trung tn. Tu theo yu cu cht lng v di tn cng tc
my thu c th thc hin i tn 1 ln hoc nhiu ln nhm loi b cc tn
s nhiu nh, nhiu trung gian v nhiu ln cn (Gii thch)
Tn hiu trung tn s c a vo b gii iu ch chuyn t tn hiu
dng sng v tn hiu s. Trn c s ca chui tn hiu s bng gc sau khi
gii iu ch, tn hiu xung clock c khi phc v cung cp cho cc khi ti
to xung v khi gii m thu c d liu nh pht i u pht.
S khi ca mt trm u cui thc t:

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H thng VIBA

Hnh 2.3 S khi tuyn thu pht ca trm u cui.

Mt trm u cui bao gm cc thnh phn: phn x l tn hiu bng gc,
phn v tuyn, phn nghip v v phn h thng phi-/ng-ten nh trn (hnh
2.15). Tn hiu nghip v c truyn i bng vic thm vo chc nng iu
ch tn s vo b to dao ng ch sng phn pht. Pha thu s thc hin gii
iu ch tn s thu c tn hiu iu khin xa. Nh h thng iu khin
ra lnh t xa cho php cc trm u cui c th iu khin c cc trm trung
gian m khng c ngi phc v. Khi chuyn mch d phng nhn tn hiu
iu khin chuyn mch t khi iu khin cht lng. Khi cht lng h thng
gim xung qu mt ngng cho php hoc gin on lin lc th h thng c
iu khin chuyn sang knh d phng nhm tng kh dng ca h
thng.
2.1.2. S khi trm trung gian:
Nhim v ca trm trung gian
- Khuch i tn hiu nhm b li nhng tiu hao trn ng truyn
- Dch tn s nhm trnh hin tng t kch (tn hiu pht lt vo u thu)
- Ti to tn hiu s bng gc, loi b tp m tch lu. Chc nng ny
khng nht thit phi c tt c cc trm trung gian.
C nhng s ca trm trung gian nh sau:
My thu v my pht thc hin chuyn i tn s, tn hiu cao tn c
chuyn i v tn s trung tn my thu. Tn hiu c gii iu ch
chuyn tn hiu thu c thnh tn hiu s bng gc sau c a
n khi ti to xung nhm gt b tp m tch lu. Tn hiu u ra ca
khi ti to xung c a c a vo khi iu ch chuyn tn
hiu bng gc thnh tn hiu dng sng. Ti my pht s thc hin vic
chuyn i tn hiu trung tn thnh tn hiu cao tn v bc x ra anten.
y l s trm trung gian ph bin s dng cho nhng h thng c
dung lng trung bnh v cao.

Hnh 2.4. My thu pht i tn vi b ti to tn hiu trung tn

My thu thc hin chuyn i tn s cao tn thnh tn hiu trung tn

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v gii iu ch nhm thu c tn hiu tn hiu s bng gc. Ti my
pht thc hin iu ch trc tip ti cao tn v pht ra an ten. S
trm trung gian c th hin trn hnh v 3.1. thng c p dng cho
nhng h thng dung lng nh v lm vic tn s cao hn.

Hnh 2.5. My thu i tn vi b ti to tn hiu trung tn/bng gc v

my pht iu ch trc tip
Ti trm trung gian khng thc hin vic ti to xung, gii iu ch v
iu ch. My thu thc hin vic chuyn i tn hiu v trung tn v
chuyn sang my pht. Ti my pht li chuyn i tn s tn hiu
trung tn ln tn s tn s cao tn tng ng vi phn hoch tn s. vi
vic s dng trm trung gian theo s hnh 3.1. h thng thng tin
cho php s dng chung knh d phng vi h thng v tuyn tng t
v ct gim nhng thit b cn thit.

Hnh 2.6. Trm trung gian dch chuyn tn s, khng c b ti to tn hiu

Trm trung gian khng thc hin ti to tn hiu v dch chuyn tn s.
V bn cht trm trung gian nh hnh v 3. l mt b khuch i tn
hiu cao tn c bng tn gii hn cho mi hng truyn dn.

Hnh 2.7. Trm trung gian khng dch chuyn tn s

2.2. Cc phng n tn s:
2.2.1. K hoch b tr tn s cho cc trm a lung v tuyn
a. Phng n lun phin:
Mi 1 knh cao tn s dng phng n 2 tn s. Ton b h thng bao
gm cc tn s thu v pht xen k nhau.

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Hnh 2.8. H thng 3 knh cao tn phi s dng 6 tn s
Knh cao tn 1 s dng f1, f2.
Knh cao tn 1 s dng f3, f4.
Knh cao tn 1 s dng f5, f6.
Cc tn s f1, f3, f5 l cc tn s thu hoc pht
Cc tn s f2, f4, f6 l cc tn s pht hoc thu.
+ K hoch lun phin (Interleaved Plan)

Hnh 2.8. K hoch tn s lun phin.

+ K hoch ti dng tn s (Co-channel Plan)

Hn
h 2.9. K hoch c ti dng tn s.
Trong k hoch ti s dng tn s mi knh c s dng hai ln nh s
phn bit phn cc cho gia hai phn cc. Trong k hoch lun phin tn s
cc knh c thm vo gia cc knh cng phn cc. K hoch lun phin
tn s thun li hn khi thit k cc b lc phn bit phn cc cho.
Khong cch gia cc knh XS l khong cch gia cc knh ln cn cng
phn cc. S l tc symbol v X l khong cch knh c chun ho theo
tc symbol. Tng ng nh vy Y v Z l bng tn bo v trung tm v
hai u bng tn c chun ho. Vic la chn k hoch tn s no hon
ton ph thuc vo nhy ca h thng vi nhiu. Nhn chung k hoch ti
s dng tn s c hiu qu s dng ph cao hn nhng vic vic s dng k
hoch ti s dng tn s thng c s dng rng ri trong nhng h thng
cc chng ngn (20-30km) vi nhng dng iu ch n gin nh QPSK (y l
dng iu ch c tnh chng nhiu cao). Tuy nhin vic s dng k hoch ti s
dng tn s nhng chng di hn v nhng dng iu ch phc tp l khng
kh thi.
Nhn xt: Cc tn s pht v cc tn s thu xen k nhau
Cc tn s pht c cng sut ln, cc tn s thu c cng sut nh cho
nn khng th s dng 1 nten thu v pht tn hiu theo 1 hng v nh
vy tn hiu pht s nh hng n tn hiu thu. M mi 1 hng ti s dng 2
anten pht v thu ring bit.
Ti trm trung gian lc ny phi s dng 4 anten. 4 anten ny th phi
dng b lc ghp cc my thu vo 1 anten v cc my pht vo 1 anten
- u im: yu cu vi b lc ghp n gin ( cc tn s xa nhau s
d lc hn cc tn s xa nhau)

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H thng VIBA
- Nhc im: S anten s dng nhiu, 1 trm trung gian phi c 4
anten nn hiu qu kinh t thp.
b. Phng n phn nhm:
Mi 1 knh cao tn s dng phng n 2 tn s. Ton b h thng c
chia thnh 2 nhm tn s thu v pht ring bit.
V d:

Hnh 2.10 H thng 3 knh tn s dng 6 tn s.

Knh cao tn 1 s dng f1, f4.
Knh cao tn 2 s dng f2, f5.
Knh cao tn 3 s dng f3, f6.
Cc tn s f1, f2, f3 l nhm cc tn s thu hoc pht.
Cc tn s f4, f5, f6 l nhm cc tn s pht hoc thu.
Ton b h thng c chia thnh 2 nhm tn s s dng thu v pht
ring bit. Khong cch gia 2 nhm tn s chn cch xa nhau.
V vy ti trm trung gian theo 1 hng cho php s dng 1 anten
thu v pht ( cho 2 hng) s anten gim i 1 na.
u im: S anten s dng t, hiu qu kinh t cao
Nhc im: Yu cu vi b lc pht phc tp v khong cch gia cc
tn s thu v tn s pht gn nhau.
Phng n ny thng c s dng cc tuyn thng tin c c ly
di , tit kim c rt nhiu anten.
2.2.2. B tr tn s cho trm lp:
+ K hoch 2 tn s: Ti mt trm lp (A) s dng 2 tn s sng mang cho
lin lc hai hng. My thu trn c hai hng cng lm vic trn tn s f 1,
trong khi my pht trn c hai hng cng tc trn cng tn s f 2 (xem hnh
1.7).

Hnh 2.11. Phng n b tr 2 tn s.

+ K hoch 4 tn s: Ti mt trm lp (A), theo mt hng thu trn tn s f 1
pht trn tn s f2, theo hng ngc li thu trn tn s f3 pht trn tn s f4
(xem h1.8).

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Hnh 2.12. Phng n b tr 4 tn s.

i vi phng n b tr 4 tn s th thit b trm phc tp hn do phi lm
vic trn 4 tn s song b li xuyn nhiu gia cc hng thu-pht rt nh.
2.3. Hiu qu ph ca h thng viba s:
Khi nim hiu qu ph ca h thng vi ba s c phn bit vi rng
bng tn m trn l sng mang c iu ch khng tnh n nh hng
ca cc can nhiu ni b h thng v nhiu gia cc h thng. Thng thng
c xc nh qua t s gia tc truyn dn v rng bng tn.
E=R/B [bit/s/Hz]
Trong R l dung lng truyn dn tnh theo bit/s
B l rng bng tn
2.3.1. Hiu qu ph vi cc trm a lung
Tuy nhin trong trng hp i vi cc trm a lung c k hoch tn s
gm c N knh go v N knh return, khong cch knh l XS, v rng
bng tn tng cng l B th hiu qu s dng ph phi tnh n tn hao do cc
bng tn bo v:

E E n k1 k 2

Trong

E n R / b; k1 b / XS ; k 2 NXS / 0.5 B

A- tc s liu truyn trong mi knh

b - rng bng tn ca knh
k1 cho ta thy lp y trn bng tn v k 2 th hin s tn hao hiu qu
ph do bng tn bo v. Ta c th vit li nh sau

E ( R / b)(b / XS )( NXS / 0.5 B ) RN / 0.5 B

RN la tc truyn thng tin tng cng ca h thng trn mt hng v

0.5B l rng bng tn s dng tng ng.
2.3.2. Hiu qu ph ca knh v tuyn s:
Tc d ca h thng viba s c chun ha theo nhng khuyn ngh
G.702, G.703 v G.704 cho h thng phn cp s cn ng b v khuyn ngh
G.707, G.708 v G.709 cho h thng phn cp s ng b (SDH hoc SONET).
Tc d bt fb bao gm DS1 (1,544 Mbps) DS3 (44.736 Mbps), E1 (2,048 Mbps)
v E3 (34,368 Mbps), STS1 hoc Sub-STM1 (51,84 Mbps) v STM-1
(155,52Mbps). Tc bt c truyn thc t fbr qua h thng viba s thng
cao hn khong 6% (fbr= 1.06 fb) so vi tc chun ha do s thm vo cc
bt thng tin phc v cho m sa sai v nhng thng tin ph tr khc phc v
cho cng tc qun tr ni b hoc thc hin ghp knh v tuyn theo chun
ring.
tng hiu qu s dng bng tn thng dng nhng dng iu ch
nhiu mc. Dng iu ch thng dng nht l iu ch M-QAM trong M l s
mc iu ch hay s trng thi ca dng iu ch trn mt phng
Constellation ca tn hiu. Gi thit b lc cosin nng c h s un lc l
(0<<1) chng ta c th tnh ton rng bng tn cn thit nh sau:

BRF f br (1 ) / log 2 M

Khi hiu qu s dng ph ca knh c biu din theo cng thc sau:

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f br / Brf log 2 M /(1 )
-

Thng thng yu cu hiu sut ca knh l 2b/s/Hz

2.4. Cc kiu iu ch ph bin ca h thng
c th truyn dn cc thng tin s bng sng in t, cn phi tin hnh
iu ch s.
iu ch s l k thut gn thng tin s vo dao ng hnh sine (sng mang),
lm cho sng mang c th mang thng tin cn truyn i.
Ta cng c th hiu: iu ch s l s dng thng tin s tc ng ln cc thng
s ca sng mang, lm cho cc thng s ca sng mang bin thin theo quy
lut ca thng tin.
c th truyn dn cc thng tin s bng sng in t, cn phi tin hnh
iu ch
s.
x(t)
=A
cos(27lfc
t + })
- C
ba thng s ca sng mang c th mang tin : l bin (A), tn s (fc)
v gc pha ()).
- Do , ta c th tc ng ln mt trong 3 thng s ca sng mang c
cc phng php iu ch tng ng.
- Ngoi ra, ta cng c th tc ng ln mt lc 2 thng s ca sng mang
c phng php iu ch kt hp.
Cc phng php iu ch s
C cc phng php iu ch sau :
Amplitude - shift keying (ASK) : iu ch kha - dch bin .
Frequency - shift keying (FSK) : iu ch kha - dch tn s.
Phase - shift keying (PSK) : iu ch kha - dch pha.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) : iu ch bin cu phng,
y l phng php kt hp gia ASK v PSK

Hnh 2.13 Cc phng php iu ch s

2.4.1. iu ch ASK ( 2 ASK)
- Mc thp nht l ASK hai mc (2 ASK)
- Bit 1 nh phn c biu din bng mt sng mang c bin l hng s.
- Bit 0 nh phn: khng xut hin sng mang.
Dng tn hiu 2 - ASK

Hnh 2.14 Tn hiu ASK hai mc

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Ta c th to ra c 4 ASK, 16 ASK... tuy nhin cc loi iu ch ny c
kh nng chng nhiu km.
2.4.2 iu ch FSK (FSK hai mc)
- Mc thp nht l FSK hai mc (2 FSK, PFSK)
- C hai bit nh phn 0 v 1 c biu din hai tn s sng mang khc
nhau:
a. Dng tn hiu 2 - FSK

Hnh 2.15 Tn hiu FSK hai mc

2.4.3 iu ch PSK
- PSK hai mc (BPSK)
- S dng hai gc pha biu din cho 2 bit nh phn
> Tn hiu PSK 2 mc

Hnh 2.16. Tn hiu PSK hai mc

Chng 3: NH HNG CA NHIU V MI TRNG

3.1. nh hng ca nhiu:

Xc sut li ca mt h thng s b nh hng ca tp m v can nhiu. Tn
hiu thu c c th vit di dng tng qut nh sau:
m

y s n ik
k i

Trong s l tn hiu; n l tp m; i k l can nhiu th k;

Khi tn ti song song cc h thng v tuyn tng t v v tuyn s s gy ra
vn can nhiu gia cc h thng:
+ Can nhiu s n s.
+ Can nhiu tng t n s
+ Can nhiu s n tng t.
Mt h thng s c tnh cht chng nhiu t cc ngun khc cao hn h thng
tng t cng tnh nng. Yu cu t s sng mang trn nhiu C/I (carrier to
interference ratio) t 15 n 20 dB tu thuc vo dng iu ch. Nhng loi
iu ch chng nhiu cao nht 2-PSK, 4-PSK. Cn O-QPSK nhy cm vi nhiu
hn h thng FM, 8-PSK, 16-QAM, v n yu cu C/I ln hn.
Phn loi nhiu:
+Nhiu ng knh
+Nhiu knh ln cn
3.1.1.Nhiu ng knh:
Nhiu ng knh gy ra bi knh phn cc cho, m s phn bit phn
cc cho (XPD) b suy hao do pha dinh nhiu ng hoc do ma. Knh
phn cc cho c cng tn s c s dng nng cao hiu qu s
dng ph tn v knh phn cc cho c th hiu nh l vic s dng li

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tn s. Trong iu kin truyn sng bnh thng, s phn bit phn cc
cho tho mn tiu chun nhng khi b suy yu th mc nhiu ng
knh s tng ln
nh ngha phn bit phn cc cho (XPD) l t s gia cng sut thu
c trn mt phn cc khi pht trn cng phn cc v cng sut
thu c trn phn cc i din.

XPD 10 log

Pcp
Pxp

[dB]
Nhiu ng knh gy ra bi vic thu tn s ca mt chng tip pht
cng tn s.
+Bc x vng
+Bc x vt chng
+Bc x vng vt chng
3.1.2.Nhiu knh ln cn
Nhiu knh ln cn l nhiu t cc knh cao tn c cng phn cc nhng tn
s ln cn. Nhiu ny c quan h cht ch n vic chn khong cch gia cc
knh. Nhiu knh ln cn cng c th gy ra bi cc h thng s v tng t
khc nh h thng vi ba tng t, thng tin v tinh:
3.2. nh hng ca mi trng
3.2.1. Truyn sng trong khng gian t do.
ng truyn v tuyn tm nhn thng di sng SCT b nh hng bi kh
quyn v khong cch gia hai trm. Khng gian t do l mi trng truyn
sng l tng. Trong thc t khng tn ti mi trng truyn sng l khng
gian t do. Ch c cc knh thng tin gia cc v tinh c th coi nh l gn vi
khng gian t do. Tuy vy cc kt qu nghin cu truyn sng trong khng
gian t do l c s pht trin nghin cu truyn sng trong tng kh quyn
gn mt t. Tn hao truyn dn c bn trong khng gian t do l tn hao
truyn dn nu an ten c thay bng anten ng hng, t trong mt mi
trng in mi hon ho ng nht ng hng v v hn vi cc khong
cch gia cc anten gi nguyn. Khi tn hao truyn dn sng v tuyn t
im pht n im thu trong khng gian t do c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(2.1)

4d

L 20 lg

y d v l tng ng l di tia v di bc sng c tnh cng mt

loi n v. L thng thng c din t bng dB di dng:
L = 32,4 + 20 lg (f MHz . dkm)
(2.2)
Khng gian gii hn nng lng truyn t ng-ten pht ti ng-ten thu l
cc i Fresnel c dng elipsoid nh trn hnh v 2.1.
3.2.2. Hp th ca cc phn t kh
Kh quyn gn mt t c cu thnh t cc phn t kh nh xi, nit, hi
nc ..., di tn vi ba do c bc sng nh nn cc phn t kh trong kh quyn
hp th mt phn ng k nng lng sng in t.
Kh xi hp th mt phn nng lng sng vi ba, s hp th ny tng i
nh v ph thuc vo tn s. Hi nc v m cng hp th mt phn ng k
nng lng sng in t, nht l sng c tn s c 20GHz tr ln.
Vic xc nh cc tiu hao c trng c th xc nh c da trn biu
hnh 12. Tiu hao gy ra bi y v hi nc c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

Aa a .d ( o w ).d

d l di ng truyn (km).
o , w l tiu hao c trng ca xy v hi nc (dB/km).
3.2.3. S phn x sng in t

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Cc ng-ten lm vic trong h thng vi ba u c kh nng nh hng cao.
Tuy nhin chm tia bc x t ng-ten cng ch dng hnh nn trn xoay vi
mt gc m trn gin hng no . Gi s vi cc gc m hp t 1 0 - 20,
vi c ly lin lc mt chng t 40 - 50 km, th ti im thu nng lng chm
tia sng in t cng tri ra kh rng (c t 0,7 - 1,4 km) v cao ca thp l
rt nh so vi phm vi tri rng ca nng lng in t.
V vy trong qu trnh truyn dn sng t im pht ti im thu, mt
phn nng lng sng v tuyn s gp mt tri t v do mt t c tnh cht
phn x sng, nn trong cc tia phn x s c tia n c im thu. Trong
trng hp tia phn x ny c cng pha vi tia trc tip, th tn hiu thu c
tng cng. Tuy nhin khi tia phn x c pha sai khc pha tn hiu ca tia trc
tip, th tn hiu thu s b suy yu. Trong trng hp tia phn x l ngc pha vi tia
trc tip, th tn hiu thu thm tr c th b trit tiu.
S phn x cng c th xy ra cc vng kh quyn bt ng nht (vng
i lu), tuy nhin trong h thng vi ba LOS, do truyn sng thng nn chng
ta khng cn phi xt n trng hp ny. S phn x sng t mt t xy ra
khong gia tuyn hoc nhng ch a hnh c cu trc c bit ch ra trn
hnh 13.

Hnh 3.2. Hin tng phn x sng t mt t

Tn hiu n im thu l tng tn hiu tia trc tip v tia phn x

E E d E rd .

Tn hiu ca tia phn x s b chm pha so vi tia trc tip mt lng

trong

2 .r /

l s chnh lch qung ng gia tia trc tip v tia phn x

tn hiu phn x ti im thu c th c tnh theo cng thc sau:

E R R.E d exp( j )

Trong R l h s phn x ca b mt

R R . exp( j R )
Nh vy tn hiu ti im thu c th c vit li nh sau:

E E d 1 R . exp j R )

Thng thng ngi ta biu din lch pha gia tia trc tip v tia phn x
ging nh s gi chm v thi gian . Nu nh tn s gc ca sng mang l

th c th biu din gc lch pha nh sau:

Hm truyn t ca knh v tuyn c th biu din s b nh sau:

H ( ) E / Ed 1 R exp j ( R )
Cc gi tr ca

R , R ,

thay i thng ging theo thi gian do s thay i b

mt hoc cc iu kin kh hu. th ca H() s c mt ch trng 180 0.

su ca ch trng ph thuc vo gi tr
. Nu
=1 th ti 1800 tia trc tip

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s b kh hon ton v ta c pha ding su. Trong trng hp

R , R ,

gi

nguyn ta thy rng H() ph thuc tn s v do knh v tuyn c c tnh

ph thuc tn s.
i vi mt mt t g gh th tn hiu ti im thu s l tng ca tt c cc
thnh phn phn chiu. Hin tng phn x cng l mt trong cc nguyn
nhn gy ra hin tng thng ging tn hiu ti im thu hay cn gi l hin
tng pha ing.
3.3. Hin tng fading
Pha ing l hin tng thay i tn hiu v tuyn mt cch bt thng ti
im thu do s tc ng ca mi trng truyn dn. Cc yu t gy ra hin
tng pha ing bao gm:
S hp th ca cc cht kh hi nc, ma . y l nhng yu t ch
yu i vi nhng tn s ln hn 10 GHz.
Pha ing do hin tng lan truyn a ng:
S thay i gradient ch s khc x theo thi gian cng gy ra hin
tng thng ging tn hiu ti im thu. Trng hp cc oan c th
gy ra hin tng ng sng lm tia sng khng n c im thu.
Hin tng ny thng xy ra ti nhng ni c v thp v gn b
mt nc v c nhit thay i nhanh. Trong trng hp gradient
thay i ln th y l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra hin tng truyn
lan a ng. Hin tng ny thng xy ra nhng gi gia tra
khi khng kh b xo trn hon ton do cc dng i lu v gi.
Khi gn ti v c bit trong nhng thng ma h, lng gi gim,
nhit v m phn b khng u, to nn cc gradient ch s
khc x bin i
S phn x sng t b mt tri t, c bit l t b mt nc v s
phn x t nhng bt ng trong kh quyn s nhiu x bi nhng
vt cn trn ng truyn cng l nhng nguyn nhn gy ra hin
tng lan truyn a ng.
Suy hao ng truyn trong h thng vi ba mt t bao gm hai thnh
phn: Thnh phn L c trng cho suy hao truyn sng trong khng gian t
do v thnh phn A(t.f) c trng cho yu t nh hng ca mi trng.
Nh vy suy hao ca h thng vi ba mt t trong trng hp ny c th
vit:
a(t,f) = L . S(t,f)
L l tn hao gy ra khi lan truyn trong khng gian t do v S(t,f) c gi l h s
suy hao do pha-ing. Ni chung S(t, f) l khng th ly gi tr trung bnh c, m n
c xem nh mt qu trnh ngu nhin vi hai bin c lp. Xt mt cch cht ch
qu trnh ny khng dng. Nhng thun tin cho vic kho st trong thc t ta gi
thit S(t,f) l qu trnh dng.
H s suy hao do pha-ing S(t,f) l hm ca bin thi gian t v tn s f. Trong mt
s trng hp s ph thuc ca pha-ing vo tn s l khng ng k. Trong trng
hp ny suy hao do pha-ing hu nh khng i trong c bng tn . i vi cc h
thng c bng tn hp (h thng dung lng nh), khi pha-ing c gi l phaing phng. i vi cc h thng bng rng (dung lng cao), gi tr S(t,f) thay i rt
khc nhau cc tn s khc nhau trong bng tn, trng hp ny pha-ing c
gi l chn lc theo tn s.
3.3.1. Pha inh phng:
Trong thng tin v tuyn vn truyn dn nhiu tia c cp nghin
cu t nhiu thp k trc v nhng m hnh ton hc v knh nhiu tia
c xut. M hnh truyn dn nhiu tia vi s lng tia ln th p dng
nh l gii hn trung tm kho st, theo nh l ny vi s lng tia ln
th cng trng thu c phn b Gauss, bin trng thu s c phn b

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Rayleigh. Trong m hnh kho st nu mt tia ln hn cc tia cn li th phn
b ny chuyn v phn b Rice hoc Nakagami. Trong h thng vi ba tn s
lm vic cao, truyn sng thng nn s lng tia trong knh l khng nhiu, do
tnh ng ca knh thng tin nh hn so vi cc knh ngvi phn b
Rayleigh, Rice v Nakagami.
-Pha inh phng do ma
Suy hao do ma: Cc ht ma l nguyn nhn hp th nng lng sng v
tuyn. Lng ma cng ln th s hp th ny cng cao, tn hao do ma cng
l i lng thay i theo tn s. Tn hao do ma c bit nguy him vi cc
sng c tn s ln hn 10GHz v khi kch thc ca ht ma c th so snh
vi bc sng in t. Kch thc ca ht ma cn b ph thuc vo cng
ma (thng c tnh theo n v mm/h). Thc t ht ma khng c dng
hnh cu. Trong qu trnh ri xung ht ma c dng bt hn do vy tn hao do
ma cn ph thuc c vo phn cc sng. Kch thc git ma theo chiu dc
nh hn kch thc theo chiu ngang nn cc sng phn cc ngang b tn hao
mnh hn. i vi ma khng nhng lm suy hao m cn lm xoay pha sng
in t v gy ra hin tng tn x, y cng l nguyn nhn lm gim tin
cy ca h thng. Thng thng tiu hao do ma tn s di 7 GHz c th
b qua ngay c khi c ly chng tip pht ln hn 50km. Trn 15GHz khi c tiu
hao do ma bo m cht lng h thng cn gim c ly xung di 20 km
v khi pha inh phng gy bi pha ing nhiu tia gim v khng ng vai
tr quan trng. tn s t 7 n 15 GHz cn xc nh c c tnh tiu hao
ca c pha inh do ma v pha inh phng nhiu tia. Tm li vi tn s thp
c ly chng lp di th pha inh nhiu tia l ch yu v trong trng hp ngc
li khi tn s cao, c ly chng lp ngn th tiu hao do ma l nh hng ch
yu.
- Pha-ing nhiu tia chn lc tn s trong h thng vi ba s bng rng
Cc m hnh pha-ing nhiu tia chn lc tn s c xut
nghin cu vn ny trc ht chng ta gi thit rng h thng c
thit k theo ng tiu chun thit k tuyn, tc l khong h ng truyn
ln hn cho php. H thng c gi thit nh vy s khng b nh hng phaing do nhiu x. Pha-ing xy ra c nguyn nhn l truyn dn nhiu tia, gm
tia ti trc tip, tia khc x t kh quyn v cc tia phn x t mt t truyn
n ng-ten thu. Kt qu sng v tuyn ti ng-ten thu theo nhiu ng khc
nhau, hin tng ny c gi l truyn dn nhiu tia, ch ra trn hnh v 14

Hnh 3.3. Dng truyn dn nhiu tia

Khi nghin cu hin tng knh nhiu tia v vn pha-ing chn lc theo
tn s c kh nhiu m hnh knh nhiu tia c a ra nh: M hnh ba tia,
m hnh ba tia n gin ho, m hnh hai tia, m hnh a thc. Trong m
hnh ba tia n gin ho ca Rummler c coi l hay nht v n tr thnh
m hnh l thuyt cho vic nghin cu hin tng ny. M hnh ny c
kim nghim bng o lng thc t v c thng bo rng ri l chnh
xc.
Khi knh c xc nh l truyn dn nhiu tia th vic m t cc m hnh
hm truyn dn pha-ing ca knh l cng vic ht sc quan trng t ta
mi c th xut cc bin php khc phc.
M hnh ba tia tng qut:
M hnh ny mc nhn rng, trong mt chng vi ba s lun tn ti ba tia
truyn lan t u pht n u thu.

Group 8

Trang 18

H thng VIBA
-

Tia trc tip (tia LOS)

Tia c bin nh i gn v bn di tia LOS (tc chnh l tia phn x
b mt) c bin nh v b mt t, cc ht kh v hi nc hp th
mt phn nng lng.
Mt tia c bin ln hn cch xa tia LOS hn l tia khc x.
Hm truyn ca knh trong trng hp ny c dng:

C ( f ) 1 1 e j 2 f1 2 e j 2 f 2
Trong s hng th nht m t tia trc tip v ly lm tham chiu, s hng
th hai v th ba m t hai tia cn li ca knh nhiu tia. a 1 , a2 l cc gi tr
bin tham chiu c trng do suy hao bin , t 1 v t2 l cc gi chm
ca hai tia tng ng.
Thc t t1 c gi tr rt nh v vec t [1 e -j2f] c lch pha so vi vec t
tn hiu tia trc tip l rt nh. Mt khc thc t cho thy gi tr bin ca
vec t ny cng khng ln nn nh hng ca thnh phn ny n trng thu
l c th b qua c.
M hnh 3 tia tng qut ny c bit ngha khi truyn sng qua vng c b
mt nc. Tuy vy m hnh ba tia tng qut li khng a ra c dng ton
hc y ca m hnh knh. M hnh 3 tia tng qut cha qu nhiu tham s
nn vic kho st theo m hnh ny l rt kh khn. M hnh c xem l i
din cho knh nhiu tia li l m hnh ba tia n gin ho ca Rummler a ra,
m hnh ny ph hp hn vi cc s hiu quan trc v o lng.
M hnh hai tia
nh hng ca tia phn x do i gn tia trc tip, nng lng thp, nn c
lch pha nh v trong trng hp c bit th c th b qua c. M hnh
hai tia a ra gi thit knh thng tin ch truyn di dng hai tia, khng k
n tia phn x b mt. N gn ging m hnh 3 tia n gin ho nhng li
khng k n bt k nh hng no ca tia gn tia LOS v hm truyn ca
knh c dng:

C ( f ) 1 e j 2 f
Vi m hnh ny cha 3 tham s f, t, a. Ngi ta tin hnh p dng
m hnh ny kho st knh thng tin thc t, cc php o lng trong
bng tn 55MHz cho thy 3 tham s ca m hnh l c lp thng k v a
c phn b u. Khi n gin ho, m hnh ny ch cn cha 2 tham s
(f,a) nn vic tnh ton kho st n gin hn nhiu. y c xem l m
hnh n gin nht kho st h thng pha-ing nhiu tia chn lc tn
s. Tuy nhin m hnh ny li khng khi qut y dng truyn lan
nhiu tia thc t ca knh.
3.3.2. Phn ng ca thit b vi pha-ing nhiu tia chn lc tn s
Pha-ing nhiu tia chn lc tn s lm suy gim cht lng h thng, ISI
tng ln do mo tuyn tnh do pha-ing v c th dn n gin on lin lc
ti mt mc tp m nh hn bnh thng, thm ch ngay c khi khng c tp
m. Tuy nhin s suy gim cht lng h thng ph thuc vo dng thc t
ca c tnh ng truyn (c tnh tn hao do pha-ing nhiu tia chn lc tn
s). Theo m hnh Rummler, c tnh ng truyn c bn tham s l (A, B, f 0,
t), trong ch c t c chn c nh (t = 6,3 ns) ba tham s cn li (A, B, f 0)
c coi l t do, cc tham s ny l cc bin ngu nhin vi c tnh thng k
nh trnh by trn. Phn ng ca thit b vi pha-ing nhiu tia chn lc
tn s c nh gi qua cc tham s ny.
Theo m hnh Rummler tham s B c trng s suy hao ln nht do phaing ti tn s tng ng gi l tn s khe pha-ing v B c gi l su
pha-ing ti tn s khe .

Group 8

Trang 19

H thng VIBA
c trng cho mc nhy cm ca thit b vi s nh hng ca pha-ing
nhiu tia chn lc tn s ngi ta a ra khi nim Signature ca h thng.
Vy Signature l g: Vi gi thit khng c tp m v B l su suy hao ln
nht ti cc tn s khc nhau ca bng tn, m ng vi B th h thng bt u
gin on. Tp hp cc im cho bi cc gi tr B lm cho h thng b gin
on do pha-ing trong c gii tn gi l ng cong Signature.
Vy Signature ca h thng l qu tch cc im trn mt phng B - f 0 ng
vi trng thi gin on thng tin gy bi pha-ing trn h thng trong iu
kin khng c tp m.
Thng thng h thng c coi l gin on khi t l li bt ln hn hoc
bng 10 -3 (khi h thng khng truyn c thng tin cho mt dch v no).
Trn hnh 3.3.1 do chng ta ch quan tm n tn s ln cn sng mang f c nn
bin tn s f0 c thay bng (f0 - fc).
T ng cong signature cho thy: ti mt tn s khe pha-ing f 0 cho trc,
nu B nhn mt gi tr ng vi ng cong signature, th li bt ca h
thng l BER = 10 -3, nu B ln hn gi tr gii hn th h thng b gin on.
So snh ng cong signature ca h thng 16 QAM v 64 QAM ta thy khi
rng bng tn cng ln th gi tr B thay i cng nhiu v r rng l
min gin on thng tin do pha-ing cng ln. iu ny chng t pha-ing
i vi h thng vi ba bng rng l pha-ing chn lc tn s v mc
nguy hi ca n ln hn rt nhiu so vi pha-ing phng
Kt lun:
- ng cong signature ca h thng c hnh M hay W tu thuc vo v
th hng ln trn hay quay xung di
- ng cong signature cng thp v cng rng th kh nng chu ng pha
ing ca h thng cng ti.
- ng cong signature ca h thng o c cng mt i xng th c
tnh lc ca h thng cng mt i xng
3.3.3. Chng fading
Khi truyn sng trn ng truyn vi ba mt t LOS (Line-Of-Sight), th nh
hng ca pha-ing l mt tt yu khng th trnh khi nht l i vi h
thng vi ba s bng rng. Vn l chng ta phi lm sao gim n mc
ti thiu nh hng ca n v nng cao tin cy ca h thng.
chng pha-ing phng (i vi vi ba bng hp, tc ng ca pha-ing
trn ton b bng tn cng tc c coi l nh nhau) chng ta ch cn tng
cng sut my pht n mc ln l c, hoc bng cch khc chng ta
c th gim c ly lin lc ca chng xung di c ly danh nh.
Tuy nhin i vi h thng vi ba s bng rng nh xt chng 2, hin
tng pha-ing l nhiu tia chn lc theo tn s. Tc l nh hng ca phaing khc nhau ti cc tn s khc nhau ca bng tn . chng pha-ing
trong trng hp ny chng ta xem xt c ch gy hi ca hin tng pha-ing
chn lc l lm gia tng ISI tn hiu thu do cc nguyn nhn:
- Mo tuyn tnh hm truyn ca knh thng tin.
- S mt i xng qua tn s sng mang ca hm truyn knh thng tin vi
cc h thng iu ch hai chiu QAM, PSK.
Trong chng ny cn c vo tc nhn gy hi m xut cc bin php
chng pha-ing c hiu qu. Nguyn tc ca cc php chng pha-ing l a
gi tr ISI c trong tn hiu thu trc mch quyt nh ca h thng v gi tr
khng. Do c th phn cc bin php chng pha-ing thnh cc dng sau
y:
* S dnga)mch san bng thch nghi: ta chp nhn s truyn dn nhiu tia
ca knh thng tin. Cn c vo m hnh knh nhiu tia a ra v c ch gy
hi ca hin tng pha-ing thit k cc mch san bng thch nghi c v

Group 8

-1

0,5

0,5

Trang 20

(f0-fc)*Ts

b)

H thng VIBA
-1
2
0
*Ts
1
2 (f0 - fe)
mt thi gian v tn s, a vo knh nh mt qu trnh ngc li vi qu
3.3.1gy
- ng
cong signature theo m phng ASTRAS:
trnh doHnh
pha-ing
ra.
* S dng cc bin php
a. phn
Cho h
tp:
thng
nhm16
gim
QAM
xc sut gin on ca h
thng bng cch cu trc knh
theo
kiu
song
song.
b. Cho h thng 64 QAM
* Dng m sa li.
* Truyn dn a sng mang
3.3.3.1. iu chnh cng sut my pht thch nghi:
chng li pha inh phng ta cn c mt lng d tr pha ing bng cch
tng cng sut my pht, hoc gim c ly lin lc. Tuy nhin vic to ra mt
lng d tr pha ing c nh ln nh vy lm tiu tn mt lng cng sut
ln ngay c khi khng c hin tng pha ing. Thm vo vic duy tr mt
cng sut ln my pht c th lm tng tnh phi tuyn ca b khuch i
cng sut v dn ti lm gim cht lng ng truyn hu qu lm BER
tng nhanh c bit i vi cc loi iu ch nhy cm vi mo phi tuyn
QAM. V vy gii php iu chnh cng sut my pht t ng theo s thay
i ca tiu hao ng truyn xem ra l mt gii php hiu qu khi thit k
h thng thng tin vi ba s. Trong qu trnh lm vic cng sut my pht s
thay i t Pmin n Pmax. Cng sut cc i Pmax ch t c trong iu
kin pha ing khc nghit lm cho cng sut tn hiu ti u vo my thu
qu nh. Tuy nhin hnh thnh mt vng phn hi khp kn iu chnh
cng sut my pht theo tn hiu thu c ti my thu cn c mt knh
nghip v m bo truyn nhng thng tin phn hi ngc t my thu v
my pht.
Vic s dng ATPC mang li nhng u im sau:
- Lm tng kh dng ca h thng trong min ng vi xc sut li bt
cao v trung bnh (10 -6 < BER< 10-3) do vic gim BO ch thc hin trong
iu kin fa ing mnh,
- Tit kim c ngun nui
- Loi b c hin tng qu iu chnh my thu trong trng hp cng
sut vo qu ln
- Ci thin ch tiu gin on lin lc do gim c nh hng ca xuyn
nhiu knh ln cn (ACI)
- D dng hn trong vic b tr tn s nhng trm a lung do mc tn
hiu thu chun ha c gim nh

Hnh 3.3.3 s khi vng lp iu chnh thch nghi cng sut my pht.
3.3.3.2. S dng mch san bng thch nghi chng pha-ing nhiu
tia chn lc tn s trong vi ba bng rng
Pha-ing nhiu tia lm mo dng hm truyn, san bng l bin php khi
phc li hm truyn nh mong mun. thc hin c iu ngi ta s

Group 8

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H thng VIBA
dng cc mch san bng thch nghi v tn s v thch nghi v thi gian.
a. San bng thch nghi v tn s

Hnh 3.3.3.1. s khi c bn ca mt knh truyn vi b san bng

Mch ny thng dng sa mo hm truyn ti trung tn thu. Hm truyn
pha-ing nhiu tia chn lc tn s C(f), theo m hnh Rummler c dng tun
hon cha khe tn s
(trong t = 6,3 ns). rng bng sng di

Fr

thng trung tn (khong 30 MHz). Trong trng hp ny hm truyn tng cng

ca knh thng tin ti trung tn cho bi:
H (f) B(IF) = Rc(f) . C (f)B (IF)
(3.1)
Rc(f) l hm Raised Cosine (Csin tng).
iu ny c ngha l ph ca tn hiu trung tn s c dng l mt phn ca
ng cong tun hon F (f) nh hnh 3
Trng hp a): fc nm ti v tr C(f) cc i th hm truyn ca bng thng
trung tn c dng gn ging l tng, hm truyn lc hu nh bng phng
trong bng.
Trng hp b) l trng hp gi tr ca hm truyn thay i trong bng, gy
mo ln v c th gy gin on.
Trong thc t hm C(f) khng phi l tun hon nh m t trong m hnh
ca Rummler. V vy v tr khe pha-ing thay i dn n bin hm truyn
trong bng thng trung tn thay i:
H (f) =Rc(f) C(fc - f0)
C(fc - f0) l lng thay i.
San bng l bin php a vo trung tn ca knh mt mng 4 cc c hm
truyn E(f)=C -1(fc - f0) ngc vi hm truyn do pha-ing gy ra, sao cho trong
on bng thng trung tn, hm truyn tng cng c gi tr hng s tc l:
C (f) = C (fc - f0). C -1(fc - f0) = 1
(*)
Bin
a)

1/

-50

Bin
b)

fc
B

(f - f0)
150
S lin h tn s- MHz
+

1/

(f - f0)
fc
S lin h tn s- MH3
B v tr tng i ca bng thng trung tn thu B
Hnh 3 - Dng hm Pha-ing C (f) v cc
a. Trng hp l tng.
b. Trng hp gy hi ln.
b. San bng thch nghi trong min thi gian ATd
3.3.3.3 Cc bin php phn tp chng pha-ing trong h thng vi ba
bng rng
chng li pha-ing nhiu tia nhiu tia chn lc tn s trong h thng vi
ba bng rng ngi ta cn dng cc bin php phn tp nh sau:
- Phn tp khng gian SD (Space Diversity).

Group 8

Trang 22

H thng VIBA
- Phn tp gc AD (Angle Diversity).
- Phn tp tn s FD (Frequency Diversity).
Ngoi ra cn c phn tp theo phn cc v phn tp theo thi gian nhng
cc bin php ny thng t c s dng, v vy trong phm vi chng trnh
mn hc ch trnh by 3 phng php phn tp nu trn.
a). Phn tp khng gian SD (Space Diversity)
* Nguyn tc c bn
Theo phng php ny s dng hai hoc nhiu ng-ten cng vi hai hoc
nhiu my thu thu nhn cng mt tn hiu. Thng thng ngi ta s dng
hai ng-ten cng vi cc my thu v tuyn v mt b kt hp trc hoc sau
tch sng. Nh trn hnh 11 ch ra cu trc ca phn tp khng gian. Trong
thc t h thng phn tp khng gian thng c cu trc 1 + 1 nh trn (hnh
v 11) hai ng-ten c lp trn cng mt thp cng quay v mt hng v
cng thu mt tn hiu. Khong cch cao gia hai ng-ten (t tm n tm)
thng trong phm vi (5 - 15) mt.
Nh vy trong phng php phn tp ny, mt thng tin c truyn ng
thi trn hai knh song song nhau v nu khong cch cao gia 2 ng-ten
ln th c th coi c hai knh c lp thng k vi nhau. Lc ny xc sut
xut hin pha-ing ng thi trn c hai ng-ten s gim v tin cy thng
tin s cao hn so vi khng phn tp.

Hnh 3.3.4. Cu trc h thng phn tp theo khng gian.

b. Phn tp tn s (FD)
Phn tp tn s (Frequency Diversity) l s dng mt hoc hai knh bo
v cho N knh lm vic. B chuyn mch SW thc hin nguyn l khng trng
hp, trn c s m mu mt hoc BER chn ra knh c cht lng thp
nht thc hin phn tp tn s. Trng hp phn tp tn s c cu trc (1 +
1), tc l bin php truyn ng thi hai knh tn s t trm pht n trm
thu s dng hai my pht, hai my thu c khong cch tn s khc nhau, s
dng ng-ten di rng. Ti u thu s c mt b kt hp ging nh trong phn
tp khng gian dng so snh bin v pha tn hiu u ra my thu, nhm
la chn tn hiu u ra l tt nht.

Group 8

Trang 23

H thng VIBA

Khi khong cch tn s trong hai knh ln h s tng quan gia hai
knh l c th b qua c, th hai knh c coi l c lp thng k. Khi h
s ci thin phn tp theo tn s s c tnh theo cng thc.

I 0 0.8(1 / f .d )( f / f )10 F / 10
Trong
f [GHz] l tn s sng mang
f / f l khong cch tn s tng i
d [km] l di chng
F l su khe pha ing
Khi m knh phn tp tn s ch c mt, m s knh lm vic cn phi c
phn tp tng ln, th s ci thin c quan tm n tt c cc knh s gim
xung. Tuy nhin chng ta s dung ho c s u tin cho knh lm vic. V
rng mt knh s c bo v tt, nu c cu trc phn tp (1+1). Nh vy
phng v t knh c u tin cao s c tng ln, phng v t knh c u
tin thp s b gim xung.
c. Phn tp gc (AD):
Mc du vn phn tp gc cho ng vi ba LOS c quan tm nhiu
nm v trc, nhng trong k thut mi ch s dng cho ng thng tin i
lu. iu ny cng c l do ca n, c l v nhng nm trc y vi ba s bng
rng cha pht trin, pha-ing xy ra ch yu l pha-ing phng do vy cc
bin php khc phc c phn n gin hn. Gn y, tnh ton phn tp gc
trn cc ng vi ba mt t LOS c hi sinh, do yu cu ca k thut
trong vic tnh ton pha-ing cho ng v tuyn s [2,14], tuy nhin phn
bit hai trng hp ny chng ta cn lu .
Thng tin i lu vic truyn sng da vo s bt ng nht ca kh quyn
vng i lu. Vng ny c c im tn x sng, cc tia sng c pht ra t
ng-ten pht khng trc tip n im thu m i ti vng i lu, cc tia
sng li tn x i nhiu hng khc nhau. Trong s nhng tia sng tn x t
vng i lu c nhng tia n c im thu. Thng tin i lu phn tp theo
gc ngng ca ng-ten ch ra trn hnh
Trong ng vi ba mt t LOS phng php truyn sng l trc tip, ngten nhn thy nhau. Tuy nhin theo m hnh Rummler ti im thu, sng ti
khng ch l tia trc tip m cn c tia khc x qua kh quyn v tia phn x t
mt t. Cc tia sng ny n im thu cng b un cong v c bin v gc
pha khc nhau. Phn tp gc vi tng nh hng ng-ten theo un cong
ca tia sng c thc hin. Theo phng php ny ngi ta thng s
dng 2 ng-ten thu mt tn hiu t mt ng-ten pht. Hai ng-ten t cng
cao trn thp cng nh hng v mt pha. Trong ng-ten chnh c
nh hng thng theo ng thng ni gia ng-ten pht v ng-ten thu, cn
ng-ten phn tp c nh hng lch i mt gc nh chng (1 2) .
Cc ng-ten thng c dng Parabol vi phn pht x t ti tiu im
Parabol kiu lp t ng-ten c dng nh hnh 18.

Loa Parabol phn x

B pht x

a)

b)

Hnh 3.3.7: a) ng-ten phn tp gc nhn vo t pha lng cho

b) ng-ten phn tp gc nhn vo t bn cnh

Group 8

Trang 24

H thng VIBA

V cu trc thit b th cng tng t nh trong phn tp khng gian. Phn

tp gc cng s dng hai my thu v s dng kt hp trc hoc sau tch
sng nh trn hnh

Kt hp

B tch sngRa

a. Phn tp gc kt hp trc tch sng

B tch sng my thu I
B kt hp Ra
B tch sng my thu II

b. Phn tp gc kt hp sau tch sng

Hnh 3.3.8: S khi cu trc h thng phn tp gc.
H thng phn tp gc trong thc t thng s dng phng php phn tp
gc kt hp sau tch sng nh hnh 3.15b, s 3.15a t dng.
4. Truyn dn a sng mang (Multi-Carrier Transmssion)

Hnh 3.3.9. Cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn a sng mang

Truyn dn a sng mang c p dng ln u tin vo nm 1983 cho mt
h thng c c ly xa qua bin Yoshida - Nht Bn. Trong h thng dung
lng cao c truyn trn nhng sng mang con c dung lng thp hn m
ph tn s ca chng c n nh trong bng tn c rng tng ng.
Nh vic truyn dn tc thp trn nhng bng tn hp hn nn c th gim
c hin tng pha ing trong cc bng tn con, ni cch khc gim c s
khng ng u ca knh truyn theo tn s do vy cu trc ca cc b san
bng cng n gin hn.
H thng yu cu nhiu hn cc b iu ch v gii iu ch do vy thit b
cng phc tp hn. Ngoi ra khi phn b tn s cng yu cu gia cc bng
tn con cn c mt khong tn s bo v (Guard Band) nhm trnh xuyn
nhiu gia cc h thng sng mang con v trnh mo xuyn iu ch do vy
hiu qu s dng ph ca h thng truyn dn a sng mang khng cao v
thng ch s dng trong iu kin truyn sng qua bin c ly ln v dung
lng cao.
5. M chng nhiu
Ngoi ra chng pha-ing ngi ta cn dng m sa li theo nguyn tc C
(n,k) trong c k bt thng tin v r = n-k bt dng kim tra pht hin sai
v sa, c Hamming v Shannon xut. Thng thng cho cc h thng
iu ch c s mc ln hn 64 th ngi ta thng dng m dch vng m khi
hoc m BCH (Bose - Chaudhuri and Hocquenghem) l rt c hiu qu. V d t

Group 8

Trang 25

H thng VIBA
l tha 18/19 m ho cho h thng v tuyn 64QAM bo m tng ch m
ho khong 3dB, ti t l li bt BER = 10 -6. Hoc vi t l 247/255 m khi cho
h thng v tuyn 256 QAM, kt qu tng ch m ho l 3,4dB ti BER = 10 -6.
3.4. Kt lun:
Qua phn trnh by trong chng 4 chng ta rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau:
* nh hng ca pha-ing nhiu tia nhiu tia chn lc tn s trong h thng
vi ba bng rng l khng th trnh khi v vy tip tc thc y vic nghin
cu cc bin php chng pha-ing l mt yu cu cn thit.
* Cc bin php chng pha-ing hin ti ang c thc hin nh nu
trn gm:
- Cc bin php san bng thch nghi v tn s v thi gian.
- Cc bin php phn tp
- S dng m sa li
* Cc bin php san bng thch nghi v m sa li thng c thc hin
cng vi cu hnh ca my trong qu trnh sn xut, hay ni cch khc n l
kh nng k thut ca thit b.
* Cc bin php phn tp ngoi yu t kh nng k thut ca thit b nu
trn, cn c mt yu t c bit quan trng khi trin khai khai thc, l kh
nng hiu bit ca con ngi trong vai tr tnh ton thit k tuyn sao cho t
c cc yu cu v kh dng, tin cy ca h thng, hiu qu kinh t
v.v... Trong chng IV chng ta s xem xt kh nng ci thin ca cc bin
php phn tp.

Chng 4: Thit k tuyn vi ba

4.1. Tnh ton ng truyn

1. Dng mt ct nghing ca ng truyn
Cn c trn bn a chnh, nh du im cn xy dng trm A, B v
dng mt ct nghing ca ng truyn bng cch:
K mt ng thng trn bn ni hai im AB
Xc nh cao ca im ct gia ng AB v ng bnh a
Dng mt ct nghing ca ng truyn theo s liu nhn c +
li ca tri t ti cc im ct.
(B qua cc sai s tham kho s liu )
Lu : Yu cu tnh chnh xc gi tr cao ca cc im cao + li tri
t
2. Xc nh cao anten tha mn tiu chun khong h C

Bi Ei Oi Ti C. F1
1/ 2

dd
4 / 51 d1d 2 / k Oi Ti C.17.32. 1 2
d. f
h A2 Bi h1 h A1 d / d 1 h1 h2 h A1
h A1 h2 h A2 Bi h2 h A2 d / d 1 d1 h1

3. Cc bc tnh ton ng truyn

Trc khi tnh ton ng truyn cn xc nh cc tham s sau:
Bn a chnh +Kho st
V tr cc trm
cao ca cc anten
Tn s hot ng ca h thng
Loi thit b v cc tham s ca n
Cc loi b phi hp v r nhnh
a. M t tuyn

Group 8

Trang 26

H thng VIBA

1.
2.
3.
4.

M t tuyn
S chng tip pht
Loi thit b
Tn trm
Tn s (GHz)

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Phn cc
Dung lng knh (Mbps)
Loi iu ch ca my pht
Tham kho s o c
nng v tr (m)
V / kinh (, pht, giy)
di ng truyn dn (km)
cao ca an ten (m)
cao ca an ten phn tp (m)

Trm A

Trm B

RMD-1504

RMD-1504

1.770
1.830
Trung tm bng: 1.8
Ngang
4Mbps
QPSK

b. Tnh ton cc tn hao

Cc tn hao
15. Tn hao ng truyn dn ca
khng gian t do (dB)
16. Loi phi
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

di phi
Tn hao phi (dB)
Tn hao r nhnh (dB)
Tn hao ca b phi hp v b ni
(dB)
Tn hao ca suy gim vt chn
(dB)
Tn hao hp th kh quyn (dB)
Tng tn hao ca tt c cc ct
(dB)
Tng ch
Tng ch ca anten so vi an ten
ng hng (dBi)
My pht (dBm)
Tng cc tng ch (dBm)
Tng suy gim (dB)
Mc vo my thu (dBm)
Mc ngng thu c RXa (dBm)
Mc ngng thu c RXb (dBm)
suy gim RFI (dB)

32. d tr pha ing phng FMa (dB)

33. d tr pha ing phng FMb (dB)

A 0 = 32,4 + 20 lg (fMHz
. dkm)
WC109 (f=5dB/100m)
WC109
(5dB/100m)
lf = 1.5 cao an ten
Af=lf. f
Ab = 4.1
4.7
0.7
0.7

40
37

37
(23)+(24)
(22)-(23)
Pr=(24)-(26)
-94
-91
suy gim do giao thoa tn s v
tuyn (0dB)
Fma=Pr-RXa
Fmb=Pr-RXb

c. Tnh ton nh hng ca pha ing phng

34. H s xut hin pha ing
nhiu tia Po

Group 8

40

Phng php Majoli:

P0 0,3.a.C.( f / 4)( d / 50) 3

Trang 27

H thng VIBA
Phng php CCIR:

P0 KQ. f B d C

35. Xc sut t RXa, Pa

Pa 10 FM a 10

36. Xc sut t RXb, Pb

Pb 10 FM b 10

37. Khong thi gian pha ing Ta

(s)
38. Khong thi gian pha ing Tb
(s)
39. Xc sut khong pha ing
fdg>10s, P(10)
40. Xc sut khong pha ing
fdg>60s, P(60)
41. Xc sut BER vt 10-3

Ta C 2 10 2 FM a / 10. f 2

42. Xc sut mch tr ln

khng dng c Pu
43. s dng ca ng truyn
%
44. Xc sut BER>10-6

P0 Pa P(10)

Tb C 2 10 2 FM b / 10. f 2
P 10 0.5.erfc 0.548 ln 10 / Ta
P 60 0.5.erfc 0.548 ln 10 / Tb
P0 .10 FM a / 10
100(1-Pu) %

P0 .10 FM b /10

45. Xc sut BER>10-6 trong

khong > 60s
46. H s ci thin phn tp
khng gian Ios

P0 Pa P(60)

I 0 1.2.10

S 2 f a 2 10 FM /10
r

Bng tra cu cc tham s dng cho tnh ton ng truyn

Mt s nc
2
2
C2
Php
0.5
-1
an mch
0.33
M
0.5
-0.5
56.6.sqrt(d)
Thy s
0.59
-1.38
I.
Cc tnh ton ch tiu cht lng v kh nng s dng
1. Tnh ton ch tiu cht lng
Cc tnh ton ch tiu cht lng
1.

di on (km)

Tng di ca chng tip

pht

2.

S chng tip pht trong mt on

3.

S b lp

4.

Xc sut BER >10-3

N
S chng tip pht c ti sinh
tn hiu
N

P 10
i 1

5.

Xc sut BER >10-3 (Pha ing la chn)

4i K i 2.d
i 1

6.

Tng gin on thng tin (BER>10 -3)

Group 8

Trang 28

0i

(4)+(5)

1.5
i

( FM ai / 10)

rbi log 2 M 10

H thng VIBA
7.

Ch tiu cc giy li trm trng

0.006% L < 280km

0.054.L/2500 %
2500km

8.

d tr vt ch tiu dB (BER>10-3)

9.

ci thin ca b cn bng (BER>10 -3)

10lg(%ch tiu / %tnh ton)

Ie

10. ci thin ca b cn bng v phn tp

BER>10-3

Ios

11. Xc sut BER>10-6

P 10
0i

i 1

12. Xc sut BER>10-6 (Pha ing la chn)

280km < L <

( FM bi / 10)

Da vo ng cong signature
tng ng vi BER >10-6

13. Tng BER>10-6

(11)+(12)

14. Ch tiu cc pht suy gim cht lng

0.045% L < 280km

0.04.L/2500 % 280km < L <
2500km

15. d tr trn ch tiu dB (BER>10-6)

10lg(%ch tiu / %tnh ton)

16. ci thin ca b cn bng BER>10 -6

Ie

17. ci thin ca b cn bng v phn tp

BER>10-6

Ios

2. Tnh ton kh nng s dng

0.15 10-3

18. khng s dng c ca thit b, %

19. khng s dng c do ma, p %
20. khng s dng c do pha ing nhiu tia
phng, %

FMa = 0.12(A0.01)p-(0.546+0.043lgp)
N

100 P0i Pai P(10) i

i 1

21. khng s dng c do pha ing la chn 100.P(10).(Xc sut BER>10-3

theo tn s, %
do pha ing la chn theo tn
s)
22. Tng khng s dng c, %
23. Ch tiu khng kh dng ca h thng, %

(18)+(19)+(20)+(21)
0.06.L/600 % vi L<600

THIT K TUYN THNG TIN

1: NHIM V
1. C s ban u:
Khi thit k 1 tuyn thng tin cho trc im u cui

Group 8

Trang 29

H thng VIBA
- Cc trm trung gian chnh
- Cc dch v
- Dung lng, tc
- Thit b ( c th)
V d: Thit k tuyn thng tin H Ni Lo Cai
Cc trm trung gian chnh: Sn La, Yn Bi
Cc dch v thoi, s liu, hnh
Dung lng: thoi v knh, s liu tc ..hnh x kinh
2. Nhim v
Chn tuyn:
Chn v tr t trm trung gian, phi xy dng 2 hoc 3 phng n phn
tch chn phng n ti u, phi da vo bn a hnh t l 1/50.000;
1/100.000
Ch : Tuyn phi trnh i qua cc vng c a hnh phc tp, khu cng
nghip, trung tm thu pht i trnh nhiu v c gng cho tuyn i l ngn
nht gim s trm trung gian.
- V tr t trm phi c gng tn dng cao ca a hnh, thun tin
cho vic sinh hot, trin khai, s dng c cc ngun in mng, phi nh
du v tr to ca im t trm.
Chn thit b s dng:
Cn c vo dung lng nu khng dung lng th phi ghp song
song nhiu thit b gi l knh cao tn
Chn thit b cu hnh ( n, song song) phi m bo dung lng v
tc thng tin v phi c tnh kh thi.
* Tnh v kim tra cc ch tiu cht lng
- d tr phainh
- n nh thng tin ( thng cho trc

tt* %

T %

khng n nh thng tin

Nu khng tho mn yu cu th phi chn li tuyn v tr t trm thay
i ha - chiu cao anten, tnh ton, kim tra li ti khi t yu cu.
c: Chn tuyn
Chn v tr t trm
2: C S TNH KIM TRA CHT LNG
1.2. Phng trnh c bn

a.

PP
W ; pp pT a (db)
PT

PP: Cng sut tn hiu u ra my pht

PT: Cng sut tn hiu u vo my thu
W: suy hao tn hiu
W: tng tiu hao tn hiu
Phng trnh ni ln quan h gia tn hiu u ra my pht v u vo
my thu.

Group 8

Trang 30

H thng VIBA

Pth

Tt ra

Pth

Tt vo

N Phng vtra
N Phng vtvo

L i ch
iu ch

b.
cho trong cc ch tiu k thut ca my
Pt ny cho bit mi quan h gia u vo v u ra my thu
2 phng trnh cho bit quan h gia u vo my pht v ?? u
ra my thu.
c. Xc nh phng trnh th nng ca khong tuyn.
T b ta c:

Pth

Pt

ra

P th

P t

vo

Pp

W Pvtvo

Vit di dng db

Pp Ptvo ap aSCTP aT aSCTT 2GA Pe WK

V tri gm cc i lng bit k hiu l PE gi l th nng lng

V phi l i lng WK cha bit phi tnh
Phng trnh trn gi l phng trnh th nng lng in ca khong
tuyn thng tin v khi thit k tuyn phi tnh ton m bo c phng
trnh th nng: < khng thng tin c = khng c d tr phainh
Tip theo phi i tnh aK tho mn bt phng trnh th nng
aK l tng tiu hao khong cch gia 2 anten
aK =ak2+a a hnh + a phainh
ak2 l tiu hao trong khng gian t do = 32,4+20lgR (LM)
a a hnh: l tiu hao do nh hng a hnh mt t ca khong tuyn.
Vic ny phi tnh ton c th cho tng khong tuyn.
aphainh: tiu hao do nh hng ca phainh, l hin tng ngu nhin
khng th tnh ton c chnh xc m phi da vo l thuyt xc sut thng
k v thc nghim xc dng quan h gia tiu hao pha inh v thi gian
mt lin lc do pha inh
Wpha inh = f(T%)
V th
Khi tnh ton thng phi gi thit chia u nh hng ca pha inh n
v i vi cc khong tuyn v s tnh c W pha inh cho tng khong tuyn.

Group 8

Trang 31

H thng VIBA
Sau khi tnh c aKK1, ah1, ap1 cho 1 khong tuyn c th thay vo
phng trnh th nng phi tho mn bt phng trnh th nng. Nu khng
tho mn th phi thay i v tr t trm thay i tuyn, a h tnh li. Nu

(Pl 1 aK 2 ak1 ap1 )

1

tho mn
( c d phng) v do pha inh chim
Tnh c d tr phainh

Pp Pl 1 a k ah
Pp ap1

T quan h Wp f(T%) s tnh c Tr%(max) thi gian gin on lin lc

do nh hng ca pha inh.

Y u cu: T1% T1* %

T ongt tnh c H1%

Y u cu: H1% H1* %

Khong tuyn t
tnh c phi bit c cu trc thc a hnh ca khong tuyn
nhng bn a hnh v trn mt phng khng cho bit c cu trc thc
ca khoangr tuyn. V vy phi tin hnh v biu mt ct.
Biu mt ct l phn giao gia b mt qu t vi mt phng qua 2
im t anten v tm qu t v biu mt ct phi c cc dng c:
- Bn a hnh t l 1/100.000; 1/50.000
- T giy k ly
- Thc cong
- Bt ch
Trn bn a hnh xc nh c im tuyn ca 2 trm v dng
thc thng ni 2 im ny c ng i ca khong tuyn.
Da vo t l bn a hnh tm c c l thc ca khong tuyn.
Cc bc v
a. Chuyn khon tuyn t bn a hnh vo t ly

Group 8

Trang 32

H thng VIBA

T t l ca bn a hnh tnh c chiu di thc ca khong tuyn R

o AB c bao nhiu cm: 56 cm thc t 56 km. Trn t k ly
chuyn khong tuyn vo ng k nm ngang pha trn t ly v phi chn
t l ca t k ly v chiu di v cao
Chuyn cc im cao v ng bnh c bit t bn a hnh v t
k ly
b. V ng cong mc nc bin ca qa t.
- Pha di t ly v hnh chiu A, B ca AB
- Chia i xng v 2 pha thnh nhng on bng nhau ( chia i ln
lt bt u t gia)

&i
y

ri2(km)
(m)
Z

- t cc on
ti cc im chia tng ng vung gc vi AB v phi trn
- Dng thc cong ni cc im pha trn on yi ta nhn c
ng cong mc nc bin ca khong tuyn
Z xem trong ti liu
Thc t chn Z = 21,7
c. V ng cong a hnh thc ca khong tuyn
t cao cc to tng ng theo t l cao chn trn ng
cong mc nc bin.
Dng thc cong ni cc im li, nhn c ng cong thc ca
khong tuyn
d. Ti 2 im A, B t chiu cao anten
hA v hB theo t l chn
V d: ha = 60m 3cm, hB = 100m 5cm
Dng thc k ni 2 im anten th chnh l ng nhn thy gia 2
anten
e. Xc nh cc tham s ca khong tuyn
- Khong h H l khong cch gia ng thng ni 2 anten vi nh vt
chn cao nht.
Nu H 0 tuyn b chn ( tuyn ng) khng thng tin c
Nu H > 0 khng b chn thng tin c

Group 8

Trang 33

H thng VIBA
- Khong h tng i H0 l khong cch gia ng thng ni gia 2
anten vi Fredren th nht tnh ti nh vt chn cao nht hoc c th tnh
theo i s:

H0
K

1
RK(1 K)
3

f 1,8G 2,2G

RC
R

Nu H < H0 tuyn na m ( nh vt chn nm trong min Frednen th

nht)
Nu H > H0 tuyn m hon ton ( nh vt chn nm di ng
Frednen)
4: TNH W C A HNH C MC 7.2
Cho bit quan h gia Wh, Pg,

Pg

H
H0

R2K 2(1 K)2

R VCH0
3

5: TNH Wpha inh

Da vo tiu chun ban u cho H*% n nh thng tin
Tnh khng n nh l 100% - H % = T*% v tm thi phn b
c n nh u cho cc khong tuyn.
V d: Tuyn c M khong tuyn
T* %
T1* %
M
Sau t th Wphainh = f(T%) th hnh 52 ( trang 55)
c T1% v f s tm c Wphainh
Tnh d tr th nng pha inh

Pe2 WK 2 Wh1 Wp1

1

Tho mn bt phng trnh c d tr, d tha ( nu khng tho

mn th phi tnh li)
Tnh c d tr pha inh

Pp Pe WK2 Wh Wpmax
T th Wphainh = f(T%) hnh 52
Tnh ra c T1% ( cho php gin on T1% m vn b c)
Tnh

Group 8

H1% 100% T1%

Trang 34

H thng VIBA

H1% H* %

tho mn
c d tr th nng cho phainh th thit k tuyn l m bo
Ton tuyn c
M

T% T1%
1

H% 100% T1% H* %
1

Gii bi tp:
Cu 3:
Khi nim LOS (line of sight)? Khi nim v min Fresnel. Hin tng g xy ra nu c vt chn
nm trong vng Fresnel?
a) Hy nu mt s im khc nhau c bn gia LOS v Non LOS (NLOS) cng mt s ng dng
LOS v NLOS?
Khi nim LOS:
ng truyn tm nhn thng, trc th. d hiu ta c th xt trong truyn thng tin v
tuyn, tia sng c truyn thng t my pht n my thu m khng b chn bi vt cn
hay bt k chng ngi vt no c v trong truyn bng hnh thc LOS th khong cch ti
a gia my pht v thu la 50Km.

Khi nim Fresnel

Hin tng g xy ra nu c vt chn nm trong vng Fresnel: khi sng truyn i gp vt chn th
tn hiu s b nhiu x ra pha ngoi v thay i hng.
im khc nhau c bn gia LOS v Non LOS (NLOS)
LOS
Tn hiu truyn n pha thu trc tip
Gia my pht v thu khng c vt chn hoc bt
k chng ngi vt no
Khong cch ti a truyn pht l 50Km
Cng tn hiu c m bo hn
Anten truyn pht phi p ng cao, trnh
cc vt cn

Non LOS
Tn hiu truyn n pha thu thng uqa s phn
x, tn x v nhiu x
Gia my pht v thu c vt chn hoc chng
ngi vt
Bn knh ti a ca 1 cell l 8Km
Tn hiu c s tr v suy gim v trng thi phn
cc
C th h thp cao ca anten do , tn hiu c
i nh vo phn x..vv

NG DNG:
LOS: dng trong h thng viba
Non LOS: dng trong cng ngh wimax,

Group 8

Trang 35