(aufbau)

Pauli

Hund

H Pauli




(n,l,ml) .
(ms)

(n,l,ml, +1/2)
(n,l,ml, -1/2)


Pauli ,


:




n l.


, . 2px=E2py=E2pz
n+l
,
.
n+l
n.


3d (n+l=3+2=5)

4s(n+l=4+0=4)
2p (n+l=2+1=3)
3s (n+l=3+0=3), ,
2p n
3s

, 4f 6d;
To 3d 4p

 :
1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<.

:

 ,

:

 ,
.
l
n.
:

, s=p=d=f.


n (1,2,3,4..). H
Bohr.




s<p<d<f.
*

, s=p=d=f.
* ,
2He+, 3Li+2.

,
,

..

1 : 4s,3d 5s,4d
4s<3d,
3d, 4s.
5s,4d
: 21Sc.
,

4s 3d

2
1
, : 1s22s22p63s23p6
,
3d( ), 3d<4s

: 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2.
: 27Co()

2 - (d10)
O d
. 4s23d9
,
4s13d10 .
5s24d9 : 5s14d10 .
: 29Cu :
1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d9 (1 )
1s22s22p63s23p6 3d9 4s2 (2 -d10)
1s22s22p63s23p6 3d10 4s1
: 47Ag

3 - d (d5)
O d
.
4s23d4 ,
4s13d5 .
5s24d4 : 5s14d5 .
: 24 Cr :
1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d4 (1 )
1s22s22p63s23p6 3d4 4s2 (3 -d5)
1s22s22p63s23p6 3d5 4s1
:
42




.

,

: 16S-2 16+2=18
:
1s22s22p63s23p6
:

Br
35




.

:
+2
26Fe
H :
1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d6 (1 )
1s22s22p63s23p6 3d6 4s2
26Fe+2
. 4s
, 26Fe+2 1s22s22p63s23p6
3d6
+

 Hund



( +1/2
-1/2 .

2s
(Pauli)

2s



, .
1s

2s

2px

2py

2pz

s ,
.


p ,
2p; :
)

2px

2py

2pz

1 - 1/2

3 - 1/2

)
2px

2py

2pz

3 - 3/2
2px

2py

2pz

K Hund

(
)
(
)


8;
: 1s22s22p4 ,
p.
8

4 3p :

px

py

pz

8 2

Co;

27