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01 (T) - Electric Charge and Electric Field
01 (T) - Electric Charge and Electric Field
Page 1
kg, m p
-27
= 1.6 10
-67
kg
N, whereas
N which is much
C.
Page 2
produce an electron-positron pair which as a whole being electrically neutral does not alter
the original charge of the system.
q q
1 2
r2
q q
F = k
1 2
r2
q q
F =
1 2
r2
9
0 = 8.9 10
- 12
C N
-1
-2
Nm C
-2
in vacuum is the
If the charges are in medium other than vacuum, then the electrical permittivity of the
medium, , should be used in the above equation in place of 0 . The ratio / 0 is called
relative permittivity, r, of that medium. The Coulombs law for any medium is written as
F =
q q
1 2
4 r 2
, where
= 0 r
Page 3
and r j
respectively
directed from
F ij
r l2
l ri
ri
where
ri
qi q j
j
qj to qi, is given by
- rj
l ri -
r l
l ri -
qi q j
r l3
( ri
- rj )
- rj
l ri -
r l
j
Fji
lr
rj
where
- r l
l rj - r l
i
rj - r
qi q j
qi q j
l rj - r l
i
directed from
( rj - r )
3
- ri
l rj -
r l
i
qi to qj, is given by
1.6 Forces between More than Two Charges: The Superposition principle
When more than one Coulombian force are acting on a charge, the resultant
Coulombian force acting on it is equal to the vector sum of the individual forces.
Consider charges q1, q2 and q3 having position vectors
Then, F21 = k
l r2 - r l
F23 = k
q 2 q1
1
q q3
2
l r2 - r l
( r2 - r )
and
( r2 - r )
3
Note that F ij = - F ji .
and from the principle of superposition, the resultant force acting on charge q2 is
F2
l r2 - r l
q 2 q1
( r2 - r )
1
F2
qj
kq2
l r2 - r j l3
j=1
j2
( r2 - r )
l r2 - r l
and in short,
q2 q3
( r2 - r )
j
In general, the force acting on charge qi due to a system of N electric charges will be
Fi
j = 1
j i
l ri -
( ri - r )
qj
= kq
l3
j
r' =
Let
dl' =
dF =
vector r is given by
lr
kq ( r' ) l dl' l
r' l 3
( r
( r' ) l dl' l
lr
- r' )
( r
- r' )
- r' l3
Surface Distribution
Let
da'
Page 4
F = kq
( r' ) l da' l
lr -
( r
r , due to the
Page 5
- r' )
r' l 3
Volume Distribution
Let
dV '
F = kq
lr
( r' ) l dV' l
( r
- r' )
- r' l3
Thus,
E( r)
F( r)
q
j=1
qj
( r
- rj )
- r j l3
Here, q1, q2, ....., qN are the sources of the electric field.
The unit of electric field intensity in SI system is N C
-1
( or V m
-1
).
Page 6
The test charge should be as small as possible to ensure that its presence makes no
change in the original field.
4 ) The direction of force experienced by a positive charge at any point is the direction of
electric field at that point.
5 ) Faraday first introduced the concept of an electric field which is a physical reality.
kQq
r2
Hence, electric field
intensity due to charge
Q will be,
Q<0
Q>0
kQ
F
=
q
r2
The figure shows the electric
field due to point charges in
two dimensions. Actual field
spreads radially in all
directions intersecting spherical surface perpendicularly, centre of the sphere located at the
point charge, and is directed outwards if the charge is positive and inwards if the charge
is negative.
E =
The strength of the electric intensity decreases away from the charge as indicated by
decreasing length of arrows.
The electric field due to more than one charge is equal to the vector sum of the individual
electric fields due to all the charges.
p = q(2a )
Electric dipole moment is a vector quantity and its direction is from the negative electric
charge to the positive electric charge. Its unit is coulomb-meter ( Cm ).
The total charge on an electric dipole is zero, but its electric field is not zero, since the
position of the two opposite charges is different.
electric field due to this dipole at any point having position vector r
E( r )
Page 7
r2 ( 0, 0, -a ). The
is given by
( + q ) ( r - r1 )
( - q ) ( r - r2 )
+
k
3
3
l r - r2 l
l r - r1 l
E (z)
= ( 0, 0, z ),
q ( 0, 0, z - a )
k
l ( z - a ) l3
- a) 2
(z
(z
q ( 0, 0, z + a )
l ( z + a ) l3
-q
(z + a)
^
p
kq ( 4za )
2 2
- a )
But 2aq = p,
E (z) =
2kpz
(z
2 2
^
p
2kp ^
p
z3
- a )
( ignoring a compared to z
E (y)
q ( 0, y, - a )
k
3
( y 2 + a 2 ) 2
kq
=
(y
3
2 2
+ a )
(y
= -
kp
y3
^
p
+ a2 ) 2
^
p
k q( 2a )
(y
3
2
3
( y 2 + a 2 ) 2
q ( 0, y, a )
( 0, 0, - 2a )
kp
= -
= ( 0, y, 0 ),
( if y > > a )
3
2 2
+ a )
^
p
if z > > a )
Page 8
a q E
and
= (- a ) (-q E ) =
a q E
= +
= ( a q E ) + ( a q E ) = 2q a E
p E
( in anti-clockwise direction )
The dipole rotates due to this torque till the angle reduces to zero and the dipole aligns
itself along the direction of the electric field. This is the equilibrium position of the dipole
( about which dipole oscillates in absence of damping ) and if it has to be rotated by some
angle from this position, work will have to be done equal to the change in potential energy
of the dipole.
Page 9
dE
+ q(E +
2a cos ) .
dx
dE
The net force on the dipole being q
2a cos , the dipole will have acceleration in the
dx
positive x-direction in addition to rotation in the clockwise direction. The rotation will stop
when the dipole aligns in the direction of the field ( assuming damping is present ) but the
translation will continue in the positive x-direction.
When a dry comb charged by rubbing with dry hair is brought close to small pieces of
paper, electric dipole is induced in them in the direction of non-uniform electric field. This
exerts a net force on the pieces of paper which get attracted to the comb.
The tangent drawn at any point on the electric field line indicates the direction of
electric intensity at that point.
(2)
Two electric field lines do not intersect because if they do then two tangents can be
drawn at their point of intersection which is not possible.
( 3 )
The distribution of electric field lines in the region of the electric field gives the
intensity of electric field in that region.
The number of electric field lines passing perpendicularly through unit cross-sectional
area about a point is proportional to the electric intensity at that point. Hence, the field
lines will be crowded where the electric intensity is more and sparse where it is less.
Let there be N ( an arbitrary number ) number of field lines
perpendicular to the surface of a sphere of radius R due to a
point charge q as shown in the figure. This is not the flux.
Now, the number of field lines per unit area is proportional to
the electric intensity.
N
4 R
1
4
q
0 R
N =
where, is the proportionality constant value of which can be determined from the
initially assigned arbitrary number, N.
In the case of an electric dipole, the number of field lines originating from +q charge
enter into -q charge as both the charges are of the same magnitude. But if one charge
is q and the other is -q, where q > q, then the number of electric field lines leaving
the charge +q will be
Page 10
N' =
q'
The field lines of a uniform electric field are mutually parallel and
equidistant.
(5)
The field lines of a stationary electric charge do not form close loops.
Ej
electric
field
at
jth
element
( which
can
be
E j a j
lim
l aj l0
E da
surface
E da =
( Note: 0 is to be used if the medium in closed surface is vacuum or atmospheric air, else
the permittivity, , of the medium has to be used. )
Page 11
The electric field E in the above equation is the resultant electric field due to all charges
whether inside or outside the enclosed surface, but the summation of charges on the RHS of
the above equation is the algebraic sum of the charges enclosed by the surface.
E da =
2rLE =
( Surface integration for all points on the two ends of the cylinder will be zero as the field
lines are perpendicular to area vector. )
E =
2 0 r
E =
1 ^
r
2 0 r
2k ^
r
r
( ii ) Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet or Sheet of Charge
Let
P and P are points at a perpendicular distance r on either sides of the charged plane. By
symmetry, electric intensity at P and P will have equal magnitude and opposite direction. If
the charge on the plane is positive/negative, the direction of the electric intensity will be
away/towards the plane. Consider a closed cylinder with equal lengths on either side of the
plane, from P to P. As the electric intensity is perpendicular to the plane, the flux linked
with the curved surface of the cylinder is zero. As the points P and P are equidistant from
the charged plane, the magnitude of electric intensity are the same.
Ep = Ep = E
and
EpA + EpA = 2EA
is the total flux coming out of the cross-sectional
area, A, of the cylinder. The closed cylindrical
surface encloses the charge q = A.
Using Gausss Law,
E da =
2EA =
and
Page 12
2 0
The above equation shows that electric intensity at any point is independent of its distance
from the plane.
If two uniformly charged infinite plates,
having surface charge density 1 and 2,
are kept parallel to each other, then the
magnitudes
and
directions
of
electric
intensity at points between and on either
sides of planes will be as shown in the
figure.
If 1 = - 2 = , then the electric intensity
between the plates will be / 0 and on
either sides of the two plates will be zero.
Let
4 R
2
4 r E( r ) =
2
E( r ) =
R2
r2
q
2
4 R
R
0
q
1
,
4 0 r 2
where q is the total charge on the spherical shell. Thus for points outside the spherical shell,
the entire charge of the spherical shell can be treated as concentrated at its centre.
Let
4 r
3
E( r ) =
r
3 0
R,
E( R )
r
R
Page 13
4 R
E( r )
R
3r
Q
4
1
0
(r > R)
Thus, for points outside the sphere, the entire charge of the sphere can be treated as
concentrated at its centre.