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Answer: (C) : Q. No. 1 - 5 Carry One Mark Each
Answer: (C) : Q. No. 1 - 5 Carry One Mark Each
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Choose the most appropriate phrase from the options given below to complete the following
sentence.
The aircraft_______ take off as soon as its flight plan was filed.
(A) is allowed to
(B) will be allowed to
(C) was allowed to
(D) has been allowed to
Answer: (C)
2.
Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the following
sentence.
Many ancient cultures attributed disease to supernatural causes. However, modern science
has largely helped _________ such notions.
(A) impel
(B) dispel
(C) propel
(D) repel
Answer: (B)
4.
The statistics of runs scored in a series by four batsmen are provided in the following table,
Who is the most consistent batsman of these four?
Batsman
Average
Standard deviation
31.2
5.21
46.0
6.35
54.4
6.22
17.9
5.90
(A) K
(B) L
(C) M
(D) N
Answer: (A)
Exp: If the standard deviation is less, there will be less deviation or batsman is more consistent
5.
173
357
____
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Exp:
12
35
23
81
46
173
92
357
184
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________
368
difference
357
368
725
I,Q,W,A
(A) W,E,K,O
F,N,T,X
(B) I,Q,W,A
N,V,B,D
(B) F,N,T,X
(D) N,V,B,D
Answer: (D)
Exp:
N
8
T
6
X
4
V
8
B
6
D
2
Difference of position: D
7.
For submitting tax returns, all resident males with annual income below Rs 10 lakh should fill
up Form P and all resident females with income below Rs 8 lakh should fill up Form All
people with incomes above Rs 10 lakh should fill up Form R, except non residents with
income above Rs 15 lakhs, who should fill up Form S. All others should fill Form T. An
example of a person who should fill Form T is
(A) a resident male with annual income Rs 9 lakh
(B) a resident female with annual income Rs 9 lakh
(C) a non-resident male with annual income Rs 16 lakh
(D) a non-resident female with annual income Rs 16 lakh
Answer: (B)
Exp:
8.
A train that is 280 metres long, travelling at a uniform speed, crosses a platform in 60 seconds
and passes a man standing on the platform in 20 seconds. What is the length of the platform
in metres?
Answer: 560
Exp:
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9.
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The exports and imports (in crores of Rs.) of a country from 2000 to 2007 are given in the
following bar chart. If the trade deficit is defined as excess of imports over exports, in which
year is the trade deficit 1/5th of the exports?
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(A) 2005
Exports
2000
2001
2002
(B) 2004
Im ports
2003
2004
(C) 2007
2005
2006
2007
(D) 2006
Answer: (D)
Exp:
2004,
26 2
=
76 7
20
1
2 0 0 6,
=
100 5
10
1
2007,
=
100 11
2 0 0 5,
10.
You are given three coins: one has heads on both faces, the second has tails on both faces,
and the third has a head on one face and a tail on the other. You choose a coin at random and
toss it, and it comes up heads. The probability that the other face is tails is
(A) 1/4
(B) 1/3
(C) 1/2
(D) 2/3
Answer: (B)
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For matrices of same dimension M, N and scalar c, which one of these properties DOES NOT
ALWAYS hold?
(A) (MT)T = M
(B) (cMT)T = c(M)T
(D) MN = NM
(C) (M + N)T = M T + NT
Answer: (D)
Exp: Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general.
2.
In a housing society, half of the families have a single child per family, while the remaining
half have two children per family. The probability that a child picked at random, has a sibling
is _____
Answer: 0.667
Exp:
( )
3.
z2 z + 4 j
C is a closed path in the z-plane given by z = 3. The value of the integral
C z + 2 j
dz is
(A) 4 (1 + j2 )
(B) 4 ( 3 j2 )
(C) 4 ( 3 + j2 )
(D) 4 (1 j2 )
Answer: (C)
Exp:
Z2 Z + 4 j
2
C Z + 2 j dz = 2j. Z Z + 4 j Z=2 j
= 2j[ 4 + 2 j + 4 j] = 4 [3 + j2]
A real (4 4) matrix A satisfies the equation A2 = I, where I is the (4 4) identity matrix.
The positive eigen value of A is __________.
Answer: 1
4.
Exp:
1
is also its eigen value. Since, we
require positive eigen value. = 1 is the only possibility as no other positive number is self
inversed
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Let X1, X2, and X3 be independent and identically distributed random variables with the
uniform distribution on [0, 1]. The probability P{X1 is the largest} is ________
Answer: 0.32-0.34
6.
For maximum power transfer between two cascaded sections of an electrical network, the
relationship between the output impedance Z1 of the first section to the input impedance Z2 of
the second section is
(A) Z2 = Zl
(C) Z2 = Z1
(B) Z2 = Zl
(D) Z2 = Z1
Answer: (C)
Exp: Two cascaded sections
Section
1
Section
Z1 Z L Z 2
ZL = Z1*
ZL = Z2 Z1*
7.
Consider the configuration shown in the figure which is a portion of a larger electrical
network
i5
i2
R
R
i4
i1
R
i3
i6
For R = 1 and currents i1 = 2A, i4 = -1A, i5 = -4A, which one of the following is TRUE?
(A) i6 = 5 A
(B) i 3 = 4A
(C) Data is sufficient to conclude that the supposed currents are impossible
(D) Data is insufficient to identify the current i 2 ,i3 , and i 6
Answer: (A)
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Exp: Given i1 = 2A
i5
i 4 = 1A
i2
i5 = 4A
KCL at node A, i1 + i 4 = i 2
i 2 = 2 1 =1A
i3
1. KCL at node B, i 2 + i5 = i3
i4
i3 =1 4 = 3A
KCL at node C, i3 + i6 = i1
i1
C
i6
i6 = 2 ( 3) = 5A
8.
When the optical power incident on a photodiode is 10W and the responsivity is 0.8 A / W,
the photocurrent generated ( in A ) is ________.
Answer: 8
Exp: Responsivity ( R ) =
0.8 =
Ip
P0
Ip
10 106
I8 = 8A
9.
In the figure, assume that the forward voltage drops of the PN diode D1 and Schottky diode
D2 are 0.7 V and 0.3 V, respectively. If ON denotes conducting state of the diode and OFF
denotes non-conducting state of the diode, then in the circuit,
1k
10
20
D2
D1
D1
10V
D2
Figure (1)
1K
20
1K
20
I
ID1
10V
0.7V
ID2
0.3V
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10.
If fixed positive charges are present in the gate oxide of an n-channel enhancement type
MOSFET, it will lead to
(A) a decrease in the threshold voltage
(B) channel length modulation
(C) an increase in substrate leakage current (D) an increase in accumulation capacitance
Answer: (A)
11.
12.
In the ac equivalent circuit shown in the figure, if i in is the input current and RF is very large,
the type of feedback is
RD
RD
out
M2
M1
small signal
input
i in
RF
In the low-pass filter shown in the figure, for a cut-off frequency of 5kHz, the value of R2
( in k ) is ____________.
R2
C
Vi
1k
R1
10nF
Vo
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Answer: 3.18
Exp:
f = 5KHz
Cut off frequency ( LPF ) =
R2 =
14.
1
= 5KHz
2R 2 C
1
= 3.18 k
2 5 103 10 109
In the following circuit employing pass transistor logic, all NMOS transistors are identical
with a threshold voltage of 1 V. Ignoring the body-effect, the output voltages at P, Q and R
are,
5V
5V
5V
5V
P
(A) 4 V, 3 V, 2 V
(C) 4 V, 4 V, 4 V
Answer: (C)
Exp: Assume al NMOS are in saturation
(B) 5 V, 5 V, 5 V
(D) 5 V, 4 V, 3 V
5V
VDS ( VGS VT )
5V
For m1
M1
(5 Vp ) ( 5 Vp 1)
(5 V ) > ( 4 V ) Sat
p
ID1 = k ( VGS VT )
5V
M2
Q
5V
M3
For m 2 ,
I D1 = K ( 5 VQ 1)
For m 3 ,
I D2 = K ( 4 VQ ) ......( 2 )
2
ID1 = ID2
(4 V ) = (4 V )
Vp = VQ & Vp + VQ = 8
Vp = VQ = 4V
I D 2 = I D3
(4 V ) = (4 V )
2
I D3 = K ( 5 VR 1)
VR = VQ = 4V
Vp = VQ = VR = 4V
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15.
) (
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(A) X
Answer: (A)
(B) Y
(C) XY
(D) X+Y
( A + BC ) = ( A + B )( A + C )
so, ( X + Y ) ( X + Y ) = X + YY
( X + Y ) ( X + Y ) + XY + X
= X+0
( )
= X + XY .X
Five JK flip-flops are cascaded to form the circuit shown in Figure. Clock pulses at a
frequency of 1 MHz are applied as shown. The frequency (in kHz) of the waveform at Q3 is
__________ .
J4 Q4
> clk
1 K4
1 J3 Q3
> clk
1 K2
J2 Q2
> clk
1 K2
1 J1 Q1
> clk
1 K1
1 J0
> clk
1 K0
clock
Answer: 62.5
Exp: Given circuit is a Ripple (Asynchrnous) counter. In Ripple counter, o/p frequency of each
flip-flop is half of the input frequency if their all the states are used otherwise o/p frequency
input frequency
of the counter is =
modulus of the counter
input frequency
16
6
110
=
H z = 62.5 kHz
16
17.
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x [n ] = x [n + N]
sin ( 2 n ) = sin ( 2 ( n + N ) )
Every frigonometric function repeate after 2 interval.
sin ( 2 n + 2k ) = sin ( 2 h + 2 N )
2k
2k = 2 N N =
Since k is any integer, there is no possible value of k for which N can be an integer, thus
non-periodic.
18.
Consider two real valued signals, x(t) band-limited to [ 500 Hz, 500 Hz ] and y ( t ) band-
limited to [ 1kHz, 1kHz ] . For z ( t ) = x ( t ) . y ( t ) , the Nyquist sampling frequency (in kHz) is
__________
Answer: 3
Exp:
19.
When a constant input of value 5 is applied to this filter, the steady state output is _______.
Answer: 45
x (t )
Exp:
y (t )
h (t )
y(t) = x (t)* h (t)
x(t) =
5
t
h (t) =
3
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20.
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The forward path transfer function of a unity negative feedback system is given by
G ( s) =
K
( s + 2 )( s 1)
The value of K which will place both the poles of the closed-loop system at the same
location, is ______.
Answer: 2.25
Exp:
Given G ( s ) =
K
s
+
2
( )( s 1)
H (s) = 1
Characteristic equation: 1 + G ( s ) H ( s ) = 0
1+
The poles are s1,2 = 1
If
( s + 2 )( s 1)
= 0
9
4K
4
9
K = 0, then both poles of the closed loop system at the same location.
4
So, K =
21.
9
2.25
4
Consider the feedback system shown in the figure. The Nyquist plot of G(s) is also shown.
Which one of the following conclusions is correct?
+
Im G ( j )
G (s)
1
+1 Re G ( j )
For larger values of K, it will encircle the critical point (-1+j0), which makes closed-loop
system unstable.
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22.
In a code-division multiple access (CDMA) system with N = 8 chips, the maximum number
of users who can be assigned mutually orthogonal signature sequences is ________
Answer: 7.99 to 8.01
Exp:
Spreading factor(SF)=
chip rate
symbol rate
8 symbol rate
=8
symbol rate
Spread factor (or) process gain and determine to a certain extent the upper limit of the total
number of uses supported simultaneously by a station.
23.
The capacity of a Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) with cross-over probability 0.5 is
________
Answer: 0
Exp: Capacity of channel is 1-H(p)
H(p) is entropy function
With cross over probability of 0.5
1
1 1
1
H ( p ) = log 2
+ log 2
=1
2
0.5 2
0.5
Capacity = 1 1 = 0
24.
S12
S
A two-port network has sattering parameters given by [ S] = 11
. If the port-2 of the
S21 S22
two-port is short circuited, the S11 parameter for the resultant one-port network is
( A)
( B)
( C)
( D)
Answer:(B)
Exp:
a1
Two port
Network
b1
a2
b2
b1 = s11a1 + s12 a 2
b 2 = s 21a1 + s 22 a 2
b1 s11 s12 a1
b = s
;
2 21 s 22 a 2
s1 =
b1
a1
a 2 =0
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25.
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The force on a point charge +q kept at a distance d from the surface of an infinite grounded
metal plate in a medium of permittivity is
(A) 0
q2
towards the plate
16 d 2
(C)
(B)
q2
away from the plate
16 d 2
(D)
q2
towards the plate
4 d 2
Answer:(C)
Exp:
+q
1 Q1Q 2
F=
4 R 2
1
92
92
F=
=
4 ( 2d ) 2
16 d 2
metal plate
( A ) 2 + 3x x 2
x3
+ .......
2
( B) 2 3x + x 2
x3
+ .......
2
( C) 2 + 3x + x 2 +
x3
+ .......
2
( D ) 2 3x x 2 +
x3
+ .......
2
Answer: (A)
Exp:
x2
x3
3sin x + 2cos x = 3 x + ... + 2 1
+ ...
3!
2!
= 2 + 3x x 2
27.
x3
+ ...
2
it is given that
y ( t ) = g ( ) d, then
(A)0
g ( t ) e jt dt = e 2
y ( t ) dt is
(B)-j
(C) -
j
2
(D)
j
2
Answer: (B)
Exp:
Given
g ( t ).e
jwt
dt = .e2w ( let G ( j) )
2
g ( t ) dt = 0
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Y ( j) = G ( j) .U ( j)
Y ( j) =
y ( t ).e
j t
dt
Y ( j0 ) =
y ( t ) dt = .e
2w 2
j + ( ) = 0
1
= = j
j
28.
The volume under the surface z(x, y) = x + y and above the triangle in the x-y plane defined
by {0 y x and 0 x 12} is___________.
Answer: 864
Exp:
Volume = Z ( x, y ) dydx =
R
12
( x + y ) dydx
x =0 y=0
12
12
y2
3
3 x3
= xy + .dx = x 2 dx = = 864
2 0
2
2 3 0
x =0
0
12
29.
0 0 0 0 01
J6 =
0 0 0 0 10
0 0 0 1 00
0 0 10 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
Which is obtained by reversing the order of the columns of the identity matrix I 6 .
Let P = I 6 + J 6 , where is a non-negative real number. The value of for which det(P) =
0 is ___________.
Answer: 1
Exp:
1 0
0 1 1
Consider, ( i ) Let P = I 2 + J 2 =
+
0 1
1 0 1
P = 1 2
1 0 0
0 1 0
( ii ) Let P = I4 + J 4 =
0 1 0
0 0 1
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P = (1 )
0
1
0
0 ( ) 0
1
0
= (1 2 ) ( ) (1 2 ) = (1 2 )
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S im ilarly , if P = I 6 + J 6 th e n w e g et
P = (1 2 )
P = 0 = 1, 1
is n o n n e g ativ e
=1
30.
A Y-network has resistances of 10 each in two of its arms, while the third arm has a
resistance of 11 in the equivalent network, the lowest value ( in ) among the three
resistances is ______________.
Answer: 29.09
Exp:
10
10
X
10
11
11
10
Y
Delta Connection
Star Connection
X = 29.09
y = 32
z = 32
X=
y=
z=
A 230 V rms source supplies power to two loads connected in parallel. The first load draws
10 kW at 0.8 leading power factor and the second one draws 10 kVA at 0.8 lagging power
factor. The complex power delivered by the source is
(A) (18 + j 1.5) kVA
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Answer: (B)
Exp:
+
L
o
a
d
II
L
o
a
d
I
230V
Load 1:
P = 10 kw
cos = 0.8
SI = P jQ = 10 j7.5 KVA
Q = P tan = 7.5 KVAR
Load 2: S = 10 KVA
cos = 0.8
cos =
0.8 =
sin =
Q
S
P
S
P
P = 8kw
10
Q = 6KVAR
SI = P + jQ = 8 + j6
A periodic variable x is shown in the figure as a function of time. The root-mean-square (rms)
value of x is_______.
x
1
t
T/2
T/2
Answer: 0.408
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Exp:
x rms =
2
T
t 0 t 2
= T
T t T
0
2
x(t)
2
1
x ( t ) ) dt
(
T0
2
T
T2
1 2
2
.t .dt + ( 0 ) .dt
T 0 T
T
2
( 0,0)
T
2
1 4 t3 2
.
T T2 3 0
x rms =
33.
4 T3
.
3T 3 8
1
0.408
6
In the circuit shown in the figure, the value of capacitor C(in mF) needed to have critically
damped response i(t) is____________.
40
4H
i (t)
Answer: 10mF
Exp: By KVL,
di ( t )
C
+
VO
1
i ( t ) dt
dt
C
Differentiate with respect to time,
R .di ( t ) R di ( ti ) i ( t )
0 =
+ .
+
= 0
dt 2
L dt
LC
d 2i ( t ) R di ( t ) i ( t )
+ .
+
= 0
dt 2
L dt
LC
v ( t ) = Ri ( t ) + L.
R
4
R
L
L LC
=
2
2
D1,2
R
1
R
2L
2L LC
For critically damped response,
2
D1,2 =
1
4L
R
C= 2 F
=
LC
R
2L
Given, L=4H; R= 40
C =
4 4
( 40 )
10mF
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34.
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A BJT is biased in forward active mode, Assume VBE = 0.7V, kT / q = 25mV and reverse
saturation current IS = 1013 A. The transconductance of the BJT (in mA/V) is ________.
Answer: 5.785
Exp:
VBE = 0.7V,
KT
= 25mV, Is = 1013
q
Transconductance, g m =
IC
VT
IC = IS eVBE /VT 1
= 1013 e0.7/ 25mV 1 = 144.625mA
gm =
35.
IC 144.625 mA
=
= 5.785 A / V
VT
25 mV
The doping concentrations on the p-side and n-side of a silicon diode are 1 1016 cm 3 and
1 1017 cm 3 , respectively. A forward bias of 0.3 V is applied to the diode. At T = 300K, the
kT
intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon n i = 1.5 1010 cm 3 and
= 26mV. The electron
q
concentration at the edge of the depletion region on the p-side is
(A) 2.3 109 cm 3
(B) 1 1016 cm 3
(C) 1 1017 cm 3
Answer:(A)
Exp:
Electron concentration, n
n i 2 Vbi /VT
e
NA
(1.5 10 )
=
10 2
e0.3/26mV
1 1016
= 2.3 109 / cm 3
36.
A depletion type N-channel MOSFET is biased in its linear region for use as a voltage
controlled
resistor.
Assume
threshold
voltage
8
2
2
VTH = 0.5V, VGS = 2.0 V, VDS = 5V, W / L = 100, COX = 10 F / cm and n = 800cm / V s .
The value of the resistance of the voltage controlled resistor ( in ) is ________.
Answer:500
Exp:
= 100; Cx = 108 f / cm
n = 800cm 2 / v s
1
W
2 ( VGS VT ) VDS VDS2
I D = n C0 x
2
L
1
I D
1
W
= rds
L
VDS
VDS 2
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W
= n C0 x ( VGS VT ) n C0x
VDS
L
L
rds =
37.
n C0 x
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1
W
( VGS VT VDs )
L
1
= 500
800 10 100 ( 2 + 0.5 5 )
8
In the voltage regulator circuit shown in the figure, the op-amp is ideal. The BJT has
VBE = 0.7 V and = 100, and the zener voltage is 4.7V. For a regulated output of 9 V, the
value of R ( in ) is ______ .
VI = 12 V
V0 = 9 V
+
1k
1k
Vz = 4.7 V
V = 12V
i
9V
Answer:1093
Exp: Given VBE = 0.7V, = 100, VZ = 4.7V, V0 = 9V
1K
R
R + 1k
R
4.7 = 9
( VR = Vz )
R + 1k
R = 1093
VR = 9
38.
VR
R
Vz
In the circuit shown, the op-amp has finite input impedance, infinite voltage gain and zero
input offset voltage. The output voltage Vout is
R2
(A) I 2 ( R 1 + R 2 )
(B) I 2 R 2
(C) I1 R 2
R1
l1
l2 +
Vout
(D) I1 ( R 1 + R 2 )
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Answer: (C)
Exp: Given, Zi =
A 0L =
Vi0 = 0
R2
V2 = ( R1 / /R 2 ) I1
=
R1
R 1R 2
I1 ...... (1)
R1 + R 2
V2
I1
V0
V1
( Zi = )
1
V0
1
= V2 +
R2
R1 R 2
V0 R 1R 2 R 2 + R 1
=
I1
R 2 R 1 + R 2 R 1R 2
V0 = I1R 2
39.
For the amplifier shown in the figure, the BJT parameters are VBE = 0.7 V, = 200, and
R1
RC
5k
33k
vi
1 F
1 F
R2
11k
vo
RS
10
R E1
1k
CE
1mF
Answer: -237.76
Exp:
VB = 12
IE =
2.3
= 2.277 mA
10 + 1k
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I B = 11.34 A
IC = 2.26 mA
25mV
= 10.98
2.277 mA
V
R C
200 5k
AV = 0 =
=
Vi re + (1 + )( R s ) 200 10.98 + ( 201)10
re =
A V = 237.76
40.
Z
XNOR
( A ) F = XYZ + XYZ
( C) F = XYZ + XYZ
Answer: (A)
Exp:
( B) F = XYZ + XYZ
( D ) F = XYZ + XYZ
XOR
X
Y
K
F
Z
XNOR
F = K. ( K Z )
= ( KZ + K.Z )
= K. KZ + K.K.Z
F = ( XY + XY ) Z
= XYZ + XYZ
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41.
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Consider the Boolean function, F ( w, x, y,z ) = wy + xy + wxyz + wxy + xz + xyz. which one
of the following is the complete set of essential prime implicants?
(A) w, y, xz, x z
(B) w, y, xz
(C) y, x y z
(D) y, xz,xz
Answer: (D)
Exp: Given Boolean Function is
F ( w, x, y, z ) = wy + xy + wxyz + wxy + xz + xyz
By using K-map
xz
wx
00
yz
00
01
11
10
01
11
10
xz
The digital logic shown in the figure satisfies the given state diagram when Q1 is connected
to input A of the XOR gate.
S=0
D1 Q1
>
CLK
Q1
00
A
D2 Q2
S
>
S =1
Q2
10
S =1
S=0
S=0
S =1
01
S =1
11
S=0
Suppose the XOR gate is replaced by an XNOR gate. Which one of the following options
preserves the state diagram?
(A) Input A is connected to Q 2
(B) Input A is connected to Q2
(C) Input A is connected to Q1 and S is complemented
(D) Input A is connected to Q1
Answer: (D)
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Exp:
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( A
D 2 = Q1S + Q1 S = Q1S + Q1 .S
= Q1 )
= Qi S + Q1 .S
n
43.
1
1
Lex x [ n ] = u ( n ) u ( n 1) . The Region of Convergence (ROC) of the z 9
3
transform of x[n]
(A) is z >
1
9
(B) is z <
1
3
1
1
(C) is > z >
3
9
Answer: (C)
1
1
Given x [ n ] = u [ n ] u [ n 1]
9
3
n
Exp:
1
1
for u [ n ] R oc in z >
9
9
h
1
1
<z<
9
3
n
Consider a discrete time periodic signal x[n] = sin . Let a k be the complex Fourier
s
n
Given x [ n ] = sin ; N = 10
5
Fourier series co-efficients are also periodic with period N = 10
x [n] =
a1 =
1 j 210 n 1 i 210 n
e
e
2j
2j
1
1
1
; a 1 =
a 1 = a 1+10 = a 9 =
2j
2j
2j
a1 = a1 + 10
a1 = a1 + 20
or
a 1 = a 1 + 10 a 1 = a 1 + 20
k = 10 m + 1 or k = 10.m 1 B = 10
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45.
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A system is described by the following differential equation, where u(t) is the input to the
system and y(t) is the output of the system.
y ( t ) + 5y ( t ) = u ( t )
.
Answer: (A)
Exp: Given y ( t ) + 5y ( t ) = u ( t ) and y ( 0 ) =1; u ( t ) is a unit step function.
Apply Laplace transform to the given differential equation.
S y ( s) y ( 0) + 5 y (s ) =
y ( s ) [ s + 5] =
1
s
1
dy
+ y ( 0) L = s y ( s ) y ( 0) L u ( t ) = 1
s
s
dt
1
+1
s
y (s) =
( s + 5)
y (s) =
( s +1)
s ( s + 5)
A
B
+
s s+ 5
A= 1 ; B = 4
5
5
1
4
y (s) =
+
5s 5 ( s + 5 )
Apply inverse Laplace transform,
1 4 5t
+ e
5 5
y ( t ) = 0.2 + 0.8e 5t
y(t) =
46.
.
x 1 1 1 0
.
x 2 = 0 1 0
. 0 0 2
x 3
x1
x +
2
x 3
x1
0
4 u; y = 1 1 1 x
[
] 2
x 3
0
The system is
(A) controllable and observable
(B) uncontrollable and observable
(C) uncontrollable and unobservable
(D) controllable and unobservable
Answer: (B)
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1 1 0
0
A = 0 1 0 B = 4
0
0 0 2
c = [1 1 1]
Controllable: Q c = c = B AB A 2 B
if Q c 0 controllable
0 4 8
Q c = 4 4 4 Q c = 0
0 0 0
uncontrollable
C
Observable : Q 0 = CA
CA 2
If Q 0 0 observable
1 1 1
Q 0 = 1 0 2 Q 0 =1
1 1 4
Observable
The system is uncontrollable and observable
47.
10
calculated using the
( s + 0.1)( s + 1) + ( s + 10)
0.1 1 + [ 1+ s ] 1+ .10
0.1
10
10
G (s) =
[1+10s][ 1+ s][ 1+ 0.1s]
By Approximation, G ( s ) =
10
[10s +1]
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Phase Margin = =180 + GH =gc
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10
gc = 1 =
10 0.99
= 180 tan 1
1002 + 1
99
1
99
gc = 0.9949r / sc
1
=1002 =
2
48.
1
. The 2% settling time of the step
( s + 1) + ( s + 2 )
response is required to be less than 2 seconds.
r +
C ( s)
G ( s)
( A)
1
3
s + 5
( B)
0.03
5
+ 1
s
( C) 2 ( s + 4)
( D)
s + 8
4
s + 3
Answer: (C)
Exp: By observing the options, if we place other options, characteristic equation will have 3rd order
one, where we cannot describe the settling time.
If C ( s ) = 2 ( s + 4 ) is considered
The characteristic equation, is
s 2 + 3s + 2 + 2s + 8 = 0
s 2 + 5s +10 = 0
Standard character equation s 2 + 2 n s + 2n = 0
2n =
Given, 2% settling time,
49.
10; n = 2.5
4
< 2 w n > 2
w n
Let x be a real-valued random variable with E[X] and E[X2] denoting the mean values of X
and X2, respectively. The relation which always holds true is
( A ) ( E [ X ])
( B) E X 2 ( E [ X ])
> E X 2
( C) E X 2 = ( E [ X ])
( D ) E X 2 > ( E [ X ])
Answer: (B)
Exp: V ( x ) = E ( x 2 ) {E ( x )} 0 i.e., var iance cannot be negative
2
E ( x 2 ) {E ( x )}
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50.
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( A ) cos ( 2 ( t1 + t 2 ) )
( C ) sin ( 2 ( t1 + t 2 ) )
( B ) sin ( 2 ( t1 t 2 ) )
( D ) cos ( 2 ( t1 t 2 ) )
Answer: (D)
Exp:
f ()
1
2
1
.d
2
1 2
1 2
=
sin(2(t1 + t 2 ) + 2)d +
cos(2(t1 t 2 )d
2 0
2 0
= 2 sin ( 2t1 + ) sin ( 2t 2 + ).
0
51.
Let Q
( )
be the BER of a BPSK system over an AWGN channel with two-sided noise
power spectral density N0/2. The parameter is a function of bit energy and noise power
spectral density.
A system with tow independent and identical AWGN channels with noise power spectral
density N0/2 is shown in the figure. The BPSK demodulator receives the sum of outputs of
both the channels.
AWGN
Channel1
0 /1
BPSK
Modulator
0 /1
BPSK
Demodulator
AWGN
Channel 2
2E
E
Bit error rate for BPSK = Q
. Q
NO N O
2
Y=
2E
NO
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2 ( t )
NO
2
1 ( t )
Let 2x + n1 + n 2 = x1 + n1
where x1 = 2x
+
n = n1 + n 2
1
2E
Now Bit error rate = Q
N O1
x + n1
x
noise in channel 1
2x + n1 + n2
x + n2
E1 is energy in x1
noise in channel 2
N O1 is PSD of h1
E1 = 4E [as amplitudes are getting doubled]
2E
Bit error rate = Q
= Q 2
b = 2 or 1.414
N
N
O
O
52.
A fair coin is tossed repeatedly until a Head appears for the first time. Let L be the number
of tosses to get this first Head. The entropy H(L) in bits is _________.
Answer: 2
Exp:
1
2
P {L = 2} =
1
4
P {L = 3} =
1
8
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
H {L} = log 2
+ lg o 2
+ log 2
+ ......... = 0 + 1. + 2. + 3. + .........
1
1
1
2
4
8
2
4
8
2
4
8
[ Arithmatic gemometric series summation]
=
1 .1
2
2
+
=2
2
1 1
1
2 1
2
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53.
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Answer: 55.5
Exp:
100
sin e Jr
r
E =
0.265
sin e Jr
r
1
Pavg = E H*Q .ds
2 s
1 100 ( 0.265 ) 2 2
=
sin r sin d d
2 s
r2
1
Pavt = ( 26.5 ) sin 2 d d
2 s
HQ =
=13.25
sin 3 d
= 0
Q=0
( 3 ) ( 2 )
d = 13.25. 2
P = 55.5 w
54.
For a parallel plate transmission line, let v be the speed of propagation and Z be the
characteristic impedance. Neglecting fringe effects, a reduction of the spacing between the
plates by a factor of two results in
(A) halving of v and no change in Z
(B) no change in v and halving of Z
(C) no change in both v and Z
(D) halving of both v and Z
Answer: (B)
Exp:
276
d
log
r
r
Zo =
1
LC
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55.
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Zin
Z + JZo
= Zo L
Zo + KZL
Z + J50
Z L + J50 50 JZ L
= 50 L
= 50
50 + JZ L
50 + JZL 50 JZ L
Zin =
Zin = 50
502 + Z2L
Given , Zin Re al
So, I mg ( Zin ) = 0
502 Z2L = 0
Z2L = 502
R 2 + X 2 = 502
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