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Beams - Horizontal Shear Stress
Beams - Horizontal Shear Stress
In Diagram 2a, we have cut a section dx long out of the left end of the
beam, and have shown the internal horizontal forces acting on the
section.
In Diagram 2b, we have shown a side view of section dx. Notice that
the bending moment is larger on the right hand face of the section by
an amount dM. (This is clear if we make the bending moment diagram
for the beam, in which we see the bending moment increases from a
value of zero at the left end to a maximum at the center of the beam.)
In Diagram 2c, we have shown a top slice of section dx. Since the
forces are different between the top of the section and the bottom of
the section (less at the bottom) there is a differential (shearing) force
which tries to shear the section, shown in Diagram 2c, horizontally.
This means there is a shear stress on the section, and in terms of the
shear stress, the differential shearing force, F, can be written as F
=
times the longitudinal area of the section (b dx). A second way of
expressing the shear force is by expressing the forces in terms of the
bending stress, that is F1 = (My/I) dA, and F2 = (M+dM)y/I dA,
then the differential force is (dM y/I)dA. If we now combine the two
F = expressions, we have:
F=
* b dx = (dM y/I)dA, and then rewriting to solve for the
shear stress:
= [(dM/dx)/Ib] y dA, however dM/dx is equal to the shear force
V (as discussed in the previous topic), and y dA is the first moment
of the area of the section, and may be written as A y', where A is the
area of the section and y' is the distance from the centroid of the area
A to the neutral axis of the beam cross section. Rewriting in a final
form we have:
Example 1
Step 2: The second step is to draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the beam.
of T Width thick
thick
x-x
axis
x-x
axis
x-x
axis
x-x
axis
bf
tf
tw
d/tw
in2
in
in
in
in
in4
in3
in
in
WT 8x25
7.36 8.13 7.073 0.628 0.380 21.40 42.20 6.770 2.400 1.890
y' = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of the area "a" ;
y' = 3.12 in. (See Diagram 5) Then placing values into our
expression we find:
Maximum Horizontal Shear Stress = Vay'/Ib = (6000 lb)*(2.37
in2)*(3.12 in)/ (42.20 in4)(.38 in) = 2770 lb/in2
We now would also like to determine the Horizontal Shear Stress 3
inches above the bottom of the beam at the position in the beam
where the shear force is a maximum
We again apply the Horizontal Shear Stress formula: Shear Stress =
Vay'/Ib
We wish to find the shear stress 3 inches above the bottom of the
beam cross section, where the shear force is a maximum. (See
Diagram 6)\
thick
thick
y-y
y-y
y-y axis
axis
axis
bf
tf
tw
in2
in
in
in
in
in4
in3
in
in4
in3
in
13.30
2.00
W 10 x 45
49.1
4.33 53.20
We have already done the statics, and the shear force and bending
moment diagrams are shown in the first part of this example above, so
we continue at the point where we apply the horizontal shear stress
formula to find the values we desire.
For the WT 8 x 25 T-beam we apply the Horizontal Shear Stress
formula: Shear Stress = Vay'/Ib, however since we are looking for
the maximum shear stress in the I-Beam, we can use the
We now wish to find the shear stress 3 inches above the bottom of the
beam cross section, where the shear force is a maximum. (See
Diagram 8). To do so, we apply the standard horizontal shear stress
formula: Shear Stress = Vay'/Ib
V = maximum shear force = 6,000 lb. (from the shear force diagram)
I = moment of inertia of cross section, from beam table; I = 249.0
in4.
b = width of beam where we wish to find shear stress (3" above
bottom of beam) from table; b = .35 in.
a = area from point we wish to find shear stress at (3" from the
bottom) to an outer edge of beam. In this case we will go to bottom of
beam. Notice that the area is composed of the area of the flange (A1)
and part of the area of the web (A2). (See Diagrams 8 and 9.) Then a
= (A1 + A2)= (.618" x 8.022") + (2.383 in2 x .35in2) = 4.96 in2
+ .834 in2= 5.794 in2 (See Diagram 9)
y' = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of the area "a" Notice
that in this case, for an I-Beam, this is not a entirely simple matter.
The area we wish to find the centroid of is not a simple rectangle, but
rather two rectangles. To find the centroid of this compound area we
use: y' = (A1 y1 + A2 y2)/(A1 +A2); where A1 and A2 are the two
areas, and y1 and y2 are the distances from the neutral axis of the
y' = (A1 y1 + A2 y2)/(A1 +A2) = (4.96 in2 x 4.75 in + .834 in2 x 2.94
in)/(4.96 in2 + .834 in2) = 4.49 in.
Then the horizontal shear stress 3 inches above the bottom of the
beam is:
Horizontal Shear Stress = Vay'/Ib = (6000 lb)*(5.794 in2)*(4.49 in)/
(249.0 in4)(.35 in)= 1790 lb/in2
Notice, as we expect, the horizontal shear stress value becomes
smaller as we move toward an outer edge of the beam cross section.