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" " Initial Conditions .
)(3

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Deininger, K. and P. Olinto. (2002), Asset Distribution, Inequality and Gowth, World Bank Policy
Research Working Paper N# 2375.
Thomas, V., Y. Wang, and X. Fan (2001), Measuring Education Inequality: Gini Coefficient
of Education. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper N# 2525.

31

.
.

.
.


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.

30 ) .(5
F4

).(6 )(TIMSS
F5

.

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)(5

Nadia Belhaj Hassine (2010), Inequality of Opportunity in Egypt, Economic Research Forum,
Working Paper # 549, Cairo, Egypt.
Djavad Salehi - Isfahani, Nadia Belhaj Hassine and Ragui Assaad (2012), Equality of
Opportunity in Educational Achievement in the Middle East and North Africa, Economic Research
Forum, Working Paper # 689.

)(6

32

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0.47
0.57
0.58
0.37
0.40
0.42

0.55
0.70
0.64
0.45
0.45
0.49

0.70
0.65
0.74

MENA Investing for Growth and Jobs, World Bank Middle East and North
:
Africa Region. Economic Developments and Prospects Report, September 2011.

: " (23) "OKUN

F2

"" ) (OKUN
. ""
)(22

:
.2007

)(23

"" " "

1 2 .

44

" "OKUN

).(24
F23

)(2008

)(25
F 24

""

2005 1990 ""

. ) (2012
.2010 2000


.

.

.


) (Reservation Wage
.

)(24

)(25

Imad Mousa (2008), Economic Growth and Unemployment in Arab Countries: is OKUNs Law
Valid? Arab Planning Institute.
Imad Mousa (2008), ibid.

45