Topic: Analysis Of Association

Meaning
The term association is applied to
attributes and association studies
the degree of relationship between
attributes.
Attribute: An attribute is a quality
of characteristics, which cannot be
measured, but identified and
counted.
Eg: blindness, literacy, honesty,
integrity etc.

Notations
The english capital letters A, B etc are
use to denote the presence of various
attributes.
The greek letters , etc are use to
denote the absence of various attributes.
Positive or negative association.
The attributes denoted by A, B etc are
called positive attribute.
The attributes denoted by , etc are
called negative attributes.

Complete association or
disassociation
If all As are Bs and all Bs are As than
there is perfect positive or complete
association between the two attributes.
Eg: (A)=(B)
If none of the As in B or none of the Bs
in A, then it is said to perfect negative
or complete disassociation.
Eg: (AB)=0

Methods of association

Comparison method
Proportion method
Yules coefficient of association
Karl pearsons coefficient of
contingency

comparison method
Under this method the observed
frequencies and expected frequencies
are compared.
Positively associated: (AB)>(A)(B)N
Negatively associated:
(AB)<(A)(B)N
Independently associated:
(AB)=(A)(B)N

total

60

140

200

240

560

800

300

700

1000

total

Proportion method
In this method instead of expressing in actual
numbers, it is expressed in proportions.
Independent association: AB(B)=A or
AB(A)=B() or A(A)=() or
B(B)=()
Positively associated: AB(B)>A or
AB(A)>B() or A(A)>() or
B(B)>()
Negatively associated: AB(B)<A or
AB(A)<B() or A(A)<() or
B(B)<()

Yules coefficient of
association
This method not only gives the nature
but also the degree of association.
Yules coefficient of association is
denoted by the symbol Q
Formula:
Q=(AB)()-(A)(B)(AB)()+(A)(B)
The value of Q lies between +1 and -1.

Pearsons coefficient of
contingency
This method is used where qualitative
data is classified into more than two
classes.
Formula: C = ZZ+N
C=coefficient of contingency
Z=chi-square value which is(O-E)E
Where O=observed frequency
E= expected frequency
N= number of items

Z
C=

Z+N

Thank you