UNIT - I

RATIO, PROPORTION & PERCENTAGE

BY ESTHER RANI
 RATIO
• RATIO
• IMPORTANT REMARKS OF RATIO
• TYPES OF RATIO
• CONTINUED RATIO
• PROPORTION
• VARIATION
• PERCENTAGE
 RATIO

• THE RELATION BETWEEN TWO QUANTITIES ( a and b) of

the same kind or the same type, which expresses one
quantity (a) as a multiple or part of the other (b), is called
a ratio.
• It is written as a : b or a fraction a/b and is read as “a is
to b”.
https://pendulumedu.com/quantitative-aptitude/ratio-and-proportion-basics-tricks-formulas-notes
https://pt.slideshare.net/JeanAilynPitolan/ratio-and-proportion-13304863/8
 IMPORTANT NOTE:

1. a and b must be of same kind.

Eg : ratio of no. of apple trees to no. of
apples.
Not ratio of apples to milk
 IMPORTANT NOTE

2.If both the quantity have a unit, then It

should be same.
Eg : ratio of 200paise to 50paise.
 IMPORTANT NOTE:

3. The units are not mentioned and the ratio

is expressed as a fraction comparing two
abstract numbers.
Eg: 200/50
 IMPORTANT NOTE:

4. When a ratio is written as a fraction

a/b, it is generally written in lowest terms.
Eg: 15/10 = 3/2
 IMPORTANT NOTE:

5. When we write 3/5, doesn’t mean the 1st quantity

is 3 and 2nd quantity is 5.
It rather means 1st and 2nd quantity is 3 times and 5
times some fixed measure say x.
thus, 1st quantity is 3x and 2nd quantity = 5x
 IMPORTANT NOTE:

6. If a = b then ratio a : b is called as ratio of equality.

If a < b, then the ratio a: b is called as ratio of lesser
inequality and
If a > b, then the ratio a : b is called as ratio of greater
inequality.
 TYPES OF RATIO

• COMPOUNDED RATIO
• DUPLICATE RATIO
• TRIPLICATE RATIO
• SUBDUPLICATE RATIO
• SUBTRIPLICATE RATIO
• RECIPROCAL RATIO
 COMPOUND RATIO

• For two or more ratios, if we take antecedent as product of

antecedents of the ratios and consequent as product of consequents
of the ratios, then the ratio thus formed is called mixed or compound
ratio.

• AS, COMPOUND RATIO OF M : N AND P : Q

IS MP : NQ
 DUPLICATE RATIO

•When the ratio is compounded with

itself, then the resulting ratio is called
duplicate ratio.
 TRIPLICATE RATIO

•When the ratio is compounded with itself

3 times, then the resulting ratio is called
triplicate ratio.
 SUBDUPLICATE RATIO

•The subduplicate ratio of a : b is the

ratio : .
•Subduplicate of 1:4 is 1: 2
 SUBTRIPLICATE RATIO

•The subtriplicate ratio of a : b is

the ratio .
•Subtriplicate of 1:8 is 1: 2.
 RECIPROCAL RATIO

•The reciprocal/inverse ratio of the ratio

m : n is the ratio .

•Reciprocal of 3 : 2 is the ratio

 CONTINUED/EXTENDED RATIO

•A ratio compares two quantities.

•If more than 2 quantities of the same
kind are compared, then we call it a
continued ratio or an extended ratio.
 PROPORTION

• Proportion means equality of two ratios.

• Let a, b, c & d be 4 quantities such that a & b are of
same kind & c & d are of same kind.
• If the two ratios a/b & c/d are equal then we say that
a,b, c & d are in proportion.
 CONTINUED PROPORTION

• Let a, b & c be 3 quantities such that a & b are of same

kind b & c are of same kind.
• If the two ratios a/b & b/c are equal then we say that a, b
& c are in continued proportion.
• When a, b & c are in continued proportion,

i.e.
 CONTINUED PROPORTION

• When a, b & c are in continued proportion,

i.e.
Where c – 3rd proportional to
a- 1st proportional
& b – 2nd proportional/ mean proportional .
 CONTINUED PROPORTION

• When 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ,…….. 𝑎𝑛 are in continued proportion,

𝑎1 𝑎3 𝑎𝑛−1
i.e. = =………… =
𝑎2 𝑎4 𝑎𝑛

Let each of these ratio be equal to k.

𝑎1 𝑎3 𝑎𝑛−1
= =………… = =k
𝑎2 𝑎4 𝑎𝑛
 CONTINUED PROPORTION

Let each of these ratio be equal to k.

𝑎1 𝑎3 𝑎𝑛−1
= =………… = =k
𝑎2 𝑎4 𝑎𝑛

Hence, 𝑎1 = k* 𝑎2 , ……………….., 𝑎𝑛−1 = k* 𝑎𝑛

 TYPES OF PROPORTION

•DIRECT PROPORTION
•INVERSE PROPORTION
 PROPORTION TYPES

DIRECT INVERSE
• In direct proportion , • In inverse proportion ,
both the quantities are the 1st quantity
either increasing or increases & the 2nd
decreasing. quantity decreases &
vice-versa.
 TYPES OF VARIATION

•DIRECT VARIATION
•INVERSE VARIATION
 DIRECT VARIATION

•‘a’ is directly proportional to ‘b’ is

same as ‘a’ varies directly as ‘b’.
 INVERSE VARIATION

•‘a’ is inversely proportional to ‘b’ is

same as ‘a’ varies inversely as ‘b’.
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/inverse-variation.html
 PERCENTAGE

• To convert a fraction into percentage.

( Multiply the fraction by 100)
• To convert a percentage into fraction.
( Divide the rate percentage by 100)
THANK YOU