Ratio and Proportion

T. ELVIRA L BALIAG
OBJECTIVES

• Compare and differentiate ratio and rate

• Write proportions illustrating real-life
situations
• Identify the different kinds of proportion and
give examples for each
OBJECTIVES

• Solve problems involving direct, inverse and

partitive proportion
• Differentiate Mark-on, Mark down and Mark-up
• Illustrate how Mark-on, Mark-down, and Mark-up are
obtained
• Differentiate mark-up from margins
Measure Me (P)
 Answer Me!
• In an outing, enough sandwiches were
prepared for 18 persons to receive 3
sandwiches each. At the last minute, nine
additional persons decided to join the outing.
How many sandwiches did each person
eventually receive?
Ratio

• Ratio – a comparison of the sizes of two or

more quantities. The common forms of
expressing ratios are the following: in
fraction form, using a colon to separate
the quantities, or using the word “to”.
 Ratio
• For example, if a class consists of 24 boys
and 30 girls, then the ratio of boys to girls
can be written in any of the following
forms:
24 4
= , 4 ∶ 5, 𝑖𝑠 4 𝑡𝑜 5
30 5
Rates
When the quantities being compared
cannot be expressed in the same unit,
then the number used to compare them is
called rate instead of ratio.
 Rates
The following are examples of rates:
• A proofreader finds that a certain manuscript
contains an average of 3 errors per page.
• A car travels at an average speed of 60 kilometers
per hour.
• A car consumes gasoline at the rate of 10
kilometers per liter.
 Rates
• A car consumes gasoline at the rate of 10
kilometers per liter.
• A recipe calls for 3 eggs for every 1.5 cups of
flour.
• A painter consumes paint at the rate of one
gallon of paint for every 50 square feet of
surface.
Exercises: Express the ratios in colon form and
in simplest form.

2.5 12.5% 24.5%

1.3.5 3. 0.375 5. 2
5

2 0.583 ഥ
2. 3
3
4. 0.26ഥ
4
Recitation!
 BOOK EXERCISE #4
Express the indicated ratios in colon form and in simplest
form.
12.5 8
1. 80 15
3.0.56ഥ 36.4%
5. 5
2 8
2 39.2%
3
2. 3 4. 1.46
4
4
 Proportion
• Proportion – a statement expressing the equality of two
ratios. Hence, if the ratios a: b and c: d are equal, then the
𝑎 𝑐
equation = is a proportion.
𝑏 𝑑
• The numbers b and c are called the means, while the
numbers a and d are called extremes. If we multiply the two
ratios in the above proportion by the product bd of their
denominators, then we get the equation a x d = b x c.
 Extremes-Means Property of Proportions

𝑎 𝑐
• If = is a proportion and 𝑏 ≠ 0, 𝑑 ≠ 0, then the
𝑏 𝑑
product of the means, b x c, is equal to the
product of the extremes, a x d.
Direct Proportions
• A direct proportion is also called a direct variation.
In a direct proportion, if the value of x changes,
then the value of y also changes, such that the
𝑦
ratio is a constant, k (constant of
𝑥
proportionality). In this case, we say that y and x
are directly proportional, or that y is directly
proportional to x, or that y and x are in a direct
proportion.
Inverse Proportion
When two quantities x and y are related in such a
way that the product of their values is a constant,
that is, there exists a nonzero constant k such that
xy = k, then we say that x and y are inversely
proportional to each other, or that x and y are in an
inverse proportion. If k is positive, then the value of
y increases as x decreases, and vice versa. Inverse
proportions are also called inverse variations.
Inverse Proportion

Suppose it takes four pipes 70 minutes

to fill a water tank, how long will it
take to fill the tank if seven pipes are
used?
 Partitive Proportions
• When a quantity is divided into two or more
parts such that the parts are in a definite ratio
with each other, then the quantities
representing the parts are said to be in a
partitive proportion. To solve problems involving
partitive proportions, we usually equate the
sum of the parts to the whole quantity.
Partitive Proportions

Three investors invested a total

amount of P765, 000 in a business in
the ratio 2: 3: 4. How much was the
biggest investment?
 Mark-up

• It is the amount of money that businesses add to the

cost they incurred to manufacture a product or to an
item they purchased, that when they sell them, they
can cover their initial expenses and make profit.
• The selling price is the price at which the item is
actually sold. This is computed as the cost for the
business to manufacture or purchase the item plus
mark-up.
 Example:

The accountant for Utik Utik Merchandise says that in

order to pay all expenses and have a reasonable
profit, and based upon a cost of P62. 50 on its
particular product, the company’s mark-up should be
80% of the cost. Determine the selling price of the
product.
Mark-down/Discount

•It is the amount that the business deducts

from the selling price of an item. The
mark-down rate or discount rate is a
percent of the original selling price.
 Example:

A sweater that has a selling

price of P800 is on sale for 30%
off. What is the sale price of the
sweater?
BREAK-EVEN