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RECOGNISED
TO HELL
NOTES
DEDICATED TO
MR. VINAYAK GARAD 09423171882
(MY Physicists)
ALL THE RIGHTS TO CHANGE ARE RESERVED TO
(No need to give feed back at khunesl
@gmail.com)
HAND OVER
HAND OVER IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH, THE SERVICE TO THE
SUBSCRIBER IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE SERVING CELL TO
THE ANOTHER CELL DURING ACTIVE MODE OF MS AND THE
CALL WILL CONTINUE TILL MS DISCONNECT THE CALL.
WHY HAND OVER?
A] IN ORDER TO PROVIDE THE BETTER LINK QUALITY TO THE
SUBSCRIBERS.
B] MANAGE THE TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION AMOUNG THE CELLS
OF THE NETWORK.
OR
1 TO MAINTAIN QUALITY AND CONTINUETY OF CALLS.
2 CELL SIZE CONTROL IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE TOTAL
INTERFERENCE IN THE NETWORK.
HO IS THE EFFECT OF FREQUENCY HOPPING
GIVE THE SPECIFIC REASON FOR HANDOVER (H.O.)?
REASONS:
RECIEVER(RX) SIGNAL QUALITY
RECEIVER SIGNAL LEVEL
INTERFERANCE
POWER BUDGET
CONGESTION
NOTE:
QUALITY
BAD
H.O
BAD
BAD
RX QUAL.
BAD
GOOD
RX LEVEL
INTERFERENCE
THRESHOLD VALUE
ACCORDING TO
INTER BTS:
CALLS TRANSFER BETWEEEN TWO CHANNELS (TIME SLOT) IN SAME CELL.
INTRA BSC:
CALLS TRANSFER BETWEEN BTS UNDER THE CONTROL OF SAME BSC.
EXTERNAL HO:
BSIC
WHAT IS BASIC?
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE IS THE CODE WHERE IN THE
FIRST DIGIT INDICATES NCC AND SECOND DIGIT INDICATES
BCC.
NCC: NETWORK COLOUR CODE
BCC: BASE STATION COLOUR CODE
THE NCC AND BCC HAVE VALUE RANGING FROM O TO 7
NCC: THE NCC IS FIXED FOR AN OPERATOR, SIGNIFYING AT
ANY GIVEN POINT THERE CAN BE MAXIMUM OF 8
OPERATORS IN AN AREA.
BCC: BCC DEFINES THE CLUSTER NO.WHICH MEANS A
GROUP OF 8 CLUSTERS CARRY UNIQE IDENTITY WHICH ARE
USED FOR ANOTHER GROUP OF 8 AND SO ON.
EX. IF BSIC IS 65 THEN 6 IS NCC AND 5 IS BCC
IF BSIC IS 55 AND FREQ.IS 55 THEN HO WOULD NOT TAKE
PLACE.
WHAT IS CLUSTER?
GROUP OF FREQ. CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER INTO
PATTERNS OF CELLS CALLED CLUSTER.
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS IN WHICH ALL AVAILABLE
FREQ. HAVE BEEN USED ONCE AND ONLY ONCE.
MBCCH FREQ:
FROM THE
SIX
HO ALGORITHUM:
CONTROL CHANNEL
THE BROADCAST
BY THE
MS.
BTS
IN RIGHT TIME.
FREQUENCY HOPPING
FH
Frequency reuses?
FREQUENCY REUSE IMPLIES THAT IN A GIVEN COVERAGE AREA THERE ARE
SEVERAL CELLS THAT USES THE SAME SET OF FREQ.
THESE CELLS ARE CALLED COCHANNEL CELLS .AND THE INTERFERENCE
BETWEEN SIGNALS FROM THESE CELLS ARE CALLED CO CHANNEL
INTEREFERENCE.
MA
list
(pattern).
HSN = 1 TO 63provides various pseudo random hopping.
In
FH.
FH
here the ARFCN wud be more than the no. Of TRX/TRU in bts.also
we have better hopping gain here.& also we need not to go for new
frequency scheme when we add new trxs to the site as this is to be
do done in Base band hopping.
Definition of SFH AND AMR:
SFH & AMR IS different terms
SFH is synthesizer freq hopping and AMR is adaptive multirate. These
two terms are in all different from each other. One defines the way of
using fewer frequencies more efficiently and other defines the way of
What is FER?
IT IS THE RATIO OF DISCARDED SPEACCH FRAMES COMPARED TO ALL
THE RECEIVED SPEECH FRAMES.
FORMULA:
% OF FER = (NO.ERASED BLOCKSTOT.NO.
OF BLOCKS) 10O
Deep concept:
MAIO:
default which
removes the manual MAIO list in favor for the default MAIO list.
The no. of MAIO values in list stretches from zero up to one less
than no. of freq. in the HFS.
Ex. 9(0 to 8) freq. their than maio list will be 0 to 7.
HOPPING
PHYSICAL CHANNEL.
THE MA LIST IS A SUBSET OF
CA LIST.
#WHAT IS CA LIST?
IN FIRST CABLE SWAP TWO WIRES ARE FROM ANY ONE SECTOR IS
CONNECTED IN ANOTHER SECTOR TRX/TRU .BUT IN PARTIAL CABLE SWAP
ONLY ONE WIRE WOULD BE SWAP MEANS ONE WIRE FROM ANY ONE SECTOR
AND ANOTHER WIRE FROM ANY OTHER SECTOR IS CONNECTED AT ONE
TRX/TRU.
WHAT IS THE SOLUTION FOR PROBLEM OF UPLINK?
SEE AROUND YOUR SITE ANY CDMA SITE IS PRESENT IF YES THEN USE
CDMA FILTER.
IF NOT THEN SEE IS THEIR SECTOR EXPANTION PRESENT THEN CHECK FOR
THE ORIENTATION OF BOTH EXPANSION ANTEENA AND MAIN ANTENA IS
DIFF. OR SAME.
WHAT IS THE SOLUTION FOR DOWNLINK PROBLEM?
THE SOLUTION FOR THE DOWNLINK IS SAME FOR THE TCH /CALL DROP.
WHAT IS TH E SOLUTION FOR SD DROP?
IF SD DROP INCREASED THEN ASSIGN ONE MORE TIME SLOT BY USING
PLANNER.
WHAT IS VSWR?
VOLTAGE WAVE STAND RATIO:
IT IS THE RATIO OF FORWARD POWAR TO THE REFLECTED POWER.[(1-ROW)/
(1+ROW)]IT THE PROBLEM OF LOOSE CONNECTOR OR DUST OR SHARE
BENDING OR RAIN WATER . DUE TO THIS PROBLEM THERE IS LESS
COVERAGE IN THAT AREA.
WHENEVER THIS PROBLEM OCCURRED THERE IS ALARM FOR THIS IS IN
MSC.
WHAT IS TEMS?
TEST EQIPEMENT MOBILE SYSTEM IS A TESTING TOOL USED TO READ AND
CONTROL THE INFORMATION SENT OVER AIR INTERFACES BETWEEN BASE
RADIO
COVERAGE MEASUREMENS.IN ADDITION TO FIELD
MEASUREMENT AND POST PROCESSING.
STATION AND THE MOBILE STATION .IT CAN BE USED FOR
1] CURRENT CHANNEL
2]SERVING NEIGHBOUR
3]RADIO PARAMETER
4]C/I
5] C/A
2]SEERVING NEIGHBOUR:
FULL
SUB
HERE THE DEFINED NEIGHBOUR WILL APPEAR.
-10 TO -70
- 71 TO -80
COCHANNEL INTERFERENCE:
FREQUENCY REUSE IMPLIES THAT IN A GIVEN COVERAGE AREA THERE ARE
SEVERAL CELLS THAT USES THE SAME SET OF FREQ.
THESE CELLS ARE CALLED COCHANNEL CELLS .AND THE INTERFERENCE
BETWEEN SIGNALS FROM THESE CELLS ARE CALLED CO CHANNEL
INTEREFERENCE.
SOLUTION:TO REDUCE CO CHANNEL INTERFERENCE CO CHANNEL CELLS
MUST BE PHYSICALLY SEPERATED BY A MINIMUM DISTANCE IN ORDER TO
PROVIDE SUFFIECIENT ISOLATION.
WHAT IS BASIC?
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE IS THE CODE WHERE IN THE FIRST DIGIT
INDICATES NCC AND SECOND DIGIT INDICATES BCC .
NCC :NETWORK COLOUR CODE
BCC: BASE STATION COLOUR CODE
THE NCC AND BCC HAVE VALUE RANGING FROM AN O TO 7
NCC: THE NCC IS FIXED FOR AN OPERATOR ,SIGNIFYING AT ANY GIVEN
POINT THERE CAN BE MAXIMUM OF 8 OPERATORS IN AN AREA.
BCC : BCC DEFINES THE CLUSTER NO.WHICH MEANS A GROUP OF 8
CLUSTER CARRY UNIQE IDENTITY WHICH ARE USED FOR ANOTHER
GROUP OF 8 AND SO ON.
EX. IF BSIC IS 65 THEN 6 IS NCC AND 5 IS BCC
IF BSIC IS 55 AND FREQ.IS 55 THEN HO WOULD NOT TAKE PLACE.
WHAT IS CLUSTER?
GROPU OF FREQ. CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER INTO PATTERNS OF
CELLS CALLED CLUSTER.
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS IN WHICH ALL AVAILABLE FREQ. HAVE
BEEN USED ONCE AND ONLY ONCE.
THE PRINCIPAL FOR ALLOCATION OF THE BSIC IS THE SAME AS THE
RF CARRIER BUT AT CLUSTER LEVEL RATHER THAN CELL LEVEL.
Transmission problem:
Path loss:
Path loss occurs when the received signal becomes weaker and
weaker due to increasing distance between MS and BTS ,even if there are no
obstacles between the transmitting and receiving antenna .
The path loss problem seldom leads to a dropped call because before the
problem becomes extreme a new transmission path is established via another
BTS .
INTERFERENCE FROM THE NON BCCH CARRIERS DOES NOT AFFECT THE
QUALITY .THEREFORE IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE LOG FILES ARE
CAREFULLY ANYLYSED EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE NO SIGNS OF
POOR
QUAL.
POOR QUAL:
THERE ARE THREE MAJOR REASONS FOR POOR QUALITY.
INTERFERENCR PROBLEM, LOW SIG. STRENGTH OR A MISSING NEIGHBOUR.
THE REASON FOR THE POOR QUAL.CAN BE:
1. MS DOES NOT ON BEST SERVER
2. INTERFERENCE
3. LOW SIGNAL STRENGTH
MAKE THE NECERRY CHANGES /ADJUSTMENTS DEPEPNDING ON THE
REASON FOR THE POOR QUAL.
JUST LIKE THE CHANGING THE O/P POWER ,AN ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS
AFFECTS THE ENTIRE CELL PLAN REGARD TO CELL BOARDERS AND
INTERFERENCE.
INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
MAJOR IINTERFERNSE PROBLEMS REQUIRE A CHANGE OF FREQ. ON ONE OR
MORE CELLS.
FOR A CELLS SEVERE PROBLEM ,ANATENNA DOWNTILTS CAN HELP
SITUATITIONS .
MINOR INTERFERENCE PROBLEM CAN SOMETIMES BE ELIMINATED OR
REDUSED BY PARAMETER CHANGES .MOVIING CELL BOARDER AND /OR
CHANGING THE HANDOVER (EX. SMALLER HANDOVER HYSTERIS AND
SHORTER FITER LENGTHS ) CAN TAKE CARE OF LOCAL INTERFERENCE
PROBLEMS.
ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS:
ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS SUCH AS ANTENNA TILT AND HEIGHT AFFECTS
THE SIGNAL STRENGTH AND THEREBY THE CELLS BOARDERS AND
INTERFERENCE LEVELS .
BY DOENTILTING THE ANTENNAS ,A CALMER BEHAVIOR IS GENERALLY
ACHIEVED IN THE NETWORK .THE SIGANL STRENGTH BECOMES MORE
CONCENTRATED TO THE AREA CLOSE TO THE SITE .DOWNTILTING AN
ANTENNA CAN REDUCE IN INTERFERENCE IN CO- CHANNEL OR ADJUSTENT
CHANNEL CELLS AS WELL AS IN THECELL ITSELF.
THE MAJOR DRAWBACK OF HAVING TOO MUCH DOWNTILT IS THE RISK OF A
LOSS IN OVERALL COVERAGE.