Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering Measures For Landslide Disaster Mitigation
Engineering Measures For Landslide Disaster Mitigation
Mihail E. Popescu (Illinois Institute of Technology, USA), Katsuo Sasahara (Kochi University, Japan)
Abstract
Correction of an existing landslide or the prevention of a
pending landslide is a function of a reduction in the driving
forces or an increase in the available resisting forces. Any
remedial measure used must involve one or both of the above
parameters.
According to IUGS WG/L, landslide remedial measures are
arranged in four practical groups, namely: modification of
slope geometry, drainage, retaining structures and internal
slope reinforcement. This chapter discusses the planning and
designing aspects of the landslide remedial measures in each
group and presents some illustrative examples. In addition,
debris flow mitigation measures are discussed in some detail.
Back analysis of failed slopes is an effective tool for reliable
design of the remedial measures while advanced numerical
methods are nowadays frequently used to design safe and cost
effective landslide remedial measures.
Selection of an appropriate remedial measure depends
on: a) engineering feasibility, b) economic feasibility, c)
legal/regulatory conformity, d) social acceptability, and e)
environmental acceptability. There are a number of levels of
effectiveness and levels of acceptability that may be applied
in the use of these measures, for while one slide may require
an immediate and absolute long-term correction, another may
only require minimal control for a short period.
As many of the geological features, such as sheared
discontinuities are not known in advance, it is more
advantageous to put remedial measures in hand on a design
as you go basis. That is the design has to be flexible enough
to accommodate changes during or subsequent to the
construction of remedial works.
Keywords: Landslide disaster mitigation, Engineering
measures, Debris flows, Back analysis, Numerical methods,
Effectiveness and acceptability of remedial measures.
1. Introductory remarks
Landslides and related slope instability phenomena plague
many parts of the world. Japan leads other nations in
landslide severity with projected combined direct and indirect
losses of $4 billion annually (Schuster, 1996). United States,
Italy, and India follow Japan, with an estimated annual cost
ranging between $1 billion to $2 billion.
Landslide
disasters are also common in developing countries and
economical losses sometimes equal or exceed their gross
national products (Sassa et al, 2005).
The paramount importance of landslide hazard
management and mitigation is by and large recognized.
Herein lies the guiding principle of the current chapter; i.e., to
describe engineering methods to mitigate the landslide hazard
associated risks in an appropriate and effective way.
(b)
tan 0 '
c '
F = min Fc = 0 , F =
tan ' nec
c' nec
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
8. Invited presentations
Fig.1 Flow diagram showing the sequence of various phases involved in the planning, design,
construction and monitoring of remedial measures
Fig.3 Schematic view of the commonly used retaining and slope reinforcement measures (upper) along
with pictures illustrating two of these measures: Large Diameter Caissons (lower left) and Ground
Anchors (lower right).
Fig.4 Biotechnical slope stabilization: Combined use of vegetation and man-made structural elements
working together in an integrated manner (upper). Vegetation planting combined with rock counterfort
construction (lower). Vegetation has both hydrological and mechanical beneficial effects.
Fig.5 Concrete Check Dam (upper): concrete panels are pitched in the front of the dam body in order to
harmonize with the surrounding landscape. Check Dam Filled with Local Sediment (lower): steel
panels cover the dam body consisting of sediment.
.
Fig.6 Check Dam with Pitching Logs: pitching logs in front of the dam body harmonize with the
surrounding forest landscape.
Fig.7 Check Dam Made of Soil Cement: the wings are made of soil cement
and the spillway is made of concrete.
Fig.8 Soil Cement Construction Methods. They are divided into two categories: the first one is
the ISM method and the other includes CSG, INSEM and Sabo CSG method.
Fig.9 Backhoe operated by Unmanned Construction System (UCS). Robot arm and surveying camera
are set at the operating location. Operator remotely controls the machine by the robot arm and
camera.
Fig.10 Open-type Check Dam: The Concrete Slit Dam (upper) is expected to have both sediment capture
and retrieval functions as well as sediment discharge control function. The Steel Pipe Grid Dam
is expected to catch the debris flow and discharge the captured sediment after the debris flow.
Trial Sliding
Surfaces, TSS
1
1
Failure
Surface, FS
(a)
tan
Envelope
RegionII
Contact Points
RegionI
1
(b)
F
TSS 1
TSS 1
FS
tan
(c)
Fig.11 Back Calculation of the Shear Strength Parameters from Slope Failures.
The two unknowns (c and ) can be simultaneously determined from the
following two equations involving the slope safety factor: F=1 and F=minimum.
UPHILL
PILE
ROW
d
d
DOWNHILL
FD Driving Force
FR Resisting Force
F D, F R
FR
FD
B/D
narrowly
spaced piles
largely
spaced piles
Fig.12 Design of Piles to Stabilize Landslides. Both driving and resisting force acting on each pile in a row
should be considered to derive the optimum non-dimensional pile interval ratio B/D.
Fig.13 Remedial Measures of the Deep Seated Forest City Landslide: Excavator used to construct the one
meter by three meters shear pins (left). Reinforcing cage being lowered into the excavation (right).
Fig.14 Pos Selim Landslide in Malaysia. Detailed investigations of the complex geology and
hydrogeology conditions have been performed to define the landslide mechanisms.
Fig.15 Soil Stabilization Using Lime-Cement Piles (left); Three Dimensional Finite Element
Modelling of the interaction between the reinforcing lime-cement ribs and surrounding soil
(right).
Fig.16 Full Scale Modeling of the Behavior of the Rockfall Protection Fences: Rock blocks of
different sizes are dropped vertically onto the protection net to assess its deformation and
breaking time.
Ro
ute
462
2003/11
Shimokubo Area
legend
Prevention works
implemented before 2006
Prevention works
implemented in 2006
Prevention works planned
to be implemented in future
KayakabuJoryu Area
KayakabuKaryu Area
Shimokubo Dam
Fig.17 Yuzurihara Landslide, Japan: Landslide area comprising several blocks (upper). Map of
the mitigation works consisting mainly of large diameter vertical drainage wells and
sub-horizontal drainage boreholes (lower).
< 10
2.0
10 20
3.0
20
4.0
Table 2 Japanese Practice for Determining Stabilizing Piles Interval Based on Landslide Depth.
Piles
Fig.18 Slope Condition after the Centrifugal Loading Experiment: Slope failure occurred around the
piles inserted into the slope.