Anemia by

Causes
By: Ace Ashley Baron
Ted Nio Orlina
Mary June Umadhay
Keeshia Anna Zerrudo

ANEMIA
Origin of the name:
The name is derived from
AncientGreek:
an-, meaning "not andhaima,
meaning "blood". Anaimia, meaning
"bloodlessness".
Description:
Anemia is a decrease in number of
red blood cells(RBCs) or less than

Signs and
Symptoms

Causes of Anemia

Impaired Production
Increased Destruction
Blood loss
Fluid overload
Ancestry

Impaired
production
Subtypes
Disturbance of proliferation and
differentiation of stem cells
Disturbance of proliferation and
maturation oferythroblasts

Disturbance of
proliferation and
differentiation of stem
cells
Pure red cell aplasia
Aplastic anemiaaffects all kinds
ofblood cells.Fanconi anemiais a
hereditary disorder or defect
featuring aplastic anemia and
various other abnormalities.
Anemia ofrenal failureby
insufficienterythropoietinproduction
Anemia ofendocrine disorders

Disturbance of
proliferation and
maturation
Pernicious
anemiais a form of
oferythroblasts

megaloblastic anemiadue tovitamin B12

deficiency dependent on impaired
absorption of vitamin B12
Anemia of prematurity, by diminished
erythropoietin response to declining
hematocrit levels, combined with blood
loss from laboratory testing, generally
occurs in premature infants at two to six
weeks of age.

Increased
Destruction
Classified ashemolytic anemias.
These are generally
featuringjaundiceand
elevatedlactate
dehydrogenaselevels.

Subtypes
Intrinsic (intracorpuscular)
abnormalities cause premature
destruction.

Intrinsic
Abnormalities
. Hereditary spherocytosis is a
hereditary defect that results in
defects in the RBC cell membrane,
causing the erythrocytes to be
sequestered and destroyed by the
spleen
Hereditary elliptocytosis is
another defect in membrane
skeleton proteins.

Intrinsic
Abnormalities
Enzyme deficiencies
Pyruvate kinaseandhexokinase
deficiencies,causing defectglycolysis
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase def
iciency
andglutathione synthetase
deficiency,causing increased
oxidative stress

Hemoglobinopathies
Sickle cell anemia

Extrinsic
Abnormalities
Antibody-mediated
Warm autoimmune hemolytic
anemiais caused by autoimmune
attack against red blood cells, primarily
by IgG. It is the most common of
theautoimmunehemolytic diseases.
Cold agglutinin hemolytic anemiais
primarily mediated by IgM. It can be
idiopathic or result from an underlying
condition.

Extrinsic
Abnormalities
Mechanical trauma to red cells
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias,
includingthrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpuraanddisseminated intravascular
coagulation
Infections, includingmalaria
Heart surgery
Haemodialysis

Blood Loss
Anemia of prematurityfrom frequent
blood sampling for laboratory testing,
combined with insufficient RBC
production
Traumaorsurgery, causing acute
blood loss
Gastrointestinal tract lesions,causing
either acute bleeds (e.g. variceal
lesions,peptic ulcersor chronic blood

Fluid Overload
Fluid overload (hypervolemia) causes
decreased hemoglobin concentration
and apparent anemia:
General causes ofhypervolemia
include excessive sodium or fluid
intake, sodium or water retention
and fluid shift into the intravascular
space.
Anemia of pregnancy is induced by

Ancestry
Skeletal remains in Thailand show
how environmental conditions can
drive inheritance of anemia if it
benefits future generations. At the
archaeological site Khok Phanom Di it
is speculated that anemia helped
prevent death by malaria infections

Diagnosis
Anemia is typically diagnosed on a
complete blood count. Apart from
reporting the number ofred blood cells
and thehemoglobinlevel.
In modern counters, four parameters
(RBC count, hemoglobin
concentration,MCVandRDW) are
measured, allowing others (hematocrit,
MCHandMCHC) to be calculated, and

WHO's Hemoglobin
thresholds used to
define anemia
(1g/dL=0.6206mmol/L)
Age or gender
group
Children (0.5
5.0 yrs)
Children (512
yrs)
Teens (1215
yrs)
Women, nonpregnant
(>15yrs)

Hb threshold
(g/dl)

Hb threshold
(mmol/l)

11.0

6.8

11.5

7.1

12.0

7.4

12.0

7.4

Red Blood Cell

Size
In the morphological approach,
anemia is classified by the size of red
blood cells; this is either done
automatically or on microscopic
examination of a peripheral blood
smear. The size is reflected in
themean(MCV). If the cells are
smaller than normal (under 80fl), the
anemia is said to be microcytic; if

Production vs.
destruction or
loss
The "kinetic" approach to anemia
yields arguably the most clinically
relevant classification of anemia. This
classification depends on evaluation
of several hematological parameters,
particularly the bloodreticulocyte
(precursor of mature RBCs) count.
This then yields the classification of
defects by decreased RBC production

References
Rodak, B.F., Fritsma, G. A., Doig, K.,
Hematology: Clinical Principles
and Applications. 3rd Ed. Elsevier
(Singapore) Pte Ltd. 2009.
McKenzie, S. B., Williams, J. L.,
Clinical Laboratory Hematology.
2nd Ed. Pearson Education, Inc. 2010.
Amniotic fluid. InWikipedia.
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