Network Planning Guideline For Lines and Cables

GUIDE
Document Classification: Controlled Disclosure

Title:
Distribution Guide Part 1:
Unique Identifier:
34-619
NETWORK PLANNING
GUIDELINE FOR LINES AND
CABLES
Document Type:
DGL
Revision:
Published date:
NOVEMBER 2010
Total pages:
69
Review date:
NOVEMBER 2015
COMPILED BY
APPROVED BY
FUNCTIONAL RESP
AUTHORISED BY
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MM BELLO
CG CARTER-BROWN
V SINGH
MN BAILEY
Senior Advisor
Planning SC Chair
for TESCOD
CMDT for MD (Dx)
DATE:
DATE:
DATE:
DATE:
Content
Page
Foreword........................................................................................................................................................ 3
1
Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 5
2
Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 5
3
Definitions and abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 6
3.1 Definitions .................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 7
4
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 8
4.1 Series and shunt impedances ..................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Overhead lines........................................................................................................................... 10
4.3 Phase conductors ...................................................................................................................... 10
4.4 Thermal loading limits ................................................................................................................ 11
4.5 Fault level limits ......................................................................................................................... 13
4.6 Bundle conductors ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.7 Earth wire conductors ................................................................................................................ 15
4.8 Line impedances........................................................................................................................ 16
4.9 Power transfer limits .................................................................................................................. 22
4.10 Transposition ............................................................................................................................. 25
4.11 Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)................................................................................................ 27
5
Cables ............................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1 Conductor material and sizes .................................................................................................... 28
5.2 Insulation and armouring ........................................................................................................... 28
5.3 Thermal loading limits and de-rating .........................................................................................30
5.4 Fault level limits ......................................................................................................................... 31
5.5 Cable impedances ..................................................................................................................... 31
6
Technical load losses ........................................................................................................................ 32
6.1 Planning and designing with technical losses ........................................................................... 32
6.2 Load losses: Economic loading limits for lines and cables........................................................ 32
7
Eskom line and cable standards ....................................................................................................... 35
7.1 Overhead conductors and towers.............................................................................................. 35
7.2 Conductor loading and fault level limits .....................................................................................37
7.3 Towers ....................................................................................................................................... 39
8
Cables ............................................................................................................................................... 40
8.1 MV cables .................................................................................................................................. 40
ESKOM COPYRIGHT PROTECTED
B Morrison / Nov 2010 / Rev 1
DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION: CONTROLLED DISCLOSURE
NETWORK PLANNING GUIDELINE FOR LINES

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8.2 HV cables .................................................................................................................................. 40

Data required for Power System Analysis......................................................................................... 41
Application guideline ......................................................................................................................... 42
10.1 Requirements ............................................................................................................................ 42
10.2 Lines vs cables .......................................................................................................................... 43
10.3 MV lines ..................................................................................................................................... 44
10.4 HV lines ..................................................................................................................................... 45
10.5 MV cables .................................................................................................................................. 46
10.6 HV cables .................................................................................................................................. 47
10.7 Costing ....................................................................................................................................... 48
11
Modelling lines and cables in PSA software ..................................................................................... 48
11.1 ReticMaster................................................................................................................................ 48
11.2 PowerFactory............................................................................................................................. 50
11.3 General notes ............................................................................................................................ 59
12
Worked examples .............................................................................................................................. 59
12.1 Sub-transmission line transposition ...........................................................................................60
12.2 MV line conductor sizing, Q & A ................................................................................................ 61
12.3 MV line conductor sizing, worked example ............................................................................... 62
Annex A - MV line and cable Economic Loading Limits .............................................................................. 64
Annex B - Impact assessment ..................................................................................................................... 66
9
10

When downloaded from the IARC WEB, this document is uncontrolled and the responsibility rests with the user
to ensure it is in line with the authorised version on the WEB.

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Foreword
The location and size of future MV and HV overhead lines and buried cables is an important component of
Distribution Network Planning. Network Planners need to understand the basic theory and relevant Eskom
Distribution standards and specifications relating to lines and cables. They also require guidance on the
modelling of lines/cables in network simulation software. Network Planners need to be able to select
line/cable sizes such that minimum requirements (thermal limits, fault level rating and voltage drop) are met
whilst also minimising capital cost and the lifetime cost of technical load losses.
This guideline provides the Eskom Distribution Network Planner with a basic understanding of the theory
and practical application, such that lines/cables can be modelled in power system analysis software
(specifically ReticMaster and PowerFactory) and new line/cable sizes can be selected based on minimum
requirements and lifetime costs.
Revision history
This revision cancels and replaces revision no 0 of document no. DGL_34-619.
Date
Nov 2010
Rev.
1
Clause
July 2010
0A
Nov 2007
Remarks
Compiled By: MM Bello
Replaced reticulation with distribution.
Replaced emergency rating to contingency rating.
Planners to change conductor temperature on retic master to

500C.
Clearly included the definitions of conductor ratings A, B and

C
Changed conductor rating values in PSA software (Digsilent

power factory) to align with Determination of conductor
current ratings in Eskom, Document number EST32-319
and Increasing capacity of overhead transmission linesneeds and solution Cigre JWG B2/C1.19, 2010 document.
Details on Conductor loadings and fault level limits were

specifically referred to Determination of conductor current
ratings in Eskom, Document number EST32-319.
Section 2. Updated normative references
Modified table 4
Section 7 and 8. Updated PSA screen dumps and tables for

ReticMaster version 11 and Powerfactory version 14.
Section 9. PowerFactory file updated to V14.
Included MV line/cable economic loading limits (annex A)

and the associated example.
Included new conductor ratings table in annex A
Updated conductor ratings in power factory.

Compiled By: CG Carter-Brown
DRAFT work in progress. Need to include LRMC losses details.
Also requirement for HV cables to be installed in separate
trenches. Planning to consider augmenting HVC oil-filled cable
supplied with new XLPE cables.
Compiled By: CG Carter-Brown
Original issue approved


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Authorisation
This document has been seen and accepted by:
Name
Designation
Rob Stephen
General Manager Distribution Capital Program
Kurt Dedikend
Network Services Manager Eastern Region (NSM Planning custodian)
Riaan Smit
Network Planning Manager Western Region
Simphiwe Hashe
Network Planning Manager Southern Region
Mike Pallett
Network Planning Manager Eastern Region
Kobus Barnard
Network Planning Manager North West Region
Paul Segwe
Network Planning Manager Central Region
Faans van Zyl
Network Planning Manager North East Region
Sithembele Mzimkhulu Network Planning Manager Northern Region

Rob Stephen
General Manager Distribution Capital Program
This guide shall apply throughout Eskom Holdings Limited, its divisions, subsidiaries and entities wherein
Eskom has a controlling interest.
Development team
This guideline was developed with input from:
Nomkhosi Gumede
Vusani Ratsibi
Rashaad Tayob
Hannes Diedericks
Clinton Carter-Brown
Keywords
Network planning, network design, overhead lines, cables, technical losses
Bibliography
H Lee Willis, Power distribution planning reference book, Marcel Dekker Inc., United States of America,
ISBN 0-8247-0098-8, 1997
ABERDARE, Cable facts and figures, 2000
R Stephen, Methods to increase thermal capacity of overhead power lines, 1999
Cigre JWG B2/C1.19, August, 2010, Increasing capacity of overhead transmission lines-needs and solution


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Scope
This guideline covers the theory, standards, software modelling and sizing of MV and HV overhead lines
and buried cables for Eskom Distribution Network Planning. Detailed line/cable project engineering (design)
is not the focus of this guideline.
The application of this guideline should ensure that Network Planning correctly analyse existing
lines/cables, and appropriately size future lines/cables. The scope of work required from the Network
Planner (as an input to Project Engineering design work) is defined.
For a summary of the key information jump to the Application Guideline on page 42.
Normative references
Parties using this guideline shall apply the most recent edition of the documents listed below:
DST 34-1191: General information and requirements for overhead lines up to 33kV with conductors up to
Hare/Oak
DST 34-1192: Light conductors particular requirements for overhead lines up to 33kV with conductors up to
Hare conductor
DST 34-1193: Heavy conductors particular requirements for overhead lines up to 33kV with conductors
larger than Hare and up to Kingbird conductor
DISASABH1: Sub-transmission lines Section 2: Conductors
DSP 34-377: Specification for phase conductor for distribution lines and substations
EST 32-319: Determination of conductor current ratings in Eskom
DGL 34-05: Planning guideline for medium voltage underground cable systems
DST 34-209: Medium voltage cabling in substations
DST 34-1177: General information and requirements for high voltage cable systems
DST 34-1176: General information and requirements for low voltage cable systems
DSP 34-1803: Aerial bundled conductors with bare or insulated neutral supporting conductor
DST 34-542: Distribution voltage regulation and apportionment limits
DST 34-1175 General information and requirements for MV cable systems
SANS 10198-4: The selection, handling and installation of electric power cables of rating not exceeding 33
kV. Part 4: Current ratings
IEC 60853-1: Calculation of the cyclic and emergency current rating of cables. Part 1: Cyclic rating factor
for cables up to and including 18/30 (36) kV


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Definitions and abbreviations
3.1
Definitions
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Ampacity: The current which will meet the design, security and safety criteria of a conductor.
Bare conductor: A conductor without any insulating covering. Not to be confused with the conductor
named Bear.
Basic insulation level (BIL): The overall designed insulation level of the system to withstand lightning
impulses and switching surges. A specific insulation level, expressed in kilovolts, to which the complete
system is designed and constructed. This insulation level includes the line-to-supporting structure insulation
level, line-to-earth insulation level at every supporting structure, the insulation levels of the switchgear, line
isolators and reclosers, and the insulation level of substations connected to the system, including their
transformers.
Clearance: The shortest distance between two parts of different potential, usually related to distance in air.
Conductor: A wire or combination of wires not insulated from one another, suitable for carrying an
electrical current.
Conductor temperature: The temperature of a conductor due to ambient temperature, wind and electrical
load current.
Earth conductor: A conductor of low impedance that provides an electrical connection between a given
point in equipment (an installation or system) and an earth electrode.
Earth resistance: The resistance of the electrode and surrounding earth as measured between the earth
lead and the general mass of the earth.
Flashover: A disruptive discharge external to the insulator, connecting those parts which normally have
operating voltage between them.
Footing resistance: The resistance of a structure to earth.
Line voltage drop: The difference at a given instant between the magnitudes of the r.m.s. voltages
measured at two points along a line or cable.
Load factor (LF): The actual energy supplied (in kWh) over a period divided by the maximum demand in
kWh over that period multiplied by the time period selected (i.e. actual energy supplied divided by potential
energy supplied). It is always less than or equal to unity.
Power line: An overhead line erected to convey electrical energy for any purpose other than
communications, but excluding the overhead contact or catenary wires of an electric traction system.
Rated voltage: The highest r.m.s phase-to-phase voltage of a supply for which equipment is designed.
Sag: The maximum vertical distance between a conductor that spans between supports and a straight line
joining the conductors points of support.
Servitude: The right of way for the installation, operation and maintenance of a power system given to a
supply authority by way of law and registered against the title of the property. The supply authority pays the
landowner consideration for this right depending on the utilisation of the land.


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Shield wire: A conductor connected to earth at some or all structures, which is suspended usually but not
necessarily above the line conductors to provide a degree of protection against lightning strokes. Also
referred to as an earth wire.
Structure, support (of an overhead line): A device designed to carry, through the insulators, a set of
conductors of the line.
Suspension structure: A structure that supports the vertical load of the conductor.
Wayleave agreement: A right of way obtained from a landowner, who signs an agreement with the supply
authority, for the installation, operation and maintenance of a power system. It is not registered against the
title of the property.
3.2
Abbreviations
AAC: All Aluminium Conductor

ABC: Arial Bundle Conductor
AAAC: All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
ACAR: Aluminium Conductor Aluminium-Alloy Reinforced
ACSR: Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
EHV: Extra High Voltage (>132kV)
ELL: Economic Loading Limit
GMR: Geometric Mean Radius
GSW: Galvanized Steel Wire
HTLS: High Temperature Low Sag
HV: High Voltage (>33kV & 132kV)
LF: Load Factor
LLF: Loss Load Factor
LRMC: Long Run Marginal Cost
LV: Low Voltage 1kV)
MTL: Master Type Library
MV: Medium Voltage (>1kV & 33kV)
NPV: Net Present Value
OPGW: Optical Cable Ground Wire
PEM: Project Evaluation Model


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PSA: Power System Analysis

SWER: Single Wire Earth Return
TLL: Thermal Loading Limit
Theory
4.1
Series and shunt impedances
Lines and cables have resistive and reactive impedance distributed over their length. Any current flowing
along the line/cable results in a voltage drop over these impedances. In short lines/cables the capacitive
effect of the line/cable is very small and can be ignored. When a sending end voltage (Vs) is applied to the
sending end of the short line/cable and there is no load on that line/cable, the receiving end voltage (VR)
equals the sending end voltage. However as soon as load current (I) flows through the line/cable, the
current causes a resistance and reactance voltage drop which when subtracted from the sending end
voltage results in a receiving end voltage smaller than the sending end voltage. As the load increases, so
the impedance voltage drop increases, and the receiving end voltage reduces.
Figure 1: Voltage drop over a short radial line/cable


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Figure 2: Voltage drop over a long radial line/cable

When a line/cable is sufficiently long the capacitive effect becomes appreciable and cant be ignored during
lightly loaded conditions.
Under no load and lightly loaded conditions the actual load current is smaller than the charging current of
the line/cable, and the vectorial addition of the two currents yields a resultant current which leads the
sending end voltage. When the leading current flows through the inductive impedance of the line/cable it
results in a voltage rise over the line, and the receiving end voltage will be greater than the sending end
voltage. Note that only applies to lightly loaded lines/cables, or lines/cables supplying load with leading
power factors. When the line/cable is loaded by a load with a unity or lagging power factor, the resultant
current will lag the source voltage resulting in an impedance voltage drop and a reduced receiving end
voltage.
The pi-equivalent lumped parameter model is used for most power flow analysis applications. This model
represents the distributed effects of the series resistance and inductance and the shunt capacitance with
composite or lumped values. Figure 3 illustrates the model.
Figure 3: Pi-equivalent model of a line/cable

For steady-state solutions, such as load flow, short circuit or frequency sweep calculations, lines/cables can
be modelled with sufficient accuracy via the pi-equivalent model.


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For transient (RMS and EMT) simulations more sophisticated models are required, and distributed
line/cable models are used (as are supported by Power System Analysis (PSA) software such as DigSilent
PowerFactory).
As line/cable voltage drop is a key constraint, it is important that the Network Planner accurately model the
line/cable impedances in PSA software for the purposes of load-flow and fault level calculations.
4.2
Overhead lines
An overhead line consists of conductors, towers (support structures), foundations and hardware including
insulators.
4.3
Phase conductors
The choice of conductor type and size has a major impact on line design, costs, thermal rating and
impedance. Some of the physical and economic consequences that affect the choice of conductor size are:
An increase in conductor size (diameter) increases weight, wind and ice loads on the structures.
As the size of the conductor increases, the cost of the conductor increases.
As the size of the conductor increases, the resistance of the conductor decreases and the thermal
loading limit and fault level rating increase. The reactance is also dependent on conductor bundle
configurations and phase spacing).
As the size of the conductor increases and the resistance of the conductor decreases, the
magnitude and cost of electrical losses over the life of the line decreases.
As the size of the conductor size decreases, the radial electric field about the conductor increases
and results in higher levels of corona (including corona induced noise).
Although older (>30year) lines may have utilised copper conductors, aluminium conductors have achieved
wide acceptance all over the world for use in overhead power lines.
There are four major types of overhead aluminium conductors used for electrical transmission and
distribution:
AAC (All Aluminium Conductor): AAC is a low cost conductor that offers good conductivity and corrosion
resistance. The conductivity of AAC makes it the choice conductor for applications requiring high
conductivity and moderate strength.
ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced): The utility industry has utilized ACSR as a common
choice of conductor in transmission and rural distribution circuits for many years. ACSR is used extensively
on long spans as both earth-wire and phase conductors because of its high mechanical strength-to-weight
ratio and good current-carrying capacity. ACSR consists of a solid or stranded galvanized steel core
surrounded by one or more layers of aluminium. The steel content of ACSR typically ranges from 11% to
18% by weight. However, it can vary up to 40% depending on the desired tensile strength. The high tensile
strength combined with the good conductivity gives ACSR several advantages:
Because of the presence of the steel core, lines designed with ACSR elongate less than other
standard conductors, yielding less sag at a given tension. Therefore, the maximum allowable
conductor temperature can be increased to allow a higher thermal rating when replacing other
standard conductors with ACSR.
The high tensile strength of ACSR allows it to be installed in areas subject to extreme ice and
wind loading.
ACSR is less likely to be broken by falling tree limbs.


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AAAC (All Aluminium Alloy Conductor): AAAC is made of aluminium alloy giving it comparable and, in
some instances, improved qualities over both ACSR and AAC conductors. AAAC offers the combination of
good conductivity, high tensile strength, and excellent corrosion resistance. As replacements, the AAAC
conductors have comparable thermal ratings, improved strength-to-weight ratio, lower electrical losses, and
superior corrosion resistance. These factors make AAAC conductors prominent choices for distribution
installations on the seacoast and other areas severely impacted by corrosion problems.
ACAR (Aluminium Conductor Aluminium-Alloy Reinforced): ACAR, consisting of a mix of aluminium
and aluminium alloy strands of the same diameter, has an excellent balance between mechanical and
electrical properties. Because the aluminium and aluminium alloy strands are equal in diameter, they can
be interchanged to optimize the properties of ACAR for each particular application. These conductors
exhibit excellent corrosion resistance and utilise simple termination hardware.
4.4
Thermal loading limits
The line thermal loading limit is the maximum current that the line can carry. Thermal overload is caused by
excessive current flow causing overheating (due to the I2R effect), which results in a maximum conductor
temperature being reached.
The maximum temperature at which a conductor can safely operate is determined by:
Sag and clearance: As the conductor temperature increases so the conductor sags. If the
conductor sag limit is exceeded the statutory clearance limit is violated.
Annealing and long term creep: Thermal expansion and loss of conductor life.
Performance: The reliability of joints and fittings.
The power transfer on lines affects the sag of the conductor and hence the height of the conductor above
the ground. This in turn affects the safety of the line. The determination of the maximum thermal loading
limit is thus not only a function of the properties of the conductor but also of the safety to the public.
The major difference between power line thermal capacity and the capacity of other devices is that the
thermal limit of a power line is a function of safety to the public and is therefore clearly specified in
legislation. Another difference is that the power line is subjected to the ambient conditions which vary
continuously and are extremely difficult to design to.
The thermal limit of devices such as cables, transformers etc. affect the integrity of the device and can be
determined in a laboratory.
The factors that affect the thermal limit of a power line include:
Ambient conditions (wind speed, direction, solar radiation, ambient temperature and others such as
clearness factors, terrain reflectance and so on).
Conductor types and mechanical and electrical characteristics of the conductor including make up
such as strand diameter, overall diameter etc.
Bundle configuration.
Templating temperature of the line. The templating temperature is the conductor temperature that
results in the conductor being at the statutory clearance above ground.
Line direction (affects solar heating and convective cooling).
Exposure of the line to the public. This could include, road crossings, traffic patterns and so on.
Type, magnitude and frequency of occurrence of surges the line is subjected to.
The likelihood of a combination of the above factors occurring simultaneously
Probability of a flashover occurring when a combination of the above factors occur.


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There are two methods of calculating conductor ampacity limits; the deterministic approach and the
probabilistic approach.
Deterministic approach: The deterministic approach assumes certain bad cooling conditions (low wind
speed, high ambient temperature, etc.) and calculates the current that would result in the design
temperature of the line being exceeded. The line templating or design temperature at which the height of
the conductor above the ground is the minimum permissible. The deterministic approach has been used by
utilities for a number of years. It is a quick and simple method. Bad cooling conditions are assumed and the
current that will result in the line design temperature being achieved is calculated. The drawback is that the
method does not address the safety or the relationship between safety and the power transfer capability.
Probabilistic approach: The probabilistic approach uses weather data to calculate the probability of a
particular conductor temperature being reached for different loading levels. By selecting an acceptable level
of risk, the maximum line current is calculated for different templating temperatures.
Eskom Distribution historically designed overhead lines with a 50oC templating temperature. It is possible to
obtain a high transfer limit on a power line by increasing the templating temperature. By increasing the
templating temperature the conductor is raised higher off the ground, requiring a higher conductor
temperature to cause the conductor sag to result in statutory clearance.
The templating temperature cannot be increased indefinitely. The strength of the conductor is dependent on
the operating temperature and the time of exposure to the temperature. Loss of conductor strength can
affect line reliability and public safety. The cost of the line increases with higher templating temperature.
Although this varies from line to line an increase in the templating temperature from 50oC to 80oC is in the
order of 5% of the line capital cost.
A maximum templating temperature of 80 C is recommended. The main reasons are:
Accelerated rate of aluminium annealing occurs at temperatures exceeding 80C (with a

consequential loss of mechanical strength). The implication is more sag than anticipated and
under clearance of lines.
High temperature operation increases the risk of joint failures that will impact negatively on the
reliability of the line.
The I2R load losses become significant and offset the initial capital cost savings.
With greased conductors the protective grease melts and oozes out of the conductor leaving the
conductor steel without corrosion protection.
Bird caging may occur transferring the entire mechanical load onto the steel portion of the
conductor. In addition, during bird caging, the aluminium goes into compression and therefore
adding an additional mechanical load onto the steel portion of the conductor. Sag will be more
than anticipated and the line will be in contravention of statutory requirements due to sag
exceeding design safety factors.
Voltage regulation requirements may not be achieved due to high voltage drop on the line.
Smaller conductors at high current may not satisfy system stability criteria and requirements.
Usually, at least two current limits are specified for a conductor; the normal rating and the contingency
rating. The normal rating specifies how much current may flow on a continuous basis, whereas the
emergency rating specifies how much current can flow under emergency conditions (such as during the
outage of a parallel circuit) for a specified amount of time e.g. 30 minutes.


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The thermal limit of an existing line can usually be increased by considering local weather conditions, real
time monitoring and/or increasing the templating temperature (increasing conductor clearances, typically by
increasing conductor tension and/or the installation of additional towers at critical spans). Refer to Methods
to increase thermal capacity of overhead power lines for more information on options to increase line
thermal capacity (this document is published as an attachment to this guideline, and can be downloaded
from the DT IARC website).
The conductor ratings are summarised as:
Rate A. Maximum operating current under normal conditions. Previously know as 75C rating. Risk of
exceedence (Conductor temp. > templating temp.) is 9.83%.
Rate B. Maximum operating current under emergency conditions. Previously know as the 90C rating. Not
limited in time period. Risk of exceedence is 49.11%.
Rate C. Short time current rating. It is the ultimate maximum operating current under emergency conditions
preceeding load shedding. Maximum 15 minute time period only. Function of thermal inertia of conductor.
(See details in EST 32-319)
4.5
Fault level limits
The maximum current that a conductor can carry for short durations during network faults is referred to as
the conductor fault level limit. For a given conductor the fault level limit is dependent on:
The conductor pre-fault temperature.
The maximum permissible conductor temperature following a fault. This is the maximum
temperature above which the conductor will be permanently damaged, and is dependent on the
conductor material. A value of 200C is commonly used with aluminium conductors.
The conductor physical characteristics (resistance).
The duration of the fault.
The energy dissipated in a conductor during a fault is proportional to I2t where t is the duration of the fault.
Fault level limits are hence specified for specific fault duration, normally 1 or 3 seconds. The time for
protection operation influences the maximum permissible fault current. For HV lines main protection with
instantaneous tripping will typically clear faults within 200mS. However during back-up protection operation
(main protection failure) the fault clearing time increases significantly (typically up-to 800mS for high fault
currents). Furthermore overhead line circuits are usually set to auto-reclose, typically up to four times. As
the conductor does not have sufficient time to cool between re-close operations, the effective fault current
duration is increased.
The fault level limit must not be exceeded. If the fault level limit is exceeded (the current magnitude and
time duration result in excessive conductor temperature), the conductor will be permanently damaged. The
entire length of conductor will be damaged, not just the conductor at the point of the fault.
The common recommended practice is that networks should be planned and designed such that conductor
1 second fault current limits are not exceeded. This means that the minimum conductor size may not
necessarily be dictated by loading limit or voltage drop requirements, but rather by the requirement that the
conductor be able to handle the expected fault currents without permanent damage. This will practically
result in the following:
The first few kms of MV line close to HV/MV substations will usually have a minimum conductor
size of Mink or Hare. The most appropriate conductor size is dependent on the expected long
term MV fault levels. Mink and Hare are provided as examples only. See figure 4.

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Even MV tee-offs supplying very little load, but located within a few kms of a HV/MV substation,
should utilise a larger conductor size (such as Mink or Hare). See figure 4
The minimum conductor size used by a utility may be determined by future fault level limits. For
example it may be possible to utilise very small conductors at feeder extremities, however if a new
HV/MV substation is introduced at the feeder extremity, the increased fault level could require
conductor replacement. As the location of future HV/MV substations may be uncertain, the
minimum conductor size is selected such that future conductor replacement will be kept to an
acceptable level.
Sub-transmission line conductor selection needs to take into consideration the expected fault
levels in the long term, including the effects of new generation plant, transmission network
changes, and new transmission substations.
Squirrel
Fox
< 1.79 kA, 1sec
< 3.14 kA, 1sec
Mink
< 5.40 kA, 1sec
Hare
< 8.97 kA, 1sec
HV/MV
substation
Figure 4: Illustration of MV fault level attenuation at substations and associated implications for
minimum conductor sizes to comply with fault level ratings
4.6
Bundle conductors
A bundle conductor consists of two or more sub-conductors per phase held together by spacers forming a
symmetrical bundle conductor.

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Bundle conductors offer the following benefits over single conductors with the same conductor cross
section area:
The AC resistance is decreased as the skin effect is reduced (see section 4.8.1).
The line inductance is reduced as the conductor bundle GMR is increased (see section 4.8.1).
The corona (noise and losses) is reduced as the electric field around the sub-conductors is
reduced.
The thermal rating of the line is increased as the conductor surface area is increased (cooling is
improved).
Bundle conductors are however more expensive than single conductors with the same conductor cross
section area as:
Wind loading is drastically increased with the use of twin or triple bundles.
Additional hardware is required (conductor spacers).
Bundle conductors are frequently used in high voltage transmission lines (>132kV) where the reduction in
corona and line inductance offer significant benefits. In Distribution networks (distribution and subtransmission) single conductors are generally preferred.
4.7
Earth wire conductors
Sub-transmission lines (>33kV) usually have an earth wire(s) installed above the phase conductors. The
earth wire conductor is installed for a number of reasons:
Lightning: The primary purpose of the earth wire is lightning protection. Direct lightning strikes hit
the earth wire conductor and are conducted to ground via the earth wire and tower earthing. This
prevents a voltage impulse on the phase conductors that could exceed the line BIL and result in a
flashover, requiring protection operation. In cases where line BIL is relatively poor, earth wire
conductors can also improve performance with indirect lightning strikes.
Communication: The secondary purpose of the earth wire is for communication purposes. The
earth wire is used to provide communication between the two substations that the line connects,
thereby allowing the relay protection schemes to communicate. If there is sufficient bandwidth the
communication link can also be used to transmit other non-protection information.
Protection: Earth wires provide an improved earth return path for earth fault currents which helps
with protection operation, especially where soil resistivity is poor e.g. >3000ohm.m.
Earth wire conductors are usually only installed on HV sub-transmission lines, and not on MV distribution
lines, for the following reasons:
The earth wire conductor increases the height of the towers, and adds to the capital cost of the
line.
The effectiveness of the earth wire is dependent on the line BIL and tower earthing impedance.
With MV lines the BIL is comparatively low. In order to prevent a back flashover the tower
earthing impedances must be very low (a back flashover occurs when the voltage drop over the
tower earthing impedance during lightning current conduction exceeds the line insulation BIL, and
the lightning flashes over from the tower to the phase conductor). It is generally not practical to
obtain sufficiently low tower footing impedances with MV lines. Even if earth wire conductors are
installed on MV lines, their lightning performance would not be significantly improved, and the
additional capital and maintenance cost can not be justified.
MV lines do not usually utilise unit protection, and the protection schemes do not require
communication between the substations connected by the line.


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MV lines supply significantly less load than HV lines. The impact of a network fault is hence not as
severe and less capital can be justified to improve MV line performance.
Traditionally normal steel or ACSR conductors were used as earth wire conductors, with line traps installed
at both line ends (a line trap is a L-C filter used for injecting and tapping off a higher frequency
communication signal). The communication was performed via the injection of higher frequency voltages on
the earth wire.
Recently there has been a move towards OPGW (Optical Fibre Ground Wire) earth wire conductors to
provide communications. An OPGW conductor consists of a combination of aluminium, steel and optical
fibres to provide an earth wire that meets electrical and mechanical requirements, and has embedded
optical fibres. These fibres can be used for any communication requirement.
Figure 5: Illustration of OPGW (optical fibre ground wire) conductor

As is discussed in section 4.2.6, the earth wire conductor significantly influences the line zero sequence
impedance, and this must be taken into consideration for earth fault studies.
4.8
Line impedances
The impedance of a line (R, X and B values for fault level and load-flow studies) are dependent on:
Phase conductors: Influences the positive and zero sequence resistance, reactance and
capacitance.
Tower geometry: Influences the positive and zero sequence reactance and capacitance.
Earth conductors: Influences the zero sequence resistance and reactance.
Earth resistivity: Influences the zero sequence resistance.
Operating conditions: Loading and physical environment as these influence the conductor
temperature, which in turn influences conductor resistance.
The line impedances are calculated with a line parameter calculation tool (such as is provided in DigSilent
PowerFactory) based on the user specified conductors, tower geometry and earth resistivity. It is important
that the Network Planner have an understanding of the basic principles and relationships, so that these can
be taken into consideration when specifying new power lines.
4.8.1
Resistance
Manufacturers usually provide conductor DC resistance at a specific temperature, usually 20C.

The alternating current resistance (Rac) is needed at a specific temperature for load flow and fault
calculations. Conductor AC resistance is influenced by the following:
Temperature: Conductor resistance increases with increasing conductor temperature, and is

dependent on the conductor temperature coefficient of resistance.


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Skin effect: The resistance of non-magnetic conductors varies with frequency. This is caused by
the current flowing nearer to the outer surface of the conductor as a result of non-uniform flux
distribution in the conductor.
Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses: The resistance of ACSR conductors is affected by the
hysteresis in the steel core. The number of strand layers plays a role. The current spirals around
the core, following the strands. The magnetising effect is opposite for the layers in a 2-layer
conductor and results in a small increase of the effective resistance. The biggest influence is for a
single layer, up to 15%. The resistance for a 3-layer conductor increases by 5% to 10% at the full
rated load current of the conductor.
Proximity effect: The proximity effect is negligible for s/d > 5, where s is the spacing between
conductors and d is the overall diameter of the conductor. The proximity effect causes an increase
in resistance of less than 1%.
Conductor resistance is dependent on the operating temperature, which is in turn influenced by line loading
and the physical environment (ambient temperature, solar radiation and wind speed and direction). Ideally
the following assumptions for conductor temperature should be applied:
Maximum fault current studies should ideally be performed using the minimum conductor
resistance, as would occur during lightly loaded conditions with low ambient temperatures and
high wind (maximum cooling).
Maximum voltage drop studies should ideally be performed using the maximum conductor
resistance, as would occur during heavily loaded conditions with high ambient temperatures and
low wind (minimum cooling).
Technical load loss studies should ideally be performed using the average conductor resistance
during peak loading (moderate cooling).
As line loading and physical environment are dynamic (one rural line is lightly loaded, while another line
with the same conductor is almost at its thermal limit) and it is not presently practical to have multiple values
for conductor resistance for different studies, a conductor operating temperature of 40C is recommended,
and is the basis for all conductor AC resistances used in Eskom Distribution.
Note that line AC resistance is not influenced by tower geometry (distance between phase conductors), and is only
dependent on the phase conductors.
4.8.2
Reactance
The series inductive reactance of a power line is dependent on the conductor Geometric Mean Radius
(GMR) and distance between phases i.e. it is dependent on the phase conductors and tower geometry.
The geometric mean radius (GMR) can be defined as the radius of a tubular conductor with an
infinitesimally thin wall that has the same external flux out as the internal and external flux of a solid
conductor. In other words, GMR is a mathematical radius assigned to a solid conductor (or other
configurations such as stranded conductors), which describes the inductance of the conductor due to both
its internal flux and the external flux.
Line reactance is proportional to the natural log of the distance between phases divided by the GMR. Figure
6 illustrates how GMR and AC resistance typically vary with conductor size (for single conductor bundles
where the conductor AC resistance is assumed to be proportional to the conductor area). Figure 7
illustrates how line reactance varies with conductor size (GMR) for four different conductor spacing
distances (1m, 2m, 5m and 20m). The following should be noted:
Keeping the phase spacing constant, increasing the conductor size (and hence GMR) results in a
disproportionably small reduction in line reactance. For example with 5m phase spacing,
increasing the conductor size from 22mm2 to 558mm2 reduces the line reactance from 0.49 to
0.39. A twenty five fold increase in conductor size only reduces the line reactance by 21%.


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Keeping the conductor size (GMR) constant, increasing the phase spacing results in a
disproportionably small increase in line reactance. For example with a conductor size of 133mm2,
increasing the conductor phase spacing from 1m to 20m increases the line reactance from 0.33 to
0.48. A twenty fold increase in conductor phase spacing only increases the line inductance by
43%.
The line impedance and X/R ratios are plotted in figures 8 and 9. The following should be noted:
For conductor sizes above 100mm2 the line impedance (combination of both R and X) does not
reduce significantly as conductor size is increased. This is due to the fact that the line reactance
dominates the line impedance. Increasing the conductor size only results in a marginal reduction
in line reactance.
The X/R ratio increases with increasing conductor size and phase spacing. For HV subtransmission lines the X/R ratio typically varies between 2 and 4. For MV distribution lines the X/R
ratio is typically less than 1.5.
For conductor sizes less than 100 mm2 the conductor phase spacing has little impact on the line
impedance and X/R ratio.
For conductor sizes greater than 150 mm2 the conductor phase spacing has a significant impact
on the line impedance and X/R ratio.
The following conclusions can be made, and are very relevant for the Network Planner:
For MV lines, detailed tower geometries do NOT need to be considered. Typical phase spacing
distances can be used. Errors due to differences will be small.
In MV lines the line resistance dominates. Load-flow results will NOT be very sensitive to load
power factor.
In MV lines reactance decreases significantly with increased conductor size. There is little benefit
in bundled conductors.
For HV lines, detailed tower geometries must be considered. Line impedances vary significantly
for different tower geometries. Errors may be significant if typical phase spacing distances are
used and vary from the actual values.
In HV lines the line reactance dominates. Load-flow results will be sensitive to load power factor.
Additional emphasis needs to be place on load power factor modelling as compared to MV lines.
In HV lines reactance does not decrease significantly with increased conductor size. Bundled
conductors may be required to increase GMR sufficiently in order to meet voltage drop
constraints.

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Conductor characteristics
12
1.8
1.4
Rac [ohms/km]
GMR [mm]
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
AC resistance [ohm/km]
1.6
GMR [mm]
10
0.2
0
22
32
46
65
93
133
191
273
390
558
Size [mm^2]
Figure 6: Variation in conductor GMR and AC resistance with conductor size
Effect of phase spacing and conductor size on reactance

0.6
Reactance X [ohms/km]
0.5
HV lines
0.4
1
MV lines
0.3
5
0.2
10
0.1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Size [mm^2]
Figure 7: Effect of phase spacing and conductor size on line reactance for different phase spacing
distances

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Effect of phase spacing and conductor size on impedance

2
Impedance Z [ohms/km]
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
MV lines
2
5
0.8
10
HV lines
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Size [mm^2]
Figure 8: Effect of phase spacing and conductor size on line impedance for different phase spacing
distances
Effect of phase spacing and conductor size on X/R ratio

7
6
X/R ratio
5
1
2
3
HV lines
2
10
MV lines
1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Size [mm^2]
Figure 9: Effect of phase spacing and conductor size on line X/R ratio for different phase spacing
distances


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Capacitance
Line shunt capacitance is dependent on phase conductor spacing. Capacitance increases with decreasing
phase spacing. It is important to note that the reactive power generated by line shunt capacitance is
proportional to the line voltage squared. The same line energised at double the voltage will generate four
times as much reactive power.
The reactive power generated by MV lines is relatively small and seldom results in Ferranti voltage rise
problems.
With HV lines, and especially EHV transmission lines, the reactive power generated by the line can be very
significant. This reactive power, combined with a relatively high series impedance X/R ratio (see previous
section) can result in appreciable voltage rise during low loading or when the line is only energised from
one end. It is sometimes necessary to install shunt reactors at the end of EHV lines so that these reactors
can be switched in during lightly loaded conditions and thereby absorb the reactive power generated by the
line capacitance. Shunt reactors are almost exclusively used with long EHV lines, and are generally not
applied to MV and HV lines.
4.8.4
Zero sequence impedances
The zero sequence impedance of a line influences earth fault currents. The accurate modelling of zero
sequence impedance is necessary for protection analysis and settings. In addition to conductor phase
spacing and conductor sizes, line zero sequence impedance is also dependent on:
The earth wire conductor and its geometrical spacing in relation to the earth and phase
conductors.
The earth resistivity (physical resistance of the ground over which the line travels).
The zero sequence impedance is proportional to the logarithm of the square root of the earth resistivity.
Typical earth resistivity values are given in table 1. Due to the logarithmic relationship wide variations in the
value of the earth resistivity do not appreciably affect the value of zero-sequence impedance. The default
soil resistivity used for zero sequence calculation for Eskom Distribution lines is 100ohms/meter.
Table 1: Typical soil resistivity values
1
Type of Earth Earth
Resistivity [ohm/meter]
Swampy Ground
10 - 100
Clay
25 - 70
Sandy Clay
40 - 300
Peat, marsh soil, cultivated soil
50 - 250
Dry Earth
1000
Sand
1000 - 3000
Moraine
1000 10000
OSE (Calcerous remains)
3000 30000
Slate
10
Sandstone
109
Modelling of the actual earth resistivity of specific lines is only required for detailed protection studies where
these lines have soil resistivities that are very different to the default value of 100ohms/meter.

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Power transfer limits
The relationship between maximum load transfer and distance is dependent on a range of factors including
voltage level, load power factor, tower geometry and phase conductor size (including bundled conductors).
This is illustrated for 132kV sub-transmission and 22kV distribution lines. Note that these are illustrative
values and detailed load-flow studies are required on a per case basis considering load distribution and
network topology and interconnection.
4.9.1
Sub-transmission: 132kV single circuit
Figure 10 summarises the point load magnitude that can be supplied over a range of distances for a single
circuit 132kV line. The results are based on the following key assumptions:
The load power factor is 0.9.
Maximum thermal ratings are based on a 70C template temperature (as per the ratings in table
4).
The maximum voltage drop is 8% (sending at 103% and dropping to a minimum of 95%).
Maximum load is the load at which either the thermal limit or minimum voltage is reached.
A 222 (staggered vertical) tower has been used for all conductors. The line is assumed to be fully
transposed.
Phase conductors are confined to standard Eskom Distribution 132kV conductor sizes (see
section 5.1).
132kV load reach (PF = 0.9, variable conductor size)

600
500
Chicadee
Load [MVA]
400
Kingbird
Tern
300
Bersfort
2*Kingbird
200
2*Tern
2*Bersfort
100
0
0
Thermal
50
Voltage
100
150
200
250
Distance [km]
Figure 10: 132kV load reach with a power factor of 0.9 and variation in phase conductor


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The effect of load power factor is illustrated for a single Tern conductor in figure 11.
132kV load reach (Tern, variable PF)

250
Load [MVA]
200
150
PF=0.90
PF=0.95
100
PF=0.98
PF=1.00
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Distance [km]
Figure 11: 132kV load reach with a Tern conductor and variation in load power factor
Referring to figures 10 and 11 the following observations can be made:
The distance beyond which the power transfer changes from a thermal constraint to a voltage
constraint varies with conductor size, and for a power factor of 0.9 falls between 10km and 30km
(but is sensitive to load power factor).
Increased conductor size significantly increases load transfer where distances are such that the
power transfer is thermally constrained.
For distances that result in a voltage constraint, increased conductor size results in a
disproportionally small increase in maximum power transfer. This is due to the fact that the line
impedance is dominated by the reactance, which as shown in section 4.2.6 is not directly
proportional to conductor size.
The power transfer limit over voltage constrained distances is very sensitive to the load power
factor. Improving the load power factor from 0.9 to unity with a Tern conductor doubles the load
transfer limit. This supports the need for shunt compensation in voltage limited sub-transmission
networks.
4.9.2
Distribution: 22kV single circuit
Figure 12 summarises the point load magnitude that can be supplied over a range of distances for a single
circuit 22kV line. The same assumptions have been used as for the 132kV sub-transmission line example;
however the tower type is a 22kV horizontal geometry, and phase conductors are the standard MV
conductors (see section 5.1) with a 50C template temperature. The effect of load power factor is illustrated
for a single Hare conductor in figure 13.


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Referring to figures 12 and 13 the following observations can be made:
The distance beyond which the power transfer changes from a thermal constraint to a voltage
constraint is not sensitive to conductor size or load power factor, and is approximately 7.5km.
Note that this distance will vary with template temperature.
As the line impedance is dominated by resistance, increased conductor size significantly

increases load transfer across the full range of distances i.e. for both thermally and voltage
constrained distances.
The power transfer limit over voltage constrained distances is moderately sensitive to the load
power factor. Improving the load power factor from 0.9 to unity with a Hare conductor increases
the load transfer limit by 34% (note that the improvement is not as significant as with the 132kV
line example).
Note that this example is based on a single point load. In reality load is distributed along the 22kV distribution line.
22kV load reach (PF = 0.9, variable conductor size)

18
16
14
Load [MVA]
12
10
Fox
Mink
Hare
Chicadee
4
2
0
0
Thermal
10
20
Voltage
30
40
50
60
Distance [km]
Figure 12: 22kV load reach with a power factor of 0.9 and variation in phase conductor


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22kV load reach (Hare, variable PF)

12
10
Load [MVA]
8
PF=0.90
PF=0.95
PF=0.98
PF=1.00
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Distance [km]
Figure 13: 22kV load reach with a Hare conductor and variation in load power factor
4.10
Transposition
Line series inductance is dependent on the mutual coupling between phases. If the phase conductors are
equilaterally spaced, then the inductances for the three phases are the same. However, construction costs
are lower for other configurations such as the vertical or horizontal configurations. For these configurations,
the mutual couplings between phases are not identical, and for balanced current loadings the phases will
incur unbalanced voltage drops. To avoid this problem long lines with non-equilateral spacing among
phases are normally strung in a transposed fashion i.e. each phase occupies the position of the other two
phases over an equal distance. In addition transposition can also help to mitigate induced voltages in earth
wires, which are also used as communication channels. Phase transposition is usually done at switching
stations, but can be performed on the tower structures as per figure 14.
Figure 14: Line transposition tower

Line phase transposition is required to reduce unbalanced voltage drops when all of the following occur:
The positive sequence voltage drop over the line is significant (typically >3%). This may occur on
both short (heavily loaded) and long (lightly loaded) lines.
Phase conductors are not equilaterally spaced, as with vertical and horizontal configurations.
The line series impedance is dominated by the inductance (typically X/R >4).

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As a result phase transposition is generally only required with EHV and sometimes HV lines, where the
reactive impedance dominates, and imbalance in the reactive impedance results in significant voltage
imbalance.
Referring to figure 15, the voltage unbalance caused due to an un-transposed 132kV line is plotted for the
following conditions:
A 132kV 124 tower type has been utilised, which has a horizontal configuration with 4.35m phase
spacing.
The load power factor is 0.9.
The tower has two earth wires. The earth wire conductor is 3/4.00.
Voltage unbalance due to the voltage drop over the unbalanced line reactance is plotted against
the positive sequence voltage drop over the line for a range of different conductor sizes.
The following interesting observations can be made:
The voltage unbalance is proportional to the positive sequence voltage drop. Even if line
impedances are unbalanced, transposition will not be required if the voltage drop is relatively
small.
For the same per-unit positive sequence voltage drop, voltage unbalance increases with
increasing conductor size (X/R increases with increasing conductor size). This makes intuitive
sense as transposition only affects line inductance, and the effect of transposition is more evident
where the impedance is dominated by inductance (as is the case with large conductors).
Voltage unbalance due to untransposed line
Line induced voltage

unbalance [%]
2.0%
Transposition may be required

1.5%
Chicadee
Kingbird
1.0%
Tern
2*Kingbird
0.5%
2*Bersfort
0.0%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
Line voltage drop [%]
Figure 15: 132kV line voltage unbalance

It is important to note that there is no specific limit of un-transposed line induced voltage unbalance above
which transposition should be performed. In predominately three phase networks the maximum voltage
unbalanced allowed by NRS048-2 is 2%. The combined effects of voltage unbalance in the transmission,
sub-transmission and distribution networks must be 2% at the point of customer supply. As it is not
prudent to plan for network unbalance at the maximum compatibility limit of 2%, the planning limits for
voltage unbalance are 1.4% and 1.8% for HV and MV networks respectively.


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A 1% voltage unbalanced due to un-transposed sub-transmission lines significantly reduces the unbalance
that can be generated by the MV distribution networks before the 1.8% planning limit is reached. The
requirement for line transposition should be assessed in conjunction with the Network Services Plant
Quality of Supply Specialist, taking into consideration both HV and MV network implications.
Transposition should typically be investigated for new lines if the new line(s) induces a voltage unbalance
typically >0.3%. Note however that the cumulative effect of unbalance due to a number of line sections will
need to be assessed. The unbalance generated by each line section may be relatively small, but the
cumulative effect may result in unacceptable voltage unbalance.
In cases where a new un-transposed line will generate unacceptable levels of voltage unbalance, the use of
delta towers with equilateral phase spacing should also be assessed as an alternative to transposing the
line.
4.11
Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)
The Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) limit of a line is the loading at which the reactive power absorbed by
the line series reactance (due to the flow of load current) is equal to the reactive power generated by the
line shunt capacitance. At loading levels below the SIL the line will be a net generator of reactive power. At
loading levels above the SIL the line will be a net consumer of reactive power.
The Network Planner should be aware that when lines are loaded above their SIL, additional reactive power
compensation (typically via shunt capacitor banks) may be required. The SIL is really only of interest with
EHV and HV lines. In EHV and HV systems the high line X/R ratio means that line voltage drop is sensitive
to reactive power flow. Loading EHV and HV lines above SIL can significantly impact voltage regulation. In
MV networks, with low X/R ratios, the SIL is of no concern.
4.11.1
Special conductors
The following special conductors may need to be applied in specific applications:
Covered conductors: Covered conductors are the same as normal AAAC, ACSR etc
conductors, but have a layer of insulation around the conductor. The line is constructed as with
normal un-covered conductors. The covered conductor provides additional installation, specifically
for protection against faults that arise from debris (usually tree branches) and wildlife. Covered
conductors are sometimes utilised on MV lines traversing rural areas with vegetation and/or
wildlife problems. Covered MV conductors are very seldom used in Eskom Distribution.
High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) conductors: The overwhelming majority of MV and HV
overhead lines use ACSR conductors. On a continuous basis ACSR may be operated at
temperatures up to 100C and, for limited time emergencies, at temperatures as high as 125C
without any significant change in the conductor's physical properties (note that Eskom Distribution
recommends a maximum normal operating temperature of 80C). These temperature limits (and
the associated conductor sag at increased temperature) constrain the thermal rating of lines. An
attractive method of increasing line thermal rating (up-rating) involves replacing the original
(typically) steel-reinforced Aluminium conductor (ACSR) with a High-Temperature, Low-Sag
(HTLS) conductor with approximately the same diameter as the original conductor. HTLS
conductors are capable of operating continuously at temperatures of at least 150oC. Some of the
conductors can be operated as high as 250oC without significant changes in their mechanical and
electrical properties. HTLS conductors are typically stranded with a combination of Aluminium
alloy wires for conductivity reinforced by core wires of steel alloy. HTLS conductors inherently
result in higher losses and increased voltage drop as compared to the ACSR conductor of
equivalent thermal rating. For this reason HTLS conductors are usually only considered where the
up-rating of existing lines is required, the up-rating of existing structures and installation of
additional structures is problematic, and the additional voltage drop and losses can be tolerated.

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Cables
Conductor material and sizes
Copper and aluminium are commonly used for cable phase conductor material:
Copper conductors have lower resistance as compared to aluminium conductors of the same
physical size.
Copper cost per unit of volume is more expensive than aluminium.
Copper conductors are generally easier to work with as compared to aluminium conductors.
Special bi-metallic joints are required when connecting copper and aluminium conductors.
A utility usually standardises on either copper or aluminium cable conductors (for a particular voltage level),
but the preferred conductor material may change if there is a relative price difference between copper and
aluminium.
Utilities and cable manufacturers have standardised on certain cable sizes. Old imperial cable sizes were in
inch2 e.g. 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5inch2. New cable sizes are in mm2 e.g. 50, 95 and 185mm2.
5.2
Insulation and armouring
The following insulation types are commonly used for MV and HV cables:
PILC (Paper Insulated Lead Covered): Paper is utilised as the insulation between phase
conductors and between phase conductors and earth. The cable has a lead sheath covering and
steel wire armouring to provide mechanical protection and for the conduction of earth fault current.
HV cables may be oil-filled. Oil-filled cables are pressured with oil, which is used to provide
insulation and cooling. Oil-filled cables require special oil storage termination equipment, faults
are difficult to locate and repair, and significant amounts of oil can contaminate the environment
via oil leaks following cable faults. HV XLPE cables are now used instead of HV oil-filled cables.
XLPE (Crosslinked Polyethylene): Crosslinked polyethylene is utilised as the insulation

between phase conductors and between phase conductors and earth. The cable has steel wire
armouring to provide mechanical protection and for the conduction of earth fault current. XLPE
cables are easier to terminate and join, have higher thermal ratings (due to higher maximum
operating temperatures) and are cheaper than PILC cables. Internationally there has been a
move from PILC to XLPE MV and HV cables.


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Figure 16: Illustration of different cable insulation and armouring

A MV or HV three phase cable system can comprise of single-core or three-core cables:
Three-core cable: The three phase conductors are contained in a single cable, with common
armouring.
Single-core cable: Each phase conductor is contained in a separate cable, with its own
armouring. Three single-core cables can be installed in a number of different configurations e.g.
horizontally spaced or in close trefoil (figure 17). The physical separation between phase
conductors influences the overall cable inductance and thermal rating. Increasing the distance
between single-core cables increases thermal rating but also increases series inductance.


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a) Three-core cable
b) Single-core cables in a horizontal configuration
c) Single-core cables in a close trefoil configuration

Figure 17: Three-core and single-core cable configurations
Single-core cables are easier to terminate, and are generally preferred for all HV cables and for MV cables
with phase conductors greater than 300mm2.
Arial Bundle Cable conductors (ABC) are non-armoured cables designed to be strung on overhead towers.
The phase conductors are twisted together to provide a self supporting cable. Unlike covered overhead
conductors, ABC does not require traditional overhead post/strain insulators at tower connection points.
5.3
Thermal loading limits and de-rating
The conduction of load current results in I2R resistive cable losses. Energy dissipation in the cable causes
the cable to heat up. Cables are designed to operate below a certain maximum temperature, this being
dependent on the conductor material and the type and the thickness of the insulation. If this maximum
temperature is exceeded for significant periods of time the cable insulation will be damaged resulting in
premature cable failure. The normal maximum operating temperatures for PILC and XLPE cables are 70C
and 90C respectively.
Cable operating temperature is dependent on cable load current and the heat exchange with the
surrounding environment. The steady state cable temperature is the temperature at which the rate of
energy dissipated in the cable is equal to the rate at which this energy is exchanged with the surrounding
environment. Cable thermal rating is hence dependent on the installation environment.
Manufacturer cable thermal ratings are based on a standard installation environment, which results in a
certain amount of heat transfer to the external environment. The cable must be de-rated when installed in a
different environment. The cable thermal rating is the standard thermal rating multiplied by the de-rating
factors for the installation environment.
The standard installation environment is defined in standards such as SANS 10198-4, and is based on a
single cable circuit directly buried at a certain depth in soil with a particular thermal resistivity and ambient
temperature and supplying a constant load (load has unity load factor).


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Continuous loading cable de-rating factors are provided in standards such as SANS 10198-4 for other
installation environments:
Directly buried: De-rating is dependent on maximum conductor temperature limit, the location
and size of other cables (including distance between cores for single-core cables), burial depth,
soil ambient temperature and soil thermal resistivity.
Buried in pipes: De-rating is dependent on maximum conductor temperature limit, the location
and size of other cables (including distance between cores for single-core cables), burial depth,
soil ambient temperature and soil thermal resistivity.
Installed in air: De-rating is dependent on maximum conductor temperature limit, ambient air
temperature and the arrangement of trays and racks.
Cable standard thermal ratings are based on continuous loading. Due to the thermal time constant of the
cable and the environment in which it is installed, there is a time delay between loading and temperature
rise. If the loading decreases shortly after reached the maximum loading then the cable will not reach the
same maximum temperature as compared to if the maximum loading were sustained continuously. With
peaky load profiles, as is traditionally experienced with domestic customers, the maximum loading limit is
greater than the standard rating. The calculation of cyclic rating factors is specified in IEC 60853-1.
The actual thermal rating of a cable is hence the standard rating multiplied by the de-rating factor (nonstandard environment) and cyclic loading factor.
A quick calculation tool that includes both steady-state rating factors (as given in SANS 10198-4) and a
cyclic rating factor (as given in IEC 60853-1) is available on Eskom DT (IARC) website under the software
tools section.
Note that as will be discussed later, Network Planners need to take likely cable de-rating into consideration, but the
possible additional capacity due to cyclic rating factors should not be relied upon for network planning purposes.
5.4
Fault level limits
Cables are required to conduct fault current during faults in the cable or network supplied by the cable. The
resistive I2R loss during fault current conduction causes the cable conductor to heat up. The amount of
energy dissipated, and hence heat generated, is proportional to I2t, where t is the duration of the fault. The
maximum cable temperature must not be exceeded else the conductor and/or insulation may be
permanently damaged (note that the maximum temperature following faults is significantly higher than for
normal loading as the frequency and duration of faults is comparatively very low). The maximum fault
current that a conductor can safely carry before the maximum temperature is reached is dependent on the
duration of the fault and temperature of the conductor immediately prior to the fault.
In order to ensure that the conduction of fault current does not permanently damage the cable, cables must
be adequately rated for the local maximum fault level, considering worst case protection operating times,
usually 1 second.
Cable fault current ratings are specified in standards such as SANS 10198-4, and are usually also included
in manufacturer specifications.
5.5
Cable impedances
Cable series impedance is largely determined by the phase conductor size. As phase conductors are
located in relative close proximity to one another, the cable reactance is comparatively low (as compared to
overhead lines). Consequently cables have low X/R ratios and the series impedance is dominated by the
cable resistance. The voltage drop over a cable is hence not as sensitive to reactive power flow as
compared to an overhead line of similar phase conductor size.

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The close proximity of phase conductors to one-another and earth also significantly increases the shunt
capacitance. Cables hence generate a great deal more reactive power as compared to equivalently rated
overhead lines of the same length.
With single-core cables the phase conductor configuration (distance between phase conductors) can vary
and consequently the cable reactances will depend on the cable installation configuration. Single-core
cable impedance data will hence usually be provided for standard installation configurations such as
horizontal spacing and close trefoil.
As with overhead lines, the conductor resistance is dependent on the AC skin effect, conductor operating
temperature and conductor temperature coefficient of resistance.
6
6.1
Technical load losses

Planning and designing with technical losses
When sizing distribution networks the primary focus of the planner should be to minimise life cycle costs
within the constraints of utility standards pertaining to factors such as system performance, QOS, voltage
regulation and thermal loading. Plans/designs may vary significantly from the optimal solution if only initial
capital costs are used for the evaluation of different design alternatives. One of the key factors influencing
life cycle cost is the cost of technical losses.
6.2
Load losses: Economic loading limits for lines and cables
When AC current flows in a conductor with an impedance Z = R + jX the conductor consumes real and
reactive power: P = I2R and Q = I2X. This results in two losses due to current following in the conductor.
Energy loss: The active power during peak loading (P = Imax2R) is usually adjusted by a Loss
Load Factor (linked to the load factor) to obtain the average power consumed by the conductor.
When multiplied by the number of hours in a year the average power loss is converted into
average energy (kWh), which when multiplied by the cost of generation becomes the capitalised
energy cost per annum. Note that the cost of generation in the context of energy loss refers to the
generation running cost (R/kWh), which is primarily determined by the fuel cost. The energy cost
is dependent on the real (P) power consumption.
Demand loss: The real and reactive power consumed by conductors results in an apparent
power consumption (S) which must be supplied by the grid generation. As a result generation and
network capacity must be available to supply this apparent power (loss demand). When the cost
of this additional generation and network capacity (usually expressed in an annual R/kVA) is
multiplied by the apparent power consumed by the conductor, the annual demand cost is
obtained. Note that the cost of generation in the context of demand loss refers to the annualised
capital cost (R/kVA) pertaining to simply having the generator and network installed and available
to supply load (in this cases the losses in the conductor). The demand cost is dependent on both
the real (P) and reactive (Q) power consumption.
Note that the energy loss cost can be adjusted to incorporate the demand loss cost if the load profile shape is known.
The life cycle cost of a power line/cable consists of the following basic components:
Capital: Installation cost including design, materials and labour. Occurs in year 1
Losses: Energy and demand costs that occur every year
Maintenance: Line maintenance and general repair costs that occur every year

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The total life cycle cost of a line can be expressed as a Net Present Value (NPV) which is influenced by the
following main factors:
Net Discount Rate: The effective cost of capital which is calculated from the inflation and money
lending rates.
Evaluation period: Typically the anticipated life span of the line.
Initial load: The load to be supplied by the line in year 1.
Load growth: Usually expressed in % growth per annum.
Power factor: Power factor of the load supplied by the line.
Load profile: The load factor of the load supplied by the line is usually used to account for load
variations due to customer usage patterns.
Demand loss cost: Both initial and forecasted demand loss cost over the evaluation period.
Energy loss cost: Both initial and forecasted energy loss cost over the evaluation period.
For any given set of the above factors the NPV of a conductor can be calculated for a particular loading,
and the NPV can be plotted as a function of initial line loading. By plotting a conductor set (range of
conductors typically used by a utility) the economic loading limits of each conductor can be graphically
illustrated.
A5
Net Present Value [R]
Conductor size (area):
A4
A1 < A2 < A3 < A4 < A5

A3
A2
Linear approximation
of cost
A1
Line loading [MVA]

Figure 18: Illustration of Net Present Values as a function of initial line loading for a typical range of
conductor sizes for a particular technology and voltage level. NPV are per unit of line length
For a given set of conditions, a conductor will have an economic loading range for which it will result in the
lowest NPV life cycle cost when compared with the other conductors in the conductor set. The NPV loading
curves can be calculated for conductor sets at different voltage levels (e.g. 11kV, 22kV etc) and
technologies (e.g. three phase, single phase, SWER etc).
For a given voltage regulation limit, the distance a conductor (associated with a voltage and technology)
can move load when loaded at its Thermal Load Limit (TLL) is referred to as its Thermal Load Reach (TLR).
When a conductor is loaded at its Economic Load Limit (ELL) the resultant distance at which regulation
limits are at the allowed maximum is referred to as its Economic Load Reach (ELR). As the ELL for a
conductor is typically between 30% and 70% of its TLL, the ELR will usually be between 140% and 330% of
the TLR.

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The following interesting relationships and observations can be made:

ELR is simply an indication of the distance beyond which additional costs will be incurred if
distribution is to be performed using a particular voltage and technology.
Because the inductance of an overhead line reduces proportional to the natural log of the ratio of
the phase spacing to conductor radius, the inductance does not reduce linearly with increased
conductor size. As a result the ELR reduces for larger conductors when compared with smaller
conductors operated at the same voltage.
In order for larger conductors to provide the same ELR as smaller conductors the ELL of these
larger conductor must be reduced. The maximum recommended loading level of the larger
conductor must be reduced to provide the same load reach due to the non-linear relationship
between line impedance and conductor size.
For the same voltage regulation limits, increasing the nominal voltage results in increased ELL
and ELR.
The ideal feeder length is the ELR (ignoring other life cycle costs such as those associated with
reliability/performance).
For a required load reach there is an optimal voltage and technology that can support the required
load at the required distance whilst minimising costs.
Reducing the allowable voltage regulation limits reduces the ELR and higher voltages are
required for optimal economics.
Same conductor set, but

allowable loading has
been
reduced
to
increase the ELR. Note
the cost premium.
ELR1 > ELR2

Region in which the ELL
must be reduced to maintain
the ELR due to the effect of
non-liner
reduction
in
inductance for overhead lines
with larger conductor sizes
Linear region in which the ELR

does not vary significantly with
increased conductor size
Line loading [MVA]

Figure 19: Illustration of the reduction of the ELL to maintain the same ELR for larger conductors.
Also illustrates the cost premium that will be paid to increase the ELR by reducing the ELL


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V4
Voltage:
V3
V2
V1
LoadV1
LoadV2
LoadV3
LoadV4
Line loading [MVA]

Figure 20: Illustration of the NPV cost relationships for the same conductor set at four different
voltages to illustrate the optimal loading ranges for the four different voltages
If the average distance power is to be moved over a MV feeder is less than the ELR, and conductors are
sized based on their ELL such that the life cycle cost is minimised, the voltage regulation on the feeder
extremities will be less than recommended limits. If the average distance power is to be moved over a MV
feeder is greater than the ELR, conductors must be selected to meet the voltage drop limits, and the
optimal network design will result in the maximum allowable voltage regulation at the feeder extremities. For
distances greater than the ELR the optimal design results in the utilisation of the available voltage drop.
Eskom line and cable standards
7.1
Overhead conductors and towers
7.1.1
Standard overhead conductor sizes and types
The following Eskom Standards apply for MV overhead line conductors [34-1191, 34-1193, EST 32-319]:
Bare (un-covered) conductors shall be used for MV overhead distribution.
Standard MV structures are designed for conductors up to Hare (Oak). Special structures are
required for conductors up to Kingbird.
Conductors shall be predominantly ACSR (Squirrel, Fox, Mink and Hare). AAAC conductors
(Acacia, 35, Pine and Oak) shall only be used in high marine pollution areas.
Magpie and single strand 1350 MPa steel wire may be used for very low load spurs as a costeffective alternative. Note that Magpie has a higher steel content then Squirrel conductor, and
should be used instead of Squirrel conductors in areas with high ice loading.
The standard large MV conductors are Chicadee and Kingbird. AAAC equivalent large
conductors are not provided. Greased large ACSR conductors must be used in coastal
applications.
The conductor choice shall be based on the least life-cycle cost of transferring power.

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Hornet, Centipede and Bull AAC conductors must be used in substation applications (spans are short and
steel reinforcement is not required).
The following Eskom Standards applies for HV overhead line conductors [DISASABH1]:
Bare (un-covered) ACSR conductors are used on sub-transmission lines.
The conductors shall be greased when used in coastal applications.
DISASABH1 specifies standard conductors for 66kV and 132kV HV sub-transmission lines.
Standardised conductors are not specified for 44kV and 88kV lines, but have been inferred based
on acceptable corona performance and capacity requirements. The standard conductors for the
different sub-transmission voltages are provided in table 2.
If a shield wire is required then 3/4.00 or 7/3.35 galvanized steel wire shall be used. 19/2.65 shield
wire shall only be used when the shielding/earthing design requires a higher burn-off rating.
Note that many non-standard conductors exist in the networks. The refurbishment of existing and extension of new
lines should be performed with the standard conductors. Specific local considerations may however dictate that a
non-standard conductor be used, but this should be avoided. The use of non-standard conductors will need to be
motivated with a full design and cost analysis.
Table 2: Standard Eskom Distribution MV and HV conductors

1
Conductor
Type
Stranding and
wire diameter
Overall
diameter
[mm]
DC resistance at
20C [ohms]
Magpie
ACSR
3/4/2.118
6.35
2.707
Squirrel
ACSR
6/1/2.11
6.33
1.3677
Fox
ACSR
6/1/2.79
8.37
0.7822
Mink
ACSR
6/1/3.66
10.98
0.4546
Hare
ACSR
6/1/4.72
14.16
0.2733
Chicadee
ACSR
18/1/3.77
18.87
0.1427
Kingbird
ACSR
18/1/4.78
23.90
0.0891
Tern
ACSR
45/3.38 +7/2.25
27.00
0.0718
Rail
ACSR
45/3.7 +7/2.47
29.59
0.0598
Bersfort
ACSR
48/4.27 +7/3.32
35.56
0.0421
Acacia
AAAC
7/2.08
6.24
1.39
35
AAAC
7/2.77
8.31
0.785
Pine
AAAC
7/3.61
10.83
0.462
Oak
AAAC
7/4.65
13.95
0.279
Hornet
AAC
19/3.25
16.25
0.1825
Centipede
AAC
37/3.78
26.46
0.0694
Bull
AAC
61/4.25
38.25
0.0334
The standard MV and HV conductors are summarised in table 2, and recommended application
environments and voltage levels are provided in table 3.

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Table 3: Standard Eskom Distribution MV and HV conductor applications

1
Conductor
MV
Inland
MV
Coastal
44kV
66kV
88kV
132kV
Substation
Magpie
Squirrel
Fox
Mink
Hare
Chicadee
Kingbird
Tern
Rail (note 1)
Bersfort (note 1)
Acacia
35
Pine
Oak
Hornet
Centipede
Bull
Note 1: Rail and Bersfort have been proposed (and accepted) as standard conductors for 88kV and 132kV networks,
but the associated standards are still in the process of being updated
7.2
Conductor loading and fault level limits
Conductor probabilistic loading limits are specified in EST 32-319. The planner should consult EST 32-319
for a detailed summary of the standard conductor ratings. The ratings for the standard conductors are
summarised in table 4. The 1 second fault current ratings have been included and are based on a pre-fault
conductor temperature of 75C and maximum post-fault temperature of 200C.

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Table 4: Eskom Distribution conductor loading and fault level limits

1
Conductor
Normal [A]
Emergency [B]
10
11
12
13
Short Time Current Ratings [C]
14
1s fault
ratings
[kA]
50
60
70
80
50
60
70
80
50
60
70
80
Squirrel
104
122
138
150
143
165
183
198
179
200
221
238
1.79
Fox
148
173
196
213
203
234
258
279
255
287
314
340
3.14
Mink
206
241
270
294
285
325
361
391
369
411
450
489
5.40
Hare
280
335
376
410
392
448
496
538
534
597
647
697
8.97
Chicadee
419
496
559
608
602
691
761
823
877
976
1070
1135
17.16
Kingbird
586
684
771
837
831
949
1045
1136
1453
1669
1833
1893
27.58
Tern
665
792
894
970
963
1110
1231
1324
1509
1678
1817
1953
39.36
Bersfort
965
1153
1304
1417
1420
1630
1814
1957
2618
2899
3091
3266
63.23
Acacia
108
129
145
157
153
176
194
210
187
213
235
253
1.92
35
158
188
209
230
216
248
275
299
268
302
333
360
3.40
Pine
219
261
293
320
302
346
385
418
386
432
474
512
5.78
Oak
297
350
391
432
417
479
530
575
564
636
698
747
9.59


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EST 32-319 also provides probabilistic ratings for the non-standard conductors such as Wolf, Zebra etc.
The document also explains the Normal, Emergency and Short Time Current Ratings of standard and nonstandard conductors.
Note that with bundle conductors (more than one conductor per phase) the thermal rating is the thermal rating for a
single conductor multiplied by the number of conductors per phase e.g. a twin Hare line templated at 50C has a
normal thermal rating of 280 * 2 = 560A.
The Network Planner has a wide choice of options to meet a required thermal loading limit. If, for example, a
Network Planner requires a normal power transfer of 600A the planner could choose a twin Mink conductor at
80C, a twin Hare conductor at 60C, a Chicadee conductor at 70C, a Kingbird conductor at 60C or a Tern
conductor at 50C. The optimal conductor will depend on the capital cost, voltage drop requirement and cost of
technical load losses (smaller conductors with higher templating temperatures may have lower capital cost, but
have higher impedance resulting in increased voltage drop and load loss).
A templating temperature of 50C has traditionally been used in Eskom Distribution. For existing HV lines the
Network Planner should establish the templating temperature so that the corresponding thermal limit can be
established. The most conservative assumption (lowest thermal rating) is a templating temperature of 50C.
The selection of optimal conductor sizes is addressed in section 7.
7.3
Towers
7.3.1
Standard HV towers
Information on standard HV towers can be obtained from Part 6 on the DT (IARC) website. The preferred
HV towers for a particular line depend on the conductor size, terrain, required electrical characteristics
(compact structures with reduced phase spacing result in lower series reactance), cost, maintenance
requirements, live line compatibility, reliability and Regional preferences.
This guideline does not make recommendations on tower selection. As per section 7.4, the suitability of a
proposed tower type on the electrical characteristics of a future/new HV line will need to be confirmed with
Network Planning as part of the line design process.
7.3.2
Standard MV towers
The standard MV voltages are 11kV, 22kV and 33kV. As per 34-1191, 11kV overhead lines are built to
22kV specifications.
MV structure selection is specified in 34-1192. The main types are:
Staggered vertical
Vertical
Delta
H-pole
The most appropriate structure depends on the conductor size and the installation environment and terrain
(formal townships, rural townships, level retic lines and undulating retic lines).


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Cables
8.1
MV cables
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Referring to DST 34-1175, the following MV (11kV and 22kV) cable specifications are of particular interest
to the Network Planner:
Standard cable sizes are 25, 50, 95, 185, 300 and 630mm2. In MV cable networks the largest
22kV cable is 185mm2. 300mm2 and 630mm2 cables are generally only used to connect
transformers to indoor busbars, and MV switchgear to switching stations and dedicated customer
connections.
Conductor sizes up to 300mm2 are three-core cables. 630mm2 cables are single-core.
Conductor material is copper.
XLPE-insulated cable shall be used for all new cables except where there is cut-ins to existing PILC
cable networks.
PILC normal and emergency thermal ratings are based on conductor temperatures of 70C.
There is presently no differentiation between normal and emergency ratings for Network Planning
studies, but slightly higher emergency ratings may be implemented in due course.
XLPE normal and emergency thermal ratings are based on conductor temperatures of 70C and
90C respectively (the XLPE maximum operating temperature under normal conditions is limited
to 70C to reduce the risk of thermal runaway). XLPE cables can support short term
temperatures of 130C, but this additional emergency rating capability is not to be utilised for
Network Planning studies.
For single-core cables the default installation method is close trefoil.
DST 34-1175 provides typical MV cable impedances and thermal limits.
Fault level rating and de-rating for non-standard installation environments are specified in SANS
0198-4.
Note that the above applies to new MV cables and does not necessarily apply to existing cables.
8.2
HV cables
Referring to 34-1177, the following HV (44kV to 132kV) cable specifications are of particular interest to the
Network Planner:
Cables are single-core with an aluminium conductor.
Standard cable sizes are 500mm2 or 1000 mm2. Other cable sizes have traditionally been used,
but these are the most common sizes.
Insulation is XLPE. PILC may not be used for HV cables.
XLPE normal and emergency thermal ratings are based on conductor temperatures of 70C and
90C respectively (as with MV cables the XLPE maximum operating temperature under normal
conditions is limited to 70C to reduce the risk of thermal runaway). XLPE cables can support
short term temperatures of 130C, but this additional emergency rating capability is not to be
utilised for Network Planning studies.
The default installation method is flat formation (in order to maximise cable thermal limits).
34-1177 provides typical HV cable impedances and thermal limits.
Note that the above applies to new HV cables and does not necessarily apply to existing cables.
All new HV cable feeders (circuits) should, where possible, be installed in individual trenches in
separate servitudes. This is to ensure that the risk of common mode failures is limited. Common mode

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failures occur when more than one cable circuit simultaneously faults due to the same or directly related
causes. Common mode failures could be due to external factors (e.g. contractor damage, theft, etc.) or
could occur when a fault on one cable feeder damages another cable feeder in close proximity. This is
especially critical where HV cable feeders supply the same substation (load).
The high failure rates and long repairs times of oil-filled HV cables poses a risk to substations supplied
solely by HV oil-filled cables. Network Development Plans and Network Master Plans need to consider the
replacement and/or augmentation of these oil-filled cables with new XLPE HV cables.
Data required for Power System Analysis
Regardless of the actual software tool used for network simulation, the basic line/cable data in table 5 is
required for power flow, fault level calculations, and the interpretation of the results thereof.
Table 5: Basic data requirement for power system analysis
1
Parameter
Description
Units
R +ve
Positive sequence series resistance
Ohms
X +ve
Positive sequence series inductive reactance
Ohms
B +ve
Positive sequence shunt capacitance
Micro Siemens
R zero
Zero sequence series resistance
Ohms
X zero
Zero sequence series inductive reactance
Ohms
B zero
Zero sequence shunt capacitance
Micro Siemens
I normal
Normal operating thermal loading limit
Amps
I emergency
Emergency operating thermal loading limit
Amps
I fault
1second fault current limit
Kilo Amps
Standard type data can be utilised for lines and cables. This means that a standard library of line/cable
parameters can be referenced, where the impedances in this library are per 1km of line/cable length. The
line/cable impedances are obtained by multiplying the library values by the actual line/cable length in km.
Eskom Distribution has established a Master Type Library (MTL). The MTL contains standard line/cable
parameters for the vast majority of lines and cables utilised in Eskom Distribution. The MTL provides a
standardised set of line/cable parameters (the parameters in table 5) for all subscribing systems such as
ReticMaster and PowerFactory. The data libraries in ReticMaster and PowerFactory should be referenced
to view typical values.
The following should be noted:
The MTL values are typical values based on assumptions for parameters such as predominant
tower type, conductor temperature, conductor sag and earth resistivity. Actual values may vary
slightly from standard values. Standard values are acceptable for most power system studies.
Line parameters differentiate between different combinations of rated voltage, tower type, phase
conductor and earth wire conductor.
Cable parameters differentiate between different combinations of rated voltage, insulation type,
conductor size, conductor material and number of cores.
Lines contain both suspension and strain towers. The tower geometry can vary significantly
between suspension and strain towers. As the majority of towers are suspension towers, line


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parameters are based on suspension tower geometry. In cases where lines consist of a mixture
of different tower types, the predominant tower type should be used.
Lines are assumed to be transposed. Unbalanced impedances are not modelled. For special
unbalanced studies a full unbalanced line model can be utilised in certain simulation packages
(see section 8.2).
Shunt resistance is ignored, as these shunt resistive losses are very small.
Reactive impedances (series inductance and shunt capacitance) are specified at the system
frequency of 50Hz. For harmonic studies, packages such as PowerFactory adjust these
impedances at different harmonic frequencies.
Some older simulation packages, such as PSSE, required impedances to be entered in per unit
on a system MVA base. The values stored in the MTL are physical impedances (ohms and mico
Siemens). Conversion to other units (or a per unit system) can be performed to meet the
requirements of individual software packages.
Single core cable parameters are based on assumed installation and earthing configurations.
Different values may be provided for different configurations.
10
Application guideline
10.1
Requirements
When selecting a line/cable for a specific application the following minimum requirements must be met:
Loading limits: The thermal loading limits for normal and contingency conditions should not
exceed the normal and emergency loading limits. Violation of these limits may result in equipment
damage and pose a safety risk to the public. Additional loading capability due to the consideration
of load profiles is not to be utilised for planning studies. This potential additional capacity is only to
be utilised for operating studies.
Fault level limits: The 1 second fault level ratings should not be exceeded for network faults.
Voltage drop: The maximum and minimum voltages must be kept within the limits specified in 34542 Distribution voltage regulation and apportionment limits. Voltages are dependent on the
combined effect of the entire network including voltage control settings, transformers and
lines/cables. The voltage drop over a line/cable should be such that the combined effect of the
entire network results in acceptable voltages. Voltage drop constraints may require the installation
of larger conductors as compared to cable sizes to only meet thermal loading and fault level limits.
Note that voltage problems may best be solved via other strengthening options (such as
additional lines/cables, network reconfiguration, new substations, higher voltages, shunt
capacitors etc) and larger conductor sizes may not be the most appropriate solution.
Environmental: The line/cable route must be environmentally acceptable. Unless exceptional

circumstances dictate otherwise, Network Planners should not propose line/cable routes through
environmentally sensitive areas. Congested areas, where line routes will be difficult to obtain,
should be avoided.
For existing lines/cables the violation of the above minimum requirements is a trigger for network
reinforcement or refurbishment.
The future loads and network configuration must be assessed to ensure compliance with these minimum
requirements for the expected load forecast and network changes.
The following additional requirements should also be met for new lines/cables:

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Economic loading limit (ELL): The ELL of a particular line/cable is the maximum loading limit
above which it is economical to install a larger cable/conductor to reduce lifetime costs via
reduced load losses. The ELL should not be exceeded. ELL limits for Eskoms standard MV
conductor and cable sizes are provided in appendix A.
Minimum fault level: The series impedance of a line/cable attenuates the fault level in the
network supplied by the line/cable. Increased conductor size results in increased fault level. While
equipment fault level limits must not be exceeded, fault levels must also not be too low. Fault
levels that are too low in relation to the size of the load supplied may result in QOS problems such
as excessive voltage regulation, voltage dips during motor starting and load switching and voltage
flicker. Other QOS issues such as harmonics and unbalance are also related to the fault level.
Table 6 gives guidance on the requirement to consult the Plant QOS specialist depending on the
size of the load in relation to the fault level at the point of common coupling. Flicker producing
loads typically include saw mills, crushers and arc furnaces.
Table 6: Requirement to consult QOS specialist
1
Load as a % of fault
level at the PCC
Comment
1%
QOS problems are unlikely. QOS specialist does not need

to be consulted, except where loads are known flicker
producers or harmonic current sources and are greater
than 1MVA
>1%
QOS problems may occur. Flicker and harmonic producing

loads to be referred to the Plant QOS specialist
Economic loading limits are applicable to new lines/cables, where the incremental cost associated with a
larger conductor size is relatively small. Once a line/cable is installed the cost of upgrading is large. If an
existing line/cable exceeds its economic loading limit it is seldom economic to replace the line/cable with a
larger size. Reinforcement via additional lines/cables may result in a more cost effective solution, and may
be able to be justified based on reduced load losses.
10.2
Lines vs cables
The initial capital cost of MV and HV cables is typically between 4 and 10 times that of their equivalently
rated overhead lines. The cost of cable networks is also influenced by the impact on associated equipment
such as terminations, bus-bars, switchgear, transformers etc. A MV cable distribution network utilises
ground mounted mini-substations and Ring Main Units (RMU). The total cost implication of cable vs
overhead networks hence requires careful consideration.
MV cable systems are usually only utilised in high density urban networks. 34-05 Planning guideline for
medium voltage underground cable systems covers the planning of these networks and should be
referenced for additional detail.
MV overhead systems are utilised in lower density urban networks, and in all rural networks.
Overhead HV lines are preferred to HV cables. HV cables should only be utilised where line lengths are
relatively short (typically less than 10km) and overhead line servitudes are not available. HV cable repair
durations are significantly longer than HV lines due to the time taken to locate and repair HV cable faults.
HV cables hence require additional redundancy as compared to HV lines.
It is critical that Network Planning identify long term servitude requirements so that these servitudes can be
acquired well in advance. This is especially critical in developing areas where servitudes are relatively easy
to secure during initial town and regional planning layout and servitude provision planning. Once an area
has been developed it is generally extremely difficult and costly to obtain overhead line servitudes. This
may force the use of HV cables, at greatly increased cost.
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MV lines
The Network Planner provides the base specification for a new MV overhead line as per table 7. Line
design optimisation will be performed (by Project Engineering). The phase conductor size is fixed by the
Network Planner. Annex A provides economic loading limits for the standard MV conductors.
Table 7: MV line specification by Network Planner
1
Line parameter
Description
Project name
Name of line project assigned by Network Planner.
From location
Location of line start point (preferably GPS coordinate)
To location
Location of line end point (preferably GPS coordinate)
Line length [km]
Estimated line length based on assumed line routing using available information.
NDP reference
NDP ID and name. In the event that the line is triggered via a Planning Proposal
or Customer Planning Proposal then that document name and ID should be
stated.
Planners name
Name of the Network Planner initiating the line.
Required completion date
Date by which the line needs to be completed.
Estimated cost [Rands]
Total line cost estimate.
Cost year
Year Rands in which the cost estimate is based.
Environmental constraints
The Network Planner must state any known environmental constraints such as
environmentally sensitive areas and known areas of high wind or ice loading.
Nominal voltage [kV]
This is the nominal voltage at which the line will be energised. Note that 11kV
lines will be designed at 22kV specifications.
Technology
Specify if the MV line is three phase, phase to phase (two phase) or SWER.
Phase conductor
The standard single MV conductor (table 3) that meets the voltage drop, thermal
limit and fault level limit requirements is the minimum conductor size. Refer to
annex A for MV line Economic Loading Limits. The preferred conductor size is
the conductor size minimum conductor size that has an ELL greater than the
expected medium term (7 year) load forecast.
Templating temperature
[C]
Network Planners should apply a default templating temperature of 50C for all
new distribution lines. Should the increased thermal limit associated with a
higher templating temperature be required, this must be stated.
Note:
The Network Planner does not need to specify the tower type, as this will be established by the line
designer, and is not essential for initial line impedance estimates (a typical tower type can be used for this
purpose).
There is no earth wire conductor.
The preferred conductor size is the smallest conductor size that meets minimum voltage drop, thermal and
fault level requirements and has an ELL greater than the maximum medium term (7 year) loading.
Generalised ELL values are utilised based on generalised growth rates and customer types (see annex A).
AAAC conductors are utilised in coastal applications, except for conductor sizes greater than Oak, where
greased ACSR Chicadee or Kingbird are used. ACSR conductors are used for all inland applications.
In order to simplify application the same ELL values are used for both AAAC and ACSR conductors of
similar size.
ELL loading limits are only considered for three phase lines and are based on normal network
configuration (not back-feeding loads).

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HV lines
The Network Planner provides the base specification for a new HV sub-transmission line as per table 8.
The Project Engineering line designer will evaluate different phase conductor (with bundles), templating
temperature, earth wire conductor and tower type combinations. The preferred line design must be referred
back to Network Planning to ensure that impedance, thermal and fault level requirements are met
(especially where a different conductor is proposed). This may require an iterative approach whereby the
optimal line design can be established.
Table 8: HV line specification by Network Planner
1
Line parameter
Description
Project name
Name of line project assigned by Network Planner.
From substation
Name of from substation.
To substation
Name of to substation.
Line length [km]
Estimated line length based on assumed line routing using available information.
NDP reference
NDP ID and name. In the event that the line is triggered via a Planning Proposal
or Customer Planning Proposal then that document name and ID should be
stated.
Planners name
Name of the Network Planner initiating the line.
Date by which the line needs to be completed.
Total line cost estimate.
Cost year
environmentally sensitive areas and known areas of high wind or ice loading.
Required normal thermal

rating [A]
This is the required normal operating minimum thermal rating, and is the
maximum load that the line is expected to carry in the long term during normal
operating. This may not necessarily be the normal thermal rating of the phase
conductor specified below.
Required emergency
thermal rating [A]
This is the required abnormal operating minimum thermal rating, and is the
maximum load that the line is expected to carry in the long term during abnormal
operating. This may not necessarily be the abnormal thermal rating of the phase
conductor specified below.
Required minimum fault

level rating [kA]
This is the required 1 second minimum fault level rating, and is based on the
maximum fault current that the line is expected to endure in the long term. This
may not necessarily be the fault level rating of the phase conductor specified
below.
This is the nominal voltage at which the line will be energised. If there is a
possible long term requirement to up-rate the line for operation at a higher
voltage then this needs to be specified e.g. 88kV line potentially upgraded to
operate at 132kV.
Phase conductor
The standard single conductor (table 3) that meets the voltage drop, thermal limit
and fault level limit requirements is the minimum conductor size. The PEM must
be used to assess possible cost savings (due to reduced line losses) via
increased conductor size. The preferred conductor size is the conductor size
minimum conductor size that minimises the sum of the initial capital cost and
lifetime cost of line losses.
Templating temperature
[C]
Network Planners should apply a default templating temperature of 70C for all
new sub-transmission lines. During the line design process possible cost savings
via reduced templating temperature need to be assessed, and if the cost savings
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2
Description
are significant Network Planning will need to be consulted to establish if a lower
templating temperature meets planning needs. Where the Planner requires a
specific minimum current rating, this should be specified above.
Earth wire conductor
The final requirement for an earth wire conductor, and its size, will be
established by the line designer. For initial costing purposes the Network Planner
should assume that an earth wire will be installed and will be 3/4.00 or 7/3.35
galvanized steel wire. Possible OPGW requirement must be discussed with
Protection.
Tower
The actual towers will be determined by the line designer. The Network Planner
needs to assume that a particular tower will be utilised such that associated line
impedances can be utilised. The assumed tower should be based on Regional
preferences, nominal voltage and conductor size. The line designer can be
consulted for an initial estimate of a likely tower type.
Note:
The HV line is three phase.

The Network Planner specifies the line nominal voltage. Due to standardisation and future upgrade the line
designer may opt to utilise towers rated for a higher voltage. The Network Planner must inform the line
designer if possible future operation at a higher voltage is required.
The Network Planner is not required to provide maximum and minimum impedance values. The line
impedance will be largely determined by the phase conductor. The Network Planner specifies a single
standard phase conductor. The line designer will assess possible bundle configurations that result in
similar impedance and thermal rating as the single phase conductor recommended by the Network
Planner. Should the preferred conductor (single or bundle) differ from that proposed by the Network
Planner, then that conductor option will need to be assed by Network Planning.
The preferred line design will need to provide similar thermal, fault level and voltage drop (impedance) as
the line initially specified by the Network Planner.
Line transposition must be evaluated if the line induces voltage unbalance >0.5%. As this is dependent on
the final tower type, the need for transposition studies may only arise during line design.
The phase conductor/cable size that minimises capital and lifetime load loss costs is calculated using the
Project Evaluation Model (PEM). The functionality of the PEM is not repeated in this guideline, but the
planner will need to input the initial capital costs and technical load loss in each future year for the different
conductor sizes evaluated such that the conductor size associated with minimum lifetime cost can be
established. Consult the PEM and associated application guideline for additional information.
10.5
MV cables
The planning of MV underground cable networks is covered in 34-05 and is not repeated here.
MV cabling within substations is specified in 34-209 (Planning guideline for medium voltage underground
cable systems) and provides recommended minimum cable sizes between transformers and indoor MV
switchgear, MV switchgear to overhead lines and MV switchgear to cable/customer networks.
The Network Planner provides the base specification for a new MV cable as per table 9.
Table 9: MV cable specification by Network Planner
1
Cable parameter
Description
Project name
Name of cable project assigned by Network Planner.
From location
Location of cable start point (preferably GPS coordinate)
To location
Location of cable end point (preferably GPS coordinate)

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Cable length [km]
Estimated cable length based on assumed cable routing using available

information.
NDP reference
NDP ID and name. In the event that the cable is triggered via a Planning
Proposal or Customer Planning Proposal then that document name and ID
should be stated.
Planners name
Name of the Network Planner initiating the cable.
Date by which the cable needs to be completed.
Total cable cost estimate. This includes all cable joints and terminations.
Cost year
environmentally sensitive areas.
This is the nominal voltage at which the cable will be energised.
Cable size
The standard cable size that meets the voltage drop, thermal limit and fault level
limit requirements is the minimum cable size (this is typically based on abnormal
back-feeding conditions). Refer to annex A for MV cable Economic Loading
Limits. The preferred cable size is the cable size minimum cable size that has
an ELL greater than the expected medium term (7 year) load forecast.
Cable insulation
The Network Planner should state if XLPE or PILC insulation is preferred.
Note:
All MV cables are three phase and conductor material is copper.

Cable sizes are usually selected to provide adequate back-feed capacity. Thermal and voltage drop
requirements are hence usually based on abnormal network configurations
Likely cable de-rating should be taken into consideration when selecting the minimum cable size.
When in doubt the Network Planner should assume XLPE insulation.
MV ABC is to be avoided.
Cable protection implications and costs must also be considered, including possible fibre link for unit
protection on primary feeder cables.
The loading utilised for the ELL selection is the normal network loading in the medium term (year 7).
10.6
HV cables
The Network Planner provides the base specification for a new HV cable as per table 10.
Table 10: HV cable specification by Network Planner
1
Cable parameter
Description
Project name
Name of cable project assigned by Network Planner.
From location
Location of cable start point (preferably GPS coordinate)
To location
Location of cable end point (preferably GPS coordinate)
Cable length [km]
Estimated cable length based on assumed cable routing using available

information.
NDP reference
NDP ID and name. In the event that the cable is triggered via a Planning
Proposal or Customer Planning Proposal then that document name and ID
should be stated.
Planners name
Name of the Network Planner initiating the cable.
Date by which the cable needs to be completed.
Total cable cost estimate. This includes all cable joints and terminations.

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Cost year
environmentally sensitive areas.
This is the nominal voltage at which the cable will be energised.
Cable size
The standard cable size that meets the voltage drop, thermal limit and fault level
limit requirements is the minimum cable size (this is typically based on abnormal
back-feeding conditions). The PEM must be used to assess possible cost
savings (due to reduced cable losses) via increased cable size. The preferred
cable size is the cable size minimum cable size that minimises the sum of the
initial capital cost and lifetime cost of cable losses.
Conductor material
The Network Planner should state if the conductor material should be aluminium
or copper. The Eskom Distribution standard is aluminium (see note below).
Note:
All HV cables are three phase and insulation is XLPE. The standard conductor material is aluminium, but
copper may be preferred in certain applications, especially where increased thermal capacity is required.
As a result conductor material could still be specified by the Network Planner.
Cable sizes are usually selected to provide adequate back-feed capacity. Thermal and voltage drop
requirements are hence usually based on abnormal network configurations
Likely cable de-rating should be taken into consideration when selecting the minimum cable size.
Cable protection implications and costs must also be considered, including possible fibre link for unit
protection. Unit protection will be utilised for all new HV cables.
All new HV cable feeders (circuits) should, where possible, be installed in individual trenches in separate
servitudes. This is to ensure that the risk of common mode failures is limited. Common mode failures
occur when more than one cable circuit simultaneously faults due to the same or directly related causes.
Common mode failures could be due to external factors (e.g. contractor damage, theft, etc.) or could occur
when a fault on one cable feeder damages another cable feeder in close proximity. This is especially
critical where HV cable feeders supply the same substation (load).
10.7
Costing
The latest approved costing tool should be utilised for costing new line and cable installations.
11
Modelling lines and cables in PSA software
This section describes ReticMaster and PowerFactory functionality and contains software screenshots. It is
possible that functionality and interfaces may change in future software versions. The latest software
version and user guide should be consulted.
11.1
ReticMaster
11.1.1
Data type library
The data library contains a dictionary of line/cable parameters. This library type data is used when
modelling line or cables. The same models are used for both lines and cables.


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Figure 21: Line/cable data library editor

ReticMaster only supports a fully transposed line/cable model. Separate conductor/tower models are not
supported for overhead lines. Line parameters must be calculated elsewhere and imported into the
ReticMaster data library.
The ReticMaster data library is illustrated in figure 21. The fields are described in table 11.
Table 11: ReticMaster line/cable data type library fields
1
Specifications
Units
Notes
Positive Sequence R
Ohms per km
Positive sequence resistance per km line/cable length
Positive Sequence X
Ohms per km
Positive sequence inductance per km line/cable length
Positive Sequence B
Mico Siemens
Positive sequence shunt capacitance per km line/cable length
Zero Sequence R
Ohms per km
Zero sequence resistance per km line/cable length
Zero Sequence X
Ohms per km
Zero sequence inductance per km line/cable length
Zero Sequence B
Mico Siemens
Zero sequence shunt capacitance per km line/cable length
Neutral conductor R
Ohms per km
Neutral conductor resistance per km line/cable length
Neutral conductor X
Ohms per km
Neutral conductor inductance per km line/cable length
Neutral conductor B
Mico Siemens
Neutral conductor shunt capacitance per km line/cable length
Temperature
Degree Celsius
Conductor temperature at which the resistance has been specified. The

actual operating temperature is specified in the element. The
temperature in the data library and element should default to the same
value. Default 40
Conductor Constant
Conductor temperature coefficient. Describes how resistance changes

with temperature. Is dependent on the conductor material.

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Cost/km
Rands per km
Line/cable capital cost per km. Can be utilised in conductor optimisation

and costing studies
User code
None
This is a user defined code, and could be assigned to indicate data

sources
Current rating
Units
Notes
Normal Operation
Amps
This is the line/cable normal thermal rating
Overload Condition
Amps
This is the line/cable abnormal thermal rating (emergency conditions)
11.1.2
Element data
The same element models are used for both lines and cables. The ReticMaster element data editor is
illustrated in figure 22. The fields are described in table 12. Note that ReticMaster uses a combined branch
node model whereby the line and its child node (and load) are described as a combined entity.
Figure 22: Line/cable element editor

Table 12: ReticMaster line/cable element fields
1
Field
Units
Notes
Open check box
None
If checked the line will be disconnected
Technology
None
Describes the number of phase and neutral conductors, and the phase
angle displacement
Phasing
None
Describes the phasing connection of the cable/line i.e. which phases are
physically connected
Voltage
V or kV
Line nominal voltage. This is the voltage at which the line is energised
Conductor
None
Drop down list of all conductors in the data type library
Length
Line/cable length
Conductor Group
None
Conductor group to be used in line/cable size optimisation functionality.

Default 1
De-rating factor
Per unit
Per unit line/cable de-rating or up-rating factor based on local installation

conditions. Default 1
Conductor
temperature
Degree Celsius
Conductor operating temperature for line/cable resistance adjustment.

Default 40
Note that the planner should change the conductor temperature to 50
11.2
PowerFactory
11.2.1
Data type library
DigSilent supports two methods for the modelling of overhead lines:


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Line type model: This is similar to the model used in ReticMaster. The line impedances (positive
and zero sequence) are calculated elsewhere and the results entered into the line type model.
Per-phase impedances are not modelled so the effect of un-transposed lines can not be
evaluated. Any changes in conductor or tower characteristics require that the parameters be
recalculated in the separate calculation engine. The data type library needs to contain all
combinations of conductors and towers as may be practically used.
Conductor and tower type model: Conductors and towers are modelled separately such that
there are separate data type libraries for towers and conductors. In the element data the user
specifies the conductor and tower combination. The line impedances are calculated for this
combination by an internal calculation engine. The per-phase impedances are calculated and
stored such that full unbalanced studies can be performed. The data type library is significantly
reduced as compared to the line type model as only the conductor and tower characteristics
needs to be stored. The combinations of conductor and tower are used specified in the element.
The following figures and screens capture the main data tabs. Specialist studies such as reliability and
harmonic analysis support the entry of additional data, but this is not covered in this guideline.
11.2.1.1 Line/cable type model
Figure 23: Line/cable type data (Basic Data)

Table 13: Line/cable type fields (Basic Data)
1
Fields
Units
Notes
Name
None
Name of the line/cable
Rated Voltage
kV
Rated line voltage. The line can be energized at a voltage Rated

Voltage
Rated Current
kA
Thermal current rating. This is the normal rating. An emergency rating

can be applied via a scale and trigger
Nominal Frequency
Hz
Nominal frequency for which impedances have been calculated
Cable/OHL
None
Specifies if the line is an overhead line, non-armoured cable or cable
System Type
None
Options are AC or DC. Default to AC


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Phases
None
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Number of phases. Is dependent on the line technology:

Star or Delta = 3
Phase to Phase or Dual Phase= 2
Single Phase or SWER = 1
No. of Neutrals
None
Number of neutrals. Is dependent on the line technology:

Star, Dual Phase or Single Phase = 1
Delta, Phase to Phase or SWER = 0
Resistance R
Ohm/km
Positive (and negative) sequence resistance
Reactance X
Ohm/km
Positive (and negative) sequence reactance
Resistance R0
Ohm/km
Zero sequence resistance
Reactance X0
Ohm/km
Zero sequence reactance
Figure 24: Line/cable type data (Load Flow)

Table 14: Line/cable type fields (Load Flow)
1
Fields
Units
Notes
Susceptance B
uS/km
Positive (and negative) sequence shunt capacitance
Susceptance B0
uS/km
Zero sequence shunt capacitance
Insulation factor
Tan delta of conductance. Default to 0
Note that for normal studies only B and B0 need to be specified. The rest of the parameters can default to zero.
Figure 25: Line/cable type data (Description)


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Table 15: Line/cable type fields (Description)

1
Fields
Units
Notes
Manufacturer
None
User option to specify type manufacturer
Characteristic Name
None
Alternative type name. Could be a short or long equipment code
Foreign Key
None
Usually a user defined ID to link to other data sources. Could for

example be a serial number or plant slot ID
Data source
None
Used to described the data source e.g. manual data entry, MTL etc
Description
None
Free text description
Status
Line cost
User option to specify if approved or not

$/km
Annualised capital and maintenance cost. Units are specified in case

setup. Used in cable size optimisation
11.2.1.2 Conductor and tower type model
Figure 26: Tower geometry type data (Geometry)


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Table 16: Tower geometry type fields (Geometry)

1
Fields
Units
Notes
Name
None
Tower geometry type name
Number of Earth Wires
None
Number of earth wire conductors
Number of Line Circuits
None
Number of line circuits
Coordinates Earth Wires
Geometric coordinates of each earth wire conductor
Coordinates Phase Circuits
Geometric coordinates of each phase conductor for each line circuit
Note that Y coordinates are relative to ground level (Y=0). X coordinates are relative to one-another. A common
approach is to treat the centre line of the tower as X=0, and specify the conductor coordinates relative to ground level
(Y=0) and the tower centre line (X=0).
Figure 27: Conductor type data (Basic Data)


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Table 17: Conductor type fields (Basic Data)

1
Fields
Units
Notes
Name
None
Conductor type name e.g. 1Fox
Nominal Voltage
kV
Maximum voltage at which conductor can be used
Nominal Current
kA
Thermal current rating. This is the normal rating. An emergency rating

can be applied via a scale and trigger
Number of Subconductors
None
Number of sub-conductors that the conductor type is composed of
Conductor model
Solid or tubular conductor
DC Resistance
Ohm/k
m
Sub-conductor DC resistance at 20C
Outer diameter
mm
Sub-conductor outer diameter
GMR (Equivalent Radius)
mm
Sub-conductor GMR
Skin effect
None
If set then AC resistance is adjusted for skin effect
Note that the bundle GMR is calculated by PowerFactory using the sub-conductor GMR and bundle spacing.
Figure 28: Conductor type data (Short Circuit)

Table 18: Conductor type fields (Short Circuit)
1
Fields
Units
Notes
Max End Temperature
Maximum conductor temperature after fault condition
Rated Short-Time (1s)

Current
kA
Rated 1 second fault level current


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Element data
11.2.2.1 Line/cable type model
Figure 29: Line/cable element data (Basic Data)

Table 19: Line/cable element fields (Basic Data)
1
Fields
Units
Notes
Name
None
Name of line/cable element
Type
None
Library type record used for line parameter calculation
Terminal i
None
Line/cable start point (connection to other equipment)
Terminal j
None
Line/cable end point (connection to other equipment)
Out of Service
None
Set if line/cable is out of service (disconnected at both ends)
Number of parallel lines
None
Number of identical parallel lines/cables. An equivalent line is modelled
Length of line
Km
Line/cable length
Derating factor
Per unit
Line/cable derating factor due to local installation conditions
Line model
None
Lumped or distributed line model option. Distributed Parameter model is

used for detailed analysis of long EHV lines. Default to Lumped
Parameter
Routes/Cubicles/Sections
None
Used to specify multiple line/cable sections where a line is composed of

more than one line section, where each line section has a different line
type and length

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Figure 30: Line/cable element data (Description)

Table 20: Line/cable element fields (Description)
1
Fields
Units
Notes
Serial number
None
Element serial number, if applicable
Year of construction
None
Year in which line/cable was installed
Characteristic Name
None
Alternative element name. Could be a short or long equipment code
Foreign key
None
Usually a user defined ID to link to other data sources. Could for

example be a serial number or plant slot ID
Data source
None
Used to described the data source e.g. manual data entry, MTL etc
Description
None
Free text description
Operating temperature
Conductor operating temperature. The conductor AC resistance is

adjusted based on the operating temperature and temperature
coefficient (as specified in the type)


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11.2.2.2 Conductor and tower type model
Figure 31: Line geometry and conductor element data (Basic Data)
Table 21: Line geometry and conductor element fields (Basic Data)
1
Fields
Units
Notes
Name
None
Name of line element
Type
None
Library tower geometry type record used for line parameter calculation
Terminal i
None
Line/cable start point (connection to other equipment)
Terminal j
None
Line/cable end point (connection to other equipment)
Out of Service
None
Set if line/cable is out of service (disconnected at both ends)
Number of parallel lines
None
Number of identical parallel lines/cables. An equivalent line is modelled
Length of line
Km
Line/cable length
Derating factor
Per unit
Line/cable derating factor due to local installation conditions


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Fields
Units
Notes
Line model
None
Lumped or distributed line model option. Distributed Parameter model is

used for detailed analysis of long EHV lines. Default to Lumped
Parameter
Routes/Cubicles/Sections
None
Used to specify multiple line sections where a line is composed of more

than one line section, where each line section has a different line type
and length
Type of Phase Conductors
None
Phase conductor library conductor type
Type of Earth Conductors
None
Earth wire conductor library conductor type
Max Sag, Phase Conductors
Maximum sag of phase conductor. Used to calculate phase conductor

height above ground
Max Sag, Ground Wires
Maximum sag of earth wire conductor. Used to calculate earth wire

conductor height above ground
Earth Resistivity
Ohmm
Earth resistivity for zero sequence resistance calculation
Transposition
None
If set line impedances are calculated assuming ideal transposition

whereby phase impedances are identical. If unset the per phase
impedances are calculated and can be utilised for unbalanced loadflow
11.3
General notes
The following should be noted:
PowerFactory does not explicitly support emergency thermal ratings. However scales and triggers
can be utilised to specify multiple ratings.
Conductor thermal rating depends on templating temperature. As the templating temperature can
very for each line, templating dependent ratings can not be set via scales and triggers and only a
single global templating trigger can be changed. The line and conductor library types must be
duplicated for each templating temperature.
Line and conductor type resistances in PowerFactory are entered at 20C. The conductor
operating temperature is specified in the element and the conductor resistance is adjusted based
on the temperature coefficient.
The skin effect adjustment does not take the transformation effect into account. AC resistance can
be entered instead of DC resistance, but then the skin effect flag must not be set.
It is recommended that line types be utilised for cables and MV lines. Tower geometry types
should be utilised for HV lines.
PowerFactory also has a line coupling element, which is used to model the mutual inductance
between parallel overhead lines. The user specifies the tower and conductor characteristics of
each line circuit, and tower horizontal spacing. This line coupling element should also be used
when modelling multiple circuits on the same tower.
12
Worked examples
The following worked example illustrates some of the key issues discussed in this guideline. The associated
ReticMaster and PowerFactory files are published as attachments to this guideline.


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Sub-transmission line transposition
The network under study is illustrated in figure 32. The 132kV overhead lines are strung with single Bersfort
ACSR phase conductor on 222 (staggered vertical) towers. The PowerFactory case file can be consulted
for additional information on the 222 tower geometry. Load Power factor is 0.9. Note that this network is not
modelled in ReticMaster as it is a meshed HV network.
Figure 32: 132kV loop with single Bersfort conductor

Table 22: Transposition case files
1
Case file
Base network No
transposition
Contingency No
transposition
Base network L3
transposed
Contingency L3
transposed
Contingency L3
delta tower
2
Description
Perform a load-flow calculation. Note that an unbalanced calculation is required for the
assessment of voltage unbalance. With all three 132kV lines in service the minimum 132kV
positive sequence voltage of 99.7% occurs at busbar 132kV BB3. None of the 132kV lines
are transposed. The positive and negative sequence phase to neutral voltages at 132kV
BB3 are 75.987kV and 0.288kV respectively. The voltage unbalance is hence 0.288 /
75.987 = 0.38%.
Perform a load-flow calculation. With 132kV line 1 out of service lines 2 and 3 supply both
loads. The minimum 132kV positive sequence voltage of 93.2% occurs at busbar 132kV
BB2. None of the 132kV lines are transposed. The positive and negative sequence phase to
neutral voltages at 132kV BB2 are 71.011kV and 0.805kV respectively. The voltage
unbalance is hence 0.805 / 71.011 = 1.13%. Line transposition appears to be required.
Perform a load-flow calculation. 132kV line 3 has been transposed. Under normal network
conditions 132kV BB3 positive sequence voltage still drops to 99.7%. Voltage unbalance
has reduced to 0.153 / 75.989 = 0.2%.
Perform a load-flow calculation. 132kV line 3 has been transposed. With 132kV line 1 out of
service 132kV BB2 positive sequence voltage still drops to 93.2%. Voltage unbalance has
reduced to 0.07 / 71.012 = 0.1%. Transposing 132kV line 3 significantly reduces the 132kV
voltage unbalance.
Perform a load-flow calculation. As an alternative to transposing 132kV line 3, a delta tower
has been used with equilateral phase spacing. With 132kV line 1 out of service 132kV BB2
positive sequence voltage drops to 93.1%. Voltage unbalance has reduced to 0.07 / 70.975
= 0.1%. A delta tower on 132kV line 3 significantly reduces the 132kV voltage unbalance.

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MV line conductor sizing, Q & A
Situation: A distribution planner is sizing the conductor of a new 11kV overhead line supplying a residential
area with an anticipated Load Factor of 0.4. The maximum loading during normal network operation is
expected to be 1.5MVA in year 1 of installation, growing to 2.0MVA in year 7 and saturating at 2.2MVA. Fox
conductor meets the minimum requirements to comply with thermal limits and voltage drop. Should Fox be
used?
Answer: Referring to table 4, the thermal rating of Fox at a 50C template is 148A which is 2.82MVA at
11kV and is adequate for the expected loading. Referring to table A1 the ELL of Fox at 11kV with a Load
Factor of 0.4 is 0.65MVA. As the expected year 7 loading of 2MVA is greater than the ELL of 0.65MVA, Fox
is not appropriate as the cost of losses will be high. The standard conductor with an ELL 2MVA at a Load
Factor of 0.4 is Hare, where the corresponding ELL is 2.32MVA. In this network Hare conductor should be
used as it is the smallest conductor that meets thermal, voltage and ELL requirements.
Situation: A distribution planner is sizing the conductor of a new 22kV overhead line supplying a rural
electrification village with an anticipated Load Factor of 0.3. The maximum loading during normal network
operation is expected to be 0.5MVA in year 1 of installation, growing to 0.9MVA in year 7 and saturating at
1.1MVA. The expected maximum fault level is 5kA as the village is relatively close to the MV source. Fox
conductor meets the minimum requirements to comply with thermal limits and voltage drop. Should Fox be
used?
22kV and is adequate for the expected loading. The fault level rating of Fox is 3.14kA. Referring to table A2
the ELL of Fox at 22kV with a Load Factor of 0.3 is 1.68MVA. The ELL of Fox is greater than the forecasted
year 7 loading hence Fox is appropriate from a loss optimisation perspective. HOWEVER the Fox fault level
rating of 3.14kA is less than the expected fault level of 5kA. Fox is hence not adequate. In this case the
conductor size is determined by the minimum conductor size that meets the fault level requirement, and in
this case is Mink conductor which has a fault level rating of 5.4kA.
Situation: A distribution planner is sizing the conductor of a new 22kV overhead line supplying a number of
rural electrification villages with an anticipated Load Factor of 0.4. The maximum loading during normal
network operation is expected to be 2.7MVA in year 1 of installation, growing to 3.5MVA in year 7 and
saturating at 4MVA. The expected maximum fault level is 3kA. Fox conductor meets the minimum
requirements to comply with thermal limits and voltage drop. Should Fox be used?
22kV and is adequate for the expected loading. The fault level rating of Fox is 3.14kA. Referring to table A2
the ELL of Fox at 22kV with a Load Factor of 0.4 is 1.30MVA. While Fox is adequate from a thermal and
fault level perspective, the ELL of 1.3MVA is less than the forecasted year 7 load of 3.5MVA. The standard
conductor with an ELL 3.5MVA at a Load Factor of 0.4 is Hare, where the corresponding ELL is 4.64MVA.
In this network Hare conductor should be used as it is the smallest conductor that meets thermal, voltage
and ELL requirements.
Situation: A distribution planner is sizing the conductor of a new 11kV overhead line supplying a rural
agricultural feeder with an anticipated Load Factor of 0.5. The maximum loading during normal network
operation is expected to be 1.3MVA in year 1 of installation, growing to 1.7MVA in year 7 and saturating at
1.9MVA. Hare conductor is required to meet voltage regulation requirements. The fault level will not exceed
3kA. Is Hare appropriate?
Answer: Referring to table 4, the thermal rating of Hare at a 50C template is 292A which is 5.56MVA at
11kV and is adequate for the expected loading. Referring to table A1 the ELL of Hare at 11kV with a Load
Factor of 0.5 is 1.89MVA. As the expected year 7 loading of 1.7MVA is less than the ELL of 1.89MVA, Hare
is appropriate as the cost of losses will not be excessive and the fault level rating of 8.97kA is more than
adequate.

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Situation: A distribution planner proposes to build a new 11kV feeder that will supply an electrification load
of 4MVA in year 7. The load factor is expected to be 0.3. Is this a good idea from a losses perspective?
Answer: Referring to table A1 the ELL of Hare at 11kV with a Load Factor of 0.3 is 2.98MVA. From a loss
optimisation perspective the backbone conductor would need to be Chicadee. The planner should evaluate
the option of splitting the feeder so that for example Hare conductor could be used.
12.3
MV line conductor sizing, worked example
The 22kV feeder in figure 33 is planned and appropriate conductor sizes need to be selected given the
following inputs:
The 22kV source is regulated at 103% and the 22kV three fault level is 5kA.
The loads are the forecasted year 7 loads.
The load factor is expected to be 0.5.
The 22kV voltage drop in year 7 should not exceed 7%.
Select appropriate 22kV conductor sizes for each line such that thermal, voltage, fault level and technical
loss requirements are met.
22kV source
Fault level 5kA
L1: 1km
500kVA
L2: 3km
L3: 2km
300kVA
L4: 3km
700kVA
L5: 5km
100kVA
L6: 10km
200kVA
L7: 5km
300kVA
200kVA
Figure 33: 22kV overhead feeder


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Table 23: Transposition case files

1
Case file
Base network No
conductors
Conductors sized
for thermal limits
And fault level

limits
And loss
optimisation
2
Description
The planner should assume that all the lines L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 and L7 in the 22kV overhead
feeder are Magpie conductors. The rating of Magpie conductor at a 50C template is 33A which
is 1MVA at 22kV. This configuration results in the maximum loading of lines L1, L3 and L4
exceeding 1MVA as indicated: Line L1 is loaded at 2.49MVA, L2 at 0.5MVA, L3 at 1.95MVA, L4
at 1.60MVA, L5 at 0.85MVA, L6 at 0.52MVA and L7 at 0.2MVA. Since the type of conductor
chosen for L1, L3 and L4 results in an exceedance of the conductor thermal limit, Magpie
conductor is not suitable for these conductors.
The planner should now change the type of conductors for lines L1, L3 and L4 from Magpie to
Squirrel conductor. The rating of Squirrel conductor at a 50C template is 104A which is
3.96MVA at 22kV. He/she should leave the conductor types for conductors L2, L6 and L7 as
Magpie conductor. At this stage, none of the conductors exceed the thermal limits. The minimum
22kV voltage is 93% at the end of the feeder.
The fault level rating of Magpie conductor is 0.91kA, and the fault level rating of Squirrel
conductor is 1.79kA. By performing a fault level calculation, it will be observed that the expected
maximum fault level for line L1 is 5kA, L2 is 3.857kA, L3 is 3.857kA, L4 is 2.274kA, L5 is
1.334KA, L6 is 0.533kA and L7 is 0.239kA. Thus, the fault level limits of lines L1, L2, L3, L4 and
L5 have been exceeded.
Since the fault level limits for lines L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5 have been exceeded, the planner must
increase the size of these conductors so that the fault level limits of the conductors are not
exceeded.
The fault level rating of Mink conductor is 5.4kA, the fault level rating of Fox conductor 3.14kA,
the fault level rating of Squirrel conductor is 1.79kA and fault level rating of a Magpie conductor
is 0.91kA. Hence, line L1, L2 and L3 should be replaced with Mink conductor, L4 with Fox
conductor, L5 with Squirrel conductor, and L6 and L7 can remain as Magpie conductors. With
the conductors changed as indicated, the minimum 22kV voltage is now 96%.
By performing a fault level calculation, it will be observed that the expected maximum fault level
for line L1 is 5kA, L2 is 4.313kA, L3 is 4.313kA, L4 is 3.259kA, L5 is 2.048KA, L6 is 1.004kA and
L7 is 0.307kA. Thus, the fault level limits of lines L4, L5 and L6 have again been exceeded
(Bigger conductor size, less impedance to source, thus increased fault level).
By leaving conductor L1, L2 and L3 Mink conductors, replacing L4 with Mink conductor, line L5
with Fox conductor and lines L6 and L7 with Squirrel conductors ensures that no conductor fault
level limits are exceeded. With the conductors changed as indicated, the minimum 22kV voltage
at the end of the feeder is now at 99%.
With the conductors now replaced in order to prevent exceedance of its fault level limits, the
planner can now look at the loading of each line which is are as follows: Line L1 is 2.34MVA, L2,
0.5MVA, L3, 1.83MVA, L4, 1.52MVA, L5, 0.81MVA , L6, 0.51MVA and L7, 0.2MVA.
By referring to table A2, the planner will observe that the ELL of various conductors at 22kV and
with a Load Factor of 0.5: Mink is 2.16MVA, Fox 1.06MVA and Squirrel 0.58MVA.
Since the expected year 7 loading of line L1 is 2.34MVA, greater than the ELL of Mink conductor
which is 2.16MVA, Mink conductor for line L1 is not appropriate as the cost of losses will be high.
The standard conductor with an ELL 2.34MVA at a Load Factor of 0.5 is Hare, where the
corresponding ELL is 3.78MVA. Line L1 should therefore be replaced with Hare conductor as it
is the smallest conductor that meets thermal, voltage and ELL requirements.
The planner will also observe that the ELL of all the conductors (according to Table A2) is
greater than the forecasted year 7 loading and are thus appropriate from a loss optimisation
perspective.
The minimum 22kV voltage at the end of the feeder remains at 99% (0.99 per unit). Therefore
with line L1 as Hare conductor, lines L2, L3 and L4 as Mink conductors, L5 as Fox conductor
and lines L6 and L7 as Squirrel conductors, we have a network that uses the smallest
conductors that meet thermal (including fault level limits), voltage and ELL requirements
Note: If the 22kV voltage is not within requirements then a next step is needed to increase
conductor sizes to meet the voltage limits. Note that larger conductor sizes may also be
selected to facilitate back-feeding, but this is not assessed in this example. Also note that the
minimum conductor size may also be dependent on mechanical and stock holding
requirements, and in reality a region might for example use Fox as the smallest standard
conductor size

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Annex A - MV line and cable Economic Loading Limits
The ELL limits have been calculated via an Excel based tool utilising typical line/cable capital
costs and the forecasted Eskom Long Run Marginal Cost of Generation.
The ELL limits differ for each voltage and conductor size and are dependent on the Load Factor of
the load supplied by the line/cable.
The ELL is the load in year 7 after the installation of the line/cable. I.e. the maximum line/cable
loading during normal network operation in year 7 after installation.
The same ELL values should be used for both AAAC and ACSR conductors of similar size e.g. in
coastal areas the ELL limits for Hare should be applied to Oak conductor.
For MV cables the same ELL limits (in MVA) are utilised for both XLPE & PILC MV cables
ELL loading limits are only considered for three phase lines. Phase to phase and SWER lines will
be sized for voltage drop limitations and as such loading levels will be below the ELL values.
The ELL values are only to be applied when sizing new lines/cables and do not apply to existing
lines/cables. Existing line loading may exceed the ELL values as it may not be economical to
replace the line to reduce the losses. The ELL values apply to new line/cables where the
line/cable must be installed and the ELL values optimise the additional cost associated with a
larger conductor size. The upgrading of existing lines/cables to reduce loss costs can be
evaluated with the PEM, and is not documented in this guideline. Refer to PEM application
guideline.
If the ELL limit is greater than the line/cable thermal rating then the thermal rating must not be
exceeded. This is especially the case with PILC cables. TR is the Thermal Rating.
Table A1: 11kV overhead conductor ELL values [MVA in year 7]
1
Load Factor
Conductor
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Squirrel
0.63
0.45
0.35
0.29
0.24
0.21
0.18
Fox
1.18
0.84
0.65
0.53
0.45
0.39
0.34
Mink
2.40
1.70
1.33
1.08
0.92
0.80
0.70
Hare
4.19
2.98
2.32
1.89
1.60
1.39
1.23
Chicadee
7.67
5.44
4.29
3.46
2.89
2.56
2.23
Table A2: 22kV overhead conductor ELL values [MVA in year 7]

1
Conductor
Load Factor
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Squirrel
1.26
0.90
0.70
0.58
0.48
0.42
0.36
Fox
2.36
1.68
1.30
1.06
0.90
0.78
0.68
Mink
4.80
3.40
2.66
2.16
1.84
1.60
1.40
Hare
8.38
5.96
4.64
3.78
3.20
2.78
2.46
Chicadee
15.34
10.89
8.58
6.93
5.77
5.11
4.45

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Annex A
(Continued)
Table A3: 11kV cable ELL values [MVA in year 7]
1
Cable size
Load Factor
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
25
TR
1.94
1.51
1.24
1.04
0.91
0.80
50
TR
TR
3.09
2.53
2.14
1.86
1.63
95
TR
TR
TR
4.56
3.86
3.34
2.95
185
TR
TR
TR
TR
TR
6.13
5.41
300
TR
TR
TR
TR
TR
TR
7.67
Table A4: 22kV cable ELL values [MVA in year 7]

1
Cable size
5
Load Factor
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
25
TR
4.32
3.35
2.74
2.31
2.01
1.78
50
TR
TR
5.63
4.61
3.90
3.38
2.98
95
TR
TR
TR
TR
9.10
7.91
6.98
185
TR
TR
TR
TR
TR
TR
TR


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Annex B - Impact assessment

1 Guidelines
o
o
o
o
All comments must be completed.

Motivate why items are N/A (not applicable)
Indicate actions to be taken, persons or organisations responsible for actions and deadline for
action.
Change control committees to discuss the impact assessment, and if necessary give feedback to
the compiler of any omissions or errors.
2 Critical points
2.1 Importance of this document. E.g. is implementation required due to safety deficiencies,
statutory requirements, technology changes, document revisions, improved service quality,
improved service performance, optimised costs.
Comment: Implementation is required to improve Dx Network Planning by providing network planners with
the information/training to analyse and plan lines and cables.
2.2 If the document to be released impacts on statutory or legal compliance - this need to be very
clearly stated and so highlighted.
Comment: N/A no impact on statutory or legal compliance.
2.3 Impact on stock holding and depletion of existing stock prior to switch over.
Comment: N/A no impact on stock holding.
2.4 When will new stock be available?

Comment: N/A no impact on stock.
2.5 Has the interchangeability of the product or item been verified - i.e. when it fails is a straight
swop possible with a competitor's product?
Comment: N/A no impact on products.
2.6 Identify and provide details of other critical (items required for the successful implementation
of this document) points to be considered in the implementation of this document.
Comment: The line/cable ELL values will need to be updated as updated LRMC of generation are
published, and this is expected to be done annually.
2.7 Provide details of any comments made by the Regions regarding the implementation of this
document.
Comment: (N/A during commenting phase)


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Annex B
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3 Implementation timeframe
3.1 Time period for implementation of requirements.
Comment: Can be applied immediately via self study. Full application by all network planners will be
dependent on training rollout.
3.2 Deadline for changeover to new item and personnel to be informed of DX wide change-over.
Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
4 Buyers Guide and Power Office

4.1 Does the Buyers Guide or Buyers List need updating?
4.2 What Buyers Guides or items have been created?

4.3 List all assembly drawing changes that have been revised in conjunction with this document.
4.4 If the implementation of this document requires assessment by CAP, provide details under 5
4.5 Which Power Office packages have been created, modified or removed?
5 CAP / LAP Pre-Qualification Process related impacts

5.1 Is an ad-hoc re-evaluation of all currently accepted suppliers required as a result of
implementation of this document?
Comment: No, is not a new product or change to an existing product.
5.2 If NO, provide motivation for issuing this specification before Acceptance Cycle Expiry date.
5.3 Are ALL suppliers (currently accepted per LAP), aware of the nature of changes contained in
this document?

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Annex B
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5.4 Is implementation of the provisions of this document required during the current supplier
qualification period?
5.5 If Yes to 5.4, what date has been set for all currently accepted suppliers to comply fully?
5.6 If Yes to 5.4, have all currently accepted suppliers been sent a prior formal notification
informing them of Eskoms expectations, including the implementation date deadline?
5.7 Can the changes made, potentially impact upon the purchase price of the material/equipment?
5.8 Material group(s) affected by specification: (Refer to Pre-Qualification invitation schedule for
list of material groups)
6 Training or communication
6.1 State the level of training or communication required to implement this document. (E.g. none,
communiqus, awareness training, practical / on job, module, etc.)
Comment: The guideline is suitable for self study, but training will be included as part of the Dx network
planning training framework that is being driven by the TESCOD Planning Study Committee.
6.2 State designations of personnel that will require training.

Comment: All Dx Network Planners.
6.3 Is the training material available? Identify person responsible for the development of training
material.
Comment: Yes, E-Learning based material is being finalised and will need to be updated with the revisions.
6.4 If applicable, provide details of training that will take place. (E.G. sponsor, costs, trainer,
schedule of training, course material availability, training in erection / use of new equipment,
maintenance training, etc).
Comment: Incorporated into Dx Planning training program.


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Annex B
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6.5 Was Training & Development Section consulted w.r.t training requirements?
Comment: Yes, this is being done as part of the broader Dx Network Planning training framework.
7 Special tools, equipment, software

7.1 What special tools, equipment, software, etc will need to be purchased by the Region to
effectively implement?
Comment: None. The guideline utilises existing tools and simply enhances there application and the
interpretation of results.
7.2 Are there stock numbers available for the new equipment?
7.3 What will be the costs of these special tools, equipment, software?
Comment: None. The guideline utilises existing tools and simply enhances there application and the
interpretation of results.
8 Finances
8.1 What total costs would the Regions be required to incur in implementing this document?
Identify all cost activities associated with implementation, e.g. labour, training, tooling, stock,
obsolescence
Comment: The direct costs will be training costs. Application will enhance network planning. The correct
sizing of lines and cables considering technical load loss costs may result in the utilisation of larger
conductor sizes as compared to historical practices. This will need to be monitored as the guideline is
applied, so that the impact on the Dx capital requirement can be understood.
Impact assessment completed by:
Name: Mobolaji Bello
Designation: Senior Advisor, IARC.


Network Planning Guideline For Lines and Cables

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Network Planning Guideline For Lines and Cables

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