`

2.

15

16

2.1.
.
. .
, .

. . , , .

.

)
2.1 )
, )

. ,
.
, 2.1..

17

, , ,

, , 2.1.

(o ) ( ).
.

, . ,
. , , , 2.2.

2.2

, .
. -
", . "
.

.
. , c 2.3, - : , .

18

2.3
,

2.1.
r,
a
b
E p = m + n
r
r
r = 0,3 nm E = 4 eV.
a b, m = 2 n = 10,
.
:

Ep =

a
b
+
rm rn

(2.1)

19

F =

dE p
dr

m a nb
+ n +1
r m +1
r

r0 = 0,3nm
E p = 4eV , F = 0 , .

a
b
+
= 4 eV = 4 1,6 10-19 J
2
(0,3 nm)
(0,3 nm)10

3 a
10 b
+
=0
3
(0,3 nm) (0,3 nm)11

b
a = 7, 2 1020 J nm 2 ; b = 9, 4 1025 J nm 2
Fmax,
.
d 2Ep
dr

m( m + 1) a n(n + 1) b
+
=0
r m+2
r n+2
1

n (n + 1) b m n
rd =

m (m + 1) a
rd = 0, 352 nm

:
ma nb
F = m +1 + n +1 = 2, 39 109 N
rd
rd
o- .
, " ,
.
, ,
, : , , , , .
.
, 38,9 ( ) 3410 ( ). , . , -

20

.
, ,
. , , ,
,
. ,

(2+),
", (+).
), . Fe, Ni, W, d-
d-, , ,
.
d-
.
. , . ,

. ,
, .
,
. , , .
, ,
. , (), (-)
. .
.
, .
. , ,
.
(, ),
, ,
. ,
, .
, ()
() , .
, , .

21

. .
, , , , . , ( 10-8 ),
( ) . ,
.
.
,
.
, , . . .
.
,

,

. ,
, , 2.4. ,
.
2.4
.

, , .

.
, E ( F dr )r r .
0

2.2.
. . ,
( )

22

.
2.5 2.6.

2.5

ABCABC

2.6

ABAB

.
.
... ,
ABCABC... .

2.7.

ABAB

23

12 (...) (...) 2.7 2.8

(X) () .


X. X

.
( )

, ()
2.9.


2.8
: ) : Fe, Ti V, Cr, Mo

ABCABC
W., ) : Fe, Al, Ni, Cu, Ag
Pt; ) X: Be, Mg, Zn, Ti
Zr
.
.
.
8 12.

2.9

, AFP
,

24

AFP =

n Vatoma
V jedinina elija

(2.2)

n .
() : n = 8 (1/8) = 1 /,
() : n = 8 (1/8) + 1 (1) = 2 /,
() : n = 8 (1/8) + 6
(1/2) = 4 /.
2.2:

(FP)
( ).
:

, 2.10.

a 3 = 4R
a = 4R

3.1, n = 2,
4
2 R3
3
AFP =
= 0,68
(4 R / 3)3

2.10

25

2.3:

, AFP,
- .
:
2.11
:

4R = a 2
a = 4R

n = 4,

4 ( 4 / 3 R 3 )
AFP=
= 0,74
3
4R / 2

2.11.

2.4:
c/a (X )
:
X , 2.12.,
2.12.
, 2.12., LM . 2.13. /.

26

)
2.12. ) , )

2.13 ) , )

c
MH = ; JM = a = 2 R ; cos30 = a / 2 ; JH = a
2
3
JH

a 2 = ( c / 2 ) + a / 3 ; a 2 = c 2 / 4 + a 2 / 3;
2

c
8
=
= 1,633
a
3

2.5:
X .
:
X 2.12

n = 6 (1 6 )rogalj +1 (1)centar

=2

27

V = c a 2 sin 60 = 1,633 2 R (2 R) 2 = 11,31R 3

Va = 2 ( 4 / 3 R 3 ) = 8,38R 3
X
AFP =

8,38 R 3
= 0,74
11,31R 3

( ).
, AFP , m0 = M N A , , N A ,
:

nM
N A V

(2.3)

: - , n - , M -
, N A - , V - .

2.6:

0.2866 nm. 55.847 g/mol
:
.(2.3)

nM
2 55,847 g mol1 103 kg g 1
=
= 7,882 103 kg m -3
N A V 6,022 1023 mol1 ( 2,866 1010 m )3

.
. 2.14. .

28

2.15.
,
2.16.

2.14

2.15

2.16

29

G = H TS
.

dG

= S
dT p
( )


Cp
d 2G
dS
=
=
2
dT
T
dT p
2.7:
Fe Fe .
0,2863 nm 0,3591 nm.
:
:

VZCK = a 0 3 = (0,2863 nm )3 = 23,467 10 3 nm 3

VPCK = a0 3 = (0,3591 nm )3 = 46,307 10 3 nm 3
-Fe -Fe
Fe, . -Fe Fe -Fe
:
V =

2 23, 467 103 nm3 46,307 103 nm3

100 % = -1, 34%
2 23, 467 103 nm3

2.3
, . . -

30

, .

()

()
()
2.14 )
, )
)

( )
. ,
.

, , : ) , ) , ) ) ,
), ) ). , 2.14.
, . .
, ,

31

.
.
.
( )
.
. . , a, b c, 2.14. a, b c .
, b c , , 2.14. 14 , 2.15,
7 , 2.1
2.1

= = = 90
a=b=c
= = = 90
a=bc
= = 90
a=b=c
= = 90 = 120
a=bc
= = = 90
abc
= = 90
abc
90
abc

,
, ,
.
.
,

.
.
,
. .
. :

32

x y z
+ + =1
a b c

2.15

, b, c x, y, z . , , . , b c
,
( ). .

h=

1
a

k=

1
b

l=

1
c

33

, b c , x, y z
: hx + ky + lz = 1 . (
, h,k l (hkl) . , x
(100) , 2.16.
. , , .
x ; , (100)

2.16

; (330), (220) (110) (110) ,
. , . " ". (100), (010) (001) .
.
: {100} (100), (010), (001),
(100), (010) (001) .

34

2.8:
A, B C 2.17

2.17

A, B C

:
) = 1, y = 1, z = 1; ) 1/x = 1, 1/y = 1,1 /z = 1; ) ; ) (111)
:
) z- x = 1, y = 2 z = ; ) 1/x = 1, 1/y = 1/2, 1/z = 0;
) : 1/x = 2, 1/y = 1, 1/z = 0 ) (210)
:
)
0,0,0. , y-; ) x = , y = -1 z =
) 1/x = 0, 1/y = 1, 1/z = 0; ) ; ) (010)

.
. , ,
, ,
[111] "111" ,
. [110] .
110 110 , 101 , 011 .
, ,
. .
.
:
() ;
() ;

35

() ;
() [ ].
.

2.9:
A, B i C 2.18.
:
:
() (1,0,0) (0,0,0);
() 1,0,0 0,0,0 = 1,0,0;
() ; () [100].
C:
() 0,0,1 1/ 2 ,1,0;
() 0,0,1 1/ 2 ,1,0 = 1/ 2 ,1,1
() :
- 2( 1/ 2 ,1,1) = 1,2, 2; () 12 2 .

:
() 1,1,1 0,0,0;
() 1,1,1 0,0,0 = 1,1,1;
() ; () [111].

2.18

A, B C

,

. (hkl) [uvw] :
1) [uvw] (hkl) u = h, v = k w = l.
, [111] (111).
2) [uvw] (hkl), .
hu + kv + lw = 0 .
3) (h1k1l1) (h2k2l2)
h1h2 + k1k2 + l1l2 = 0 .

4) (u1v1w1) (u2v2w2)
u1u2 + v1v2 + w1 w2 = 0 .
5) (h1k1l1) (h2k2l2)

36

cos =

(h

2
1

h1h2 + k1k2 + l1l2

+ k + l12 )
2
1

1/ 2

(h

2
2

+ k22 + l22 )

1/ 2

(2.4)

2.10:

[110] [111] . (
).
:
[110] [111] (2.4)
u1u2 + v1v2 + w1w2
= arccos
2
u1 + v12 + w12 u22 + v22 + w22

= arccos

1 1 + 1 1 + 1 0
12 + 12 + 12 12 + 12 + 02

2.19

= arccos

2
3 2

= arccos 0,816 = 35, 3

- . ,
,
. - . , .
2.19 , :
,
120.
- h, k,
i, l, (hkil).
a1, a2, a3 c .

.

,
.
h + k = i .

2.11:
- A B C D
2.20.

37

:
:

() a1 = a2 = a3 =

c = 1 ; ()

1
1
1
=
= =0
a1 a2 a3

1
=1 ;
c

() ; () (0001).
:
() a1 = 1 a2 = 1 a3 =
()

1
2

c =1;

1
1
1
1
=1
=1
= 2
= 1;
a1
a2
a3
c
-

() h + k = i ; () (1121) .
:
() (0,0,1) (1,0,0); () 0,0,1 1,0,0 = 1,0,1;
() [1011]
() h + k = i
D:
() (0,1,0) (1,0,0); () 0,1,0 1,0,0 = 1,1,0;

2.20

() i = (1+1) = 0 () [1100]
- ,
. h + k = i
.
, 2.21.

2.21

38

2.12:
[111] () ()
. RW = 0,137 nm RAl = 0,143 nm.
:

() . [1 1 1].
, .

r = 2RW = 2 0,137 nm = 0,274 nm

l =

1
= 3,65 atoma / nm
0, 274 nm

() a [1 1 1] .
r = 3a = 3

l =

4
2

RAl = 3

4
2

0,143 nm = 0,701 nm

1
= 1,43 atoma nm
0,701 nm

2.13:
(111)
: ) ) . RW = 0,137 nm a RAl = 0,143 nm.
:

() (111)
, 2.22.

2.22

(111)

a=

4 RW
3

4
3

0,137 nm = 0,316 nm

b = 2 a = 2 0,316 nm = 0, 447 nm

39

(1 1 1)
1
1
3
3 2
3
A = bh = b
b =
b =
(0, 447 nm) 2 = 0,0867 nm 2
2
2
2
4
4
(111) 1/6 ,
A1 =

3 1/ 6 atoma
atoma
= 5,77
0,0867 nm 2
nm 2

() (111) , 2.23.

a=

4 RAl
2

4
0,143 nm=0,404 nm
2

2.23
(111)

b = a 2 = 2 0, 404 nm=0,572 nm
(111)
A=

1
1
3
b h = 0,572 nm
0,572 nm=0,142 nm 2
2
2
2

(111) 3 1/6
,
A1 =

3 1/ 6 + 3 1/ 2 atoma
= 14,1 atoma/nm 2
0,142 nm 2

.
, d. , . .
0
(hkl) :

d hkl =

a0
h + k2 + l2
2

(2.5)

40

2.14:

(111)
0,40786 nm.
:
. 2.6

d111 =

0, 40786 nm
12 + 12 + 12

= 0, 2355 nm

- .
, d,
. d
, .

2.24 - : )
, ) )

,
, 2.24..
d, ,
2.24.. ( 1, 2.24. )
, , ( 2)

41

, 2 d 1
MPN. s = MP + NP,
d, 2d 2s . . n. = s, n- , ,
- s- , . , 2.24
s = 2d sin

n = 2 d sin

(2.6)

.(2.6) .
, ,
, d .

2.25 ) , ) X-

, d, ,
, 2.25.
2.15:

-
= 0.07107 nm ( ) , 2, :

42

1
2
3
4

20,20
28,72
35,36
41,47

5
6
7
8

46,19
50,90
55,28
59,42

,
.
:
sin 2 0.0308

sin 2

20,20

0,0308

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

28,72
35,36
41,47
46,19
50,90
55,28
59,42

0,0615
0,0922
0,1230
0,1539
0,1847
0,2152
0,2456

h2 + k 2 + l 2

( hkl )

(110)

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

4
6
8
10
12
14
16

(200)
(211)
(220)
(310)
(222)
(321)
(400)

sin 2

0, 0308

2 . , 8 . 2 = 59,42
= 29,71
d 400 =

2 sin

0, 07107 nm
= 0, 071699 nm
2 sin 29, 71

a0 = d( 400) h 2 + k 2 + l 2 = 0, 071699 nm 42 + 0 + 0 = 0, 2868 nm

.

43

:
1.1.

0,143 nm 20 C.
.
[0,330 nm]

1.2.

0,125 nm 20 C.
.
[0,289 nm]

1.3.

K 0,316 nm.
.
[0,137 nm]

1.4.

0,304 nm.
.
[0,132 nm]

1.5.

0,352 nm.
.
[0,125 nm]

1.6.

0,495 nm.
.
[0,175 nm]

1.7.

aa a ao aj o 0,128 nm .
.
[0,362 nm]

1.8.

0,143 nm .
.
[0,405 nm]

1.9.

= 0,3209 nm
c = 0,5209 nm. .
[0,139 nm3]

1.10. 0,149 nm .
0,74.
[0,112 nm3]
1.11. 0,3615 nm.
1, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2.
(0,4427 nm)
1.12. Na, K, Cu Ag 0,424 nm, 0,462 nm,
0,361 nm i 0,408 nm. Na K Cu g

44

.
.
[0,183 nm, 0,195 nm; 0,127 nm 0,144 nm]
1.13. (0,0,0), (0,1,0) (1/2, 1, 1/2)
[( 1 01) (10 1 )]
1.14. 1/2, 1/2, 0
1/2, 3/2, 1/2.
[[021]]
1.15. 2.26.

2.26
(A: [ 1 10]; C: [1 2 1]; E: [ 1 0 2 ]; G: [6 1 6])
1.16. 2.27.

2.27
1.17. (211) 0, 2, 0.
[x = 1, y = 2, c = 2]

45

1.18. a) z, x 0,5 y 1.
) x 2, 2/3 z 3/2.
[a) (210); ) ( 3 94)]
1.19. [221] (111) .
[]
1.20. [111] [1 1 1].
[70,5]
1.21. : ) [110] [111]; )
[001] [112].
[ a / a 2 = 0,71 ; ) a 2 / 2a = 0,71 ]
1.22. a) (110) (111)
.
) [110] [123]
.
[a) 3520` ) 5530`]
1.23. ) [210] (210) .
) [201] (201) .
[) ; ) ]
1.24. e
1 = 1, 2 = 1 c = 0,5.
[11 2 2]
1.25. : ) [100] Cu
0,361 nm ) [100] Fe 0,286 nm.
[a) 2,77 106 Cu/mm; b) 3,50 106 Fe/mm]
1.26. Cu
0,361 nm: a) [100]; ) [110] ) [111].
[) 2,77 106 /mm; ) 3,91 106 /mm; ) 1,6 106 /mm]
1.27. Fe
0,287 nm: a) [100], ) [110] ) [111]
[) 3,48 106 /mm; ) 2,47 106 /mm; ) 4,02 107 /mm]
1.28. Al
0,405 nm: a) (100); b) (110) ) (111).
[) 1,22 1013 /mm2; ) 8,62 1012 /mm2; ) 1,41 1013 /mm2]
1.29. Fe
0,287 nm: a) (100); ) (110) ) (111).
[) 1,21 1013 /mm2; ) 1,72 1013 /mm2 ) 7 1012 /mm2]
1.30. Pb : ) (100) ) (111).
Pb 0,175 nm.
[a) 8,2 1012 /mm2; ) 9,4 1012 /mm2]

46

1.31. (102)
. 0,1249 nm.
[5,4 1012 /mm2]
1.32. 0,352 nm
58,71 g mol1.
[8,94 Mg m3]
1.33.
0,287 nm 7,87 Mg m3. .
[55,9 g mol1]
1.34. a a ooj a 4510 kg m3.
Ti Ti c/a = 1,58.
47,9 g mol1.
[1,058 1028m3; a = 0,296 nm; c = 0,468 n]
1.35. ,
0,145 nm. : ) Ti )
Ti.
[a) 0,335 nm; b) 4240 kg m3]
1.36. 5960 kg
m3. 50,9 g mol1.
[0,132 nm]
1.37.
22400 kg m3. 192,2 gmol1.
[0,136 nm]
1.38. 0,636.
Ni 0,2492 nm 58,71 g mol1.
[7,65 Mg m3]
1.39. . Ti
Ti 2 %.
.
[2,5 . %]