UMTS Introduction 1

UMTS/UTRAN Introduction
Training Manuel
3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1
September 2005
Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1
Page 1
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Standardization
1.3 UMTS Goals
1.4 UMTS Technical Overview
2 Services Provided
2.1 UMTS Services Principles
2.1 UMTS Bearer Services
2.3 Tele-Services
2.4 UMTS Terminals
3 UTRAN System Description
3.1 Logical Architecture
3.2 Network Protocols
3.3 Radio Channels
3.4 Radio Protocols
4 WCDMA for UMTS
4.1 Context
4.2 Analogy
4.3 Spread spectrum modulation
4.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
4.5 Soft handover
4.6 Rake receiver
4.7 Power control
4.8 Capacity, Coverage & Quality
5 UTRAN Scenario
5.1 Radio Channels Mapping
5.2 Service Request
5.3 RAB Establishment
5.4 Mobility Management in Connected Mode
Page 2
Objectives
Contract number :
Course title :
Client (Company, centre) :
Language :
dates from :
Number of trainees :
Location :
to :
Surname, First name :
Did you meet the following objectives ?

Tick the corresponding box
Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training
Instructional objectives
Yes (or
Globally
yes)
No (or
globally
no)
Comments
Describe mobile system standards evolution
2 Describe UMTS services , new capacity

figures and service architecture
3 Draw the UTRAN architecture with the protocol

stack (radio & network) of each Network Element
and to define the channels used by these protocols
Define a Radio Resource in 3G.
5
Build the map of the channels (logical,
transport, physical) from a white paper
Page 3
1. INTRODUCTION
Page 4
Introduction
Content
> Objective: to be able to describe mobile system standards
evolution
> Program:
Context
Standardization
UMTS Goals
UMTS Technical Overview
3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 5
Page 5
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Context
Page 6
CONTEXT
Definition
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunication
System
UMTS is one of the major new third generation mobile
communications systems being developed within the
framework which has been defined by the ITU and known as
IMT-2000
UMTS Forum
Will explain 3rd generation-->1.1 Historical

Will explain IMT-2000 defined by ITU-->1.2 Standardization
The UMTS Forum is an international and independent body, uniquely committed
through the building of cross-industry consensus to the successful introduction and
development of UMTS/IMT-2000 third generation mobile communications systems
www.umts-forum.org
Page 7
CONTEXT
Past mobile systems (1)
First Generation (1G)
In the early 80s, analog systems
e.g Radiocom 2000, C-Netz
Service:
speech
Limitations of 1G:
poor spectrum efficiency
expensive and heavy user equipment
mobility only in a small area
no security of communications
Page 8
CONTEXT
Past mobile systems (2)
Second Generation (2G)
In the early 90s, digital systems
Europe : GSM
US
: IS-95 (also called cdmaOne), IS-136 (TDMA system)
Japan : PDC
Services: Speech and low data rate
Limitations of 2G:
Congestion
more than 300 million wireless subscribers worldwide -->need to increase system
capacity
Limited mobility around the world -->need for a global standardisation
Limited offer of services
more than 200 million internet users--> Need for new multimedia services and
applications (video telephony, e-commerce...)
Congestion
more than 300 million wireless subscribers worldwide -->booming market ->congestion of 2G (Japan case )-->need to increase system capacity
Limited mobility around the world
great amount of 2G systems not compatible with each other-->need for a global
standardisation
Limited offer of services
more than 200 million internet users communications are not limited to speech
anymore 2G are too limited to offer data services (low bit rate, circuit switching)
Need for new multimedia services and applications (video telephony, ecommerce...)
Page 9
CONTEXT
Technical solutions
Two types of solutions were possible :
enhancement of 2G system --> 2,5G
low cost but short term
e.g.: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE for GSM evolution
design of a complete new standard --> 3G
high cost, long term, but great amount of new potential services
e.g: UMTS
Page 10
CONTEXT
GSM evolution (1)
HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data)
Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time
slots on a circuit-switched basis.
Performance: up to 115,2 kbps
Already implemented but not all operators/manufacturers have made this
choice.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time
slots on a packet-switched basis (the allocation of time slots is performed
dynamically at the initialisation and during the connection)
Performance: up to 171,2 kbps
1999/2000 : deployment phase
2002 : service offers for most operators
Note: Alcatel will skip HSCSD!
Page 11
CONTEXT
GSM evolution (2)
EDGE (Enhancement Data rates for GSM evolution)
Principle: new modulation scheme (8PSK instead of GMSK)
Performance: up to 384 kbps
Implementation is yet to come (foreseen for 2003)
EDGE might be a good alternative to 3G systems in certain areas or for
operators who do not have 3G licences, although the 3G brings more in
terms of new multimedia services.
EDGE mainly concerns the modulation scheme on the GSM timeslots. The
modulation technique that GSM uses is called Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
(GMSK). With GMSK, one bit per symbol can be transmitted (21=2 phase states).
EDGE will extend these boundaries by applying a new alternative modulation
technique, that is 8 Phase Shift Keying. 8PSK provides for the transmission of 3 bits
per symbol (23 phase states) , that is three times the transmission rate of GMSK.
Page 12
CONTEXT
Lets take some examples!
> Downloading a map (50
KBytes)
> A 2 1/2 minutes MP3 music

file
(2.4 MBytes)
GSM 42 s
GPRS 8 s
EDGE 3 s
UMTS 0.2 s
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
34 mn
7 mn
128 s
10 s
> Downloading a Word document > Audio and Video

(500 KBytes)
streaming
GSM 7 mn
GPRS 82 s
EDGE 27 s
UMTS
2s
Streaming with all

technologies
except with GSM
In these examples, the useful rate is supposed to be :

9.6 Kbps for GSM
50 Kbps for GPRS
150 Kbps for EDGE
2 Mbps for UMTS
same examples with different rates for GPRS :
Downloading a Map: 13 s with GPRS CS-2 and 3 Time Slots (~30Kbps)
Downloading a Word Document: 135 s with GPRS CS-2 and 3 Time Slots
Page 13
1. INTRODUCTION
1.2 Standardization
Page 14
STANDARDIZATION
IMT-2000: definition
IMT-2000 is a framework for third generation mobile systems (3G) which is
scheduled to start service worldwide around the year 2000 subject to
market considerations.
IMT-2000 should use the frequencies around 2 GHz all over the world.
IMT-2000 is defined by a set of interdependent ITU Recommendations*.
IMT-2000 main requirements are :
- wide range of high quality services
- capability for multimedia applications
- worldwide roaming capability
- compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks
*A recommendation is not a specification.

IMT-2000: International Mobile Telecommunications-2000
ITU:International Telecommunication Union (www.itu.int)
Problem:
2GHz is already used by 2G systems in US : shall the frequency carriers of 2G be
reframed? Isnt EDGE the most suitable technology for 3G systems?
Page 15
STANDARDIZATION
IMT-2000: main participants
Europe: ETSI
Japan: ARIB
USA: TIA, T1
South Korea: TTA
China: CWTS
ITU: International
Telecommunication Union
ITU is an international organisation composed of members of governments all over

the world.
ETSI, ARIB, TIA are regional standardization bodies composed of companies such
as manufacturers and operators.
IMT-2000 is a result of the collaboration between the ITU and several regional
standardization bodies, which are located mainly in Europe, in Japan and in the US
In the first phase of 3rd generation standardization, each region carried out its own
standardization process to meet the IMT-2000 requirements but also to take into
account its own 2nd generation mobile systems.
As similar technologies were being standardized in several regions around the world,
initiatives were made to create a single forum for WCDMA standardization for a
common WCDMA specification, e.g 3GPP (Third Generation Project Partnership),
3GPP2
Each Consortium has proposed one or more Radio Interfaces for IMT-2000, which
have been approved for ITU. UMTS contains the two interfaces standardized by
3GPP: IMT-DS and IMT-TC.
Page 16
STANDARDIZATION
IMT-2000: Terrestrial Radio Interfaces
IMT-TC (Time Code)
TD-CDMA
UMTS TDD
IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)

CDMA2000
FDD MC
IMT-SC (Single Carrier)

TDMA Single Carrier
UWC-136
EDGE/ERAN
IMT-FT (Frequency Time)
TDMA Multi-Carrier
DECT
IMT-DS (Direct Spread)

W-CDMA
UMTS FDD
Radio/Network
Connection
Evolved GSM
Core Network
Evolved IS-41
Core Network
Which radio technologies belong to UMTS?

UMTS contains the two interfaces standardized by 3GPP: IMT-DS also called UMTS
FDD and IMT-TC also called UMTS TDD. UMTS core network is the evolved GSM
network.
Different regions of the world will adopt different radio interface technologies
according to the existing 2G system.
The connection of these different radio technologies to different core networks will
require cooperation between the current standardization bodies. UMTS Release 99
does not contain these options.
ERAN: EDGE Radio Access Network
Page 17
STANDARDIZATION
2G Terrestrial Radio Interfaces
China :
GSM
(87%)
US & Canada :
(13%)
GSM
GSM
(12%)
CDMA
Western Europe:
(100%)
CDMA
(49%)
TDMA
Japan:
(39%)
PDC
(64%)
CDMA
(36%)
Rest of the World :
GSM
(41%)
CDMA
(35%)
TDMA
1999 Market Share:

GSM
48 %
CDMA
28 %
TDMA
15 %
PDC
9%
(24%)
Note: CDMA in yellow is cdmaOne (IS-95)

Market share between digital systems
GSM = 48%
CDMA = 28%
TDMA = 15%
PDC = 9%
Western Europe:
GSM = 100%
US & Canada: GSM = 12%
CDMA = 49% TDMA = 39%
China:
GSM = 87%
Japan:
CDMA = 36% PDC = 64%
CDMA = 13%
RoW:
GSM = 41%
CDMA = 35% TDMA= 24%
For information:
1999 total market (including analog systems): 41.8 B$
(US & Canada = 8.9 B$ Western Europe = 8.8 B$ China = 4.8 B$ Japan = 4.6 B$)
Page 18
STANDARDIZATION
3G Terrestrial Radio Interfaces
China :
GSM
(87%)
US & Canada :
EDGE
(13%)
(100%)
CDMA
(49%)
CDMA
2000
CDMA
CDMA
2000
GSM
GSM
(12%)
UMTS
Western Europe:
UMTS
TDMA
Japan:
(39%)
EDGE
PDC
(64%)
UMTS
Rest of the World :
(41%)
CDMA
(35%)
CDMA
2000
UMTS
(36%)
CDMA
2000
GSM
UMTS
CDMA
IMT2000
TDMA
(24%)
EDGE
UMTS
1999 Market Share:

GSM
48 %
UMTS
CDMA
28 %
CDMA
TDMA
15 %
EDGE
2000
PDC
9%
What about Global Roaming?

ITU leads this process of harmonizing, which is necessary for a global terminal
roaming and to offer operators some degree of flexibility in selecting their 3rd
generation technology.
However because of different radio technologies global roaming will continue to
require specific arrangements between operators, such as multi-mode and multi-band
handsets and roaming gateways between the different core networks.
We can also imagine a compatibility of SIM cards instead of multi-mode handsets (ie
using a UMTS SIM card in a CDMA2000 terminal)
In fact, Global Roaming is not the issue :

The challenge is roaming and seamless services across boarders of heterogeneous
private and public, fixed and mobile access networks rather than Global Roaming.
Page 19
STANDARDIZATION
3GPP: Joint Organization for UMTS Standardization
Affiliated organizations:
ETSI (Europe)
ARIB/TTC (Japan)
T1 (USA)
TTA (South Korea)
CWTS (China)
Other members involved: manufacturers and operators
System Specification:
Access Network
WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)
Core Network
Evolved GSM
All-IP
Releases defined for the system specifications:
- Release 99 (called R3 as well)
- Release R4 and R5 (previously known as Release 2000 or R00)
In the following material we will only refer to UMTS R99.

3GPP is a joint organization of standardization bodies of Europe, Japan and US

To meet new market requirements, 3GPP specifications are continually being
enhanced with new features. In order to provide developers with a stable platform for
implementation while at the same time allowing the addition of new features, the
3GPP uses a system of parallel "releases: release 99, release 4, release 5, ...
R99, The first Release of the 3rd generation specifications was essentially a
consolidation of the underlying GSM specifications and the development of the new
radio access network. The foundations were laid for future high-speed traffic transfer
in both circuit switched and packet switched modes.
R99 is based on ATM transmission technology architecture through the RAN towards
CN
Page 20
STANDARDIZATION
3GPP: TSG Organization
Project Co-ordination Group
(PCG)
TSG CN
Core Network
TSG RAN
TSG SA
Radio Access Networks Service and System
TSG T
Terminals
Aspects
TSG GERAN
GSM EDGE
Radio Access Network
CN WG1
Mobility Management,
Call Control,
Session Management
RAN WG1
Radio layer 1
specification
SA WG1
Services
T WG1
Mobile Terminal
Conformance Testing
GERAN WG1
Radio Aspects
CN WG2
CAMEL
RAN WG2
Radio Layer 2 &
Radio Layer 3 RR
specification
SA WG2
Architecture
T WG2
Mobile terminal
services & capabilities
GERAN WG2
Protocol Aspects
CN WG3
Interworking with
External Networks
RAN WG3
Iub, Iur, Iu specification &
UTRAN O&M requirements
SA WG3
Security
T WG3
Smart Card
Application aspects
GERAN WG3
Terminal Testing
CN WG4
MAP/GTP /BCH/SS
RAN WG4
Radio performance &
Protocol aspects
SA WG4
CODEC
CN WG5
OSA
Open Service Access
SA WG5
Telecom Management
3GPP is large organization, which was created in 1998.

Detailed technical work is carried out in 5 Technical Specification Groups (TSG)
divided into subgroups.
Many people are involved: it is estimated that more than one thousand people
contribute in one way or another. This is an unprecedented number of experts
working on the same project.
3GPP has delivered almost stable specifications, accepted by the majority of major
industrial players, in only two years.
Page 21
STANDARDIZATION
3GPP specifications
Series_Id
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Series_description
Requirements
Service Aspects
Technical Realization
Signaling Protocols (UE to network)
UTRA aspects
CODECs
Data
(reserved)
Signaling Protocols (intra-fixed network)
Program management
User Identity Module
O&M
tm
Security Aspects
ecs.h
p
s
/
s
c
e
Test specification
org/sp
.
p
p
g
.3
Security algorithms
//www
http:
For information
NB : the TS 21.101 lists the existing Technical Specifications for the release R 99.
Page 22
STANDARDIZATION
UMTS Roadmap
EDGE
Commercial
introduction
UMTS R99
commercial
System
UMTS R99
Field Trials
GPRS
implementation
2001
2002
UMTS R5
2003
2004
GPRS implementation:
TMN: November 2000: 1st European operator
Telering:
January 2001
UMTS:
field trials starting from end 2001
EDGE
HSDS (High Speed Data Service) is available with Evolium BSS
in B8 release for E-GPRS
Page 23
1. INTRODUCTION
1.3 UMTS Goals
Page 24
UMTS Goals
Why UMTS?
UMTS will be a mobile communication system that offers significant user
benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent
network of fixed, cellular and satellite components.
It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with access to
new and innovative services and applications.
It will offer mobile personalized communications to the mass market
regardless of location, network and terminal used.
UMTS Forum 1997
High quality
Voice (enhancement compared to GSM)
Data (multimedia)
Convergence
Fixed and mobile networks
Data and telecommunication networks (mobile phone and computer
may merge)
Services
New, personalized, ubiquitous (but yet to be invented!)
Depend on the location
countryside and big cities
high bit rate services will be offered when standing close to
the base station
Depend on the terminal
different classes of terminals according to the services the
user will have
Page 25
UMTS Goals
UMTS vision
Zone 4: Global
Satellite
Zone 3: Suburban
Zone 2: Urban
Zone 1: In-Building
Macro-Cell
MSS
GSM
Micro-Cell
Pico-Cell
UTRA/ FDD
UTRA/ TDD
To access services from everywhere in the world,

but radio interfaces should be adapted to the environment
2 Mbps small cells (due to interference level)
144 kbps large cells
Transmission in TDD is discontinuous. This implies a reduced average transmission
power and leads to smaller cells for TDD (pico and micro).
What about UMTS deployment?
UMTS will be compatible with GSM networks (Handover between the two systems
should be applied)
There will be UMTS islands in a sea of GSM (at least at the beginning)
What about the satellite component?
The MSS (Mobile Satellite Service) is also called Satellite Component.
It aims to fill the gap coverage, especially maritime coverage, and to provide global
roaming (niche market of global roamers)
But it cannot penetrate the core of modern buildings.
It is likely to come by 2007.
Page 26
1. INTRODUCTION
1.4 UMTS Technical Overview
Page 27

UMTS general architecture
CS networks
PS networks
(PSTN, ISDN..)
(Internet)
CN
Iu
RAN
Uu
UE
CN
RAN
UE
Core network (CN)

it provides support for the network
features and telecommunication
services. It is connected to external
CS networks or PS networks.
Radio Access network (RAN)
it comprises roughly the functions
specific to the access technique.
3 different RANs are foreseen:
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial RAN)
MSS (Mobile Satellite component)
BRAN (Broadband RAN)
Core Network
User Equipment
User Equipment (UE)

It is the mobile phone.
It is the same well-known architecture as the 2nd generation mobile system, but
Reconfiguration of the AN, or changes in the AN domain functionality shall have
minimal impact on Core Network functions, and vice-versa.
A given Access Network (e.g., the UTRAN) may provide access to different type of
Core Networks via the Iu reference point and vice versa (UTRAN, BRAN, Satellite)
Thats why we speak about Iu reference point, not about Iu interface (an interface
differs from a reference point in that an interface is defined where specific information
is exchanged and needs to be fully recognised)
In the following material we will not speak about MSS and BRAN, only about
UTRAN.
Page 28

UMTS Cellular System
UMTS consists of a set of hierarchical cells, but the multiple access
technique is completely different from GSM.
GSM
Users are separated in frequency
(FDMA) and in time (TDMA)
UMTS
Users are separated with codes
(CDMA)
Page 29

UMTS duplex modes
5 MHz channel
FDD mode
f1
Uplink
Code and Frequency

orthogonality
f2
Downlink
5 MHz channel
TDD mode
Code and Time
orthogonality
...
Uplink & Downlink
...
15TS
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex): use of DS-CDMA (or W-CDMA)

Frequency Bands
1920/1980 MHz (UL) / 2110/2170 MHz (DL): Region 1
Channel Spacing
5 MHz
Channel Raster
200 kHz
Carrier chip rate
3.84 Mchip/s
Radio Frame length
10 ms with 15 TS
FEC codes
Convolutional codes, Turbo-codes
Modulation
QPSK
Bearer Capability
up to 2 Mbps
Inter RNS synchro
not needed
TDD (Time Division Duplex): use of TD-CDMA

Frequency Band
1900/1920 MHz and 2010/2025 MHz (UL&DL)
Idem FDD
Inter RNS synchro
needed
The variable rates are achieved by the used of codes (& multi-slot allocation for the
specific case of TDD)
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) shall provides a continuous 3G coverage.
TDD (Time Division Duplex) mode provides specific solutions for asymmetric traffic
and dedicated indoor systems, in line with the market requirements
In the following material we will focus on UMTS FDD

Note : FEC = Forward Error Correction
Page 30

UMTS Frequency allocations
2110
2170
FDD
1900
1920
TDD
2200
MSS
1980
FDD
2010
2025
TDD
MSS
Uplink
Downlink
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

TDD: Time Division Duplex
MSS: Mobile Satellite System
The FDD band is split into 6 licenses in Germany, into 4 in France.

MSS not allocated yet.
No band guards between operators and between TDD and FDD:
it may cause problems!
Need for cooperation between operators
Page 31
INTRODUCTION
QUIZ! (1)
Mark the following answers to the questions A to E by True or False.
A. What are the limits of 2G systems like GSM?
1/ No security of communications
2/ No dynamical allocation of radio resources
3/ Mobility only in a small area
4/ Heavy mobile phones
5/ Limited offer of data services
B. EDGE...
1/ is an evolution of GSM
2/ is sometimes considered as a 3G system
3/ is based on a new modulation scheme
4/ is supposed to reach a bit rate about 40 times greater than the GSM one
Page 32
INTRODUCTION
QUIZ! (2)
C. Which of these radio interfaces belongs to IMT-2000?
1/ CDMA One
2/ UMTS FDD
3/ UMTS TDD
4/ CDMA 2000
5/ EDGE
D. What is the organisation responsible for UMTS standardization?

1/ 3GPP
2/ 3GPP2
3/ ETSI
4/ ARIB
5/ CWTS
E. What is the bandwidth of a CDMA carrier in UMTS?

1/
200 kHz
2/
1 MHz
3/
5 MHz
F. Are the following statements about UTMS duplex modes True or False?
1/ FDD is similar to the GSM duplex mode
2/ TDD use the same frequencies as FDD
3/ FDD is better suited for asymmetric traffic
4/ TDD will come later
Page 33
2. Service Provided
Page 34
Services Provided
Content
> Objective: to be able to describe UMTS services , new capacity
figures and service architecture
> Program:
UMTS services principles
UMTS Bearer services
Tele-services
UMTS Terminals
Page 35
2. Service Provided
2.1 UMTS Services Principles
Page 36
UMTS Service Principles

What is a service?
CN
Node
UTRAN
TE/MT
E.g speech,
file transfer,
emails...
CN
Gateway
Teleservice
External Bearer
Service
UMTS Bearer Service
E.g data
transfer at
9,6 kbps, in
transparent
mode,
with turbocode
...
TE
Radio Access Bearer Service

(RAB)
Radio Bearer
Service
...
Iu Bearer
Service
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone
Bearer Service
...
Physical
Radio Physical
Bearer Service
Bearer Service
Uu
Iu
Basic telecommunication services are divided in two broad categories:

- bearer services: provide the capability of transmission of signals between access
points. They are related to lower layers.
- tele-services: provide the complete capability, including terminal equipment
functions, for communication between users. They are related to higher layers.
Examples:
- Bearer services: transmission at 9,6 kbps with a max BER of 10-3. This service can
not be used alone, it needs protocols of upper layers to be controlled and relayed.
-Tele-services: file transfer (the bit rate transfer depends not only on the bearer
service but also on the application)
See 3GPP23.107
Page 37
UMTS Services Principles

Tele-services and Bearer services
Teleservices
Speech, emergency calls
Instinctive service
SMS
Email
Internet Access
Basic services
Mobile e-commerce
Video Postcards
Information and location
based services
New applications
Enhanced services
New services to be provided

by service providers (third party)

Large toolkit for all kinds of services
Whereas 2G mobile systems offer mainly speech services (the content is provided by
the user), UMTS has to support a wide range of applications with different quality of
services.
New Services: we can also imagine that the customer himself will be able to create its
own new services (easy access ways to create services)
UMTS bearer services shall provide the necessary capabilities to support multimedia
services and to enable the user of a single terminal to establish and maintain several
connections simultaneously.
3GPP shall standardise service capabilities (bearer services) and not the services
(teleservices) themselves.
Page 38

Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
The Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is an important portability concept of
the 3G mobile systems.
it enables end users to bring with them their Personal Service
Environment (PSE) whilst roaming between networks,
and also being independent of terminal used.
"same look and feel" wherever you are
The PSE is defined in terms of one or more User Profiles (list of

subscriptions, associated preferences, terminal interface preferences, )
The VHE is defined as a system concept for personalized service portability across
network boundaries and between terminals.
The exact configuration available to the user at any instant will be dependent upon
the capabilities of the USIM, terminal equipment and network currently being used, on
behalf of subscription restrictions.
The VHE can be considered as a distributed user profile, owned by the service
provider, distributed at any moment between the terminal equipment, the USIM, the
network operator and the service provider.
A user can reasonably expect the service to be the same in any network (home and
visited). In fact this is not likely to be the case:
- emergency numbers change from one country to another
- announcements are preferably made in the local language
- value-added services, such as traffic news, are not localized, but refer back to the
home area
The VHE is the framework for configuring the state of the terminal and the services
accessible to it.
The Personal Service Environment describes how the user wishes to manage and
interact with its communications services. The PSE is a combination of a list of
subscriptions (detailing provisioned services), preferences associated with those
services, terminal interface preferences and other information related to the user's
experience of the system. Within the PSE the user can manage multiple subscriptions
e.g. both business and personal, multiple terminal types and express location and
temporal preferences. The Personal Service Environment is defined in terms of one
or more User Profiles.
See 3GPP 22.121
Page 40

Service Architecture
Service Layer
Tele-services
(terminal equipment functions,
Operator transmission capabilities)
Standardized
interfaces
Service Capability Features
Service Capability Servers
GSM/GPRS/UMTS
Bearer Services
CAMEL
MExE
SAT
Network Layer
Fixed
VHE concept is based on the standard mechanisms of Service Capability

Servers which allow Service Capability Features. The latter are carried
through standard interfaces in order to support Tele-services adapted to the
Service Capabilities of the network and user equipment.
VHE defines Service Capability Servers and standardises the features.

Services capabilities:
Service capabilities are based on functionality and mechanisms /toolkits such as
provided by SAT, MExE, IN and CAMEL. These service capabilities can be made
visible to the applications through an application interface.
Service Capability Servers:
GSM/GPRS/UMTS bearer services: they offer mechanisms for applications to
access basic bearer capabilities.
MExE (Mobile Execution Environment) servers: Value added services are offered
through a client/server relationship between the MExE server in the network and the
Mobile Execution Environment (e.g. Java Virtual Machine or WAP browser) in the
terminal (TS 22.057)
SAT (SIM Application Toolkit) servers: mechanisms that offer additional capabilities
to the communication protocol between smart card and mobile station (TS 22.004)
CAMEL (Customised Application for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic) servers:
CAMEL extends the scope of IN services provisioned to the mobile environment (TS
23.078)
Service Capability Features
Functionality offered by service capabilities that are accessible via the standardised
application interface. Examples: Call Control, Location/Positioning, PLMN Information
& Notifications
Bearer Services:
The service characteristics as they apply at a given reference point where the user
accesses the bearer service.
Page 41

Lets Look for the nearest restaurant
Choose your preferences:
- type of restaurant: French
- type of payment: credit card
...
Restaurant Paul Bocuse
69660 Collonges-au-Mont-d'or
This service is built from the following service capability features:

call set-up & authorisation (CAMEL for services in roaming after
authentication phase with SAT),
Map display on the phone : SAT and MExE
Call the restaurant by Push Service : MExE
Reservation with VISA card number : secured transaction with MExE
Billing of the service : CAMEL
Other examples of (tele)services built from service capabilities features:
Call Barring : to prevent outgoing calls to certain sets of destinations, based on the
number dialled and on a wider range of parameters (time of day, day of week,
location, roaming, type of call requested, cost of the service and/or destination).
Call Filtering/Forwarding: this service allows the control of whether incoming calls
are accepted, forwarded or terminated
Hold: this service allows an established call to be maintained, whilst suspending use
of the bearer from the incoming access point of the network. This saves on both air
interface and network traffic resources when a call is temporarily suspended.
Transfer: this service allows either an established or held call to be redirected to
another destination.
Call-back When Free: this service allows to be informed when the destination is next
able to accept the call, allowing a new call to be originated.
See 3GPP 22.105 (Annex A)
Page 42
2. Service Provided
2.2 UMTS Bearer Services
Page 43
UMTS BEARER SERVICES

Bearer Services Characterization
Bearer services are characterized by a set of end-to-end characteristics
with requirements on QoS, always considered point-to-point.
Bearer services provide the capability for information transfer between
access points and involve only low layer functions.
Each bearer service is characterized by its requirements:
transfer information: connection oriented or connectionless, traffic
type (guaranteed/constant bit rate, non guaranteed/variable), traffic
characteristics (uni-directional, bi-directional, multicast), priority
quality characteristics: maximum transfer delay, delay variation, bit
error ratio, data rate.
This set of requirements are called QoS parameters.
Example : several active radio bearer services can be handled
simultaneously by the same terminal equipment.
See 3GPP TS 22.105

QoS: Quality of Service
PS and CS domains provide a specific set of bearer capabilities.
Page 44

Bearer QoS Requirements
negotiable: QoS offer on demand
provide a wide range of QoS levels
dynamic behaviour: It shall be possible to negotiate (re-negotiate) the
characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment
(during an on going session or connection).
support of asymmetric nature between uplink and downlink
supply of bearer services without wasting resources on the radio and
network interfaces.
Page 45

Bearer Supported Bit Rates
The only limiting factor for satisfying application requirements shall be the
cumulative bit rate per mobile termination at a given instant in each radio
environment:
At least 144 kbps in rural outdoor radio environment (with a
maximum speed of 500 km/h)
At least 384 kbps in urban or suburban outdoor radio
environments (with a maximum speed of 120 km/h)
At least 2048 kbps in indoor or low range outdoor radio environment (with
a maximum speed of 10 km/h)
Theses performances decrease:
- when the speed of the user increases
- when the load of the network increases
The bit rate target have been specified according to the Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN):
- the 144 Kbps data rate provides the ISDN 2B+D channel
- the 384 Kbps provides the ISDN H0 Channel
- the 1920 Kbps provides the ISDN H12 Channel
(even though 2Mbps is generally used as the upper limit for IMT-2000 services, the
exact service is specified to be 1.92 or 2.048 Mbps)
Several backward compatibility requirements influence the technology applied to 3G
systems.
See 3GPP TS 22.105
Page 46
2. Service Provided
2.3 Tele-services
Page 47
TELESERVICES
Typology
Media
Always-on
Fun
Directories
Mobile Office
Voice (!)
E-mail
Agenda
IntraNet/InterNet
Corporate Applications
Database Access
Yellow/White Pages
International Directories
Operator Services
Games (Hangman, Poker, Quiz, )

Screen Saver
Ring Tone
Horoscope
Biorhythm
Music
Downloading of
music files or
video clips
Transportation
Flight/train Schedule
reservation
News
(general/specific)
Vertical
application
Traffic Management
Automation
Mobile branches
Health
International/National News
Local News
Sport News
Weather
Lottery Results
Finance News
Stock Quotes
Exchange Rates
Location services
Traffic Conditions
Itineraries
Nearest Restaurant,
Cinema, Chemist,
Parking;, ATM ...
M-commerce
Non physical
on-line Banking
Ticketing
Auction
Gambling
Best Price
e-Book
Physical
on-line shopping
on-line food
Teleservices provide the full capabilities for communications by means of terminal

equipment, network functions and possibly functions provided by dedicated centres.
Multimedia teleservices support the transfer of several types of information.
M-commerce :
Non-physical = electronic goods (e-banking, e-flight ticketing, ...)
Physical = electronic payment of physical goods (food, supplies, hardware, ...)
Page 48
TELESERVICES
QoS classes
> 4 classes have been identified:
conversational
AMR speech service

Video telephony
CS:
PS:
Delay
sensitive
streaming
interactive
H324
H323
Web-browsing
location based services
Data
Integrity
sensitive
background
e-mail delivery
SMS ...
Conversational (real time user to user)

Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech service (see Appendix for more details):
a multi-rate speech coder is used with 8 source rates: 12.2 (GSM-EFR), 10.2,
7.95, 7.40 (IS-41), 6.70 (PDC-EFR), 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75 Kbps.
The AMR bit rates are controlled by the radio access network and do not
depend on the voice activity. The AMR coder is able to switch its bit rate
every 20ms.
Video telephony (H324, H323, IETF multimedia architecture)
H324 (originally specified for PSTN) should be used for video in CS
connections
H323 and IETF architecture (IETF SIP Session Initiation Protocol)
are candidates for PS connections.
Streaming (real time user to server)
the data transfer has to be processed as a continuous stream. With
streaming the browser can start displaying the data before the entire file has
been transmitted These applications are typically unidirectional.
Interactive (non real time user to server with delay requirements)
Web browsing
location based services
computer games (sometimes classified as conversational class due to endto end delay)
Background (non real time user to server with fewer delay requirements, from a few
seconds to a few minutes):
e-mail delivery
Short Message Service (SMS)
Real-time services have higher priority than non-real time services.
See 3GPP 23.107
Page 49
TELESERVICES
Performance
QoS of teleservices depends not only on UMTS network, but also on
applications, terminals and external networks.
From a users perspective it is more relevant to speak of delay rather than
bit rate:
Error
tolerant
Conversational Streaming audio Voice messaging

and video
voice and video
Error
Telnet,
intolerant interactive games
Conversational
delay <<1 sec
FTP, still image, E-commerce,

WWW browsing
paging
Streaming
delay<1 sec
Interactive
delay <10 sec
Fax
E-mail arrival
notification
Background
delay >10 sec
Conversational speech
Audio transfer delay requirements depends on the level of interactivity of the end
users. To preclude difficulties related to the dynamics of voice communications, ITU-T
Recommendation G.114 recommends the following general limits for one-way
transmission time (assuming echo control already taken care of):
0 to 150 ms
preferred range
150 to 400 ms
acceptable range (but with quality decreasing)
above 400 ms
unacceptable range
Interactive games
Requirements for interactive games are obviously very dependent on the specific
game, but it is clear that demanding applications will require very short delays, and a
value of 250 ms is proposed, consistent with demanding interactive applications.
Web-browsing
In this category we will refer to retrieving and viewing the HTML component of a Web
page, other components like images, audio/video clips are related to separate QoS
Classes. From the user point of view, the main performance factor is how fast a page
appears after it has been requested. A value of 2-4 seconds per page is proposed,
however improvement on these figures to a target figure of 0.5 seconds would be
desirable.
Delay values represent one -way delay (i.e. from originating entity to terminating
entity).
See 3GPP TS 22.105 Annex B
Page 50
TELESERVICES
Defining Charging Principles
How will billing be performed: by time? by volume? by number of
connections?
If billing is performed by volume, what will be an easy way to explain to
the customer what a 1 Mbyte of data is?
What will happen in case of handover between GSM and UMTS?
What about roaming? Prepaid services?
QoS depends directly on the load of the network. A trade-off must be
found between users. Customers who pay more might have higher priority
or better QoS (depending of the operators strategies). Billing for a given
service might depend on the QoS.
From 3GPP TS 22.115
Page 51
TELESERVICES
Location based services
Teleservices will depend on the strategy and on the imagination of
operators and content providers.
The key point is likely to be a fast access to information and an appropriate
filtering of the user location data.
the UMTS killer application is likely be a location based service
Example of location based services : look for an hotel, consult yellow
pages, get local traffic situation or weather report,...
Limitation: location information could be a risk for privacy.
At the moment UMTS specifies that it will provide location information to an accuracy
of 50m. Different positioning methods are specified in R99 such as:
the cell coverage-based positioning method
Observed Time Difference Of Arrival-Idle Period Down-Link (OTDOA-IPDL)
network-assisted GPS methods
3GPP TS 22.071, TS 24.030
Page 52
SERVICE PROVIDED
2.1
UMTS service principles
2.2
2.3
Tele-services
2.4
UMTS Terminals
Page 53
2. Service Provided
2.4 UMTS Terminals
Page 54

Third party: service provider
Tele-services will not be standardised so as to differentiate between
operators and providers of applications.
UMTS offer new opportunity for content and service providers
Todays 1:1 customer-operator relationship
Tomorrows situation?
Contracted Content providers
Operator
Contracted Service providers
Contracted Service providers
Operator
Existing systems have largely standardised the complete sets of tele-services,

applications and supplementary services which they provide. As a consequence,
substantial re-engineering is often required to enable new services to be provided. In
addition, the market for services is largely determined by operators and
standardization. This makes it more difficult for operators to differentiate their
services.
This is the reason why tele-services should not be standardized : to motivate
competition between new actors of the telecommunication market, i.e content
providers.
Today, it is hardly possible to predict the nature and the usage of most applications,
as UMTS ought to be generic by nature to allow good support of existing applications
and to ease the evolution of new applications.
Page 39
UMTS TERMINALS
User Equipment (UE)
Cu
interface
UICC
USIM 1
USIM 2
GSM
access
SIM
Mobile
Equipment
GSM/GPR
S terminal
(ME)
User Equipment (UE)
Functionally speaking, the User Equipment (UE) is composed of the Mobile

Equipment (ME) and the UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM).
The Role of USIM is very similar to that of the SIM in GSM:
- it is used to store subscriber identity, subscription data, authentication and ciphering
keys, authentication algorithms
- its security is improved compared to GSM with a mutual authentication between the
card and the network.
The interface between ME and USIM is the Cu interface, the importance of which is
crucial for compatibility: even if full multi-mode Terminals will not be developed (in a
first period at least), USIM-roaming will allow the subscriber to use different IMT2000
terminals with the same card.
The UICC (UMTS integrated Circuit Card) is similar to SIM card in GSM with the
same size (either ISO or plug-in).
It may contain one or several USIM for different applications and also the SIM module
in order to be used in a GSM terminal .
Another possibility is to include additional mechanisms in the USIM part in order to
provide the GSM access and be usable in a multi-mode UMTS/GSM terminal.
TS 21.111: USIM and IC card requirements
Page 55
UMTS TERMINALS
Range of Terminals
There will be a wide range of terminals depending of the type of application
(speech, video, games, dual...), the mode (UMTS/GSM, UMTS/DECT...)
Integrated approach:
Distributed approach:
1 handset able to perform all

functions. Most of the concept
phones today.
1 handset for voice & WAP, or voice only

and a Bluetooth connection to other
devices (headset, camera...).
New interfaces
Automotive / Telematics PS
G
Data / IT
E-Commerce
Consumer Electronics
Image
Domestic
Games
Audio
Bluetooth (See http://www.bluetooth.com)

The idea was born in 1994. Ericsson initiated a study to investigate the feasibility of a
low-power, low-cost radio interface between mobile phones and their accessories.
The aim was to eliminate cables between mobile phones and PC cards, headsets and
desk top devices In February 1998, 5 companies (Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba
and Intel) ventured into a Special Interest Group (SIG)
The Bluetooth system is operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial Scientific Medicine)
band. In a vast majority of countries around the world the range of this frequency
band is 2400 - 2483.5 MHz. The equipment is classified into 3 power classes (class1
= 100mW=20dBm, class 2 = 2.5 mW=4dBm, class 3 = 1mW=0dBm
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)

WAP is a technology designed to provide users of mobile terminals with rapid and
efficient access to the Internet.
Today, most people access the Internet from a desktop or home PC, which has a
large screen and comprehensive keyboard. The mobile phone, on the other hand,
has limited display capabilities and a simple keyboard. WAP helps overcome these
limitations. A special "micro browser" takes the information from the Web and pares it
down so that only the key information required by the user is displayed.
Page 56
SERVICES PROVIDED
QUIZ!
A. True or False? The tele-services...
1/ are used for example to make a call, to access yellow pages, on-line banking...
2/ are mapped on bearer services
3/ will be standardized by 3GPP
B. True of False? The VHE...

1/ is a portability concept of 3G mobile systems
2/ will enable to keep the same environment when roaming between mobile and fixed networks
3/ will be adapted to the terminal capabilities
4/ will use proprietary interfaces
Page 57
SERVICES PROVIDED
QUIZ!
C. True or False? A bearer service can support for one user:
1/ 2 Mbps at a speed of 120 km/h
2/ 2 Mbps in a high loaded cell
3/ 2 Mbps at 3 km away from the base station
4/ Asymmetric traffic
5/ Variable traffic
D. True or False? Location based services...

1/ are services only available in some areas (city centers...)
2/ are services related to the location of the user
3/ can locate the mobile phone with an accuracy of about 50 m
Page 58
SERVICES PROVIDED
QUIZ!
E. True or False? A UICC (UMTS integrated Circuit Card)...
1/ has the same size as a GSM SIM card
2/ can not be used in a GSM terminal
3/ can be used in an UMTS terminal and provide access to GSM network
4/ is linked with the UMTS terminal via a proprietary interface
5/ may provide access to UMTS networks of different operators
F. UMTS services have been announced to come later than initially scheduled because of
non availability of UMTS terminals in volume: can you find some reasons which makes it
quite complex to design UMTS terminals?
Page 59
3. UMTS System Description
Page 60

Section presentation
> Objective: to be able to draw the UTRAN architecture with the
protocol stack (radio and Iu) of each Network element and to
define the channels generated by these protocols.
> Program:
3.3 UTRAN Channels
3.4 UTRAN Radio Protocols
Page 61
Page 62
Logical Architecture
UTRAN Situation & Core Network in 3GPP R4
Access Network
MSC Server
Core Network
CSCN
CS Links
PS Links
Iu-CS
UTRAN
External Networks
PSTN
GMSC
MGW
RNC
IN network
HLR
Node B
Iu-PS
BSC
GSM
BSS
BTS
SGSN
Backbone
Gb
Alcate
l
iGGSN
PDN
PCU
PSCN
A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is composed of 2 main parts:

The Access Network (AN) provides the radio interface and radio resource management for mobile communications
toward the Core Network (CN).
The Core network is in charge of User Equipment (UE) Mobility (MM) and Session (SM) management. It also deals
with the external networks for voice call establishment or data session establishment.
The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is the UMTS Access Network; its composed of Node Bs
and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs).
An ATM switch interfaces the UTRAN and the CN:
Iu-CS interface for the Circuit Switched Core Network (CSCN).
Iu-PS interface for the Packet Switched Core Network (PSCN).
The PLMN connects specifically to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for voice or to the Packet Data
Network (PDN) for data.
The CN includes the Intelligent Network (IN) for value-added services.
Example of services:
For voice:
Voice Call Prepaid Service
SMS service
Call Waiting
Page 63
UTRAN Logical Architecture
Core Network
CNPS
CNCS
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
Iub
UTRAN
RNS
Node B
Node B
Uu Interface
UE
CN
2 separated domains: Circuit Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS) which reuse
the infrastructure of GSM and GPRS respectively.
UTRAN
- new radio interface: CDMA
- new transmission technology: ATM
CN independent of AN
The specificity of the access network due to mobile system should be transparent to
the core network, which may potentially use any access technique.
Radio specificity of the access network is hidden to the core network.
UE radio mobility is fully controlled by UTRAN.
Some correspondences with GSM:
CN
NSS
Uu
Um
UTRAN
BSS
Iub
A-bis
RNC
BSC
Iur
no equivalent
Node-B
BTS
Iu-CS
UE
MS
Iu-PS
Gb
Page 64
Interfaces
Open Interfaces:
The function of the Network Elements have been clearly specified by the
3GPP.
Their internal implementations issues are open for the manufacturer
All the interfaces have been defined in such a detailed level that the
equipment at the endpoints can be from different manufacturers.
Open Interfaces aim at motivating competition between manufacturers.
Physical implementation of Iu interfaces
Each Iu Interface may be implemented on any physical connection using
any transport technology, mainly on E1 (cable), STM1 (Optic fiber) and
micro-waves.
ATM will be provided in the 3GPP R4 release and IP is foreseen for the
3GPP R6
A manufacturer can produce only the Node-B (and not the RNC). This is not possible
in GSM (A-bis is a proprietary interface)
The Iur physical connection can go through the CN using common physical links with
Iu-CS and Iu-PS. However there is a direct logical connection between the 2 RNCs:
the Iur information is not handled by the CN.
Page 65
Network Element Function
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
Iub
RNS
Node B
Node B
RNC: Radio Network Controller

It is the intelligent part of the UTRAN:
-Radio resource management (code allocation, Power Control, congestion
control, admission control)
- Call management for the users
- Connection to CS and PS Core Network
- Radio mobility management
An RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) contains one RNC (Radio Network

Controller) and at least one Node-B.
The RNC takes a more important place in UTRAN than the BSC in the GSM BSS.
Indeed RNC can perform soft HO, while in GSM there is no connection between
BSCs and only hard HO can be applied.
Page 66
Network Element Function
RNC
ATM Transport
Technology
Iub
Node B
Node-B
A Node-B can be considered, as first approximation, like a transcoder
between the data received by antennas and the data in the ATM cell on the
Iub.
- Radio transmission and reception handling
- Involved in the mobility management
- Involved in the power control
An RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) contains one RNC (Radio Network

Controller) and at least one Node-B.
A Node-B is also more complex than the GSM BTS, because it handles softer HO.
Controlling RNC (CRNC): a role an RNC can take with respect to a specific set of
Node-Bs (ie those Node-Bs belonging to the same RNS). There is only one CRNC for
any Node-B. The CRNC has the overall control of the logical resources of its Node-Bs
Page 67
Page 68
Network Protocols
Protocols in UTRAN
> The Iu protocols
Core Network
Iu
Used to exchange data

(traffic and signaling)
between RNCs, Node
Bs and the Core
Network.
Iu Protocols
RNC
RNC
> The Radio protocols
Iur
Iub
Radio Protocols
> NAS Signaling
Node B
Uu Interface
NAS Signaling
Used to process the

data sent on the air and
for the signaling
between UTRAN and
the UEs
Signaling between a
UE and the Core
Network.
Typically, the
Authentification and
the Location
Iu Protocols :
RANAP: Radio Access Network Application Protocol,
RNSAP: Radio Network Sub-system Application Protocol,
NBAP: Node B Application Protocol,
ALCAP is a generic name for the signalling protocols of the Transport Network Control
Plane used to establish/release Data Bearers.
It makes establishment/release of Data Bearers on request of the Application Protocol.
Radio Protocols :
RRC: Radio Resource Control
RLC: Radio Link Control
MAC: Medium Access Control
NAS refers to higher layers (3 to 7). Entities of this part will exchange tele-services
and bearer services.
Page 69
Network Protocols
Protocol Stack on the Interfaces
Control plane
NBAP
AAL5
Node B
User plane
Radio
Sig
Voice
Iu UP
AAL5 AAL2
ATM
Iu- CS
RANAP
Voice Data
Iub FP
RNC
AAL2
ATM
CS-CN
Iub
RNSAP
Iub
Radio
Sig
AAL5
Voice Data
Iur FP
AAL2
ATM
RANAP
Iur
AAL5
Node B
Data
Iu UP
AAL5
ATM
Node B
Iub
PS-CN
Iu- PS
RNC
AAL5 has been designed to adapt non real time, connectionless oriented data at variable
bit rate (eg, web browsing) to ATM.
AAL2 has been designed to adapt real time, connection oriented data at variable bit rate
(eg, voice in AMR) to ATM.
Page 70
Network Protocols
General model
The same general protocol model is applied for all Iu interfaces:
Radio
Control
Plane
User Plane
Network
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
Layer
Transport
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP
Network
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
Application Protocols:
1. What is the
purpose of the
separation between
the Radio Network
Layer and the
Transport Network
Layer?
2. Why is ALCAP
protocol
necessary?
- NBAP for Iub interface

- RNSAP for Iur interface
- RANAP for Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces
The Iu protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between two
endpoints of an Iu interface (e.g. Node-B and RNC over the Iub interface)
Page 71
Network Protocols
Iub protocols
Radio Link
Establishment
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
RRC Connection
Establishment*
NAS signalling*
Control Plane
User Plane
NBAP
Frame
Protocols
(IubFP)
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network User

Plane
ALCAP
Network
Layer
RABs*
AAL5
AAL5
AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
Note: AAL2 and AAL5 are sub-layers of ATM which provide some adaptation
between the application (voice, data, signalling) and the ATM layer.
NBAP
is used to carry signalling (e.g Radio Link Establishment)
Examples of actions of NBAP during Radio Link Establishment:
- signalling exchanges over Iub, which permits the RNC to reserve radio resources of
Node-B for the Radio Link
- signalling transaction with ALCAP, which will setup a Iub data bearer (on AAL2) to
carry the Radio Link
Frame Protocols
At this stage Data Streams (carrying RABs, NAS signalling, SMS Cell Broadcast
service, RRC connection establishment) have been mapped on transport channels
The Frame Protocols (FP) define the structures of the frame and the basic in-band
control procedures for every type of transport channels.
ALCAP
is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams.
Bearers
Data Streams are carried on AAL2, which enables better bandwidth efficiency for user
packets but requires its own signalling (ALCAP signalling is used to set up AAL2
connections for Data Streams).
NBAP and ALCAP messages are carried on AAL5.
Page 72
Network Protocols
Iur Protocols
Establishment of
an additional radio
link to an UE
(for soft HO)
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
RABs*
RRC Connection
Establishment*
NAS signalling*
Control Plane
User Plane
RNSAP
Frame
Protocols
(Iur FP)
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network User

Plane
ALCAP
Network
...
Layer
AAL5
AAL5
AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
Note: AAL2 and AAL5 are sub-layers of ATM which provide some adaptation
between the application (voice, data, signalling) and the ATM layer.
RNSAP
It is used to carry signalling (e.g Radio Link Establishment)
e.g. actions of RNSAP during Radio Link Establishment:
- signalling exchanges over Iur: the SRNC request the DRNC to reserve radio
resources for the Radio Link (the DRNC will afterwards reserve these radio resources
in the suitable Node-B)
- signalling transaction with ALCAP, which will setup a Iur data bearer to carry the
Radio Link
Frame Protocols
At this stage Data Streams (carrying RABs, NAS signalling, SMS Cell Broadcast
service, RRC connection establishment) have been mapped on transport channels
The Frame Protocols (FP) define the structures of the frame and the basic in-band
control procedures for every type of transport channels.
ALCAP
It is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams.
Bearers
Data Streams are carried on AAL2, which enables better bandwidth efficiency for user
packets but requires its own signalling (ALCAP signalling is used to set up AAL2
connections for Data Streams).
RNSAP and ALCAP messages are carried on AAL5.
Page 73
Network Protocols
Recap
RRC PDCPBMC
RRC PDCPBMC
RLC
MAC
RLC
Uu
Iub
MAC
SRNC
...
...
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP Iur-FP ALCAPRNSAP

...
...
...
...
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5
ATM/Physical layer
ATM/Physical layer
NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP
Soft(er) combining
Softer
combining
Phy.
(air)
UE
Phy.
(air)
Soft combining
Node-B
Radio Protocols
Iu Protocols (Radio Network Layer)

Iu protocols (Transport Network Layer)
1. What is the path of CS traffic through these protocol stacks?

2. Same question for PS traffic?
3. Same question for NAS signalling?
4. Same question for RRC signalling?
5. Which protocol is responsible for establishing AAL2 bearers? what is the path of
this protocol?
6. Which protocol is responsible for the signaling exchange between
between RNC and NodeNodeB? What is the path of this protocol?
7. Which protocol is responsible for the signaling exchange between
between SRNC and
DRNC?
Page 74
Network Protocols
QUIZ!
A. Put the correct words in the spaces on the figure below
...
...
CS networks
(PSTN, ISDN)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
PS networks
(internet)
...
...
Page 75
3.3 Radio Channels
Page 76
Radio Channels
Global Situation
SGSN
UTRAN
UE
GGSN
PDN
Internet
Teleservice
External Bearer
Service
UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service
(RAB)
Radio Bearer
Service
Iu Bearer
Service
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone
Bearer Service
Logical
Channel
Transport
Channel
Physical
Channel
Uu
Iu
A Radio Bearer is the service provided by a protocol entity (i.e. RLC protocol) for
transfer of data between UE and UTRAN.
Radio bearers are the highest level of bearer services exchanged between UTRAN
and UE.
Radio bearers are mapped successively on logical channels, transport channels
and physical channels (Radio Physical Bearer Service on the figure)
Page 77
Radio Channels
RAB Presentation
UMTS Bearers
CN-CS
RAB
RAB
UMTS Bearer
UTRAN
UMTS Bearer
RAB
RAB
UE
UMTS bearer
services
CN-PS
Radio Bearers
Iu Bearers
RABs (mapped on Radio & Iu Bearers)

The RAB provides confidential transport of signaling and user data
between UE and CN with the appropriate QoS.
Example of available RAB in R4

Conversation AMR 12.2/12.2, 64/64
al (CS)
Streaming
(CS)
14.4/14.4
Interactive
(PS)
R2: 64/128, 64/384 64/144, 128/384, 144/384, 32/32, 64/64,

128/128, 144/144
Background
(PS)
R2: 64/128, 64/384 64/144, 128/384, 144/384, 32/32, 64/64,

128/128, 144/144
Page 78
Radio Channels
Radio Channels, Protocols & Network Elements
NAS
Signaling
Voice
Web
SMS Cell
Browsing Broadcast
RRC
PDCP
RRC
Sig.
BMC
Radio
Bearers
MAC
RLC
Control
Logical Ch.
Physical Channels
Traffic
Logical Ch.
Transport
Channels
MAC
Uu Interface
Transport
Channels
RNC
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Node B
UE
The radio protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between
the UE and the UTRAN over the Uu interface:
-User plane protocols
These are the protocols implementing the actual Radio Access Bearer (RAB) service,
-i.e. carrying user data through the access stratum (EXAMPLES 1,2 and 4).
-Control plane protocols
These are the protocols for controlling the radio access bearers and the connection
-between the UE and the network from different aspects including requesting the service
(EXAMPLE 5), controlling different transmission resources, handover & streamlining etc...
Also a mechanism for transparent transfer of Non Access Stratum (NAS) messages is included).
Some principles:
The Radio Protocols are independent of the applied transport layer technology
(ATM in R99): that may be changed in the future while the Radio Protocols remain intact.
The main part of radio protocols are located in the RNC (and in the UE).
The Node-B is mainly a relay between UE and RNC.
Page 79
Radio Channels
Radio Bearers
Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB)
SRBs can carry:
- layer 3 signalling (e.g. RRC connection establishment)
- NAS signalling (e.g location update)
There can be up to 4 SRBs per RRC connection (one UE has one RRC
connection when connected to the UTRAN).
User Plane Radio Bearers
RABs are mapped on user plane RBs.
One RAB can be divided on RAB sub-flows and each sub-flow is mapped on
one user plane RB.
e.g the AMR codec encodes/decodes speech into/from three sub-flows; each
sub-flow can have its own channel coding.
Please note that RAB (Radio Access Bearer) are only provided in the user plane.
What is a RRC connection?
When the UE needs to exchange any information with the network, it must first
establish a signalling link with the UTRAN: it is made through a procedure with the
RRC protocol and it is called RRC connection establishment.
During this procedure the UE will send an initial access request on CCCH to establish
a signalling link which will be carried on a DCCH.
A given UE can have either zero or one RRC connection.
Page 80
Radio Channels
Logical Channels (1)
UTRAN
Logical Channels
UE
Control Channels (CCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Traffic Channels (TCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
The logical channels are divided into:

Control channels for the transfer of control plane information
Traffic channels for the transfer of user plane information
Page 81
Radio Channels
Logical Channels (2)
UL ( )
/
DL ( )
Wha t type of informa tion?
BCCH
System control information

e.g cell identity, uplink interference level
PCCH
Paging information
e.g CN originated call when the network does not know the
location cell of the UE
CCCH
Control information
e.g initial access (RRC connection request), cell update
DCCH
Control information (but the UE must have a RRC connection)

e.g radio bearer setup, measurement reports, HO
DTCH
Traffic information dedicated to one UE

e.g speech, fax, web browsing
CTCH
Traffic information to all or a group of UEs

e.g SMS-Cell Broadcast
Page 82
Radio Channels
Why Transport Channels?
Traffic
Time
Time Interval
Transport
Channel
A transport channel offers a flexible pattern to arrange information on any

service-specific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical
channel:
it provides flexibility in traffic variation
it enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel
Transport channels provide an efficient and fast flexibility in radio
resource management.
Page 83
Radio Channels
Structure of a Transport Channel (1)
Transport Block: basic
unit exchanged over
transport channels.
Transport Format (TF): it may be changed every TTI.

Each TF must belong to the Transport Format Set (TFS)
of the transport channel
168
360 bits
168
168
168
360
168
168
168
10 ms
10 ms
Time Transmission
Interval (TTI): periodicity
at which a Transport
Block Set is transferred by
the physical layer on the
radio interface
10 ms
10 ms
>> The system delivers one Transport Block Set to the

physical layer every TTI:
TTI: what is the delivery bit rate of the
transport blocks to the physical layer during the first TTI?
A transport channel is defined by a Transport Format (TF) which may change

every Time Transmission Interval (TTI).
The TF is made of a Transport Block Set. The Transport Block size and the
number of Transport Block inside the set are dynamical parameters.
The TTI is a static parameter.
Page 84
Radio Channels
Structure of a Transport Channel (2)
Transport Format (TF)
Semi-static part (can be changed, but long process)
Transmission Time Interval (TTI),
Coding scheme...
Dynamic part (may be changed easily)
Size of transport block,
Number of transport blocks per TTI
Transport Format Set (TFS)
It is the set of allowed Transport Formats for a transport channel, which is
assigned by RRC protocol entity to MAC protocol entity.
MAC chooses TF among TFS.
MAC may choose another TF every TTI without interchanging with RRC
protocol (fast radio resource control).
What is TTI (Transmission Time Interval)?

- it is equal to the periodicity at which a Transport Block Set is transferred by the
physical layer on the radio interface
- it is always a multiple of the minimum interleaving period (e.g. 10ms, the length of
one Radio Frame)
- MAC delivers one Transport Block Set to the physical layer every TTI.
Page 85
Radio Channels
Transport Channels: Example
576 bits
576
576
576
576
576
576
576
576
40 ms
Sta tic Pa rt
TTI
Coding scheme
CRC
?
Turbo coding, coding rate= 1/ 3
16 bits
Dyna mic Pa rt
Transport Block Size
Transport Block Size Set
?
576*B (B= 0,1,2,3,4)
1. Complete the table

2. What is the delivery
bit rate of the transport
blocks to the physical
layer during the first
TTI?
3. How many Transport Format(s) may be chosen for this transport channel?
4. Can you imagine why the transfer has been interrupted during the third TTI?
Page 86
Radio Channels
Transport Channels
UTRAN
Transport Channels
UE
Common Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
The transport channels are divided into:

Common channels: they are divided between all or a group of UEs in a cell. They
require in-band identification of the UEs when addressing particular UEs.
Dedicated channels: it is reserved for a single UE only. In-band identification is not
necessary, a given UE is identified by the physical channel (code and frequency in
FDD mode)
Page 87
Radio Channels
Common Transport Channels (1)
BCH:
Broadcast Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry BCCH. The BCH is

always transmitted with high power over the entire cell with a low fixed bit
rate.
>> The BCH is the only transport channel with a single transport format (no
flexibility). Can you explain why?
PCH:
Paging Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry PCCH. It is always

transmitted over the entire cell.
>> Is it possible to carry all types of information on the PCH?
BCH
>high power to reach all the user and low fixed bit rate so that all terminals can
decode the data rate whatever its ability: only one Transport Format because there is
no need for flexibility (fixed bit rate)
PCH
>only two transport channels can NOT carry user information: BCH and PCH.
Page 88
Radio Channels
FACH: Forward Access Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry control information. It may also
carry short users packets. The FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only
a part of the cell using beam-forming antennas. The FACH uses open loop power
control (slow power control).
>> In which case is it interesting to use beambeam-forming antennas? would it also be
relevant to implement this feature for PCH?
RACH: Random Access Channel
An uplink transport channel that is used to carry control information from the mobile
especially at the initial access. It may also carry short user packets. The RACH is
always received from the entire cell and is characterized by a limited size data field,
a collision risk and by the use of open loop power control (slow power control).
>> Why is it interesting to carry short user packets on RACH in spite of limited data
field and collision risk (instead of using a dedicated channel)?
Note: Beam-forming is also called Inherent addressing of users: it is the possibility

of transmission to a certain part of the cell.
RACH and FACH are mainly used to carry signalling (e.g at the initial access), but
they can also carry small amounts of data.
When a UE sends information on the RACH, it will receive information on FACH.
Page 89
Radio Channels
DSCH: Downlink Shared Channel
A downlink transport channel shared by several UEs to carry dedicated
control or user information. When a UE is using the DSCH, it always has an
associated DCH, which provides power control.
CPCH: Common Packet Channel
An uplink transport channel that is used to carry long user data packets and
control packets. It is a contention based random access channel. It is
always associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which
provides power control.
Transfer of signalling and traffic on a shared basis
DSCH and CCPH seem to be symmetrical, but:

- DSCH is on the DL, so that different user data are synchronised with each other (the
information on whether the UE should receive the DSCH or not is conveyed on the
associated DCH)
- CPCH is on the UL, so that different user data can NOT be synchronised (the
mobile phones are not synchronised). It may cause big problem of collisions!
Page 90
Radio Channels
Dedicated Transport Channels
DCH:
Dedicated Channel
A downlink or uplink transport channel that is used to carry user or control

information. It is characterized by features such as fast rate change (on a
frame-by-frame basis), fast power control, use of beam-forming and
support of soft HO.
DCH
> It is different from GSM where TCH carries user data (e.g speech frames) and
ACCH carries higher layer signalling (e.g HO commands)
User data and signalling are therefore treated in the same way from the physical layer
(although set of parameters may be different between data and signalling)
> wide range of Transport Format Set permits to be very flexible concerning the bit
rate, the interleaving...
> Fast Power Control and soft HO are only applied on this transport channel.
Page 91
Radio Channels
Mapping LogicalTransport Channels
Control Logical Channels
BCCH
BCH
PCCH
PCH
CCCH
RACH
Traffic Logical Channels
DCCH
FACH
DTCH
DSCH
CPCH
Common Transport Channels
CTCH
DCH
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
Page 92
Radio Channels
Mapping Logical Transport Channels
Control Logical Channels
BCCH
BCH
PCCH
PCH
CCCH
RACH
Traffic Logical Channels
DCCH
FACH
DTCH
DSCH
CPCH
Common Transport Channels
CTCH
DCH
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
According to the slide above and the previous one, we can say state that :
Except BCH and PCH, each type of transport channel can be used for the transfer of
either control or traffic logical channels.
Page 93
Radio Channels
Physical Channels
For the UE point of view, the network is just the physical
channels.
RNC
There are several kinds of physical channels.

Channel associated with transport channel
Transport
Channels
Iub
UTRAN Signaling (mobility management)

Core Network Signaling (authentification)
User Traffic (voice)
Node B
There are common and dedicated channels

Channels not associated with transport channel, the
physical signaling.
Cell Search Selection
System Information Collection
Connection Request and Paging Surveillance
These channels and resources allowing the UE to share
these channels with other users are the radio resources
We will see later how data from transport channel are
processed to be mapped on the physical channels and how a
UE uses these channels.
Page 94
Radio Channels Mapping

Physical Channel List
Not associated with transport channels
CPICH: Common Pilot Channel
PICH: Page Indicator Channel
P-SCH & S-SCH: Primary & Secondary Synchronization Channel
AICH: Acquisition Indicator Channel
Dedicated Physical Channels, associated with transport channels
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Common Physical Channels, associated with transport channels
P-CCPCH & S-CCPCH: Primary & Secondary Common Control Channel
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PCPCH: Physical Common Packet Channel
Page 95
Radio Channels
Physical Channels: Structure
Radio Frame = 10 ms
1 Time slot
= 0.666 ms
15 Time
Slots
.
N bits
(according to the bit rate)
A physical channel is defined by:
A carrier
Some codes (see 4.3 and 4.4 part)
A start and stop instant
Physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between start and stop instants.
After channel coding each transport block is split into radio frames of 10 ms.
The bit rate may be changed for each frame.
Each radio frame is also split into 15 time slots.
But all time slots belong to the same user (this slot structure has nothing to do with the
TDMA structure in GSM).
All time slots of a same TDMA frame have the same bit rate.
Fast power control may be performed for each time slot (1500 Hz).
The number of chips for one bit M is equivalent to the spreading factor. It can easily
be computed with knowledge of N:
In fact the spreading factor must be equal to 4, 8, 16256.

Consequently it may be necessary to add some padding bits to match the adequate value
of spreading factor (rate matching).
Page 96
3.4 UTRAN Radio Protocols
Page 97
Radio Protocols
Radio protocol stack
Control plane
User plane
Non Access Stratum
Bearers (called
RAB in user plane)
Access Stratum
control
RRC
control
control
Layer 3
control
SAP
BMC
control
Layer 2/PDCP
Layer 2/BMC
PDCP
PDCP
Radio Bearers
Layer 2/RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLCRLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Logical Channels
Layer 2/MAC
MAC
Transport Channels
Layer 1
PHY
Physical Channels
The radio protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data
between the UE and the UTRAN over the Uu interface
The radio protocols are layered into:
- the RRC protocol located in RNC* and UE
- the RLC protocol located in RNC* and UE
- the MAC protocol located in RNC* and UE
- the physical layer (on the air interface) located in Node-B and UE
Two additional service-dependent protocols exists in the user plane in the layer 2:
PDCP and BMC.
Each layer provides services to upper layers at Service Access Points (SAP) on a
peer-to-peer communication basis. The SAP are marked with circles. A service is
defined by a set of service primitives.
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture is described in 3GPP 25.301.
(*except a part of protocol used for BCH which is terminated in Node-B)
Page 98
Radio Protocols
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Bearers
Radio mobility management
Layer 3
RRC
Radio Bearers
(control plane)
Measurement control and reporting

control
control
control
control
control
Call management
Outer loop power control

PDCP
BMC
RLC
MAC
PHY
RRC is the brain of the radio interface protocol stack.
RRC is a protocol which belongs to control plane.

The RRC functions are:
Call management
RRC connection establishment/release (initial access)
Radio Bearer establishment/release/reconfiguration
(in the control plane and in the user plane)
Transport and Physical Channels reconfiguration
Radio mobility management
Handover (soft and hard)
Cell and URA update (see 5.UTRAN/ Mobility Management)
Paging procedure
Measurements control (UTRAN side) and reporting (UE side)
Outer Loop Power Control
Control of radio channel ciphering and deciphering
RRC can control locally the configuration of the lower layers (RLC, MAC...) through
Control SAP. These Control services are not requiring peer-to-peer communication, one
or more sub-layers can be bypassed.
See 3GPP 25.331 RRC protocol (over 500 pages!)
Page 99
Radio Protocols
PDCP and BMC protocols
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
- in the user plane, only for services from the PS domain
- it contains compression methods
In R99 only a header compression method is mentioned (RFC2507).
Why is header compression valuable?
e.g a combined RTP/UDP/IP headers is at least 60 bytes for IPv6, when IP
voice service header can be about 20 bytes or less.
BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Services)
- in the user plane
- to adapt broadcast and multicast services from NAS on the radio interface
In R99 the only service using this protocol is SMS Cell Broadcast Service
(directly taken from GSM).
See 3 GPP 25.323 (PDCP protocol) and 25.324 (BMC protocol)
Page 100
Radio Protocols
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Segmentation
Radio Bearers
(user plane)
Radio Bearers
(control plane)
Layer 2/
upper part
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLCRLC
Control
Logical
Channels
Traffic
Logical
Channels
Buffering
Data transfer with 3
configuration modes:
- Transparent (TM)
- Unacknowledged (UM)
- Acknowledged (AM)
Ciphering
RLC provides segmentation and (in AM mode) reliable data transfer.

There is no difference between RLC instances in Control and User planes. There is a
single RLC connection per Radio Bearer.
RLC main functions:
RLC Connection Establishment/Release in 3 configuration modes:
- transparent data transfer (TM): without adding any protocol information
- unacknowledged data transfer (UM): without guaranteeing delivery to the
peer entity (but can detect transmission errors)
- acknowledged data transfer (AM): with guaranteeing delivery to the peer
entity. The AM mode provides reliable link (error detection and recovery, insequence delivery, duplicate detection, flow Control, ARQ mechanisms)
ARQ=Automatic Repeat Request (it manages retransmissions)
Transmission/Reception buffer
Segmentation and reassembly (to adjust the radio bearer size to the actual set of
transport formats)
Mapping between Radio Bearers and Logical Channels (one to one)
Ciphering for non-transparent RLC data (if not performed in MAC), using the UEA1,
Kasumi algorithm specified in R99
Encryption is performed in accordance with TS 33.102 (radio interface), 25.413,
25.331(RRC signaling messages) and supports the settings of integrity with CN (CSdomain/PS-domain)
3GPP 25.322 RLC protocol
Page 101
Radio Protocols
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Traffic
Logical
Channels
Control
Logical
Channels
Layer 2/
lower part
Basic data transfer

Multiplexing of logical channels
Priority handling/Scheduling
(TFC selection)
MAC
Transport
Channels
(common and
dedicated)
Reporting of measurements
Ciphering
MAC can switch a common channel into a dedicated channel if higher bit rate
is required (on request of L3-level).
MAC can change dynamically Transport Format (bit rate) of each transport
channel on a frame basis (each 10 ms) without interchanging with L3-level.
MAC provides flexible data transfer.
MAC belongs to control plane and to user plane.

MAC main functions:
Data transfer: MAC provides unacknowledged data transfer without segmentation
Multiplexing of logical channels (possible only if they require the same QoS)
Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels
Selection of appropriate Transport Format for each Transport Channel depending on
instantaneous source rate.
Priority handling/Scheduling according to priorities given by upper layers:
- between data flows of one UE
- between different UEs
Priority handling/Scheduling is done through Transport Format Combination (TFC)
selection
Reporting of monitoring to RRC
Ciphering for RLC transparent data (if not performed in RLC)
3GPP 25.321 MAC protocol
Page 102
Radio Protocols
The Physical Layer
Common
Transport
Channels
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
Multiplexing of transport ch.

Spreading/modulation
Physical layer
Layer 1
RF processing
Dedicated
Physical
Channels
Common
Physical
Channels
Power control
Measurements
Air Interface
The physical layer provides multiplexing and radio frequency

processing with a CDMA method.
The physical layer belongs to control plane and to user plane.

Physical layer main functions:
Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of transport channels on CCTrCH (Coded Composite
Transport Channel) even if the transport channels require different QoS.
Mapping of CCTrCH on physical channels
Spreading/de-spreading and modulation/demodulation of physical channels
RF processing (3 GPP 25.10x)
Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronization
Measurements and indication to higher layers (e.g. FER, SIR, interference power,
transmit power, etc.)
Open loop and Inner loop power control
Macro-diversity distribution/combining and soft handover execution
3GPP 25.2xx
Page 103
Radio Protocols
Exercise: MAC protocol (1)
BCCH
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
CTCH
DCCH DTCH DTCH
MAC
Control
MAC-d
MAC-b
BCH
MAC-c/sh
PCH FACH FACH RACH CPCH
DSCH DSCH
DCH DCH
Iur or local
Look at this figure and answer the questions on the following pages.
pages.
Page 104
Radio Protocols
1. On which logical/transport channels will be mapped:

- system information broadcasting
- paging
- telephony speech
- internet browsing at a high bit rate
- internet browsing at a low bit rate
Can you imagine a situation where the UE will use 2 DTCHs (or more) at the same time?
2. Guess the meaning of MAC-b MAC-c/sh and MAC-d.
3. Why is there one MAC-d entity on the UE side and several MAC-d entities on the UTRAN
side?
4. What is the link between MAC-c/sh and MAC-d for?
5. What are the 4 main functions of MAC protocol?
6. MAC can multiplex logical channels only if they require the same QoS: true or false?
Page 105
Radio Protocols
7. RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) is an UE identity assigned by UTRAN, when the
UE is connected to the UTRAN . The parameter RNTI is included in the header of each
transport blocks in MAC-c/sh, but not in MAC-d : can you explain the reason?
8. The system can also multiplex transport channels: where does that take place?
9. What is the name of the channel on which several time-coordinated transport channels can
be multiplexed?
10. Which entity is responsible for TFC selection? TFCS allocation?
11. Is it possible to multiplex 2 FACHs (or more)? 2 DCHs (or more)? a FACH and a DCH?
12. Will the physical channel configuration be changed (e.g modification of spreading factor)
when MAC selects a new TFC inside TFCS?
13. MAC makes measurement reports to RRC: why is it necessary?
Page 106
4. WCDMA in UMTS
Page 107
4. WCDMA for UMTS

Section presentation
> Objective: to be able to define a Radio Resource in 3G.
> Program:
4.1 Context
4.2 Analogy
4.3 Spread Spectrum Modulation
4.4 Code Division Multiple Access
4.5 Soft HandOver
4.6 Rake Receiver
4.7 Power Control
4.8 Capacity, Coverage & Quality
Page 108
4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.1 Context
Page 109
Context
Historical
Early 70s
CDMA developed for military field for its great qualities of privacy (low
probability interception, interference rejection)
1996
CDMA commercial launch in the US
This system called IS-95 or cdmaOne was developed by Qualcomm and
has reached 50 million subscribers worldwide
2000
IMT-2000 has selected three CDMA radio interfaces:
- WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
- TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)
- CDMA 2000
In the following material we will only refer to WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
See http://www.cdg.org for IS-95

In CDMA field, we have experience of IS-95
IS-95 vocabulary:
forward channel=downlink
reverse channel=uplink
handoff=handover
Page 110
Context
Advantages & Disadvantages
CDMA is very attractive:
Better spectrum efficiency than 2G systems
Suitable for all type of services (circuit, packet) and for multi-services
Enhanced privacy
Evolutionary (linked with progress in signal processing field)
BUT:
Complex system: not easy to configure and to manage
Unstable in case of congestion
Spectrum efficiency : transmission capacity per spectrum unit (bandwidth), i.e kbit/MHz.
This must not be confused with the traffic capacity.
The spectrum efficiency in UMTS is higher than in GSM (25x200kHz carriers in GSM
offering 335 kbps** while a 5 MHz UMTS carrier offers 400 kbps).
If we factor in densification (frequency reuse pattern), the UMTS traffic capacity is
dramatically increased. According to CDMA Development Group:
Capacity increases by a factor of between 8 to 10 compared to an AMPS
analog system and between 4 to 5 times compared to a GSM system
Page 111
4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.2 Analogy
Page 112
Analogy
WCDMA and Restaurant
Restaurant Room
WCDMA
Cell
Enjoy your
meal !
Restaurant room
Guten
appetite !
UE
People at table
Ues, like people,
send and receive on
the same time and
the same frequency.
They are separeted
by:
Code 1
Code 2
Code
Language
For a table, the conversations of the
neighbours are noise, for a UE it is the same
principle: neighbour conversations are
interference
Bon
appetit !
Bom
apetite !
The equivalence are:

Restaurant room -> Cell
Table -> UE
Language -> Code
Here the important point is all the UEs send and receive on the same time and on the
same frequency. The WCDMA is really different because with the GSM, the UEs are
separated by the time (TS of TDMA) and the frequency. Here the UEs are separated
with codes applied on the signals.
Another important point is for someone the conversation on a neighbour table is
considered like noise. It is the same principle with the WCDMA, for a user the other
UEs generates some noises.
Page 113
Analogy
WCDMA and Restaurant
Restaurant Room
WCDMA
Downlink
Enjoy your
meal !
????
Node B
Steward
Interference level in DL
probleme:
COMO
ESTAS ?
If some UE use too

much power
If there are too many
users in the cell
???
Impacts:
Power Control in DL
Control Admission
Who have
order this cake
?
Very important !
In downlink,
In the restaurant, the steward want to ask to every table who have order a cake. If
some people speak to loud, the table at the back of the room cant hear the question.
It is the same case, if there are too many users in the room.
In the cell, it is the same principle. If there are too many Ues on the cell or if some
Ues use too much power, the interference level for a UE far from the Node B is too
high to allow the UE decoding the message.
Page 114
Analogy
WCDMA & Restaurant
WCDMA
Uplink
Restaurant Room
Es ist
meine
It is for me
!
At the Node B level:

If a UE, close to the
NB, speak too loud
If there are too many
users
Cest la
pomme ?
Probleme of interfence
level problem.
The NB cant decode
any users.
Impacts:
Who have
order????
this cake
?
Power Control in UL
Admission Control
QUIERO
LA TARTA !
Very important
In Uplink,
In the restaurant, a steward can understand all the conversation if he knows all the languages.
But if on a table, close to him, some one speak to loud the steward cant understand people
on the other tables. It is the same problem if there are too many people it is too noisy to able
able to understand a conversation far from him.
With the WCDMA, there is the same problem. That means if the cell is too load,
the interference level at the Node B is too high to be able to decode the weakest signal.
Page 115
4. WCD MA in UMTS
4.3 Spread Spectrum Modulation
Page 116
Spread Spectrum Modulation

A Code as a Shell against Noise
Noise
Spreading
Radio Channel
Transmitter
Despreading
Receiver
The letter A represents the signal to transmit over the radio interface.
At the transmitter the height (ie the power) of A is spread, while a color (i.e
a code) is added to A to identify the message .
At the receiver A can be retrieved with knowledge of the code, even if the
power of the received signal is below the power of noise due to the radio
channel.
Page 117

Spectrum spreading
P
Spreading
Interference Level
Radio channel
Despreading
At the transmitter the signal is multiplied by a code which spreads the

signal over a wide bandwidth while decreasing the power (per unit of
spectrum).
At the receiver it is possible to retrieve the wanted signal by multiplying the
received signal by the same code: you get a peak of correlation, while the
noise level due to the radio channel remains the same, because this is not
correlated with the code.
But the interference level is too high, it is not possible to decode any
message.
Page 118

Transmission Chain
Air Interface
NB-Signal
WB-Signal
WB-Signal
NB-Signal
Data
Data
Modulator
Demodulator
Code sequence
Code Sequence
The narrowband data signal is multiplied bit per bit by a code sequence: it
is known as chipping.
The chip rate of this code sequence is much higher than the bit rate of the
data signal: it produces a wideband signal, also called spread signal.
At the receiver the same code sequence in phase should be used to
retrieve the original data signal.
Code synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver is crucial for despreading the wideband signal successfully.
Page 119

Code & Spreading factor
The code is applied on each bit of the user data.
The Spreading Factor, called SF, is the length of this code.
Chip rate fixed at 3.86 Mcps
Exemple: Data to transmit: 1 0 , SF=8.

A chip
1
-1
Code
1
-1
Coded data
1
-1
Transmission
Spread data
Code applied
Reception
Received data, 1
without error -1
1
-1
1
-1
What is the spreading factor?

It is the number of chips per bit (=chip rate/bit rate).
The chip rate is linked with the CDMA carrier bandwidth and has a constant value of 3,84 Mcps.
It is quite easy to match the bit rate of the signal with the CDMA chip rate just by choosing the
adequate spreading factor.
The higher the spreading factor, the more redundancy you add in the signal and the lower the
probability of bit error is by transmitting the signal.
It is also traduced by the processing gain (see below).
Code synchronization?
It is difficult to acquire and to maintain the synchronization of the locally generated code
signal and the received signal.
Indeed synchronization has to be kept within a fraction of the chip time.
Page 120

Spreading factor & Data Rate
The chip rate is fixed, 3.84 Mcps.
If the SF is divided by 2, the dara rate is multiplied by 2 !
Small SF = High data rate

High SF = Small data rate
1
-1
Code
1
-1
Coded data
1
-1
Transmission
Spread data
Code applied
Received
data
Reception
Received data,
1
without error -1
1
-1
1
-1
The Spreading Factor available are 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 in uplink, plus 512 in downling
For signaling at very low bit rate.
Page 121

Spreading factor & Error at reception (1/2)
When an error occurs at the reception, the determination of the bit value is less trivial.
1
-1
1
-1
SF=8
Signal sent on
the air
Signal received
with error
Code
Decoded data
Here is 3 area
unity over 4
Zoom on the decoded

signal
The determination
of the bit value is
based on the aera
of the received
signal.
1
0
-1
Page 122

Spreading factor & Error at reception (2/2)
With a small SF, the signal is more sensitive to errors.
So to have the same error ratio you use more power
To keep in mind
1
-1
1
-1
SF=4
Signal sent on
the air
Signal received
with error
Code
Decoded data
Here is 2 area
unity over 4
1
0
-1
Zoom on the
decoded signal
The determination
of the bit value is
based on the aera
of the received
signal.
If you need a high data rate

(video downloading), you will
use a small SF. You will
have more errors on your
message. So if you want to
keep the same error ratio,
you will use more power to
transmit your message
Another way to understand this relation is with the redundancy.

If the SF is small, 4 for example, the useful bit, 0 or 1, is sent just 4 time. The data rate is
high.
If the SF is higher, 64 for example, the useful bit is sent 64 time. The data rate is smaller.
So if an error occurs, it is more significant if the SF is 4 than if the SF is 64.
Page 123

Exercise: Orthogonal Code
Here, there is a received signal and two orthogonal codes
Could you apply these codes on the received signal and determinate
which code has been used to spread the signal? What could you conclude
about the orthogonality?
1
Received signal-1
1
-1
Decoded
signal 1
1
-1
Received signal
Decoded
signal 2
1
-1
Code 2
Code 2
Code 1
Code 1
1
-1
1
-1
Page 124

WCDMA, Power Density & Processing Gain (1/2)
P
RSSI: Received Signal Strength
Indicator
RSSI or Io
Total received wideband power over 5

Mhz including thermal noise
ISCP (No): Interference Signal Code
Power
Eb
SIR
Interference on the received signal
ISCP or
No
RSCP (Ec): Received Signal Code

Power
PG
RSCP or Ec
Unbiaised measurement on the received

signal on one channelization code
Eb : energy per useful bit
Ws
Wss
PG : Processing Gain = Eb-Ec

Power Gain after despreading.
PG= 20 log (Wss/Ws)
At Node B reception level
RSSI: This is the total received wideband (UTRA carrier RSSI) power over 5Mhz
including thermal noise. It is estimating the uplink interference at the Node B, and by
difference with the thermal noise, the rise due to traffic and external interference.
Page 125

WCDMA, Power Density & Processing Gain (2/2)
P
SIR: Signal Interference Ratio
RSSI or Io
SF .RSCP
SIR =
No
Depending on the service, more or less
errors are allowed. UTRAN computes the
error ratio and then set the SIR required
for the service.
Eb
SIR
ISCP or
No
PG
What are the modifications on the

diagram if:
RSCP or Ec
The number of users increases ?

The SF decreases ?
The error ratio required decreases ?
Page 126
4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.4 Code Division Multiple Access
Page 127
Code Division Multiple Access

One-cell reuse
The area is divided into cells, but the entire
bandwidth is reused in each cell (frequency reuse
of one)
> Inter-cell interference
> Cell orthogonality is achieved by codes
The entire bandwidth is used by each user at the

same time
> Intra-cell interference
> User orthogonality is achieved by codes
The rainbows cells mean that the whole bandwidth (5 MHz) is reused in each cell.
In GSM there is also intra-cell interference when there are 2 (or more) TRXs in the
same cell. But it is a small problem (as each TRX runs on a different frequency)
In CDMA intra-cell interference is an important problem.
Page 128

Multiple access (1)
Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Spreading 2
Spreading1
Radio Channel
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
All the users transmit on the same 5 MHz carrier at the same time and
interfere with each over.
At the receiver the users can be separated by means of (quasi-)orthogonal
codes.
Quasi-orthogonal: it is not necessary to have primary colors at the receiver to

separate the user. Red and orange for example can also be distinguished.
Orthogonality between the codes is impossible to maintain after transfer over the
radio interface (multi-path on DL, UEs not synchronized on UL )
Page 129

Multiple access (2)
Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Spreading1
Radio Channel
Spreading 2
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
If a user transmits with a very high power, it will be impossible for the
receiver to decode the wanted signal (despite use of quasi-orthogonal
codes)
CDMA is unstable by nature and requires accurate power control.
CDMA is instable by nature:

one user may jam a whole cell by transmitting with too high power
need for accurate and fast power control
too many users in one cell would have the same effect
need for congestion control
A CDMA resource has 2 dimensions: the codes and the power. Obviously the power
is the limiting factor ; the better we can control the power usage, the more capacity
(users) we can allocate.
Page 130

Spreading: Channelization and Scrambling
cch1
air
interface
cch 2
cscrambling
Modulator
cch 3
The channelization code (or spreading code) is signal-specific: the code
length is chosen according to the bit rate of the signal.
The scrambling code is equipment-specific.
Spreading consists of two steps:

The channelization code (also called spreading code) transforms every data symbol
into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The narrowband
signal is spread into a wideband signal with a chip rate of 3.84 Mchips/s.
The system must choose the adequate spreading factor to match the bit rate of the
narrowband signal.
The spreading factor is directly linked with the length of the channelization code.
The scrambling code does not affect the signal bandwidth: it is only a chip-by-chip
operation.
The scrambling code is cell-specific on the downlink and terminal-specific on the
uplink.
Page 131

Channelization Codes (Spreading Codes)
C
ch,1,0
ch,2,0
=(1,1,1,1)
ch,4,0
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
= (1,1)
The code tree is shared by several

users (usually one code tree per
cell)
= (1)
SF = 1
ch,2,1
= (1,-1)
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
The channelization codes are OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading

Factor) codes:
their length is equal to the spreading factor of the signal: they can match
variable bit rates on a frame-by-frame basis.
orthogonality enables to separate physical channels:
UL: separation of physical channels from the same terminal
DL: separation of physical channels to different users within one cell
What is a channelization code?

OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)
Length: 4-256 chips according to the spreading factor
(in downlink also 512 chips is possible to match very low bit rate)
Number of codes:
The channelization codes can be defined in a code tree, which is shared by several
users.
If one code is used by a physical channel, the codes of underlying branches may not
be used.
The number of codes is consequently variable: the minimum is 4 codes of length 4,
the maximum is 256 codes of length 256.
The channelization code (and consequently the spreading factor) may change on a
frame-by-frame basis
How is Code Allocation managed?
The codes within each cell are managed by the RNC.
No need to coordinate code tree resource between different base stations or
terminals.
Usually one code tree per cell. If two code trees are used, it is necessary to use the
secondary scrambling code.
Page 132

Scrambling codes
The scrambling codes provide separation between equipment:
UL: separation of terminals
No need for code planning (millions of codes!)
There are 214 long and 214 short scrambling codes in uplink
DL: separation of cells
Need for code planning between cells (but trivial task)
There are only long scrambling codes in downlink
(512 to limit the code identification during cell search procedure)
The long scrambling codes are truncated to the 10 ms frame length.
Only one DL scrambling code should be used within a cell.
Another scrambling code may be introduced in one cell if necessary
(example : shortage of channelization code), but orthogonality between
users will be degraded.
In fact, there are two types of scrambling codes:

Long codes:
Gold codes constructed from a position wise modulo 2 sum of 38400 chip
segments of two binary sequences (generated by means of 2 generators
polynomials of degree 25)
used with Rake Receiver : the PRACH is constructed from the long
scrambling sequences. There are 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling codes
in total, divided into 512 groups of 16 each.
Short codes:
Length : 256 chips
used with advanced multi-user detector
likely to be used later
Refer to Technical Specification 3GPP TS 25.213
Page 133
4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.5 Soft Handover
Page 134
Soft Handover
Introduction
Principle: As the UEs are separated by codes, they send and receive data all on the
same time and on the same frequency and one frequency is used in a set of adjacent
cells, the soft handover is possible.
A UE is in case of Soft Handover when it is linked to several cells on the same time.
So , in donwlink, the UE receives several time the same data and combine them to
increase the quality. In Uplink, several cells and Node can receive the same message
and combines them to increase the quality.
Interest: Like the quality of the signal is increased after
the reception, it is possible to use less power. That
allows to save the interference level. If this interference
level is too high, it is not possible to decode the data and
the call is cut.
Soft Handover doesnt exist in GSM, it is not possible because there are different
frequencies in a set of adjacent cells.
Page 135
Soft Handover
Scenarios: Softer Handover
Core Network
Iu
Iu
Serving RNC
Iur
Iubs
Iubs
Serving RNC (SRNC1): on UL it collects information from the Drift RNC and from its own
Node-B and performs selection of the signal on a best frame quality basis. On DL it duplicates
Iu-information to Drift RNC and to its own Node-B and recombination of the signal is performed
by the UE. There may be only one Serving RNC per UE.
Drift RNC (DRNC2): it performs the routing of information from/to the Serving RNC.
There may be up to 4 Drift RNC(s) per UE.
Page 136
Soft Handover
Scenarios: Soft Handover
Core Network
Iu
Iu
Serving RNC
Iur
Iubs
Iubs
Serving RNC (SRNC1): on UL it collects information from the Drift RNC and from its
own Node-B and performs selection of the signal on a best frame quality basis.
On DL it duplicates Iu-information to Drift RNC and to its own Node-B and recombination
of the signal is performed by the UE. There may be only one Serving RNC per UE.
Page 137
Soft Handover
Scenarios: Soft Handover inter RNC
Core Network
Iu
Iu
Serving RNC
Drift RNC
Iur
Iur
Iubs
Iubs
Serving RNC (SRNC1): on UL it collects information from the Drift RNC and from its
own Node-B and performs selection of the signal on a best frame quality basis.
On DL it duplicates Iu-information to Drift RNC and to its own Node-B and recombination of
the signal is performed by the UE. There may be only one Serving RNC per UE.
Page 138
Soft Handover
Scenarios: SRNC Relocation
Core Network
Iu
Iu
Serving RNC
Serving
RNC
Drift
RNC
Iur
Iur
Iubs
Iubs
Serving RNC (SRNC1): on UL it collects information from the Drift RNC and from its own
Node-B and performs selection of the signal on a best frame quality basis.
On DL it duplicates Iu-information to Drift RNC and to its own Node-B and recombination
of the signal is performed by the UE. There may be only one Serving RNC per UE.
Page 139
Soft Handover
Soft Handover & Code Management
In Downlink,
Scrambling Code
Core Network
One DL SC per Cell

Channelization Code
Iu
One DL CC per radio link to avoid having the

same code sequence on 2 radio link
Serving RNC
In Uplink,
Iubs
Scrambling Code
UL CC user
UL SC eq
One UL SC per UE
Channelization Code
DL SC cellA
DL SC cellB
DL CC1 user 1
DL CC2 user 1
One UL CC per service (per physical

channel).
Conclusion:
The UE sends one signal which can receive
by several cell.
Cell A
Cell B
The UE receives several signals

Page 140
Soft Handover
Cost & Benefit
Why do we need soft HO?
Imagine that a UE penetrates from one cell deeply into an adjacent cell:
it may cause near-far effect
hard HO is not a good solution, due to the hysteresis mechanism
Better spatial repartition of the power, so lower interference level
Additional resources due to soft HO:
- Additional rake receiver in Node-B
- Additional Rake Fingers in UE
- Additional transmission links between Node-Bs and RNCs
Soft HO provides Diversity (also called Macro-Diversity), but requires
more network resource.
Page 141
Soft Handover
Cost & Benefit
> Soft Handover execution:
Soft Handover is executed by means of the following procedures
The cell to be added to the active set needs to have information

forwarded by the RNC:
Radio Link Addition (FDD soft-add);

Radio Link Removal (FDD soft-drop);
Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal.
Connection parameters (coding scheme, layer 2 information, )

UE ID and uplink scrambling code,
Timing information from UE
The UE needs to get the following information
Channelization & scrambling codes to be used

Relative timing information (Timing offset based on CPICH
synchro)
Page 142
4. WCD MA in UMTS
4.6 Rake Receiver
Page 143
Rake Receiver
Rake Receiver principle (1)
In a CDMA system there is a single carrier which contains all user signals.
Decoding of all these signals by one receiver is only a question of signal
processing capacity.
A Rake receiver is capable to decode several signals simultaneously in the
so called fingers and to combine them in order to improve the quality of
the signal or to get several services at the same time.
A Rake receiver is implemented in mobile phones and in base stations.
A Rake receiver can provide:
- multi-service (via handling of multiple physical channels that are carrying
the services)
- soft handover
- path diversity
A single carrier: in fact each operator may use several carriers of 5MHz each (2 in
Germany, 3 in France)
The rake receiver can only be used with signals on the same carrier.
Page 144
Rake Receiver
Rake receiver principle (2)
Delay Adjustment
Multi-code
signal
1st
Finger
Data 1
Delay 1
Code Sequence 1
2nd
Finger
3rd
Finger
Delay 2
Code Sequence 2
Data 2
Delay 3
Code Sequence 2 or 3
The components of the multi-code signal are demodulated in parallel each

in one finger of the Rake Receiver.
The outputs of the fingers:
can provide independent data signals
can be combined to provide a better data signal(s)
Rake fingers are allocated to the peaks at which significant energy arrives. Update
rate: tens of ms
Each finger tracks the fast-changing phase and amplitude values due to fast fading
and removes them
Rake Receiver resides in both UE and Node-B.
The numbers of fingers for a Rake Receiver is implementation dependant.
Page 145
Rake Receiver
Rake Receiver and Multi-Service
Despreading 1
Spreading 1
Spreading 2
Radio Channel
Despreading 2
Transmitter
Multimedia receiver
As a first approach, we can say:

One service, one code! (*)
>> Which codes make it possible to
separate the two signals at the receiver?
* we will see later that it is also possible to multiplex several services on the same
code!
Indeed on a dedicated physical channel (which is identified by its spreading code) a
user can multiplex several services as long as the total bit rate of the services does
not exceed the bit rate of the physical channel.
See subchapter 5.UTRAN/ Physical Layer (Transport Channel Multiplexing)
Page 146
Rake Receiver
Rake Receiver and soft handover
Spreading 1
Base station 1
Spreading 2
Base Station 2
Despreading 1&2
Radio Channel
Mobile phone
>> Which codes make it possible to

separate the two signals
at the
receiver?
Soft handover is possible, because the two mobile stations use the same
frequency band. The mobile phone need only one transmission chain to
decode both simultaneously.
Page 147
Rake Receiver
Rake Receiver and path diversity (1)
Natural obstacles (buildings, hills) cause reflections, diffractions and
scattering and consequently multipath propagation.
The delay dispersion depends on the environment and is typically:
1 s (300 m) in urban areas
20 s (6000 m) in hilly areas
The delay dispersion should be compared with the chip duration 0,26 s
(78 m) of the CDMA system.
If the delay dispersion is greater than the chip duration, the multipath
components of the signal can be separated by a Rake Receiver.
In this case, CDMA can take advantage of multipath propagation.
What is multipath propagation?

The signal travels from transmitter to receiver over different paths, due to reflections,
diffractions or scattering. Consequently the same signal arrives at the receiver with a
little delay.
The chip rate can be considered as the resolution of the CDMA system. It is linked
with the 5 MHz carrier.
Page 148
Rake Receiver
Rake Receiver and path diversity (2)
Direct path
Despreading
Spreading
Transmitter
Reflected path
Receiver
Dispersion <Chip duration

The Rake Receiver cannot provide path diversity.
>> Which codes make it

possible to separate the two
signals at the receiver?
Direct path
Spreading
Transmitter
Despreading
Reflected path
Receiver
Dispersion > Chip duration

The Rake Receiver can provide path diversity to improve the quality of the signal.
Multi-path propagation usually reduces the quality of the signal.

But in most cases a Rake Receiver can take advantage of multi-path to improve the
quality of the signal. Indeed the dispersion is often greater than the chip duration.
Note: with IS-95 (cdmaOne), the carrier bandwidth is about 1 MHz and the chip
duration is consequently longer: 1 s (300 m). Multi-path components can not be
separated in urban areas with IS-95.
Page 149
4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.7 Power Control
Page 150
Power Control
Why ?
Main Problem : If the interference level is to high, it is not possible to decode the signal.
P
Serving RNC
Eb
Iub
SIR
ISCP or No
PG
RSCP or Ec
In UTRA/FDD, the power control is a key functionality : the users using

simultaneously the same frequency band interfere each other.
The transmit power must be dynamically adapted in order to

Enable to reach the quality of service
Compensate fading occurrences
Avoid interfering other users (and thus decreasing the system capacity)
Two main power control algorithms can be distinguished:
Open-loop power control (UL only)
Closed loop power control (UL/DL)
Page 151
Power Control
Different kinds of Power Control
Physical channels:
Not associated with transport channels
Channel power fixed and set by the

operator
(Physical signaling)
Associated with transport channels

Dedicated channels
Closed Loop power control
Common channels
Open Loop Power Control
Page 152
Power Control
Open Loop
Open Loop Power Control
If UE receives a STRONG DL signal,

then UE will speak low.
If UE receives a weak DL
signal,
then UE will speak LOUD.
Fading is not correlated on UL and DL due to separation of UL and DL
band.
Open loop Power Control is not enough fast and accurate for the dedicated
traffic.
Basic mechanism:
PC is intended to reduce the interference level in the system by maintaining the quality if the
UE-UTRAN radio link as close as possible to the minimum quality required for the
type of service requested.
How is Power Control performed ?
- Open loop power control (also called slow power control):
it consists for the mobile station of making a rough estimate of path loss by means of a
DL beacon signal and adding the interference level of the Node-B and a constant value.
Its far too inaccurate and only used to provide a coarse initial power setting of the mobile
station at the beginning of a connection
- Closed-loop power control:
See next slide
Page 153
Power Control
Closed Loop PC : Principles
Closed Loop Power
Control
SIR Estimation
SIR target
Power down
***
***
RNC
Power down
Power up
Iub
***
Power ...
Error measurements
Outer Closed Loop
***
...
Comparaison
between SIRest
and SIRtarget
***
Generation of a
TCP command:
increase or
descrease
On each Time slot !
1500 Hz
Inner Closed Loop
The Node-B controls the power of the UE (and vice versa) by performing a SIR estimation (inner loop)
and by generating TPC command for each time slot of the radio frame.
The RNC controls parameters of the SIR estimation (outer loop) and set the initial SIR target, defined by
the operator and modify it according to the error measurement reports.
Inner Loop (Fast Loop Power Control)
In UL, the serving cells should estimate signal-to-interference ratio SIRest

of the received uplink DPCH. The serving cells should then generate TPC commands
and transmit the commands once per slot according to the following rule: if SIRest > SIRtarget
then the TPC command to transmit is "0" , while if SIRest < SIRtarget then the TPC
command to transmit is "1".
Upon reception of one or more TPC commands in a slot, the UE shall derive a single
TPC command, TPC_cmd, for each slot, combining multiple TPC commands if more
than one is received in a slot. TPC_cmd values = +1(power up), -1 (power down), 0
The step size TPC is under the control of the UTRAN (value = 1 dB or 2 dB)
UE shall adjust the transmit power of the uplink DPCCH with a step of DPCCH (in dB)
which is given by DPCCH = TPC TPC_cmd.
The command rate of 1500Hz is faster than any significant change of path loss.
Outer Loop
The RNC checks the quality of the signal using for example a CRC-based approach
(Cyclic Redundancy Check) and uses this result to adjust SIR target for the inner loop.
The big issue is to meet constantly the required quality: no worse and also no better,
because it would be a waste of capacity.
The required quality may change with the multi-path profile (related to the environment)
and with the UE speed.
The outer loop management is handled by the CRNC because a soft HO may be performed.
Frequency of the outer loop: 10-100 Hz typically
Note: in GSM only slow power control is employed (about 2 Hz)
Page 154
Power Control
Closed Loop PC : Power Density
SIR target
Assuming a user using a service.
Power up
Iub
It is initial SIR target is 3dB.
Power ...
RNC
The error ratio required is 0.01 .
...
Error measurements
Several error ratio reports are between 0.002

and 0.007
How do the SIR target evoluate ?
What is the impact on the user or on the
system if the estimated SIR is too high ?
Too small ?
E
b
SIR Target
SIR est
ISCP or No
RSCP or Ec
f
Page 155
Power Control
UL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover
What is the behaviour of the UE in UL in case of
soft handover ?
Iub
The UE takes in to account all the command

according to the 3GPP
1
P(t)=P(t-1) + F(TPC1(t) + TPC2(t))
The function F(TPC(t)) is implemented by the UE

manufacturer.
Power up !!!
TPC=1
Power down !!!

TPC=-1
F(TPC(t))=min(TCP1(t), , TPCi(t))
???
With i= number of involved Node B
Page 156
Power Control
DL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover
What is the behaviour of the Node B involed
in the call in DL in case of soft handover ?
The UE sends the same command for all
the Node B involved.
Iub
Node Bs must transmit data with the same

power for a user
Due to reception errors their power can shift
themselves
Power
up
A mechanism, the DL Power Balancing,

allows to readjust the transmission power of
the Node B.
Power
up
Power up !!!
TPC=1
The SRNC selects the best radio link, and

readjust, step by step, the transmission
power.
P(t) = P(t-1) + Ptpc(t) + Pbal(t)
Page 157
4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.8 Coverage, Capacity & Quality
Page 158
Coverage, Capacity & Quality

Links between the Coverage, the Capacity and the Quality
Example: Increase the quality in UL
RNC
How to do ?
Decrease the error ratio at the Node B level

So increase the SIR at the Node B level
SIR
So the UEs use more power
Iub
Node B
Impacts !
Increasement of the UL Interference level
So decrease of the cell size
And decrease of the high data rate with need
more power in transmission (capacity).
Page 159

Improvement Ways
AMR speech Codec
it enables to switch to a lower bit rate if the mobile is moving out of the cell
coverage area: it is a trade-off between quality and coverage.
Multipath diversity
it consists of combining the different paths of a signal (due to reflections,
diffractions or scattering) by using a Rake Receiver.
Multipath diversity is very efficient with W-CDMA.
Soft(er) handover
the transmission from the mobile is received by two or more base stations.
Receive antenna diversity
the base station collects the signal on two uncorrelated branches. It can be
obtained by space or polarization diversity.
Base stations algorithms
e.g. accuracy of SIR estimation in power control process
The AMR (Adaptative Multirate) speech codec:

- offers 8 AMR modes between 4,75 kbits/s and 12,2 kbits/s
- is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC
- is located in the UE and in the transcoder (which is located in the CN)
Page 160

Typical Values
Quality: The quality is measured with the Block Error Ratio (BLER). Here some example according
different services.
AMR
Target
BLER
0.001
0.01
CS64
0.001
0.01
0.1
PS64
PS128
0.01
0.01
PS38
DCCH
4
0.01
0.01
Coverage:
Dense Urban Cell: about 300 meters
SubUrban Cell: about 1 km
Rural Cell: 3 km
Capacity:
The main limitation is the interference level due to the WCDMA technology.
But the system is also limited by capacity processing of the Node B and the RNC, by the codes, and
by the transmission capacity.
Page 161
5. UTRAN Scenario
Page 162
UTRAN Scenario
Content
> Objective: to be able to build the map of the radio channels
(logical, transport and physical) from a white paper.
> Program:
5.2 Service Request
5.4 Mobility Management in connected mode
Page 163
UTRAN Scenario
Introduction 1/3
CN
IMSI
Attachment
Serving RNC
Collection of System Informatin

RRC Connection
IMSI Attachment
Paging
Iub
The UE is switched on !
What happen ?
System
Information
RRC
Connection
Paging
Page 164
UTRAN Scenario
Introduction 2/3
CN
RAB
Admission Control
Serving RNC
RAB Establishment
Traffic Managment
Iub
The UE requests a service.
How and in which conditions are the
resources required setup ?
Page 165
UTRAN Scenario
Introduction 3/3
CN
A new radio is added
Hard Handover on anthere FDD carrier
Serving RNC
Inter RAT Handover
The UE uses a service and moves !
Iub
How UTRAN can provide the service despite

the mobility ?
BTS
BSC
Page 166
5. UTRAN Scenario
Page 167

Downlink
DTCH, DCCH
CCCH, CTCH
PCCH
BCCH
Logical Ch
Transport Ch
DCH
DSCH
FACH
PCH
BCH
Not implemented
yet in EvoliumTM
Solution
Physical Ch
DPDCH and DPCCH
multiplexed by time
DPDCH
+
DPCCH
PDSCH
Dedicated
Physical Ch
Not associated with

transport channels
S-CCPCH
P-CCPCH
Common Physical Ch
AICH
PICH
CPICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
Page 168

Uplink
DTCH, DCCH
CCCH
Logical Ch
Transport Ch
DCH1
DCH2
RACH
CPCH
CCTrCH
Physical Ch
DPDCH and DPCCH
multiplexed by
modulation
DPDCH
+
DPCCH
PRACH
Common Physical Ch
Dedicated Physical Ch
PCPCH
Page 169
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request
Page 170
Service Request
Content
> Program:
5.2.1 System Information Collection
5.2.2 RRC Connection
5.2.3 IMSI Attachment & Location Update
5.2.4 Paging
Page 171
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request

5.2.1 System Information Collection
Page 172

Principles
CN
The
UE synchronize itself at the

slot on the P-SCH
UE synchronize itself at the frame
level on the S-SCH and retrieve a
group of 8 Scrambling codes.
Serving RNC
Iub
The UE test the 8 SC on the

CPICH to find the SC of the cell
???
The UE decode the BCH channel

to read the system information
The UE select the best cell
Just after the switch on, the UE can decode only the P-SCH and S-SCH if it is on a
covered area
Page 173

P-SCH & S-SCH
Slot #0
Slot #1
P-SCH
acp
acp
S-SCH
acs1
acs2
Slot #14
acp
acs14
256 chips
P-CCPCH Radio Frame 10 ms
The SCH is time-multiplexed with the P-CCPCH (which carries the BCH) and consists of 2 subchannels.
The Primary SCH (P-SCH) made of always the slot on all the FDD Cells. The UE uses it to acquire the
slot synchronization to a cell.
The Secondary SCH (S-SCH) contains a sequence of 15 codes which identifies the Code Group of the
Downlink Scrambling Code (DL SC) of the cell. The UE uses it to acquire the frame synchronization to a
cell and to identify the Code Group of the DL SC.
Cell Search Procedure (also called synchronization procedure)

3GPP TS 25.214 provides an informative description how it is typically done
Step 1: slot synchronization
In all the cell of any PLMN, the P-SCH is made of a unique & same primary code
sequence of 256 chips repeated at each Time Slot Occurrence.
This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar device) to the primary
synchronisation code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be
obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output.
Step 2: frame synchronization and code-group identification
A S-SCH is made of 15 repetitions of a secondary code sequence of 256 chips
(one per Time Slot) transmitted in perfect synchronization with the P-SCH
code sequences. The UTRAN used 64 distinct secondary synchronization code
sequences (reused in distant cells of the UTRAN).
This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary synchronisation
code sequences, and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the
sequences are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronisation is determined.
Each secondary code sequence corresponds to a unique group of 8 possible Primary Scrambling codes
Step 3: (downlink) scrambling code identification
The UE determines the (primary) scrambling code used by the found cell through
symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH (pilot) with all codes within the Code Group
identified in the step 2 (8 possibilities).
Afterwards the P-CCPCH can be detected and the system- and cell specific BCH
information can be read.
Page 174

CPICH
Slot #0
Slot #1
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Slot #14
SF=256 Tslot=2560
chips 20 bits
CPICH (Common Pilot CHannel)

The pilot carries a pre-defined symbol sequence at a fixed rate.
It is a reference:
To aid the channel estimation at the terminal (time or phase reference)
To perform handover measurements and cell selection/reselection (power reference)
The UE tests the 8 DL SC of the Group Code. The DL SC which allows to retrieve the predefine sequence is the DL SC of the cell.
The CPICH has the following characteristic

The same channelization code is always used for the P-CPICH,
The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code,
There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell,
The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell.
Page 175

System Information Broadcast
The broadcast system information:
May come from CN, RNC or Node-B.
Contains static parameters (Cell identity, supported PLMN types...) and dynamic
parameters (UL interference level...).
Is arranged in System Information Blocks (SIB), which group together elements of
the same nature.
Some exemple:
SIB1: Core Network Information
DL SC, Power Control info
SIB3: Cell Selection, Access Restriction
LA, RA
SIB7: UL Interference
SIB11: Measurement
CN
UL interference level
Example of SIB:
MIB:
Master Info Block (structure & scheduling of SIBs)
SIB 1: NAS System Information + Timer

SIB 2: URA (not supported) +Timer
SIB 3: Cell Selection/Reselection and Access Restriction
SIB 5: Common channel Information (P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH, RACH) and AICH/PICH power offset
SIB 7: UL Interference and PRACH parameter SIB 11:Measurements
SIB 18:PLMN Identity of neighboring cells
Page 176

System Information Broadcast
The broadcast system information can be carried on BCH which is transmitted permanently
over the entire cell.
The broadcast system information is made of 128 periodic radio frame. So its period is 1280
ms.
There are a Master SIB or MIB and several SIB (System Information Block) organised by
domain.
Thanks to this channel, the UE is able to retrieve information allowing the request of a
RRC connection like the Channelization code used on the uplink common channel
MIB
Logical Ch.
SIB5
Physical Ch.
SIB11
BCCH
Frame #0
Transport Ch.
SIB3
BCH
P-CCPCH
SIB7
Frame #2
MIB
Frame #i-1
Frame #i
SIB11
SIB5
Frame #i+1
SIB7
Frame #125
Frame #1
Frame #126
Frame #127
Page 177

Procedure
Node-B
UE
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
System Information (BCCH:BCH)

RRC
Master/Segment Info Block(s)
RRC

RRC
RRC

RRC
RNC
CN
System Information
Update Request
NBAP
Master/Segment Info
Block(s), BCCH
modification time
System Information
Update Response
NBAP
>> Why does RRC protocol

terminate at NodeNode-B for BCH
(not at RNC)?
Page 178

Radio Channel Mapping: P-CCPCH
256 chips
How many bits are there for BCH ?
SCH
Tslot=2560 chips
20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #13
Slot #14
The Primary CCPCH carries the BCH, which provides system- and cellspecific information (e.g set of uplink scrambling codes)
The P-CCPCH is a fixed rate 30 kbps DL physical channel, which provide a
timing reference for all physical channels (directly for DL, indirectly for UL).
CCPCH is scrambled under the Primary Scrambling code.
P-CCPCH Primary Control Common Channel
Page 179
Cell Selection
Principles
Now, the UE can read the BCH of one cell.
CN
But this cell is not necessary the best because

the SCH has been chosen randomly.
The UE compares the cells to be camped on
the best one.
RNC
There are 2 criterion:

QRxLev, from the CPICH RSCP, to estimate
the reception level.
Iub
???
Qqual, from the CPICH Ec/No, to estimate the

quality of reception. It takes in account the
interference level.
When a UE is not connected, like here, and is

moving, it has to reselect regularly the best cell
for itself. To protect some cells, it is possible to
facilitate or not the selection of one cell.
Page 180
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request

5.2.2 RRC Connection
Page 181
RRC Connection
Why ?
CN
The UE is switched on and has selected a cell.

The UE is in idle mode.
UTRAN doesnt know anything about this UE.
The UE hasnt UTRAN identifier neither
Scrambling and Channelization code.
RNC
The UE cant exchange any data with UTRAN.

Iub
To be known by UTRAN and to use dedicated radio
resources, the UE has to be RRC connected.
After, the UE can attach its IMSI or update its
location to the Core Network and can request a
service
RRC Connected
Page 182
RRC Connection
Procedure: RRC Connection Establishment
Node-B
UE
RNC
1. RRC Connection Request (CCCH:RACH)
RRC
Initial UE identity, Establishment cause, Initial UE capability
RRC
2. Allocate RNTI, Select

Level 1 and Level 2
parameters (e.g. TFCS,
scrambling code)
3. Radio Link Establishment
RRC
4. RRC Connection Setup (CCCH:FACH)

Initial UE identity, RNTI, capability update requirement, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL
scrambling code, power control info
RRC
5. RRC Connection Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH)

Integrity information, ciphering information
RRC
RRC
>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing
completing this stage?
1. UE initiates set-up of an RRC connection

Initial UE identity: e.g TMSI
Establishment cause: e.g traffic class
2. RNC decides which transport channel to setup (RACH/FACH or DCH) and allocates
RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) and radio resources (e.g TFS, TFCS, scrambling
codes) for this RRC connection.
3. A new radio link must be setup. This is done via a signalling procedure between RNC
and Node-B which is managed by NBAP protocol (see Procedure D for more detail).
4. Logical, transport and physical channel configuration are sent to the UE.
5. RRC Connection Setup Complete message is sent:
- on RACH in case of RRC connection on RACH/FACH (cell_FACH state)
- on DCH in case of RRC connection on DCH (cell_DCH state)
Page 183
RRC Connection
Procedure: RRC Connection Release
UE
Node-B
(SRNC)
Node-B
(DRNC)
DRNC
SRNC
RANAP
CN
1. Iu Release
Command
Cause
RANAP
2. Iu Release
Complete
RANAP
RANAP
-
3. ALCAP Iu Bearer Release

4. RRC Connection Release (DCCH:DCH )
RRC
RRC
Cause
5. RRC Connection Release Complete (DCCH:DCH )

-
RRC
RRC
6. Radio Link Deletion

In this example, the UE is in macro-diversity on two Node-Bs from two different RNCs.
Therefore the UE could only be in cell_DCH state (soft HO is only possible on DCH)
1. The CN initiates the release of RRC connection
2. 3. SRNC initiates release of Iu Bearer using ALCAP protocol
4. 5. 6. SRNC initiates release of radio link (for Node-B of SRNC) using NBAP protocol
7. SRNC requires release of radio link (for Node-B of DRNC) to DRNC using RNSAP protocol
8. DRNC initiates release of radio link (for Node-B of DRNC) using NBAP protocol
Page 184
RRC Connection
How to contact UTRAN: the PRACH Channel 1/2
For the initial access, the UE has to use a common
uplink channel called the PRACH
RNC
Every UE use this channel to request a connection.

If 2 UEs request on the time there is collision, and
UTRAN receives nothing.
Iub
To manage this problem, the UE sends a first

message called preamble until it receives a
response on a downlink channel called AICH.
Response on the AICH
Yes !
Hello
! a connection
HELLO!
I need
After the response on the AICH, the UE sends its

message (the request) on the PRACH.
Preamble
onpart
the
Message
PRACH
PRACH= Physical Random Access Channel

AICH= Acquisition Indicator channel
Page 185
RRC Connection
How to contact UTRAN: the PRACH Channel 2/2
The first preamble is sent with the power P.
The UE resends a preamble until it receives a response on the AICH.
At each time, it increases the power of the preamble by the Power Offset paramenter (PO)
UTRAN cant receive its preamble if:
The power is not enough high
There is a collision with another user.
In the message part, there is the RRC connection request.
PO
PO Prea
P
Prea
mble
DPp,m
Message part
mble
Reception of
AICH
PRACH channel
Page 186
RRC Connection
UE Status 1/3
out of coverage
RRC Connection Release
UE
UE
UE
detached
in idle mode
in connected
mode
just after switch on process
Several substatus in the

connected
mode
RRC Connection Establishment
Including Cell search procedure

Just after the switch on, the UE has to attach its IMSI. Thanks to his procedure the Core Network
knows, the UE is on the network and where it is located at the Location or routing area level.
To attach its IMSI and update its location the UE has to be in connected mode, so it
has to request a RRC Connection
Just after switch on process contains:

Cell selection (including cell search procedure)
PLMN selection
Attachment procedure (see Appendix for more details)
The UE must enter the connected mode to transmit signalling or traffic data to the network
What is the relationship with the states of the mobile phone in GSM?
The two GSM states, idle mode and connected mode, are similar to idle mode and cell_DCH state in UMTS.
What is the relationship with the states of the mobile phone in GPRS?
There is no correspondence between GPRS states (idle, standby and ready) and UMTS states.
Indeed there is no notion of connection on GPRS.
Page 187
RRC Connection
UE Status 2/3
Cell_DCH state
Signalling and traffic data
dedicated to the UE (mapped
on DCCH and DTCH
respectively) are carried on
DCH transport channel
Cell DCH
UE in connected
mode
UE
in idle
Cell PCH
mode
Cell FACH
URA PCH
Cell_FACH state
Signalling and traffic data
dedicated to the UE (mapped
on DCCH and DTCH
respectively) are carried on
RACH (uplink) and FACH
(downlink) transport channels
Cell_DCH Cell_FACH
No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer 1
Cell_FACH Cell_DCH
Traffic volume UL/DL too large
The initial state of the UE is determined by the DCCH established during RRC connection establishment:
- if the DCCH is mapped on a DCH, the UE is in cell_DCH state
- if the DCCH is mapped on RACH/FACH, the UE is in cell_FACH state
The UE can move from one state to another during the time of the RRC connection.
Transitions between states are:
- based on traffic volume measurements and network load
- always triggered by UTRAN signalling
Note: in cell_DCH state, the DSCH transport channel can also be used.
Page 188
RRC Connection
UE Status 3/3
Cell_PCH state
No transmission of signalling and
traffic data dedicated to the UE (no
DCCH and no DTCH)
Cell DCH
UE
in idle
But the RRC connection is still

active (UTRAN keeps RNTI for UE)
and UE location at a cell level.
Cell PCH
mode
Cell FACH
URA PCH
- a DCCH (and possibly a DTCH)

can be reestablished very quickly
(this procedure is initiated by
sending a paging signal PCH)
URA_PCH state
Cell_FACH Cell_PCH
No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer 2
Cell_PCH Cell_FACH URA_PCH
Too many cell reselections
Very similar to cell_PCH state

UTRAN keeps the location of the UE at
the URA level (set of UMTS cells)
UE in connected
mode
Cell/URA_PCH Cell_FACH
Incoming DL or UL traffic
URA: UTRAN Registration Area (a small set of cells)

Cell_PCH and URA_PCH states are needed for non real time services to optimise usage
of codes and battery consumption. It would not be efficient to allocate permanently a DCH
which would be used a very low percentage of time (Web application for example)
What is the difference between idle mode, Cell_PCH and URA_PCH states?
In idle mode the location of the UE is not known by the UTRAN, but only by the CN at a
Location Area (LA) or Routing Area (RA) level (LA and RA and sets of cells larger than URA.
The paging message PCH must hence be sent in a LA or in a RA when the UE is in idle mode,
whereas it only needs to be sent in a cell in Cell_PCH state or in an URA when the UE is in
URA_PCH state (hence the paging procedure is much faster).
Page 189
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request

5.2.3 IMSI Attachment & Location
Update
Page 190
IMSI Attachment & Location Update

Initial Attachment
SGSN
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
HLR
SGSN
The UE has selected a cell.

RNC
It had to declared its identity and its location

(LA & RA) to the Core Network.
Iub
So, it requests a RRC connection to send to

the Core Network information about its
situation.
The parameters are mainly the LA, the RA
and its IMSI
LA1/RA2
LA=Location Area= Set of cells for the CS CN

RA= Routinf Area= Set of cells for the PS CN
Page 191

Principles
Location Area
SGSN
MSC/VLR
(LA)
Routing Area
(RA)
HLR
MSC/VLR
SGSN
When camping on a cell, the terminal must register its LA and/or its RA.
When the terminal moves across the network, it must update its LA (RA) which is stored in
VLR (SGSN) in the Core Network.
LA (RA) Update is performed periodically or when entering a new LA (RA).
LA and RA are managed on an independent way, but a RA must always be included in one LA
(and not be divided into several different LAs).
LA update is performed by the NAS layer MM (Mobility Management) located in UE and in MSC.
RA update is performed by NAS layer GMM (GPRS Mobility Management) located in UE and in SGSN.
In the Core Network, the location information is stored on databases:
- HLR (Home Location Register)
It stores the master copy of users service profile, which consists of information on allowed services,
forbidden roaming areas, and which is created when a new user subscribes to the system.
The HLR also stores the serving system (MSC/VLR and/or SGSN) where the terminal is located.
- VLR (Visitor Location Register)
It serves the terminal in its current location for CS services and holds a copy of the visiting
users service profile.
It stores the Location Area (LA) where the terminal is located.
- SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)
It serves the terminal in its current location for PS services and holds a copy of the visiting
users service profile.
It stores Routing Area (RA) where the terminal is located.
Page 192

Procedure: Direct Transfer
UE
Node-B
SRNC
RANAP
RRC
RRC
2. Downlink Direct Transfer

(DCCH:FACH or DCH)
NAS message
1. Uplink Direct Transfer

(DCCH:RACH or DCH)
CN
1. Direct Transfer
CN Domain Indicator,
NAS PDU
RANAP
RRC
RRC
CN node indicator, NAS message
RANAP
2. Direct Transfer
CN Domain Indicator,
NAS PDU
RANAP
Use mainly for the IMSI attachment, location update and the authentification between the UE and
the Core Network
UE must be in cell_FACH or in cell_DCH states.
Page 193
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request

5.2.4 Paging
Page 194
Paging
Principle
Core Network
MSC/VLR
HLR
MSC/VLR
Paging message
with the IMSI of the
called UE
Called number
Location Area
RNC
RNC
RNC
Iub
Iub
Iub
Some one is calling

me, I request a RRC
connection
Page 195
Paging
Procedure 1: UE in Connected Mode
Node-B
UE
SRNC
RANAP
RRC
2. Paging Type 2 (DCCH:FACH or

DCH)
CN
1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE
identity, Paging cause
RANAP
RRC
In this case the UE is already connected and is using a service (voice call, web-browsing
). The Core Network knows the situation of the UE and mainly its Serving RNC. The CN
contacts directly the Serving RNC.
The RNC doesnt use the PCCH and the PCH but the channel used for the UE, dedicated
or common, according to the status of the UE.
UE is in cell_FACH or in cell_DCH states:

1. CN initiates the paging of a UE to Serving RNC
2. Paging of UE with Paging Type 2 (on DCCH) using the existing RRC connection
Page 196
Paging
Procedure 2: UE in Idle Mode
UE1
UE2
Node-B1
Node-B2
RNC1
RANAP
1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE
identity, Paging cause
RANAP
2. Paging Type 1 (PCCH:PCH)
RRC
RRC
CN
RNC2
1. Paging
Idem
RANAP
RANAP
RRC
2. Paging Type1 (PCCH:PCH)
RRC
When the is in idle mode, UTRAN doesnt know where it is located and the Core Network
knows its location at the LA or RA level. UTRAN uses the PCCH and the PCH radio channels.
UE is in idle mode:
1. CN initiates the paging of a UE over a LA (RA in PS domain) spanning, for example, two RNCs.
2. Paging of UE with Paging Type 1
LA: Location Area, RA: Routing Area (see subchapter 5.8 Mobility Management)
A similar procedure applies to UE in cell_PCH or in URA_PCH states.
Page 197
Paging
Radio Channels: PICH & PCH
PCCH
RNC
Logical Ch
MAC
In RNC
Iub
PCH
...
Paging
message
PI
Physical
layer
PI
Transport Ch
In Node B
Physical Ch
PICH
S-CCPCH
It watches the PICH (Page

Indicator Channel) at regular and
defined interval and look for its PI,
for Paging Indicator.
The PI is baseb on the IMSI.
Several UEs can have the same
PI.
PI
S-CCPCH
The UE doesnt watch the SCCPCH.
When the UE find its PI on the

PICH, it watches the S-CCPCH to
check if it is for it and what is the
cause.
Then it requests on RRC
connection to have a RAB.
PICH
Page 198
5. UTRAN W orking
Page 199
Procedure between the switching on and the request of a service

Content
> Program:
5.3.1 Admission Control
5.3.2 RAB Establishment
Page 200
5. UTR A N W orking
5.3 RAB Establish ment

5.3.1 Admission C ontrol
Page 201
Admission Control
Introduction
According to the previous part WCDMA in UMTS, if the interference level at the Node B level is
too high, the Node B cant decode all the signal. The size of the cell decreases. The interferences
are due to several causes:
The radio environment and the load of the adjacent cells,
Some users use too much power, the power control manages this problem,
There are too many users on the the cells
UTRAN has to check if there is enough UL radio resource
P
SIR too small to
retrieve the message
RNC
Iub
E
b
ISCP = No
SIR
PG
RSCP = Ec
f
2 others questions before adding a new user : Is there sufficient DL radio resource and
sufficient processing resources ?
Page 202
Admission Control
Principles
Is there sufficient UL Radio Resource -> Rx RAC
If UL interference level + estimated new user contribution < threshold
Then Rx RAC ok
Is there sufficient DL Radio Resource -> Tx RAC
If Total DL Tx Power + estimated new user contribution < threshold
Then Tx RAC ok
Is there sufficient processing resource -> Processing RAC
3 main points are checked:
the channelization codes
The BB board capacities limited 1702.3 kbps
The DSP (in BBs) load
The number of user and radio links limited respectively to 64 users and 90 RLs
RAC = Radio Access Control
Page 203
5. UTRAN W orking

5.3.2 Radio Bearers Establishment
Page 204
Radio Bearers Establishment

Introduction
We have seen how a UE, after the switch on, can collect system information, update its
location, request a RRC Connection and a service, can be paged and how UTRAN allows it to
use services. Now how are established the RAB ?
RAB
Radio Bearer
RNC
Iub
Iu Bearer
Node B
Signaling
UTRAN
RLC
Configured
by
RRC
Core Network
RLC Mode: Tr., UM or AM and

retranmission parameter for AM
Logical Channel
MAC
TTI, TFS, TFCS, CRC, FEC, Coding

Rate, Rate Matching
Transport Channel
Phy.
Frequency, Power, Channelization &

Scrambling codes
Physical Channel
Page 205

Signaling: RAB Establishment
Node-B
UE
SRNC
RANAP
1. RAB Assignment
Request
RAB parameters, User plane
mode, Transport Address, Iu
Transport association
CN
RANAP
2. ALCAP Iu Data Transport Bearer Setup

3. Radio Link Establishment
(see Procedure D)
RRC
4. RB Setup (DCCH:FACH or DCH )

TFS, TFCS...
RRC
5. RB Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH )

RRC
RRC
-
6. RAB Assignment
Response
RANAP
RANAP
The UE is RRC connected and has requested a service.

Page 206

Signaling: RL Setup
Node-B
NBAP
SRNC
Radio Link Setup Request
Cell id, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL scrambling
code, power control info
NBAP
Start RX
ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup
NBAP
Radio Link Setup Response

Signalling link termination, transport layer
addressing info
Iub-FP
Iub-FP
Downlink synchronisation
Uplink synchronisation
NBAP
Iub-FP
Iub-FP
Start TX
>> Are NBAP, ALCAP and RRC messages carried on the same transport
transport bearers on Iub?
Iub?

This procedure is used in many RRC procedures, e.g RRC connection
establishment (Procedure C1), Radio Bearer Set-up (Procedure F1), soft HO (Procedure G)
In this procedure:
a radio link is set up by the RNC on the Node-B side using the NBAP protocol
(a similar task is performed on the UE side using RRC protocol, see e.g. procedure C1)
a terrestrial link (AAL2 bearer) is setup on Iub interface using ALCAP protocol
Page 207
Physical Layer Processing

Channel Coding
Convolutional coding,
Turbo coding
Radio Frame Segmentation
10 ms frame duration
15 time slots
Transport Channel Multiplexing

Physical Channel Mapping
Layer 1
CCtrCH
DPDCH, DPCCH, PRACH...
Spreading
Channelization codes
Scrambling codes
Modulation
QPSK
Physical Channels
spread over 5 MHz bandwidth
Page 208

Radio Channels
Assuming a UE a visio call service. What happens in Uplink ?
CN
RAB :64 kbps

Radio Bearer
RLC parameters
Mode : Transparent because it is a real time service
MAC parameters
RLC
Logical Ch.
DTCH
CRC = 16 bits, FEC = Turbo Code Coding Rate = 1/3, TTI= 40

ms, TFS=(0*640, 4*640 bits)
MAC
Transport Ch.
DCH
Physical Layer
640
640
640
640
640
640
640
640
640
640
640
640
TTI
UE
Physical Ch.
DPDCH/DPCCH
How many radio frame are necessary to send all this data ?
Page 209

Radio Channels: Data Processing
Assuming a UE a visio call service. What happens in Uplink ?
Transport
Blocks
#1
640 bits
CRC attachment
16
#1
#4
#4
(640+16)*4=2624 bits
Tr Bl concatenation
Turbo coding (1/3)
2624*3=7872 bits
Tail Bit Attachment
2624*3=7872 bits
12
Rate matching
And the value of Nrm ?
7884 bits
1 st interleaving
Radio Frame
Segmentation
Can you deduce the SF ?
1971
#1
#1
1971
+Nrm
1971
#4
#4
1971
+Nrm
Page 210
Radio Bearers
Establishment Radio Channels: Transport Channel
Multiplexing
Assuming a UE a visio call service and on the same time sends on a e-mail.
How can it be possible to send 2 different services on the same physical channel ?
Several transport channels can be time-coordinated to be multiplexed on a CCTrCH
before mapping on one physical channel
MAC
Transport Format
Example:
TFC Selection
TFS (DCH1)={(0*640); (4*640)}
DCH1
DCH2
TFS(DCH2)={(1*0); (1*39); (1*42); (1*55); (1*65)}

TrCH Multiplexing
TFCS={(0*640); (1*0)}; {(0*640); (1*39)}; {(0*640); (1*42)};
{(0*640); (1*55)}; {(0*640); (1*65)}; {(1*640); (1*39)}; {(1*640);
(1*42)}
Transport Format Combination
CCTrCH
Phy. Ch. Mapping
L1
MAC selects TFC inside TFCS.

There is one TFCS per CCTrCH
Physical Channel
TFS= Transport Format Set

TFCS=Transport Format Combination Set
TF=Transport Format
Page 211

Radio Channels: DPDCH & DPCCH
Multiplexed by the modulation
Uplink
Data : user data, RRC Signaling & NAS Signaling
DPDCH
TFCI
Pilot
DPCCH
Slot #1
Slot #0
Slot #13
Slot #i
Slot #14
Time-multiplexed
Downlink
Data1
DPDCH
Slot #0
TPC
FBI
TPC
Data2
DPCCH
DPDCH
Slot #1
TFCI
DPCCH
Slot #i
Slot #13
Pilot
DPCCH
Slot #14
Page 212
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.4 Mobility Management in connected

mode
Page 213
Mobility Management in connected mode

Content
> Program:
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
Soft Handover
Compressed Mode
Hard Handover
Inter RAT Handover
Page 214
5. UTRAN Scenario
Soft Handover
Page 215
Soft Handover
Active & Monitoring Set
RNC
Iub
The RNC manages the Active Set and
builds the Monitoring Set.
The Monitorin Set is built from the
information of topology and design in the
RNC.
The Active Set is managed from the event
send by the UE to the RNC.
Cell in the Active Set
Cell in the Monitoring Set
The maximum number of cells in the monitoring set is 32.

The maximum number of cells in the active set is set from the Office Data, between 3 and 6.
Page 216
Soft Handover
Events
There are 3 events for the soft handover.
The value measured is the CPICH Ec/No.
The event 1a is triggered when the CPICH RNC
Ec/No of a monitored cells is above a
certain threshold.
Iub
The event 1b is triggered when the CPICH
Ec/No of a monitored cells is below a
certain threshold.
The event 1c is triggered when the active
set has reached its maximum size and the
CPICH Ec/No of a monitored cells is better
than a cell belonging to the active set.
Cell in the Monitoring Set
Page 217
Compressed Mode
The most of the UE are not dual receiver.
And they need to perform measurement
an other frequencies.
RNC
So UTRAN has to free it some time to

perform these measurements on other
FDD frequencies or on GSM frequencies.
Iub
The main method is to divide the SF of

certain frame by 2, so it divides the
length of the frame by 2.

Cell in the Monitoring Set, same FDD frequency
Time interval to measure other frequencies
Cell in the Monitoring Set, other FDD frequency

Cell in the Monitoring Set, GSM cell
Page 218
Hard Handover on other FDD Frequencies

Events
There are 4 events to watch the UMTS

cell with other FDD frequencies
RNC
The event 2d_cm is triggered when the

quality of on the current frequency is
below a certain quality. The compressed
mode is launched.
Iub
The event 2b is triggered when the quality

of the current frequency is below a
certain threshold and the quality on an
other frequency is above a certain
threshold
The event 2f is triggered when the quality
on the current frequency is above a
certain threshold. The compressed mode
is desactivited.

Page 219
Hard Handover on other GSM Frequencies

Events
2 causes can trigger an hard HO toward the
GSM system:
Some bad radio conditions
RNC
due to the service requested

The event 2d_cm is triggered when the
Iub
quality of on the current frequency is below
a certain quality. The compressed mode is
launched.
The event 3a is triggered when the quality
on the current FDD frequency is below a
certain threshold and the quality on the GSM
is above another threshold.
The event 3c is triggered when the service
requested can be managed by the GSM, the
voice typically.

Page 220
Exercise 1/3
Objectives: Rebuilt the channels mapping, Logical, Transport and Physical, from a scenario to guide you
with the 2 next pages
Scenario:
The UE switches on in a covered area.
The UE collects information about the system
The UE request a RRC connection to declare its location and releases the RRC connection
The UE receives a paging message to receive an e-mail.
UTRAN establishes a RAB and is in the DCH_Cell State
Like the traffic is not large, the UE pass to the FACH_Cell State.
Be careful, following this scenario, some channels are missing. Which are the missing channels ?
Page 221
Exercise 2/3
Downlink
Logical Ch
Transport Ch
Physical Ch
Page 222
Exercise 3/3
Uplink
Logical Ch
Transport Ch
Physical Ch
Page 223
Appendix
Page 224
Appendix
Just after switch on process
AMR codec
NBAP elementary procedures
RANAP elementary procedures
Page 225

PLMN Selection
PLMN selection
List of
available 1
PLMNs
UE
switche
d on
After switch on, the UE:

- scans the entire frequency bandwidths of UTRAN
FDD and GSM (cell search procedure for UTRAN
FDD )
Selected
2 PLMN
- monitors the broadcast channels (BCCH for

UTRAN FDD) to get the PLMN identifiers.
Cell selection
Hence the UE can establish a list of PLMNs which

are available in its location.
Attachment
In the list of available PLMNs, the UE selects:

- the HPLMN (Home PLMN) if it is available
- otherwise another PLMN (national or
international) according to priority rules possibly
stored in the USIM
Page 226

Attachment Procedure
PLMN selection
In the selected PLMN, the UE:

- selects the best cell according to radio criteria
- initiates attachment procedure on the selected
cell
4
5
Cell selection
Attachment 3
request
Attach4 ment
result
During the attachment procedure (called IMSI attach

for CS domain, GPRS attach for PS domain), the UE
indicates its presence to the PLMN for the purpose of
using services:
- authentication procedure
- storage of subscriber data from the HLR in the VLR
(or in the SGSN for PS domain)
- allocation of the TMSI (P-TMSI for PS domain)
Attachment
5
Indication of service
to the UE
The result of the procedure is notified to the UE:

- if successful, the UE can access services
- if it fails, the UE can only perform emergency
calls
Page 227
Appendix
AMR codecs
AMR mode
Source coding bit-rate
AMR_12.20
AMR_10.20
AMR_7.95
AMR_7.40
AMR_6.70
AMR_5.90
AMR_5.15
AMR_4.75
12.20 kbit/ s (GSM EFR)

10.20 kbit/ s
7.95 kbit/ s
7.40 kbit/ s (IS-641)
6.70 kbit/ s (PDC-EFR)
5.90 kbit/ s
5.15 kbit/ s
4.75 kbit/ s
Class Class Class

A
B
C
81
65
75
61
58
55
49
42
103
99
84
87
76
63
54
53
60
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
The AMR (Adaptative Multirate) speech codec:

- offers 8 AMR modes between 4,75 kbits/s and 12,2 kbits/s
- is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC
- is located in the UE and in the transcoder (which is located in the CN)
Page 228
Appendix/NBAP elementary procedures

NBAP elementary procedures
NBAP Functions (see 3GPP 25.433)
Cell Configuration Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the cell configuration
information in a Node B.
Common Transport Channel Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the
configuration of Common Transport Channels in a Node B.
System Information Management. This function gives the CRNC the ability to manage the scheduling of System
Information to be broadcast in a cell.
Resource Event Management. This function gives the Node B the ability to inform the CRNC about the status of
Node B resources.
Configuration Alignment. This function gives the CRNC and the Node B the possibility to verify that both nodes
has the same information on the configuration of the radio resources.
Measurements on Common Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the Node B.
The function also allows the Node B to report the result of the measurements.
Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the CRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link.
Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the CRNC to control the usage of compressed mode in a
Node B.
Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the NodeB.
The function also allows the NodeB to report the result of the measurements.
DL Power Drifting Correction (FDD). This function allows the CRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more
Radio Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links.
T a b le 1 : M a p p in g b e tw e e n fu n c tio n s a n d N B A P e le m e n ta r y p r o c e d u r e s
F u n c tio n
C e ll C o n f ig u r a t io n M a n a g e m e n t
C o m m o n T ra n s p o rt C h a n n e l M a n a g e m e n t
S y s t e m In f o r m a t io n M a n a g e m e n t
R e s o u rc e E v e n t M a n a g e m e n t
C o n f ig u r a t io n A lig n m e n t
M e a s u r e m e n ts o n C o m m o n R e s o u r c e s
R a d io L in k M a n a g e m e n t.
R a d io L in k S u p e r v is io n .
C o m p re s s e d M o d e C o n tro l [F D D ]
M e a s u r e m e n ts o n D e d ic a te d R e s o u rc e s
D
R
P
D
L P ow er
e p o r tin g
h y s ic a l S
L P ow er
D r iftin g C o r r e c tio n [F D D ]
o f G e n e r a l E r r o r S itu a tio n s
h a re d C h a n n e l M a n a g e m e n t [T D D ]
T im e s lo t C o r r e c tio n [T D D ]
E le m e n ta r y P r o c e d u r e (s )
a ) C e ll S e tu p
b ) C e ll R e c o n f ig u r a t io n
c ) C e ll D e le tio n
a ) C o m m o n T ra n s p o rt C h a n n e l S e tu p
b ) C o m m o n T ra n s p o rt C h a n n e l
R e c o n fig u r a tio n
c ) C o m m o n T r a n s p o rt C h a n n e l D e le tio n
S y s t e m In f o r m a t io n U p d a t e
a ) B lo c k R e s o u rc e
b ) U n b lo c k R e s o u r c e
c ) R e s o u r c e S t a tu s I n d ic a tio n
a ) A u d it R e q u ir e d
b ) A u d it
c) R eset
a ) C o m m o n M e a s u r e m e n t In itia tio n
b ) C o m m o n M e a s u re m e n t R e p o r tin g
c ) C o m m o n M e a s u r e m e n t T e r m in a tio n
d ) C o m m o n M e a s u r e m e n t F a ilu re
a ) R L S e tu p
b ) R L A d d itio n
c ) R L D e le t io n
d ) U n s y n c h r o n is e d R L R e c o n fig u r a tio n
e ) S y n c h r o n is e d R L R e c o n fig u r a tio n
P r e p a r a tio n
f ) S y n c h r o n is e d R L R e c o n f ig u r a t io n C o m m it
g ) S y n c h r o n is e d R L R e c o n fig u r a tio n
C a n c e lla tio n
h ) R a d io L in k P r e - e m p t io n
a ) R L F a ilu r e
b ) R L R e s to r a tio n
a ) R a d io L in k S e t u p
b ) R a d io L in k A d d itio n
c ) C o m p re s s e d M o d e C o m m a n d
d ) U n s y n c h r o n is e d R a d io L in k R e c o n f ig u r a tio n
e ) S y n c h r o n is e d R a d io L in k R e c o n fig u r a tio n
P r e p a r a tio n
f ) S y n c h r o n is e d R a d io L in k R e c o n f ig u r a t io n
C o m m it
g ) S y n c h r o n is e d R a d io L in k R e c o n fig u r a tio n
C a n c e lla tio n
a ) D e d ic a t e d M e a s u r e m e n t
b ) D e d ic a t e d M e a s u r e m e n t
c ) D e d ic a te d M e a s u r e m e n t
d ) D e d ic a t e d M e a s u r e m e n t
D o w n lin k P o w e r C o n tr o l
E r r o r In d ic a tio n
P h y s ic a l S h a re d C h a n n e l R
D o w n lin k P o w e r T im e s lo t C
In itia tio n
R e p o r tin g
T e r m in a tio n
F a ilu r e
e c o n fig u r a tio n
o n tro l
Page 229
Appendix/RANAP elementary procedures

RANAP elementary procedures
RANAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.413))
Relocating serving RNC. This function enables to change the serving RNC functionality as well as the related Iu
resources (RAB(s) and Signalling connection) from one RNC to another.
Overall RAB management. This function is responsible for setting up, modifying and releasing RABs.
Release of all Iu connection resources. This function is used to explicitly release all resources related to one Iu
connection.
SRNS context forwarding function. This function is responsible for transferring SRNS context from the RNC to
the CN for intersystem forward handover in case of packet forwarding.
Controlling overload in the Iu interface. This function allows adjusting the load in the Iu interface.
Sending the UE Common ID (permanent NAS UE identity) to the RNC. This function makes the RNC aware of
the UE's Common ID.
Paging the user. This function provides the CN for capability to page the UE.
Transport of NAS information between UE and CN. This function has three sub-classes:
Controlling the security mode in the UTRAN. This function is used to send the security keys (ciphering and
integrity protection) to the UTRAN, and setting the operation mode for security functions.
Controlling location reporting. This function allows the CN to operate the mode in which the UTRAN reports the
location of the UE.
Data volume reporting function. This function is responsible for reporting unsuccessfully transmitted DL data
volume over UTRAN for specific RABs.
E le m e n ta r y
P ro c e d u re
Iu R e le a s e
R e lo c a tio n
P r e p a r a tio n
R e lo c a tio n
R e s o u rc e
A llo c a tio n
R e lo c a tio n
C ancel
S R N S C o n te x t
T ra n s fe r
S e c u r it y M o d e
C o n tro l
D a t a V o lu m e
R e p o rt
C n I n f o r m a t io n
B ro a d c a s t
R eset
R e s e t re s o u rc e
In itia tin g
M essag e
IU R E L E A S E
C O M M A N D
R E L O C A T IO N
R E Q U IR E D
R E L O C A T IO N
R E Q U E S T
S u c c e s s fu l O u tc o m e
R esp o n se m essage
IU R E L E A S E C O M P L E T E
R E L O C A T IO N
C A N C E L
S R N S C O N TE X T
R E Q U E S T
S E C U R IT Y
M O D E
C O M M A N D
D A TA V O LU M E
R E P O R T
R E Q U E S T
C N
IN F O R M A T IO N
B R O A D C A S T
R E Q U E S T
R E S E T
R
A
S
R
S
C
R E S E T A C K N O W LE D G E
R E S E T
R E S O U R C E
R E S E T R E S O U R C E
A C K N O W LE D G E
R E L O C A T IO N C O M M A N D
R E L O C A T IO N R E Q U E S T
A C K N O W LE D G E
E L O C A T IO N C A N C E L
C K N O W LE D G E
R N S C O N TE X T
E S P O N S E
E C U R IT Y M O D E
O M P LE TE
R E L O C A T IO N
P R E P A R A T IO N F A IL U R E
R E L O C A T IO N F A IL U R E
S E C U R IT Y M O D E R E J E C T
D A T A V O LU M E R E P O R T
C N IN F O R M A T IO N
B R O A D C A S T C O N F IR M
E l e m e n ta r y P r o c e d u r e
R A B R e le a s e R e q u e s t
I u R e le a s e R e q u e s t
R e lo c a tio n D e te c t
R e lo c a tio n C o m p le te
S R N S D a t a F o r w a r d in g I n itia tio n
S R N S C o n t e x t F o r w a r d in g fr o m
S o u r c e R N C to C N
S R N S D a t a F o r w a r d in g t o T a r g e t
R N C fro m C N
P a g in g
C o m m o n ID
C N In v o k e T ra c e
C N D e a c tiv a t e T r a c e
L o c a tio n R e p o r tin g C o n t r o l
L o c a tio n R e p o r t
I n itia l U E M e s s a g e
D ir e c t T r a n s f e r
O v e r lo a d C o n tro l
E r r o r I n d ic a tio n
U n s u c c e s s fu l O u tc o m e
R esp o n se m essage
C N IN F O R M A T IO N
B R O A D C A S T R E JE C T
M essage
RAB RELEASE REQ UEST
IU R E L E A S E R E Q U E S T
R E L O C A T IO N D E T E C T
R E L O C A T IO N C O M P L E T E
SRNS DATA FO RW ARD C O M M AND
FORW ARD SRNS CO NTEXT
FORW ARD SRNS CO NTEXT
P A G IN G
C O M M O N ID
C N IN V O K E T R A C E
C N D E A C T IV A T E T R A C E
L O C A T IO N R E P O R T I N G C O N T R O L
L O C A T IO N R E P O R T
IN I T IA L U E M E S S A G E
D IR E C T T R A N S F E R
OVERLOAD
E R R O R IN D IC A T I O N
Page 230
Appendix/RSNAP elementary procedures

RSNAP elementary procedures
RSNAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.423))
Radio Link Management. This function allows the SRNC to manage radio links using dedicated resources in a
DRNS;
Physical Channel Reconfiguration. This function allows the DRNC to reallocate the physical channel resources
for a Radio Link;
Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the DRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link;
Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to control the usage of compressed mode within
a DRNS;
Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the SRNC to initiate measurements on dedicated
resources in the DRNS. The function also allows the DRNC to report the result of the measurements;
DL Power Drifting Correction [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more
Radio Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links;
CCCH Signalling Transfer. This function allows the SRNC and DRNC to pass information between the UE and the
SRNC on a CCCH controlled by the DRNS;
Paging. This function allows the SRNC to page a UE in a URA or a cell in the DRNS;
Common Transport Channel Resources Management. This function allows the SRNC to utilise Common
Transport Channel Resources within the DRNS (excluding DSCH resources for FDD);
Relocation Execution. This function allows the SRNC to finalise a Relocation previously prepared via other
interfaces.
Fu n ct io n
Radio Link Man agem ent
Ph ysical Channel Reconfigu rat ion

Radio Link Supervision
Com pressed Mode Cont rol [ FDD]
Measurem ent s on Dedicat ed Resources
DL Pow er Drift in g Correct ion [ FDD]

CCCH Signallin g Transfer
Paging
Com m on Transport Chan nel Resou rces
Man agem ent
Relocat ion Execut ion

Report ing of General Error Sit uat ions
Ele m e n t a r y Pr o ce d u r e ( s)
a) Radio Lin k Set up
b) Radio Lin k Addit ion
c) Radio Link Delet ion
d) Un synchronised Radio Link Reconfigurat ion
e) Synchronised Radio Link Recon figurat ion
Preparat ion
f) Synchronised Radio Link Reconfigurat ion
Com m it
g) Synchronised Radio Link Recon figurat ion
Can cellat ion
Physical Chan nel Recon figurat ion
a) Radio Lin k Failure
b) Radio Lin k Rest orat ion
a) Radio Lin k Set up
b) Radio Lin k Addit ion
c) Com pressed Mode Com m an d
d) Un synchronised Radio Link Reconfigurat ion
e) Synchronised Radio Link Recon figurat ion
Preparat ion
f) Synchronised Radio Link Reconfigurat ion
Com m it
g) Synchronised Radio Link Recon figurat ion
Can cellat ion
a) Measurem en t I nit iat ion
b) Measurem ent Report ing
c) Measu rem en t Term inat ion
d) Measurem ent Failure
Dow nlink Pow er Con t rol
a) Uplink Signalling Transfer
b) Dow nlink Signalling Tran sfer
Paging
a) Com m on Transport Channel Resources
I n it iat ion
b) Com m on Transport Channel Resources
Release
Relocat ion Com m it
Error I ndicat ion
Page 231
Related Documentation
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 232
Related documentation
English
- WCDMA for UMTS, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley 2000,
ISBN 0 471 72051 8
- UMTS Mobile communications for the future, Wiley 2001,
ISBN 0 471 49829 7
- Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 1st Quarter 2001 (Find your way with 3G)
- 3GPP specifications: ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/
Francais
- UMTS les rseaux mobiles de troisime gnration, Editions Eyrolles 2001 (translation of
WCDMA for UMTS )
- UMTS les origines, l'architecture, la norme, Pierre Lescuyer, Editions Dunod 2001,
ISBN 2 10 005195 4
- Revue des Tlcommunications dAlcatel , 1er trimestre 2001 (entirement consacre
la 3G)
Page 233
Abbreviations and Acronyms (1)
AAL
ACELP
ADN
ALCAP
AMR
ATM
ATM Adaptation Layer

Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction
Abbreviated Dialling Number
Access Link Control Application Part
Adaptive Multi Rate
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
BCH
BHCA
BER
BLER
BMC
BM-IWF
Broadcast Channel
Busy Hour Call Attempts
Bit Error Rate
Block Error Rate
Broadcast / Multicast Control
Broadcast Multicast InterWorking
Function
Base Station Controller
Base Station (sub)System
Base Transceiver Station
Customized Application for Mobile
Enhanced Logic
Call Control
BSC
BSS
BTS
CAMEL
CC
CCCH
Common Control Channel
CCTrCH
CDMA
CDR
CN
CPCH
CRNC
CS
CTCH
DCA
Coded Composite Transport Channel

Call Detail Record
Core Network
Common Packet Channel
Controlling RNC
Circuit Switched
Common Traffic Channel
Dynamic channel Allocation
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel
DCH
DHO
DHT
DRAC
DRNC
DS
DSCH
DTCH
Dedicated Channel
Diversity HandOver
Diversity HandOver Trunk
Dynamic Resource Allocation Control
Drift RNC
Direct Sequence
Downlink Shared Channel
Dedicated Traffic Channel
Page 234
EDGE
ERAN
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

EDGE Radio Access Network (all-IP)
FACH
Forward Access Channel
FBI
FDD
FDD-DS
FDD-MC
FER
FP
FTP
GERAN
GGSN
GPRS
GSM
GSN
GTP
GTP-U
HO
HPLMN
FeedBack Information
Frequency Division Duplex
FDD-Direct Sequence (FDD1)
FDD-Multiple Carrier (FDD2)
Frame Error Rate
Frame Protocol
File Transfer Protocol
GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
Gateway GPRS Support Node
General Packet Radio Service
Global System for Mobile Communications
GPRS Support Node (ie SGSN or GGSN)
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User Plane
HandOver
Home PLM
IETF
IMEI
IMSI
IP
IR
ISDN
L1,L2,L3
LA
LCS
LLC
LQC
M3UA
MAC
MBS
MC
MExE
MM
MSC
MSP
Internet Engineering Task Force

International Mobile Equipment Identity
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
Internet Protocol
Incremental Redundancy
Integrated Services Digital Network
Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3
Location Area
Location Services
Logical Link Control
Link Quality Control
SS7 MTP3 User Adaptation layer
Medium Access Control
Multi-standard Base Station
Multiple Carrier
Mobile Execution Environment
Mobility Management
Mobile-services Switching Center
Multiple Subscriber Profile
Page 235
MTP3
Message Transfer Part (broadband)
MTP-3B Message Transfer Part level 3
NAS
Non Access Stratum
NBAP
Node-B Application Part
ODMA
Opportunity Driven Multiple Access
OSA
Open service Architecture
OTDOA-IPDL Observed Time Difference of Arrival
Idle Period Downlink
OVSF
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PCCH
Paging Control Channel
PCH
PDA
PDC
PDP
PDU
PLMN
PRACH
Paging Channel
Personal Digital Assistant
Personal Digital Cellular (2G Japan)
Packet Data Protocol
Protocol Data Unit
Public Land Mobile Network
Physical Random Access Channel
PS
QOS
QPSK
RA
RAB
Packet Switched
Quality Of Service
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Routing Area
Radio Access Bearer
RACH
Random Access Channel
RAN
RANAP
RB
RL
RLC
RNC
RNS
RNSAP
RNTI
RRC
RRM

RAN Application Part
Radio Bearer
Radio Link
Radio Link Control
Radio Network Controller
Radio Network Sub-System
RNS Application Part
Radio Network Temporary Identity
Radio Resource Control
Radio Resource Management
Page 236
SAP
SAT
SDU
SF
SGSN
SHO
SIR
SMS
SPU
SRNC
SSCOP
Service Access Point

SIM Application Toolkit
Service Data Unit
Spreading Factor
Serving GPRS Support Node
Soft HandOver
Signal to Interference Ratio
Short Message Service
Signaling Processing Unit
Serving RNC
Service Specific Connection Oriented
Protocol
SSCP
Signaling Connection Control Part
STM
Synchronous Transfer Mode
TC
Transcoder
TCP
Transport Control Protocol
TD-CDMA Time Division & CDMA
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
TF
TFC
TFCI
TFCS
TFS
TMSI
TPC
UDP
UICC
UMTS
USIM
USSD
URA
URAN
USB
UTRAN
Transport Format
Transport Format Combination
Transport Format Combination Indicator
Transport Format Combination Set
Transport Format Set
Temporary Mobile Station Identity
Transmission Power Control
User Datagram Protocol
UMTS Integrated Circuit Card
Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System
UMTS Subscriber Identity Card
Unstructured Supplementary Service
Data
UTRAN Registration Area
UMTS Radio Access Network (ETSI)
Universal Radio Access Network (3GPP)
Universal Serial Bus
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Page 237
VC
VHE
VoIP
VP
WAP
W-CDMA
WIM
Virtual Channel
Virtual Home Environment
Voice over IP
Virtual Path
Wireless Application Protocol
Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
WAP Identity Module
Page 238
Abbreviations and Acronyms (Standard

Organizations)
3GPP
3GPP2
3GIP
ANSI
ARIB
CWTS
ETSI
IETF
IMT
ITU
T1
TIA
TTA
TTC
UWCC
W3C
3rd Generation Partnership Project (WCDMA)

3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (cdma2000)
3rd Generation partnership for Internet Protocol
American National Standard Institute (USA)
Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan)
China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group
European Telecommunication Standard Institute
Internet Engineering Task Force
International Mobile Telecommunication
International Telecommunication Union
Committee T1 telecommunication of the ANSI (USA)
Telecommunication Industry Association (USA)
Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea)
Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)
Universal Wireless Communications Committee
World Wide Web Consortium
Page 239

UMTS Introduction 1

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UMTS/UTRAN Introduction

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Surname, First name :

Did you meet the following objectives ?

Describe mobile system standards evolution

2 Describe UMTS services , new capacity

3 Draw the UTRAN architecture with the protocol

Define a Radio Resource in 3G.

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

UMTS Technical Overview

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 5

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 7

Will explain 3rd generation-->1.1 Historical

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 8

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 9

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 10

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 11

Note: Alcatel will skip HSCSD!

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 12

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

> A 2 1/2 minutes MP3 music

> Downloading a Word document > Audio and Video

Streaming with all

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 13

In these examples, the useful rate is supposed to be :

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 15

*A recommendation is not a specification.

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 16

ITU is an international organisation composed of members of governments all over

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)

IMT-SC (Single Carrier)

IMT-DS (Direct Spread)

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 17

Which radio technologies belong to UMTS?

ERAN: EDGE Radio Access Network

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Rest of the World :

1999 Market Share:

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 18

Note: CDMA in yellow is cdmaOne (IS-95)

US & Canada: GSM = 12%

CDMA = 49% TDMA = 39%

CDMA = 36% PDC = 64%

CDMA = 35% TDMA= 24%

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

1999 Market Share:

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 19

What about Global Roaming?

In fact, Global Roaming is not the issue :

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

In the following material we will only refer to UMTS R99.