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Loads Dead Loads Imposed Loads Floor Roof Determining Load Per M and m2 Wind
Loads Dead Loads Imposed Loads Floor Roof Determining Load Per M and m2 Wind
Dead loads
Imposed loads
floor
roof
Determining load per m and m2
Wind
kN/m3
24
22
24
70
6
Often we are dealing with sheet materials or we know a layer thickness of floor or roof build up.
Figures here are per unit area
Again when using these type of charts some care is needed to ensure you have the correct figure, or
that it corresponds with your design.
Unit weight of basic sheet materials
Asphalt (19mm)
Aluminium roof sheeting
Glass (single glazing)
Plasterboard and skim
Rafters battens roofing felt
Sand/cement screed (25mm)
Slates
Timber floorboards
Plaster on wall face
kN/m2
0.45
0.04
0.1
0.15
0.14
0.6
0.6
0.15
0.3
= 0.15
= 0.6 x 40/25 = 0.96
= 0.125 x 24 = 3.00
= 4.11kN/m2
if we are dealing with a wall acting on a beam we are interested in load per linear unit of the beam
= 1.2 x 0.1025 x 22
= 1.2 x 0.1 x 12
= 1.2 x 0.3
= 2 x 1.3 x 0.1
load on beam
= 2.71
= 1.44
= 0.36
= 0.26
= 4.77kN/m
Imposed loads - or live loads, movable loads that act on the structure when it is in use.
People, furniture, cars, computers and machinery are all imposed loads.
Normally we consider imposed loads as floor and roof loads
Typical floor loads
kN/m2
Art galleries
4.0
Banking halls
3.0
bars
5.0
Car parks
2.5
Classrooms
3.0
Churches
3.0
Computer labs
3.5
Dance halls
5.0
Factory workshop
5.0
Foundaries
20.0
Hotel bedrooms
2.0
Offices (general)
2.5
Offices (filing)
5.0
Private houses
1.5
Shops
4.0
Theatres (fixed seats)
4.0
If a bar should be designed with live load of 5.0 kN/m2 and if an average person is 80kg how many people
are expected to be standing in one square metre of floor?
= 80 x 9.81
= 5000 / 785
= 785 N
= 6.4 people/m2
equivalently if your house is designed with 1.5 kN/m2 and the total area was 22m2 how many people could
you invite to a party?
Force exerted by one person
Number of people per m2
Total number of people at party
= 785N
= 1500 / 785
= 1.9 x 22
= 1.9 people/ m2
= 42 and a bit.
certain types of dancing can cause dynamic effects that increase the effect of load.
Estimating ground snow loads in Canada. Info from Canadian Cryospheric Information Network
Find worst case depth and multiply by density (kg/m3) and 9.81
Tables in National Building Code provide further details
S = Ss (Cb x Cw x Cs x Ca) + Sr
is 1.0 but can be reduced to 0.75 or in exposed areas north of treeline to 0.5
if
building is an exposed location and exposed on all sides
no obstructions around building
no obstructions on roof such as parapet
snow cannot drift onto roof from adjacent surfaces
is 1.0 if a <= 15
is (60 - a)/40 when a > 15
is 0 if a > 60
accumulation factor
is 1.0
except when
for large flat roofs when
1.2 x [1-(30/l)2] but not less than 1.0 for roofs with wind factor = 1.0
1.6 x [1-(120/l)2] but not less than 1.0 for roofs with wind factor = 0.75 or 0.5
Theres more:
in reality full and partial loading has to be considered
In addition to the load calculation above roofs of slope less than 15 and arched or curved roofsmust be
designed with accumulation factor 1.0 on one portion while half that load is applied to the remainder .
S = Ss (Cb x Cw x Cs x Ca) + Sr
Snow load per m2
ground snow load in kPa (kN/m2)
roof snow load factor = 0.8???
wind exposure factor
slope factor
accumulation factor
associated rain load
geographic location
degree of exposure
building height and size
building shape
wind direction in relations to structure
positive or negative pressures in the building
Faster moving air creates lower pressure (bernoulli effect) as in plane wings.
The same principle causes forces to act on building surfaces.
For structural design it is often necessary to consider several load cases due to the wind blowing from
different directions.
Designing a building in Halifax calculating wind loads. National Building Code of Canada Part 4 4.1.8.
p = q x Ce x Cg x Cp
p = q x Ce x Cg x Cp
reference velocty pressure three are shown in table 1 in 10, 1in 30, 1in 100
these are probabilities of pressure occuring
so 1 in 10 is used for cladding and stuctural design for vibration and deflection
1 in 30 for structural strength
post - disaster buldings use the 1 in 100 pressure values.
exposure factor
exposure increase with height
height m
> 0 and <=6
> 6 and <=12
> 12 and <=20
> 20 and <=30
> 30 and <=44
> 44 and <=64
and so on more heights given in nbc
exposure factor
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
gust factor
1.0 or 2.0 for internal pressures to be found somewhere in the 500 pages of appendix A!!
well use 1.0 for now.
Next up:
A couple of other load types (to know about)
Uniform and point loads
Safety factors
Calculating load on beams
Load paths
Pin Jointed structures
dead
1.4 or 1.0
1.4 or 1.0
1.2
imposed
1.6
1.2
wind
1.4
1.2
imposed roof
For example
to obtain the maximum compressive design in the support at B
two load combinations should be checked and the larger value used
wind
imposed floor
dead load
1.4 x 4.11
1.4 x 4.77
1.4 x 0.6
1.6 x 2.5
B6
= 58.50kN/m
= 0.84 kN/m
design UDL
= 59.34 kN/m
= 36.79kN/m
B6
B6
Beam B6
Supports perimeter wall and a point load from the reaction of B2.
Load from wall
self weight of beam
= 6.68kN/m
= 0.86kN/m
design UDL
= 7.54kN/m
= 237.4kN
Load paths