CSE 577 Spring 2011

Basic Amplifiers and

Differential Amplifier
Insoo Kim, Kyusun Choi
Mixed Signal CHIP Design Lab.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
The Penn State University

Dont let the computer think for you

In todays analog design, simulation of circuits is essential
because the behavior of short-channel MOSFETs cannot be
predicted accurately by hand calculations. Nonetheless, if the
designer avoids a simple and intuitive analysis of the circuits
and hence skips the task of gaining insight, then he/she
cannot interpret the simulation results intelligently. For this
reason, we say, Dont let the computer think for you.
- Behzad Razavi

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Contents

Fundamentals

Basic Amplifiers: Low Frequency Analysis

Basic Amplifiers: High Frequency Analysis

Differential Amplifier

Feedback

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Fundamentals






Definitions
DC Operating Point & Load line
Large Signal Analysis vs. Small Signal Analysis
MOSFET intrinsic Capacitances

Definitions

mb

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DC Operating Point & Load Line

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Large Signal Analysis vs. Small Signal Analysis

Large Signal Analysis

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Large Signal Analysis vs. Small Signal Analysis

Small Signal Analysis

How convenient !!
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MOSFET Intrinsic Capacitances

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(contd) MOSFET Intrinsic Capacitances

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Basic Amplifiers: Low Frequency

Analysis




Single Stage Amplifiers

Multi Stage Amplifiers

Single Stage Amplifiers: CS, CD, and CG Stage

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Common Source Stage : Voltage Gain

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Common Drain Stage: Output Resistance

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Common Gate Stage : Input Resistance

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Summary

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Quiz

CD stage amplifier is suitable for output stage of OPAmp

due to its low output impedance and large bandwidth.
However, in CMOS analog IC, CS stage is more widely
used for output stage OPAmp than CD stage. Why?

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Loads for basic amplifiers

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(contd) Loads for basic amplifiers

Diode Connected Load

VX
1
1
=
=
|| ro
I X g m + g mb + ro1 g m + g mb

1
1

g m + g mb g m

Av = g m1

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RX

1
gm2

(W / L)1
(W / L) 2

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(contd) Loads for basic amplifiers

Source degeneration

gm
Gm
1 + g m RS

Rout = RS [( g m 2 + g mb 2 )ro + 1] + ro
ro [ RS ( g m 2 + g mb 2 ) + 1]

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Cascode Stage

Small Signal Analysis

V out = ( R out || R D ) g m 1V in
A v = g m 1 ( R out || R D )

Rout
Rout = ro1 [( g m 2 + g mb 2 )ro 2 + 1] + ro 2
ro 2 [ro1 ( g m 2 + g mb 2 ) + 1]

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Folded Cascode Stage

A = g m1R o
R o = R o2C || R o4C
= [g m2C ro2C (ro2 || ro7 )] || [g m4C ro4C ro3 ]

D = 1 / (CL R o )
t = A D = g m1/C L
SR = 2I/CL

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(contd) Folded Cascode Stage

What are the advantages of folded cascode amplifier?

Disadvantages:




Limited Output swing

Large Voltage Headroom
Large Power Consumption

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Basic Amplifiers: High Frequency

Analysis




Frequency Analysis
Dominant Pole Approach

Frequency Analysis

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(contd) Frequency Analysis

Bode Plot

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Dominant Pole Approach

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BW Estimation by Dominant Pole Approach

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Bandwidth Comparison

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Quiz

Design an amplifier which satisfy following features using

basic single-stage amplifiers.





High gain
Large Bandwidth
High input impedance
Low output impedance

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Differential Amplifier




Single Stage Amplifiers

Multi Stage Amplifiers

Why differential Amplifier?

Single Ended Signal can be easily contaminated

A Differential Signal can be cleaned up

Power Supply noise can be reduced

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Differential Amplifier Analysis

Classic Diff Amp

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(contd) Differential Amplifier Analysis

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Diff Amp with Current Mirror Load

Gm = g m 2, 4
Rout ro 2 || ro 4
Av = g m 2, 4 (ro 2 || ro 4 )

CMRR = (2 g m1ro 5 ) g m 3 (ro1 || ro 3 )

= CMRR( R load ) g m 3 (ro1 || ro 3 )
Common Mode Input Voltage Range
VSS+VTN1+VDSAT5+VDSAT1 < VIC < VDD|VDSAT3||VTP3|+| VTN1|
1. What is CM Input Voltage?
2. How do we prove this equation?
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(Std. Library) Design Exercise

Design Flow


Determine Specifications




Determine minimum channel length

Determine channel width




Power Consumption (ex. 1mW)

Voltage Gain (ex. >30)
Active Common Mode Input range (as large as possible)
Others: slew rate, CMRR, PSRR, etc.

Determine W1,2 from voltage gain spec.

Determine W5 & Bias Voltage from power consumption & CM min.
Determine W3,4 from CM max.

Determine Bias Level of current source tr.

Check other specifications

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Feedback





Feedback & Stability

Voltage Amplifier Model
Common Mode Feedback

Feedback & Stability

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Voltage Amplifier Model

Models

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(contd) Voltage Amplifier Model

1st Order Model

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(contd) Voltage Amplifier Model

2nd Order Model

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(contd) Voltage Amplifier Model

Time Response of the 2nd Order Model

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(contd) Voltage Amplifier Model

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Feedback Characteristics

Gain desensitization
Af

xo
A
=
x s 1 + A

S Vs
=
N Vn

dA
(1 + A)2
dA f
1 dA
=
A f 1 + A A

dA f =

Vo = Vs

A1A 2
A1
+ Vn
1 + A1A 2
1 + A1A 2

S Vs
= A2
N Vn

Band width extension

A(s) =

Noise Reduction

Non-linearity Reduction

AM
1 + s/ H

A(s)
1 + A(s)
A M /(1 + A M )
=
1 + s / H (1 + A M )

A f (s ) =

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(a) w/o feedback

(b) w feedback
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Common Mode Feedback

Why is CMFB circuit needed?



Due to TR mismatch, TRs may not be in saturation region at

operating point.  DM Gain decreases and CM gain increases
Since output CM level is sensitive to device properties and
mismatches, it cannot be stabilized by means of differential
feedback.

General Topology of CMFB Circuit

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(contd) Common Mode Feedback

Examples of CMFB

Folded cascode amplifier with CMFB

Useful for low gain applications

Av = g m1, 2 (rO1, 2 || rO 3, 4 || RF )
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References

Joongho Choi, CMOS analog IC Design, IDEC Lecture

Note, Mar. 1999.
B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits,
McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Hongjun Park, CMOS Analog Integrated Circuits
Design, Sigma Press, 1999.

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