Accessibility for the Disabled

- A Design Manual for a Barrier Free Environment -

PHOS
Platform Handicap en Ontwikkelingssamenwerking
Platform Disability and Development Cooperation
Tivolistraat 45 box 3
1020 Brussels
BELGIUM
Tel.+32-2-421 24 33
anja@phos.be
supported by

Accessibility for the Disabled

- A Design Manual for a Barrier-Free Environment -

About this publication

About PHOS
Introduction
1. Purpose
2. Application
3. Target group
4. Structure of this publication

4
4
4
4

References

Dimensional Data

Architectural Design Considerations

1. Ramps
2. Elevators
3. Platform Lifts
4. Stairs
5. Railings and Handrails
6. Entrances
7. Vestibules
8. Doors
9. Corridors
10. Restrooms

5
9
12
15
19
23
27
29
35
37

Appendixes: Implementation Check lists

I.
Trouble Shooting
II.
Anthropometrics

49
52

About this publication

This publication is prepared for NGOs and their partners in developing countries
who want to take the needs of disabled people into account. The presented
guidelines for a barrier-free environment can be used for creating accessible
buildings for disabled people in the context of development projects. An
accessible environment is a precondition for disabled people to take part in
education, training or work or to benefit from services which are offered by
NGOs and their partners. Barrier-free environments are essential for full
participation and equality of disabled people.
If you want to read more about accessibility for disabled people, please consult the website
of PHOS, www.phos.be or http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/. This publication is a
summary of some materials available at the Enable website of the United Nations.

About PHOS
PHOS is a Belgium-based NGO whos objective is to enhance the opportunities of people
with disabilities from the South to make their voice heard and to improve their living
conditions. Our strategy is facilitating the mainstreaming of disability in the programmes and
activities of NGOs and their partners in developing countries. We support mainstreaming of
disability in NGOs by research, publications, training and consultation.

Introduction
We are all physically disabled at some time in our lives. A child, a person with a broken leg, a
parent with a pram, an elderly person, etc. are all disabled in one way or another. Those who
remain healthy and able-bodied all their lives are few. As far as the built-up environment is
concerned, it is important that it should be barrier-free and adapted to fulfil the needs of all
people equally. As a matter of fact, the needs of the disabled coincide with the needs of the
majority, and all people are at ease with them. As such, planning for the majority implies
planning for people with varying abilities and disabilities.

1.

Purpose
This publication is a design manual on accessibility for the disabled. It is a design guide
made for the purpose of providing architects and designers with the basic information and
data necessary for a barrier-free environment. It is meant to establish standards and
recommendations that will improve your construction projects to meet the needs of all target
groups. The manual is expected to be a stimulus that will lead, in the long run, to the
establishment of national building and planning legislation covering access for disabled
people.

2.

Application
The manual does not cover all the requirements of disabled people in detail. It is a
straightforward guide expected to be the first in a series of publications having the same
topic. Most of the recommended measures have been tested and have proven to be
effective. Practical advice from legal, professional and academic institutions as well as
individuals with disabilities is also of the utmost importance in shaping the final form of an
accessibility code.
3. Target group

The target group is composed of five major categories:

(a) Wheelchair users
(b) People with limited walking abilities
(c) The sightless
(d) The partially sighted
(e) The hearing impaired
Other categories may benefit to some extent from the proposed measures.

4. Structure of this publication

Each chapter is composed of four parts:
1) Problem identification
This part defines problems encountered by the disabled in the built-up environment owing to
the absence or improper application of a certain measure or provision.

2) Planning principle
This part identifies the target group, the general goal and the need for a certain measure.
3) Design considerations
This part deals with the technical and architectural aspects of implementing certain measures
with regard to general and particular application characteristics, criteria, minimum
dimensions and measurements, materials, etc.
4) Existing constructions
This part identifies the problems encountered in existing constructions which hinder the
implementation of a certain measure. Accordingly, alternative solutions and modifications are
suggested.

References
The information provided is based on the accessibility codes and relevant knowledge
available in various countries. A comparative study of the available sources was conducted
regarding each measure. The information was then synthesized and organized according to
the needs of the target group.

Dimensional Data
Dimensional data are given in metric units. The graphic illustrations show only the minimum
allowable dimensions. Where appropriate, the maximum or approximate dimension or an
allowable range is given. For your information: 1 cm = 0,394 inch and 1 inch = 2,54 cm.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. RAMPS
1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Inaccessible building entrances due to
difference between indoor and outdoor
levels.
Inaccessible routes due to differences in
level.
Lack of or improper design of ramps.
Very steep and/or long ramps with no
resting landings.

Fig 1.

2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE
To provide ramps wherever stairs
obstruct the free passage of
pedestrians, mainly wheelchair users
and people with mobility problems.
3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
An exterior location is preferred for
ramps. Indoor ramps are not
recommended because they take up a
great deal of space.

Fig 2.

Ideally, the entrance to a ramp should

be immediately adjacent to the stairs.
3.2 Ramp configuration (1)
Ramps can have one of the following
configurations:
(a) Straight run (fig. 1);
(b) 90 turn (fig. 2);
(c) Switch back or 180
turn (fig. 3).

Fig. 3.

3.3 Width
Width varies according to use,
configuration and slope.
The minimum width should be 0.90
m.

Fig. 4.

3.4 Slope
The maximum recommended slope of
ramps is 1:20. Steeper slopes may be
allowed in special cases depending on
the length to be covered (fig. 4).
Maximum
slope

Maximum
length

Maximum
rise

1:20 i.e.,
9%

1:16 i.e.,
6%

8m

0.50 m

1:14 i.e.,
7%

5m

0.35 m

1:12 i.e.,
8%

2m

0.15 m

1:10 i.e.,
10%

1.25 m

0.12 m

1:08 i.e.,
12%

0.5 m

0.06 m

3.4 Landings
Ramps should be provided with
landings for resting, maneuvering and
avoiding excessive speed.
Landings should be provided every
10.00 m, at every change of direction
and at the top and bottom of every
ramp.
The landing should have a minimum
length of 1.20 m and a minimum width
equal to that of the ramp
3.5 Handrail
A protective handrail at least 0.40 m
high m st be placed along the f ll length

of ramps.
For ramps more than 3.00 m wide, an
intermediate handrail could be installed
(fig. 5).
The distance between handrails when
both sides are used for gripping should
be between 0.90 m and 1.40 m (fig. 5).
3.6 Surface
The ramp surface should be hard and
non-slip.
Carpets should be avoided.
3.7 Tactile marking
A coloured textural indication at the
top and bottom of the ramp should be
placed to alert sightless people as to the
location of the ramp.
The marking strip width should not be
less than 0.60 m.
3.8 Drainage n Adequate drainage
should be provided to avoid
accumulation of water.
3.9 Obstacles
The same clearance considerations
that apply to pathways apply to ramps
(see Obstructions).
3.10 Mechanical Ramps
Mechanical ramps can be used in
large public buildings but are not
recommended for use by persons with
physical impairments.
If the ramp is to be used by a
wheelchair-confined person, the slope
should not exceed 1:12.

The maximum width should be 1.00

m to avoid slipping.

4. EXISTING CONSTRUCTIONS
If the topography or structure of the
existing building is restrictive, minor
variations of gradient are allowed as a
function of the ramp length:
Maximum
slope

Maximum
length

Maximum
rise

1:20 i.e.,
9%

1:16 i.e.,
6%

8m

0.50 m

1:14 i.e.,
7%

5m

0.35 m

1:12 i.e.,
8%

2m

0.15 m

1:10 i.e.,
10%

1.25 m

0.12 m

1:08 i.e.,
12%

0.5 m

0.06 m

A non-slip surface finish should be

added to slippery ramps.

Notes:
(1) Circular or curved ramps are not
recommended

2. ELEVATORS
1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Inadequate space inside the
elevator cab.
High position of switches, buttons
and control panel.
Narrow entry doors.
Insufficient opening time interval.
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE

Fig. 1

To provide well-dimensioned
elevators, that disabled people
can use conveniently.
3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
The accessible elevator should
serve all floors normally reached
by the public.
Key-operated elevators should
be used only in private facilities
or when an elevator operator is
present.
Wide elevator cabs are
preferable to long ones.

Fig. 2

3.2 Elevator cab

The minimum internal elevator
dimensions, allowing for one
wheelchair passenger alone, are
1.00 m x 1.30 m (fig. 1).
The door opening should not
be less than 0.80 m.
The inside of the elevator
should have a handrail on three
sides mounted 0.80 to 0.85 m
from the floor (fig. 2).

Fig. 3

10

The maximum tolerance for

stop precision should be 20 mm.
3.3 Control panel
The control panel can be
mounted at alternative locations
but it is recommended to respect
a distance of 0,50 m from the
corner with regard to the
accessibility for wheelchair users.
For ease of reach, the control
panel should be mounted 0.90 m
to 1.20 m from the floor (fig. 2).
Control buttons should be in an
accessible location and
illuminated. Their diameter
should be no smaller than 20
mm.

Fig. 4

The numerals on the floor

selector buttons should be
embossed so as to be easily
identifiable by touch.
3.4 Call buttons
For ease of reach, call buttons
should be mounted 0.90 m to
1.20 m from the floor (fig. 4). 3.5
Floor identifiers
Tactile numerals should be
placed on both sides of the door
jambs at an approximate height
of 1.50 m to help a lone sightless
passenger to identify the floor
reached (fig. 4). 3.6 Hall signal
The elevator hall signal should
be placed at an approximate
height of 1.80 m (fig. 4).
3.7 Door re-opening activators
The door opening interval
should be no less than five
seconds. Re-opening activators
should be provided.

11

3.8 Audiovisual signals

The elevator should signal
arrival at each floor by means of
a bell and a light to alert sightless
and hearing-impaired passengers
simultaneously.
3.9 Floor surface
The floor of the elevator and
the area in front of the elevator
on each floor should have a non
skid resilient surface or a low-pile
fixed carpet.
3.10 Colour
The colour of the elevator door
should contrast with the
surrounding surface so as to be
easily distinguishable by persons
with visual impairments.
4. EXISTING CONSTRUCTIONS
The minimum acceptable size
of an existing elevator cab,
allowing for a single wheelchair
passenger, is 0.95 m x 1.25 m.
Smaller cabs should be replaced.
The minimum acceptable width
of an existing elevator door
opening is 0.75 m.
Call buttons and control panels
mounted higher than the
recommended height may be left
in place if they are within 1.40 m
of the floor, this being the
maximum reach of a wheelchair
user.
Controls mounted higher than
1.40 m should be replaced.
Where there are two identical
control panels, only one need be
replaced.

12

3. PLATFORM LIFTS (1)

1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Changes in level between indoor
and outdoor areas.
Changes in level inside a
building.
Insufficient space for ramps.
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE
To allow people with mobility
problems to have free vertical
access between different levels.
3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Platform lifts are special
passenger-elevating devices for
the disabled.

Fig. 1

Platform lifts can have either a

vertical or an inclined movement.
3.2 Vertical movement platform
lifts
For maximum level changes of
2.50 m, vertical movement
platform lifts may be installed
adjacent to the stairs (fig. 1).
For level changes of more than
1.20 m, the lift should be placed
in a closed structure with doors at
the different accessible levels
(fig. 2).
Vertical platform lifts can have
a variety of opening for entry and
exit (fig. 3).

Fig. 2

13

3.3 Inclined movement platform

lifts
Inclined movement platform
lifts consist of three elements: a
railing, an electric generator and
a moving platform or seat.

Fig. 3

The operating system of the lift

can be either lateral (fig. 4) or
suspended (fig. 5).
Inclined movement platform
lifts can be installed along the
stair wall, as long as they do not
obstruct the required width of the
exit. The seat or platform can be
folded when not in use.

Fig. 4

The minimum width of the

stairs should be 0.90 m to allow
the installation of a lift (fig. 6).
Platform lifts can be installed
on all types of stairs including
switch-back stairs i.e. those with
a rotation angle of 180 (fig. 7)
and spiral staircases (fig. 5).
3.4 Lift size
The minimum width of the lift
platform should be 0.90 m and
the minimum length should be
1.20 m (fig. 3).
Fig. 5
4. EXISTING CONSTRUCTIONS
Platform lifts can provide
access to existing buildings
where it would be difficult or
unfeasible to install a ramp or an
elevator.
Inclined movement platform
lifts are usually used to connect
one or more floors or to
o ercome split le els in e isting

14

buildings. In buildings that are or

would be frequently used by
persons with mobility problems,
such devices should not be
utilized.

Notes:
(1) Platform lifts are also known
as stairway lifts or wheelchair
lifts.
Fig. 6

Fig. 7

15

4. STAIRS
1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Steep staircases.
Poorly designed steps that hinder
foot movement.
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE
To provide safe and welldimensioned staircases for the
comfort of all people, especially
those with mobility problems.

Fig. 1

3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Differences in level should be
illuminated or minimized as much
as possible for the comfort of
disabled people.
A complementary ramped
route, elevator or lift should be
provided where there are steps in
an otherwise accessible path.
All steps should be uniform.
Fig. 2
Circular stairs and stepped
landings should be avoided (fig.
1).
Open risers are not
recommended.
3.2 Width
The minimum width of a
stairway should be 0.90 m for
one-way traffic and 1.50 m for
two-way traffic.

Fig. 3

For indoor stairs, the riser

should be between 0.12 m and
0.18 m, and the tread between
0.28 m and 0.35 m.

16

For outdoor stairs, the

maximum riser should be 0.15 m
and the minimum tread should be
0.30 m.
3.3 Landing (fig. 2) (fig. 3)
An intermediate landing should
be provided when the stairs cover
a difference in level of more than
2.50 m.

Fig. 4: Recommended nosing types

The length of the landing

should be at least 1.20 m
extending along the full width of
the stairs.
3.4 Nosing (fig. 4)
Sharp edges and overhanging
nosing should not be used for
treads.

Fig. 5

Nosing should be flush or

rounded and should not be
projected more than 40 mm.
3.5 Handrails
Handrails must be installed on
both sides of the stairs and
around the landing for gripping
(fig. 3).
For stairs more than 3.00 m
wide, one or more intermediate
handrails could be provided (fig.
5).
The distance between the
handrails when both sides are
used for gripping should be
between 0.90 m and 1.40 m (fig.
5).

Fig. 6

Handrails must extend a

distance between 0.30 m and
0.45 m at the top and bottom of
the stairs (see Railings and
Handrails) (fig. 3).

17

3.6 Tactile marking (fig. 2) (fig. 3)

A textural marking strip should
be placed at the top and bottom
of the stairs and at intermediate
landings to alert sightless people
as to the location of the stairs.
The tactile marking strip should
be at least 0.60 m wide and
should extend over the full width
of the stairs.

Fig. 7

To guide users with poor

vision, the colour of the strip
should contrast with the
surrounding surface. 3.7 Surface
Landings, treads and nosing
should be slip-resistant and free
of projections.
Exterior stairs should be
pitched forward at 10 mm per
metre to drain surface water.
Slip-resistant stair nosing
should be used to fix carpets on
stairs.
3.8 Emergency stairs
Emergency stairs should be
identified by tactile markings.
3.9 Mechanical stairs (escalators)
Mechanical stairs can be
provided with an adaptable tread
at least 1.20 m long, if they are to
be used by persons confined to
wheelchairs (fig. 6).
The edges of escalators should
be painted in a contrasting colour
for the benefit of poor- sighted
users.

18

4. EXISTING CONSTRUCTIONS
When the configuration of the
nosing cannot be modified, slipresistant strip scould be applied
to the nosing as an alternative
solution (fig. 7).
Slip-resistant strips should be
40 mm wide and should not
extent more than 1 mm above the
tread surface.
To guide people with sight
problems, the colour of the strips
should contrast with that of the
stairs.

19

5. RAILINGS AND HANDRAILS

1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Unsafe railings.
Hard to grip handrails.
No railings or handrails.

Fig 1.

2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE
To install adequate railing,
wherever needed for the comfort
and safety of all people,
especially those with mobility
problems.
3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Safety guards or railings
should be installed around
hazardous areas, stairs, ramps,
accessible roofs, mezzanines,
galleries, balconies and raised
platforms more than 0.40 m high.

Fig 2.

On stairways, windows
positioned less than 1.00 m from
the landing should have railings.
Handrails should be installed to
assist disabled persons in
bathrooms and toilets (see Rest
Rooms).

Fig 3.

Spacing between the vertical

and horizontal bars of railings
should be narrow for the safety of
children.
Handrails should not obstruct
the path of travel.

Fig 4
20

3.2 Height (fig. 1) (1)

To facilitate use by ambulant
disabled and elderly people,
handrails should be mounted
between 0.85 m and 0.95 m
above the finished floor level.
For the benefit of wheelchair
users, a second handrail can be
mounted between 0.70 m and
0.75 m from the floor.

Fig 5.

To facilitate use by children

and short people, a third handrail
can be mounted at a height of
0.60 m.
To guide sightless people
using a long cane, a rail should
be mounted at a height between
0.10 m and 0.15 m (fig. 1); or a
low curb should be installed at a
height between 50 mm and 75
mm (fig. 2). Low curbs also act as
wheelstops.

Fig 6.

3.3 Mounting
Railings should be securely
attached to the wall or to a
supporting structure so as to
withstand heavy loads.
Railings should not end
abruptly but extend to the floor or
blend into the wall so as not to
create a hazard for sightless
people.
3.4 Form (fig. 3)
Handrails should allow a firm
and easy grip.
Circular cross-sections with a
diameter of 40 mm are
preferable.
Sharp edges should be
avoided.

21

3.5 Handrails for ramps and

stairs
Handrails should continue
uninterrupted (except for
doorways) on both sides and
around the landing.
Handrails should extend
horizontally for a distance
between 0.30 m and 0.45 m at
the top and bottom of stairs and
ramps, except in places where
extensions could obstruct the
pedestrian flow (fig.4).
For stairs or ramps more than
3.00 m wide, a continuous
intermediate handrail could be
provided (see Ramps; Stairs).
3.6 Wall-mounted handrails
The space between the
handrail and the wall should be
between 40 mm and 50 mm for
smooth walls and 60 mm for
rough textured walls (fig. 5).
Where handrails are fully
recessed into walls, a space of at
least 0.15 m should be allowed
between the top of the rail and
the top of the recess (fig. 6).
3.7 Tactile marking
For emergency exit stairs or
ramps, a contrasting tactile strip
at least 0.90 m long should be
applied to the top and bottom
edges of the handrail to alert the
partially sighted.
3.8 Colour
A contrasting colour is
recommended for handrails to
alert people with sight problems.

22

4. EXISTING CONSTRUCTIONS
If existing railings and
handrails do not comply with the
above requirements, they should
be modified or replaced.

Notes:
(1) Measurements are taken from
the front of the tread.

23

6. ENTRANCES
1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
No distinct accessible entrance.
Inadequate space in front of the
entrance.
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE
To provide accessible and easyto-find building entrances.
3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
For new accessible
constructions, all main public
entrances should be accessible
to an ambulant disabled person.
At least one entrance per
facility should be accessible to a
wheelchair user. In new
buildings, the accessible
entrance(s) should be the main
entrance(s) intended for use by
the general public.

Fig. 1

Each accessible entrance

should be connected by
accessible pathways to
accessible indoor or outdoor
parking areas, local public
transit stops and drop-off areas
(fig. 1).
In multi-storey buildings, the
accessible entrance should
permit access to a conveniently
located accessible elevator or
lift.

Fig. 2

24

3.2 Signs
Accessible entrances should
be clearly identified using the
international symbol of
accessibility including alternate
locations of accessible
entrances (fig. 2).
No signs are needed if the
whole building is accessible.
3.3 Entrance landing

Fig. 3

Where the entrance door

opens outward, the minimum
landing dimensions should
comply with figure 3.
Where the entrance door
opens inward, the minimum
landing dimensions should
comply with figure 4.
The surface of the landing
should have a slope of 2% for
drainage.

Fig. 4
The finish material should be
non-slippery.
Jute door mats should be
avoided. When used however,
the upper surface of the mat
should be level with the floor
finish (fig. 5).
Sheltered landings are
preferable.

Fig. 5

3.4 Threshold
Thresholds should be
removed wherever possible (see
Doors).
3.5 Colour
The colour of the entrance
door should contrast with the
surrounding surface so as to be
disting ishable b people ith

25

sight problems.
3.6 Entrance vestibules (see
Vestibules)
3.7 Entrance doors (see Doors)

4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
Public buildings should have
at least one accessible
entrance. Wherever possible,
this should be the main entrance
intended for use by the general
public (1) .
If for architectural or technical
reasons the main entrance
cannot be made accessible, an
alternative accessible entrance
should be provided. The location
of the alternative entrance
should be clearly indicated by
signs.
To allow for an accessible
entrance, one of the following
solutions can be adapted:
(a) Ramps, bridges or
mechanical lifts be used; (2)
(b) The entrance level might be
modified earthfill, or by changing
the grade or the landscaping of
the surrounding site;
(c) A window or another door at
ground might be converted into
an accessible entrance.

26

Notes:
(1) For existing constructions, a
service entrance can be used
temporarily as an accessible
entrance, but it should not be
the only accessible entrance.

(2) Mechanical lifts are

recommended for buildings
where modifications are
impossible or unacceptable.

27

7. VESTIBULES
1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Narrow doorways and vestibules.
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE
To provide sufficient space to
manoeuvre a wheelchair between
two sets of doors.
3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General

Fig. 1

Vestibule entrance doors can

be either the sliding type or the
swinging type.
For swinging doors, the door
mechanism should allow the
maximum opening swing.
3.2 Layout

Fig. 2

The layout of two swinging

doors in a series can be one of
the following:
(a) Outward-swinging (fig. 1);
(b) Double-swinging (fig. 2);
(c) Swinging in the same
direction (1) (fig. 3);
(d) Inward-swinging (fig. 4).
4. EXISTING CONSTRUCTIONS
For narrow vestibules either of
the following solutions can be
employed:

Fig. 3

(a) Replace swinging doors with

sliding doors;

28

(b) Change the direction of the

door swing so that both doors
can be made to swing outwards,
if possible (fig. 5).
(c) Install double-swinging doors
for small exit vestibules with a
minimum width of 1.20 m.
(d) Remove the inside or second
door.

Fig. 4

(e) Enlarge the existing vestibule

if possible (2)(fig. 6).

Notes:
(1) Doors swinging in the same
direction can be aligned, offset on
opposite walls or offset on
adjacent walls.

Fig. 5

(2) This is recommended for

vestibules that also serve as
emergency exits because other
solutions, such as changing the
direction of the door swing, might
not solve the problem.

Fig. 6

29

8. DOORS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Narrow doorways.
Doors hinged on the wrong
side, thus hindering
accessibility.
Doorways with high thresholds.
Heavy and hard-to-operate
door leaves.
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE

Fig. 1

To facilitate the passage of a

wheelchair user through doors.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Accessible doors should be
so designed as to permit
operation by one person in a
single motion with little effort.

Fig. 2

Power-operated doors are

the best for people with
disabilities. The activator
system should be automatic or
placed within easy reach.
An accessible door should
have the following features: a
sign, a door handle, an extra
pull handle, glazing and a kick
plate.

Fig. 3

3.2 Door types (a) Automatic

doors: - Can be of the sliding
or swinging type. In general
sliding doors are preferable to
swinging doors (fig. 1) (fig. 2).
- Automatic doors are useful
when traffic is heavy.

30

- Automatic doors should have

an adequate opening interval. Guard-rails can be installed
near double-swinging doors to
indicate a door-opening area
and to prevent people from
being hit by the door.
(b) Revolving doors: Revolving doors are not
suitable for the use of disabled
people or people with prams.

Fig. 4

- Wherever there are revolving

doors, an adjacent accessible
swinging or sliding door should
be provided (fig. 3).
- Auxiliary gates should be
provided next turnstiles (fig. 3).
(c) Pivoted doors: - Pivoted
doors should swing away from
the direction of travel wherever
possible.

Fig. 5

- Pivoted doors in series are

considered as vestibules (see
Vestibules).
(d) Sliding and folding doors: Manual sliding and folding
doors are recommended for
narrow spaces not heavily
used by the public (fig. 4).

Fig. 6

3.3 Door opening

For exterior doors, the
minimum opening is 0.90 m
when the door is open.
For interior doors, the
minimum opening is 0.80 m
when the door is open.
The minimum door opening
can be 0.75 m if the access is
straight or if the door can stay
open by itself (fig. 5).
The minim m door

Fig. 7

idth of

31

rest rooms should be 0.75 m.

For doors installed in an
opening more than 0.60 m in
depth, the clear door opening
should be at least 0.90 m (fig.
6).
For double-leaf doors, at
least one leaf should have a
minimum clear width of 0.80 m
(fig. 7).
3.4 Manual door hardware
Operational devices on
doors, such as handles, pulls,
latches and locks, should be
easy to grasp with one hand
(fig. 8).
(a) Handles: - Lever-type
handles, push plates or pull
handles are recommended for
swinging doors because they
are easy to open. (1)

Fig. 8

- Round knobs are not

recommended.
- Door handles should be
located at a comfortable height
between 0.90 m and 1.00 m
from the floor surface.
(b) Locks: Locks on entrance
doors should be mounted at a
comfortable height between
0.90 m and 1.00 m from the
floor.
(c) Extra pull handle: To
facilitate closing, a door fitted
with spring closers should be
equipped with an extra pull
handle approximately 0.30 m in
length, preferably placed at a
slant. The handle can be best
located at 0.50 m from the
hinged side of the door and
mounted between 0.90 m and
1.20 m from the floor.

32

3.5 Automatic doors hardware

Automatic doors can be
activated by:
(a) Push buttons located at a
comfortable height between
0.90 m and 1.20 m; (b)
Activating mats, which can also
serve as a location cue (fig. 2);
(c) Card-insert switch;
(d) Remote control.
3.6 Threshold (fig. 8)
Thresholds should be
omitted wherever possible.
Weather-stripping at the door
bottom is preferred to
thresholds.
The threshold should not be
more than 20 mm higher than
the finished floor level.
Thresholds higher than 6
mm should be levelled or have
sloped edges to facilitate the
passage of a wheelchair.
3.7 Exit doors landing
The exit landing should not
be lower than the finished floor
level by more than 20 mm.
3.8 Glazing and glazed doors
Outward swinging doors and
doors in public corridors should
have low windows to enable
users to see oncoming traffic.
The bottom edge of the
window should not be higher
than 1.00 m from the finished
floor level (fig. 8).

33

Completely glazed doors

should be avoided in buildings
frequented by people with
visual impairments.
Glazed doors should be
clearly marked with a coloured
band or mark placed for the
benefit of all users at a height
between 1.40 m and 1.60 m
(fig. 2).
3.9 Kick plates
Kick plates are useful in
protecting the finish on the
lower part of the door. Kick
plates should be between 0.30
m and 0.40 m in height (fig. 8).
3.10 Signage
In public buildings, the
function or room number,
incorporating international
symbols should be identified at
eye level, i.e. between 1.40 m
and 1.60 m (fig. 8).
Room numbers should be
placed on door frames and not
on doors themselves so that
the room number is visible
even when the door is open.
3.11 Colour
The door or the door frame
can be painted in a colour that
contrasts with the adjoining
wall to facilitate its identification
by people with visual
impairments.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
It is recommended that
automatic doors replace heavy,
hard-to-open swinging doors.

34

Door openings narrower

than 0.75 m should be
widened. A swing-clear hinged
door may be used to slightly
enlarge an opening.

Notes:
(1) Lever type handles can be
activated by hand, elbow or
other means.

35

9. CORRIDORS
1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Long and narrow corridors
creating orientation difficulties.
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE
To provide well-dimensioned
corridors to facilitate the passage
and manoeuvring of a wheelchair.
3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Fig. 1

3.1 General
Wide corridors are useful for
wheelchair users, service
equipment, high traffic areas, etc.
3.2 Width
The unobstructed width of a
low-traffic corridor should not be
less than 0.90 m. This also allows
manoeuvrability in 90 turns (fig.
1).

Fig. 2

The unobstructed width of a

public corridor should not be less
than 1.50 m (1). The
recommended width is 1.80 m
(fig. 2).
To allow manoeuvrability in 180
turns, the minimum circulation
space should be as shown in
figure 3.

Fig. 3

The corridor width should allow

manoeuvrability through the doors
located along its length (fig. 2)
(fig. 4).

36

3.3 Obstructions
Obstacles protruding into the
corridor, such as drinking
fountains or public telephones,
should be placed outside the
circulation path, in alcoves or culde-sacs (fig. 5).
Overhanging signs and
obstacles should be mounted at
least 2.00 m high (fig. 6).
3.4 Surface

Fig. 4

Changes in surface level of

more than 13 mm should be
ramped.
Floor surfaces should be nonslip and even. Carpets should be
securely fastened.
4. EXISTING CONSTRUCTIONS
Narrow corridors should be
widened along their full length if
feasible; otherwise, passing areas
should be located at appropriate
intervals along the corridor length.
The minimum width of the
passing area should be 1.50 m
and the minimum length should
be 2.40 m.

Fig. 5

In highly restricted spaces, the

height of an obstacle or sign can
be dropped to 1.95 m.
Notes:
(1) 1.50 m is the minimum width
for two wheelchairs to pass each
other or for one wheelchair to
make a full turn.

Fig. 6

37

10. REST ROOMS

1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Insufficient space inside a
rest room.
Poor design and positioning
of fixtures and fittings.
Taps that are difficult to
grip.

Fig. 1

2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE
To provide sufficient
accessible space inside
rest rooms, with all fixtures
and fittings being within
easy reach.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General

Fig. 2

Turning circles of 1.50 m

diameter are recommended
inside the rest room to
allow for full-turn
manoeuvring of a
wheelchair.
The ease of transferring
from a wheelchair to a toilet
seat or bidet depends on
the approach. In general
there are four different
approaches:

Fig. 3

(a) The parallel approach,

which is the easiest (fig. 1);
(b) The diagonal approach,
which is difficult (fig. 2);
(c) The perpendicular
approach, which is also
difficult (fig. 3);

38

(d) The frontal approach

which is the most difficult
and needs particular care
(fig. 4).
3.2 Public rest rooms
In any public rest room,
at least one compartment
for each sex should be
accessible to an ambulant
disabled person.
In any public rest room at
least one unisex
compartment should be
accessible to a wheelchair
user.

Fig. 4

Accessible rest rooms

should be marked with the
international symbol of
accessibility. No indication
is needed if all rest rooms
are accessible.
Pivoted doors should
open outward unless
sufficient space is provided
within the toilet stall.
3.3 Special public rest
rooms
Installation of a separate
unisex unit is always
desirable in public
buildings, even when all
rest rooms are accessible,
so as to allow a disabled
person to be assisted by an
attendant of the opposite
sex.

Fig. 5

Special rest rooms

should be marked with the
international symbol of
accessibility but should not
be the only accessible rest
rooms.

39

A water-closet and a
lavatory should be provided
within special rest rooms.
The size and layout of
special rest rooms should
comply with the minimum
requirements (fig. 5).
3.4 Residential rest rooms
Residential rest rooms
include those in private
residences, health facilities,
dormitories and other
residential institutional
settings.
Residential bathrooms
are usually equipped with a
toilet, a bidet, a wash-basin
and a bath-tub or shower.
In multiple-rest-room
arrangements (such as
dormitories):
(a) Only one wash-basin
per rest room needs to be
accessible; (b) At least one
shower stall and one toilet
stall should be designed for
a wheelchair user.

Fig 6.

To save space in private

occupancies:
(a) The tiled floor area
adjacent to the tub can be
used as a shower space;
(b) The wash-basin seat
might be used as a seat
during the use of the washbasin or the hand shower.
The size and layout of
residential rest rooms
should comply with the
minimum requirements
(fig. 6).

40

3.5 Rest room fixtures

1) Water closets:
The size and layout of
water-closets and toilet
stalls should comply with
the minimum requirement
(fig. 7) (fig. 8).
The height of the toilet
seat should be between
0.45 m and 0.50 m from the
finished floor level. (1)
The distance between
the centre line of the toilet
seat and the adjacent wall,
if provided with a grip bar,
should be between 0.45 m
and 0.50 m.
Grab bars should be
mounted on the wall behind
the water closet, if it is of
the tank-less type, and on
the side wall closest to the
water closet, or mounted on
the floor at the edges of the
seat.
Grab bars should be
mounted at a height
between 0.85 m and 0.95
m from the floor. As an
alternative, the grab bar
could be placed at a slant.
Flushing arrangements
and toilet paper should be
placed within reach at a
height between 0.50 m and
1.20 m. It is also
recommended to respect a
distance of 50 cm from the
corner.
Accessible handoperated flushing controls,
located on the open side of
the water-closet, are
recommended.
Wall mo nted

Fig. 7

ater

41

closets are recommended.

2) Lavatories:
The dimensions of
lavatories should comply
with the minimum
requirements (fig. 9).
The height of a wash
basin should be between
0.80 m and 0.85 m above
the finished floor level. A

70 cm free space under the

wash basis should be
respected.
The distance between
the centre line of the washbasin and the adjacent side
wall should at least be 0.45
m.
The wash-basin may be
drawn forward from the wall
a distance between 0.15 m
and 0.20 m.
No shelves must be
located above the washbasin.

Fig. 8
3) Bath-tubs:
In general bath-tubs are
difficult to use by those
confined to a wheelchair
without the help of an
attendant.
The dimensions of bathtubs should comply with the
minimum requirements (fig.
10).
The minimum
dimensions of the bath-tub
should be 1.60 m x 0.70 m.
The height of the tub
sho ld be bet een 0 45 m

42

and 0.50 m from finished

floor level.
An in-tub seat or a seat
at the same height of the
tub should be provided at
the head side of the tub. (1)
In some cases, itt might be
useful to provide a small
wall at the open side of the
bath tube, allowing people
to sit on this before entering
(more easily) the bath tube.
A grab bar should be
mounted on the wall
between 0.85 m and 0.95
m from the finished floor
level. (2)
Tubs with a toe recess
are recommended.
4) Showers:
The dimensions of
showers should comply
with the minimum
requirements (fig. 11) (fig.
12).

Fig. 9

The shower should have

a seat conveniently
positioned for the shower
head at a height of 0.45 m
and 0.50 m. (1)
The shower seat should
be of the hinged pull-down
or removable type, not
spring-loaded.
A grab bar should be
placed on the wall opposite
the seat and around the
back wall, mounted at a
height between 0.85 m and
0.95 m.
Slip resistant floors are
the best solution; however,
rubber mats could provide
a valid alternative. In this
case, drain openings
h ld b f
i th

43

corner of the stall.

The floor of the shower
stall should not be more
than 20 mm below the level
of the surrounding floor
area.
The shower stall should
have a levelled threshold
not exceeding 13 mm
above the finished floor.

5) Bidets:
The dimensions of bidets
should comply with the
minimum requirements.
The upper edge of the
bidet should be between
0.45 m and 0.50 m from the
finished floor level. (1)

Fig. 10

The distance between

the centre line of the bidet
and the adjacent wall
should be at least 0.45 m.
Wall mounted bidets are
recommended.
6) Urinals: (fig. 13)
At least one accessible
urinal should be provided in
public rest rooms.

Fig. 11

Urinals should have a

clear space on both sides.
A full-length urinal is the
most accessible.
Urinals with a protruding
lip should be mounted at a
height of 0.45 m from the
finished floor level.

Fig. 12

44

3.6 Rest room door

The clear door opening
should be at least 0.75 m
with the door in the open
position.

Doors should be lockable

from inside and releasable
from outside under
emergency situations.

Fig. 13

Regardless of the door

type, a handle should be
placed on the door from the
inside to facilitate closing.
Another handle should be
provided on the outside
(see Doors).
3.7 Accessories
All accessories, such as
soap, towel and toilet paper
dispensers, should be
placed at a height between
0.50 m and 1.20 m from the
finished floor level and
0,50 m from the corner.
3.8 Grab bars
Grab bars should be
installed in water-closets,
bath-tubs and showers to
assist disabled persons to
use the facilities safely and
easily. (2)
Grab bars should have a
diameter of 30 mm to 40
mm.
Wall-mounted grab bars
should extent between 35
mm and 45 mm from the
wall.
Grab bars should be
firmly fixed with stand loads
and should have non-slip
s rfaces kn rled s rfaces

45

usually prevent slipping.

3.9 Mirrors
Mirrors should be
suitable for use by both
standing and seated
persons. Low mirrors or
downward tilted mirrors can
be used.
The bottom edge of
mirrors should be located at
a maximum height of 1.00
m from the finished floor
level (fig. 9).
3.10 Faucets
Single-lever mixing-type
faucets, which are easily
operated by hand or elbow,
are recommended. Faucets
with push buttons are also
convenient.
The clearance between
the grip of the tap and any
adjacent vertical surface
should not be less than 35
mm.
The space between two
taps should not be less
than 0.20 m.
The left tap should be
connected to the hot water
supply.
Telephone fixtures with a
cord at least 1.50 m long
are recommended for use
in showers and bath-tubs.
These can be hand-held or
fixed at an adjustable
height between 1.20 m and
1.80 m from the floor to suit
all users.

46

3.11 Flooring
Rest rooms must not
have doorsteps. The
gradient of the floor should
be as low as possible.
Thresholds should be
avoided. When inevitable,
the maximum threshold
height should be 20 mm
(see Doors).
Flooring materials should
be skid-proof and easy to
clean.
The floor should be welldrained and provided with
adequate waterproofing.
3.12 Alarms
Rest rooms should be
equipped with an alarm
system.
3.13 Pipes
All exposed hot water
pipes should be insulated
or covered.
It is preferable that pipes
be fitted in the wall.

4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
4.1 Public rest rooms
For accessible buildings, at
least one accessible unisex
rest room should be
provided per facility.
4.2 Water-closets
To obtain an accessible
toilet combine two adjacent
stalls b remo ing one

47

water-closet and the mutual

partition, provided that the
number of remaining
fixtures is sufficient for the
floor population.
4.3 Urinals
Existing high urinals need
not be replaced if
accessible toilet fixtures are
available.
One urinal per rest room
can be lowered.
4.4 Rest room vestibules
For narrow vestibules,
replace doors with
automatic door openers or
use swing clear hinges.
Doors that restrict
manoeuvring space, should
be removed so long as this
does not inhibit privacy.
4.5 Grab bars
If grab bars are not
provided in the initial
construction, walls should
be reinforced to withstand
loads.
4.6 Accessories
Rest room accessories
located at a maximum
height of 1.40 m need not
be modified if they are
accessible.
4.7 Mirrors
If existing mirrors are too
high, they can be tilted or a
full-length mirror can be
installed on another wall.

48

Notes:
(1) Toilet seats, bidets,
shower seats and bath-tub
seats are required to be
mounted at the same
height of the wheelchair
seat, i.e. between 0.45m
and 0.50 m above floor
level.

(2) Grab bars are

manufactured in various
dimensions and shapes.
They can either be wallmounted or floor-mounted.
Retractable bars are also
available.

49

APPENDIX ONE: IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS

I. TROUBLESHOOTING
1. Wheelchair users
Problem

Overcoming differences in level

between road and pavement
Bridging great differences in height
usually tackled by providing stairs
Manoeuvring in tight spaces
Passing through narrow door
openings and over high thresholds

Reaching high-mounted controls and

objects
Manoeuvring in rest rooms

Measure

Install curb ramps

Provide ramps, wide elevator cabs or

platform lifts
Provide wide routes and spaces
Provide sufficiently wide door
openings with low levelled thresholds or
none at all
Provide low-mounted controls

Install grab bars, bath-tub and

shower seats

2. People with limited walking abilities

Problem

Measure

Overcoming differences in level

Provide curb ramps, ramps, elevators

or platform lifts

Manoeuvring in situations requiring

speed

Increase the pedestrian crossing time

interval
Increase the opening interval of
elevators and automatic doors

Climbing stairs and ramps

Manoeuvring in rest rooms

Provide handrails for gripping

Provide sufficiently wide rest rooms
Provide grab bars, bath-tub and a
shower seat

50

Passing through narrow door

openings and over high thresholds

Provide sufficiently wide door

openings with low beveled thresholds
or none at all

3. People with limited use of hands or arms

Problem

Measure

Opening heavy doors

Use automatic or easy-to-open doors

Gripping door knobs

Use lever-type door handles

Gripping faucets

Use lever-type or push-buttons

faucets

4. The sightless
Problem

Orientation

Identifying obstructions within the

path of travel
Crossing roads
Manoeuvring in elevators

Recognizing emergency situations

Locating exit doors and stairs

Measure

Provide guide strips within the

pathway surface
Provide raised curbs and other
detectable guiding elements
Provide tactile marking strips to
indicate changes in direction and the
location of stairs and ramps
Provide textured paving or tactile
marking strips around obstructions
Provide audible traffic signals
Provide audible signals and call
buttons with tactile text
Provide audible alarm signals
Provide tactile marking around the
knobs of exit doors and the handrails of
exit

51

5. The partially sighted

Problem

Measure

Identifying obstructions within the

path of travel

Provide bright-coloured markings or

signals to identify obstructions

Orientation

Crossing roads
Manoeuvring in elevators and in
emergency situations
Locating facilities

Provide clearly legible lettering and

sufficiently large dimensions for
direction signs
Provide audible traffic signals
Use contrasting colour for doors,
handrails, tactile signs, etc
Provide alarm signals

6. The hearing impaired

Problem

Crossing roads

Managing in situations involving the

use of speech messages, verbal
transmission and interaction

Not hearing door, elevator and

emergency

Measure

Provide clearly visible coloured signs

and traffic signals
Use clearly written messages,
especially in emergency situations
Install induction loops in assembly halls
and in public telephones
Provide flashing light signals

52

APPENDIX TWO: IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS

ANTHROPOMETRICS
Dimensional data varies from one
person to another, and the average
dimensions vary from one country to
another. The dimensions of the
individual human being vary with time.
The tables below provide a range of
dimensions derived from various
studies. The given measurements take
into consideration size variation
between males and females as well as
between different persons of the same
sex.
Wheelchair Dimensions (fig.1)
Dimensions shown in the figure are of a
conventional manual wheelchair. The
larger, encircled dimensions refer to
electric wheelchairs.

Fig.1

53

Dimensional data to a normal person

(fig. 2)
Height

1.50 m - 1.90 m

Eye

1.40 m - 1.75 m

Shoulder

1.20 m - 1.55 m

Fig. 2
Dimensional data of a wheelchair user

Fig. 3

54

Reaching zones of a normal person

(fig. 4)
Max. Reach Up

1.85 m - 2.10 m

Oblique Reach
Up

1.65 m - 2.00 m

Forward Reach

1.30 m - 1.45 m

Fig. 4
Vertical reaching zones of a wheelchair user

Fig. 5
Horizontal forward reach of a
wheelchair user (fig. 6)
Eye

1.16 m - 1.33 m

Shoulder

0.99 m - 1.14 m

Fig. 6

55

Common reaching zone

Fig. 7
Field of Vision

Fig.8

56

Pathway dimensions
Visually impaired person
using a long white cane.

Person using a cane

Persons using crutches

Detectable path dimension

Fig. 9

57

Wheelchair manoeuvring space

Fig. 10

58

Manoeuvring at doors

Fig 11.

59