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The offence of conspiracy.

1 )Subject to the following provisions of this Part of this Act, if a person agrees with any other person or
persons that a course of conduct shall be pursued which, if the agreement is carried out in accordance
with their intentions, either
a) will necessarily amount to or involve the commission of any offence or offences by one or more of the
parties to the agreement, or

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b )would do so but for the existence of facts which render the commission of the offence or any of the
offences impossible,
he is guilty of conspiracy to commit the offence or offences in question
5
- Smith & Hogan, criminal law.7ed,London, P.255
6
-Martin. Anna. Elizabeth. A dictionatry of law oxford university, 6ed.p.88
7
Jonathan ,Herring,criminal law,cases and materials, 1ed,oxford university press,2004,p. 255
- 1375 .1019
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- 1- A person shall not by virtue of section 1 above be guilty of conspiracy to commit any offence if he
is an intended victim of that offence.

13

2-A person shall not by virtue of section 1 above be guilty of conspiracy to commit any offence or
offences if the only other person or persons with whom he agrees are (both initially and at all times during
the currency of the agreement) persons of any one or more of the following descriptions, that is to say
a)his spouse;b)a person under the age of criminal responsibility; and c)an intended victim of that offence
or of each of those offences.
3-A person is under the age of criminal responsibility for the purposes of subsection (2)(b) above so long
as it is conclusively presumed, by virtue of section 50 of the M3Children and Young Persons Act 1933,
that he cannot be guilty of any offence.

14

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- The Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c.86) is an Act of the Parliament
of the United Kingdom relating to labour relations, which together with the Employers and Workmen Act
1875, fully decriminalised the work of trade unions. Based on an extension of the conclusions of the
Cockburn Commission, it was introduced by a Conservative government under Benjamin Disraeli.The
Act held that a trade union could not be prosecuted for act which would be legal if conducted by an
individual.This meant that labour disputes were civil matters, not for consideration by criminal courts.
One result of this was that picketing was decriminalised. The law also made certain forms of stalking
illegal.
15
- The Trade Disputes Act 1906 (6 Edward VII, c 47) was an Act of the Parliament of the United
Kingdom passed under the Liberal government of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. The Act declared that
unions could not be sued for damages incurred during a strike.
16
- Ashworth, Andrew , criminal law . oxford, 2008, p.413
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. 2-Subsection (1) above shall not affect the offence of conspiracy at common law so far as relates to
conspiracy to defraud, . . .
3-Subsection (1) above shall not affect the offence of conspiracy at common law if and in so far as it may
be committed by entering into an agreement to engage in conduct whichattends to corrupt public
morals or outrages public decency; but(b)would not amount to or involve the commission of an offence if
carried out by a single person otherwise than in pursuance of an agreement.
26
- Elliot, Catherine. Op. cit.p.200
27
- Jonathan, Herring , op. cit.P.446

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.12 2002
13. Ashworth, Andrew , 2008, criminal law . oxford,
14. Elliot, Catherine . Criminal Law
15. Hawkins, 1787, pleas of the crown, 6th ,
16. Jefferson , 2001, criminal Law. 5ed , long man, England,
17. Jonathan ,Herrin, 2004,criminal law,cases and materials, 1ed,oxford university
press ,
18. Martin. Anna. Elizabeth. A dictionatry of law oxford university, 6ed.
19. sexual crimes act, 1956.
20. simester .A.P. and Sullivan, 2003, criminal law theory and Doctrin, 2 ed, oxford,
21. Smith & Hogan, criminal law.7ed,London
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- DAYANI: Abdolrasol, La responsabilit du fait de dfaut de scurit des produits, dition luiniversit
de Lille, France, 2000p. 453
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- TERR F,LEQUETTE:Y., SIMLER: Ph., Droit civil: les obligations, 10med.Dalloz, 2009, n. 64
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- GHESTIN: Jacques, Formation du contrat, 1993 n.42
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1387

.18 :

.19 : 10

1365

.20 : ) 1268 .(.

.21: ][
.22 : )1351 .(.
.23:

.24 :

) 1404.(.

.25 : )1361 .(.

.26 :

1376

.27 ) ( :

)1408.(.

.28 : 1 1363

.29 : -1375
.30 : 1 1365

.31 : 1389

.32 :

1387

.33 : 2 1374

.34 : )1344 .(.

.35 : )1417.(.

.36 :

d. 1995

me

37. BENABANT Alain, Droit civil, Les obligations, Montchristien 5

38. Black's Law Dictionary, Henry Campbell Black, M.A. West Publishing Co. 1983
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44. Lexique de termes juridiques 8 d. Dalloz, 1990
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me
obligations,10 d.Dalloz,2009 STARCK: Boris,&BOYER:Henry,& ROLAND
me
Laurent:Obligations 2- Contrat, 5 d. LITEC


F0

**

) ( .

16 25

: .

P1F

2
P

) ICJRep-1980,

(p.100

P2F

*
**

-2 - - - - - 1384102
-3 4 :2

 2 :

-1

-2 42

P3F

P4F

-1
: -1-1
36

. 2 36

:
... 3 36

.
.

P5F

.7
P6F

1991 :

.
-4 42 : 41

. .
-5 - -
- - 1384 -107

-6 - - - - 1385 -176
- GowllandDebbas,Vera- The Relationship Between The International Court of Justice and the Security
Council in the Light of the Lockerbie Case-American Journal of International Law Vol 88(1994)No 4
p.375
7

P7F

:
-2-1 :
-1-2-1 :

( .

9 . 2 13 2
P8F

36 :
-

- .

- .

- .

-2-2-1 :

.
.

P9F

10

P10F

11
P

-3-2-1 :

. :
.
-8 - - - 1373 -198
-9 502
-10 503
-11 19

 ). - .(20 :

. 12 .
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13 .
P12F

14 15 .
P13F

P14F

.
.

P15F

16

)( )(

25
.

.
-12

13

- Greenwood,Op.cit,p.373
-ICJ Reports, 1949 , p.4
15
- ICJ Reports 1980 , p. 3
16
-ICJ Reports, 1980
14

 ) 36 :(6
38 .

.

P16F

17

18
P

P17F

P18F

19

P19F

20

Ni Bedjaoui

. El- Kosheri

Weeramantry21
P

P20F

:
. .

P21F

22

-2 :

P2F

23

P23F

24
P

17

- Gowlland-Op.cit-p.649
-ICJ Reports, 1980
19
-ICJ Reports-1984
20
- Functional Distinction between the Court an the Council on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
21
-crowlland- , Op.cit,p. 653
22
- ICJ Reports-1992-para.56&166
-23 - - : - -
- 1383263
24
- Gowlland,Op.cit,p.648
18

25 .
P

P24F

26
P

P25F

.
.

P26F

27

28
P27F

29 .
P28F

. 30 .
P29F

31 .
P30F

.33
P32F

32

P31F

P3F

34

35 24 36.
P34F

P35F

P36F

37

Weeramantry :

25 - Gray, Christine- the Use and Abuse of the International Court of justice : cases Concerning the Use
of
Force after Nicaragua- European Journal of International Law Vol 14(2003) No.5.p.808
26
- Gowlland- Op.cit-p. 643
-27 - - - - - 1380
45
28
- ICJ Rep, 1986
29
-Grray,Op.cit,p.872
30
- complementary
31 -Ibid
32 -ICJ REP, 1992, Para. 22-34
33
-Ibid
34 - UN Doc. S/PV. 3063 at 68-69 ,1992
35
-Primary responsibility
36
- Exclusive responsibility
37 - ICJ Rep, 1992, p.14

P37F

38

P38F

39

) 8
(

40
P39F

41

. .
P40F

1304 .

42
P41F

. 748

749 . :

P42F

43
P

38 -ICJ Reports, 1992- at 56, 166

39 - ICJ Reports, 2002
40
- ICJ Reports ,1998
41
- Lusaka
42 - Ibid
43
- ICJ Reports -2000 Para . 37- 39

.1

- - : -

.2

- - - 1382

.4

- - - - 1381

- - 1383
.3
.5

.6

- - - - 1382

- - - 1343

- ) ( - 1387-

.7

- -

.8

- - - - - -1372 -

- 1384
.9

- - - -

- 1380

.10 - - -1373 -

.11 - - - - -

1384

.12 - - - -

1377

.13 - - -

1382

.14 - -

- 1370

.15 - -

- - - 1384

.16 - -

) ( - -1387 -

.17 - - - -1385 -
:

 .1 -

- - 1383 -31

.2

-22 -1377 5-47

.3

- -1384 -26 19-38

.4

- - -1384-26 -193

145

.5 - - -8

1379

.6

- -37 -1386 103-128

.7

- -
- -1384 -26 85-94

.8 - -

- - 1384 -

.9

- -1363 183-199

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