Basic

PART01
01

p. 8

Youre sick, but you have an appointment to meet

your friend and you dont want to break it. You visit
your friend and describe your symptoms to her. She
says theyre exactly the same as the symptoms she
experienced last month. Her doctor gave her some
prescription antibiotics, and she has some leftover pills.
She offers you the rest of them. 1 It could be tempting
to take them, because youd save money and time.
2
But taking medicine prescribed for someone else is
a bad idea. Prescriptions are written for one specific
person, based on their height, weight, and other factors.
Therefore, your friends pills probably dont have the
correct dosage for you. Besides, you cant be sure the two
of you have the same illness. Taking the wrong medicine
could be dangerous to your health. 3 So no matter
what happens, remember not to borrow your friends
prescription medication.

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But [taking medicine prescribed for someone else] is a bad idea. [ ] .
So no matter what happens, remember not to borrow your friends prescription medication. no matter

what ~ ~ <> . remember to-v ~ , to

to not .

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04

Many people suffer from social shyness. Luckily,

it is a problem that can be overcome with a little bit
of effort. 1 Your main goal should be to change the way
you react in social situations. In order to do this, you
must start by putting yourself in situations that involve
interacting with others. You can have short conversations
with the everyday people around you, such as the clerk in
your local convenience store or the person who delivers
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PART 1

pp. 10~12

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your mail. 2 Think of these as practice conversations and

make sure to have at least one a day. After a month or
so, youll most likely notice a small improvement in your
conversation skills. Youll also probably find yourself
feeling more comfortable during these exchanges. Over
time, your self-esteem will begin to improve. Once it
does, you will surely see improvements in many different
aspects of your life.

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Your main goal should be to change the way [(that) you react in social situations]. to change

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B . make sure to-v ~ . one a conversation

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02

Although plastic drinking straws are convenient,

they are not practical. Every day, all around the world,
hundreds of millions of these straws are used for a few
minutes and then thrown away. 1 This increases the
amount of plastic in our landfills, which is a serious
problem for the environment. 2 With this in mind, we
need to ask ourselves: Do we really need to use straws
or are they something we can do without? You might not
think avoiding straws would have a big impact on our
efforts to save the planet. But if youve been using five
straws a week, that adds up to 260 straws a year. 3 And if
you have a family of four, and you all stop using straws,
thats more than 1,000 pieces of plastic that wont end up
in landfills each year. Over time, these numbers add up
and truly do make a difference.

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This increases the amount of plastic in our landfills, [which is a serious problem for the environment]. [ ]

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With this in mind, we need to ask ourselves: Do we really need to use straws or are they something [(that)

we can do without]? with + + ~ . [ ] something

that .
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And if you have a family of four, and you all stop using straws, thats more than 1,000 pieces of plastic [that
wont end up in landfills each year ]. that if . [ ] more than 1,000 pieces of
plastic .



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03 I have read many stories about the lives of

successful artists, and they all seem to have one thing
in common. In every young artists life, 1 there seems to
be a moment when someone tries to discourage him or
her. Even the most talented artists have this experience.
People tell the artist that it is impossible to earn money
as an artist and that becoming an artist will lead to
failure. Whenever I read a story like that, I think about
how important those artists are. If they had given up
because of someones words, how would the world have
been different? 2 It also makes me think about all the
people who could have been artists but gave up. Many of
them are now in jobs they do not want. So if you know
someone who wants to be an artist, be careful. You dont
have the right to destroy someones dream.

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It also makes me think about all the people [who could have been artists but gave up]. [ ] people

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04

The management of a car company recently had

an interesting experience. 1 When they asked their
employees to think of ways to increase productivity,
they received little response. However, when the request
was rephrased as ways to make your job easier, the
suggestions began to pour in. 2 This shows how our
perception of a situation differs depending on words. The
word productive suggests extra work, while the word
easier carries a more positive feeling. Therefore, if you
want your message to be effective, pay close attention to
your choice of words. For example, if the need to increase
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PART 1

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sales sounds too harsh, you can soften it to attract

new customers. In this way, simply by using a rich
and varied vocabulary, you can become a more effective
communicator.

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When they asked their employees to think of ways to increase productivity, they received little response.

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p.23

p. 13

07 (2)_

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02

What do you do when you want to power a device with

electricity? 1 Usually, you either plug it into a wall socket
or put batteries in it. But what if you could plug it into
your body instead? One scientific team at the Joseph
Fourier University of Grenoble believes this may one day
be possible. 2 They are testing a device called a biofuel
cell, which uses the bodys sugar and oxygen to create
electricity. Their hope is that it could be used to improve
certain medical procedures. For example, people with
artificial hearts must have an operation every so often to
replace the battery. If the heart contained a biofuel cell,
however, this surgery would not have to happen. The

p. 14

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challenges and concerns patients face would therefore be

reduced significantly.

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power ~ device , electricity cell ; * oxygen invent artificial

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They are testing a device [called a biofuel cell ], [which uses the bodys sugar and oxygen to create

electricity]. [ ] a technology . [ ] a biofuel cell

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04

Psychologists used to think that young children

only considered their own likes and dislikes. But a recent
experiment showed that 18-month-old babies are able
to understand others opinions. The experiment featured
two bowls. One was filled with broccoli, and the other was
filled with goldfish crackers. The babies tasted the food in
both bowls, and they all liked the crackers more than the
broccoli. Next, the babies watched as an adult ate from
the bowls. The adult made a disgusted face when she
tried the crackers and a happy face when she tried the
broccoli. Then, she reached out her hand and asked the
baby to give her some more. The babies gave the adult
more broccoli because she had acted like she liked it.
2
This suggests that infants consider others points of
view when they decide how to respond to them.

pp. 16~18

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Psychologists used to think that young children only considered their own likes and dislikes. used to-v

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This suggests that infants consider others points of view when they decide [how to respond to them]. [ ]

decide + to-v how to-v ~ [] .

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PART 1

02

There is very little of cattle that is wasted. We

drink their milk or use it to make dairy products; 1 we
turn their skin into leather, which is used to make a
variety of products; and, of course, we eat their meat. One
part, however, that is not usually put to use is their blood.
To address this, a British architect began experimenting
with cows blood, trying to see if it had any architectural
uses. At first, he thought he could use it to create a type
of glue. But after mixing it with sand and baking it for
an hour at just 70C, he was able to create bricks that
were strong and waterproof. The mixture may need to be
adjusted to strengthen the bricks. However, 2 they could
one day be used as a low-cost replacement for mud bricks
in regions where homes often suffer from rain damage.

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..., they could one day be used as a low-cost replacement for mud bricks in regions [where homes often

suffer from rain damage]. as ~ . [ ] regions .

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03

Often, the best way to resolve conflicts is through

negotiations. When this is done, the ideal conclusion
is a win-win situation. This means that both people
are pleased with the results. 1 To achieve this type of
outcome, one of the most important factors is how you
deal with emotions during the negotiations. Displays of
extreme emotions can have a negative effect. 2 This is
because they often go against logic and make the other
person feel as though you are trying to control them.
On the other hand, it can be equally damaging to ignore
the emotions involved in the negotiations. This can lead
to agreements that fail to satisfy both people. The best
approach is to explain how you feel in a rational way,
describing your emotions objectively as if they belonged
to someone else.

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[To achieve this type of outcome], one of the most important factors is [how you deal with emotions during

the negotiations]. [ ] <> to. [ ]

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This is because they often go against logic and (they) make the other person feel as though you are trying

to control them. make feel . as though ~ ~ as if

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04

Asian students who move to the U.S. to study

often complain that they feel like theyre living in two
cultures at once. Their parents, they explain, have
a completely different set of principles, focusing on
academic success and sacrifice for family. 2 Unlike most
American parents, they are not afraid to physically
punish their children to make them study harder. This is
because they consider tests to be a measure of diligence
rather than intelligence. Moreover, Asian parents
generally feel that pushing their kids hard will lead
to their success. These parents also believe that if the
student succeeds, the entire family succeeds. This creates
a heavier burden on the shoulders of students, 3 as they
become responsible for the pride of their entire family.

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Asian students [who move to the U.S. to study] often complain . [ ] Asian students

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Unlike most American parents, they are not afraid to physically punish their children [to make them study

harder]. be afraid to-v ~ . [ ] <> to. make

study .
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, as they become responsible for the pride of their entire family. as ~ <>

PART 1

p.2

p. 19

01 _01

03

p. 20

Have you ever seen a car covered in ads? 1 You probably

thought it was being driven by a company employee. But
in reality, there are some companies that will pay people
to place ads on their automobile. Simply by driving
around town, you can make between $400 and $900 a
month. 2 And if you dont have a vehicle, some of these
companies will even provide you with one for free. To
get started, visit the website of one of these companies
and fill out a form with some basic information about
yourself. If it matches the needs of the advertisers, theyll
contact you. What could be an easier way to make extra
money?

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covered () ~ ad employee automobile vehicle for free , fill out

match ; () advertiser contact extra

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You probably thought [(that) it was being driven by a company employee]. [ ] thought

that . be being p.p. .

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And if you dont have a vehicle, some of these companies will even provide you with one for free. provide

A with B A B . one a vehicle .

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Businesses these days are collecting more and

more data. 1 Whether were talking about customers
shopping habits or the performance of different
investments, the amount of data most companies keep

pp. 22~24

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is enormous. Unfortunately, data is useless unless you

can analyze and understand it. And doing that can be
difficult when you have so much of it. 2 To succeed, you
need tools that let you visualize your information and
quickly make decisions based on it. According to recent
studies, 3 businesspeople who use charts and graphs to
manage their data are 10% more likely to benefit from
the information theyve collected. Therefore, if you want
to make the best use of your data, just remember: A
picture is worth a thousand words.

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Whether were talking about customers shopping habits or the performance of different investments, the

amount of data [(which/that) most companies keep] is enormous. whether A or B A B

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To succeed, you need tools [that let you visualize your information and quickly make decisions based on

it]. To succeed <> to. [ ] tools

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, businesspeople [who use charts and graphs to manage their data] are 10% more likely to benefit from

the information [(which/that) theyve collected]. [ ] businesspeople . to

manage <> to. be more likely to-v ~ , ~
. [ ] the information .

02

Few things are as annoying as trying to squeeze

the last bit of ketchup out of the bottle. But now, 2 a new
coating has been developed for the inside of bottles,
making the surface much more slippery than before.
Rather than clinging to the bottle, ketchup will now slide
easily toward the opening. Of course, there are more
advantages to this than simply reducing the frustration
of ketchup lovers. It has been estimated that more than
a million tons of food is thrown away each year because
it remains stuck inside a bottle. Also, plastic squeeze
bottles have unusually large caps. The reason for this
is that the bottles require large openings to make them
work effectively. However, with this new coating, bottles
can be made with smaller openings and will therefore
have smaller caps. This will reduce plastic waste by up to
25,000 tons a year.

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03

Stunted growth occurs when children do not

receive the proper nutrients, leaving them shorter than
average. But height is only a small part of the problem.
Stunted children are five times more likely to die from
diarrhea and often suffer from brain development issues.
Unfortunately, the damage caused by this condition
cannot be treated. However, there is a cheap and simple
way of preventing it: providing pregnant women and
newborns with the nutrients they need. By doing so,
governments in some developing countries have been
able to reduce the rate of stunted growth from 40% in
1990 to 29% in 2008. However, 29% still represents an
extremely large number of children. 2 It is believed that
half a billion children could grow up suffering from
stunted growth over the next 15 years. Clearly, much
more needs to be done about this problem.

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Stunted growth occurs when children do not receive the proper nutrients , [leaving them shorter than

average]. [ ] <> . leave + + () ~ .

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It is believed that half a billion children could grow up [suffering from stunted growth over the next 15

years]. It is believed that ~ ~ . [ ] <> , ~ .

04

Going camping with your children is a great idea.

Camping is an opportunity for kids to get outside and
explore the beauty of nature. They can catch fish and
cook them, sit around a campfire, and play in a clean lake
or stream. However, there are many things for parents to
keep in mind when going camping with children. Parents
should always watch children carefully when they are
near lakes or rivers. Also, when kids are near campfires
or camping equipment such as knives, fishing hooks and
matches, they need special attention. 2 Make sure all kids
wear layers of clothes since outside temperatures change
quickly. 3 Sunscreen is also necessary to keep childrens
skin safe. Last, theres one important thing many

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campers forget to carry: enough water. Remember that

dehydration could be a serious problem for summer
campers.

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Camping is an opportunity for kids to get outside and explore the beauty of nature. for kids to get (to)

explore , to get (to) explore an opportunity to.

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Make sure (that) all kids wear layers of clothes since outside temperatures change quickly . make sure

(that) ~ ~ . since ~ <> .

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Sunscreen is also necessary to keep childrens skin safe. to keep <> to.

keep safe .

p.2

p. 25

01 _

04

Recently, a study was conducted on the difference in

pain tolerance between athletes and non-athletes. The
results showed that the athletes were able to tolerate
higher levels of pain. According to the researchers, this
is because they use certain cognitive strategies to deal
with the pain. For example, 1 some athletes concentrate
so hard on the physical act they are performing that
they are able to ignore their pain. 2 Another is a method
in which athletes focus on a positive thought to distract
them from negative feelings of pain. The researchers
believe that this kind of resistance to pain is something
that can be learned over time. As athletes are often
incredibly motivated to win a game or set a record in
their event, they seem to be more likely to adopt these
techniques.
Athletes can endure pain better than others because
they learn to use mental techniques that allow them to
focus on something else.
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PART 1

p. 26

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conduct tolerance ; ; * athlete tolerate , cognitive strategy

concentrate on ~ ignore distract resistance () incredibly ,
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..., some athletes concentrate so hard on the physical act [(that) they are performing] that they are able to

ignore their pain. so ~ that ~ . [ ] the physical act .

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Another is a method [in which athletes focus on a positive thought to distract ]. [ ] a method

01

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01

Has this happened to you? 1 You have a list of

tasks to do around the house. You complete the first one
and leave the room to move on to the next one. Suddenly,
you cant remember what it is! Believe it or not, the act
of moving from one room to another may be to blame.
2
This is the theory of researchers who are studying how
the brain works. According to them, we store short-term
memories in different rooms of our brain. And when
we exit a room in the real world, our mind moves on
to a new space as well. So, when you leave the room to
accomplish your next task, youre also leaving behind
the short-term memory that contains your to-do list!
According to researchers, we may experience the
failure of our short-term memory when we pass through
a doorway in the physical world.

pp. 28~30

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You have a list of tasks to do around the house. to do tasks to.

This is the theory of researchers [who are studying {how the brain works}]. [ ] researchers

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02

In university, I had a crush on one of my

classmates. She was on the soccer team, and her
uniform number was 36. My feelings for her eventually
faded, 1 but then I began to notice something strange.
2
Wherever I looked, I saw the number 36. It was in
books, on signs and on price tags. However, this wasnt
an amazing coincidence. It was simply due to something

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known as the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon. Your brain

takes in an incredible amount of information every day,
more than it can possibly process. 3 Therefore, it ignores
much of what it receives, focusing on what is important.
However, when you learn something new or continually
have something on your mind, your brain becomes more
sensitive to it. In my case, the number 36 had always
been all around me I just wasnt paying any attention
to it. But suddenly, when it became significant to me, I
began to notice it everywhere.
The Baader-Meinhof phenomenon is a condition
in which people suddenly become more aware of the
presence of something because they have recently been
thinking about it.

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Therefore, it ignores much of [what it receives], [focusing on {what is important]}. [ ] { }

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03

For many years, marketers have sent emails to

consumers as a form of advertising, but very few people
actually open these emails. However, according to one
marketing specialist, this isnt actually a problem. Even
an unopened email can be an effective marketing tool,
by creating awareness of the advertisers brand. A study
shows that unopened marketing emails still lead to sales.
On average, people who receive them will spend more
on the companys products than people who get no such
emails. Obviously, 2 it is important for the advertiser to
include their brand name in the subject line of the email.
This way, 3 it will be visible to the consumer even if he or
she fails to open the message.
An advertising email can result in a purchase even if
the receiver does not click it.

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For many years, marketers have sent emails to consumers as a form of advertising, but very few people

actually open these emails. have sent <> . as ~ . very

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, it is important for the advertiser to include their brand name in the subject line of the email. it

14

PART 1

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, it will be visible to the consumer even if he or she fails to open the message. even if ~ ~

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04

Surprisingly, some scientists interested in

learning more about animal evolution and adaptation
are moving their studies to the big city. This is because
animals in these areas must find ways to deal with life
in an unusual environment. For example, some species
of fish in a New York City river have evolved a resistance
to a certain kind of toxic pollution. Along with evolution,
urban animals also undergo behavioral changes to
survive in big cities. Some, such as crows, have even
found ways to use human technology to their advantage.
2
When unable to open a hard nut, birds will usually
drop them from great heights. But crows in Tokyo use
an easier method: They place the nuts in the street 3 and
wait for passing cars to run them over.
In order to survive in urban environments, animals
must either evolve or change their behavior.

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Surprisingly, some scientists [interested in learning more about animal evolution and adaptation] are moving

their studies to the big city. [ ] some scientists , are moving.

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[When (birds are) unable to open a hard nut], birds will usually drop them from great heights. [ ] when

when + be . will ~ .
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and wait for passing cars to run them over. for + () to . run

over + 2, .

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p.7

p. 31

02 _03

win-win
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p. 32

In 1912, my great uncle Albert was a passenger aboard

the Titanic. He was just 18 years old and had lived
all his life in England. His older brother Robert my
grandfather had already traveled from England to
America and was waiting for him there. 1 Before the
journey, Robert sent Albert a nice coat so he would be
well dressed on the ship. Sadly, Albert died during the
sinking of the Titanic, but the coat survived. Before the
ship sank, Albert wrote a note to Robert. 2 He placed
it in his coat pocket and asked a woman in one of the
lifeboats to deliver the coat to Robert. She did, and the
coat became a family treasure. My grandfather wore it
often, and he looked very good in it.

1912 Albert
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Before the journey, Robert sent Albert a nice coat so (that) he would be well dressed on the ship. so (that)

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He placed it in his coat pocket and asked a woman in one of the lifeboats to deliver the coat to Robert. ask

A to-v A ~ .

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04

Juzcar is similar to many other tiny, traditional

villages in southern Spain. However, it is different
in one major way. In 2011, a film company selected the
village as the location for the premiere of its movie
The Smurfs 3D. 1 In order to host the event, Juzcar had
to agree to paint all of its buildings blue to look like a
Smurf village. Local leaders agreed, and 12 men were
hired to paint the entire village, including its historic
church. The movie premiere was a great success, and
many tourists have since come to visit the blue village.
2
Though the film company promised to return the
village to its former state, residents decided to leave
it painted blue. As a result, it has become one of the
most famous tourist spots in Spain.

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PART 1

pp. 34~36

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In order to host the event, Juzcar had to agree to paint all of its buildings blue [to look like a Smurf village].

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Though the film company promised to return the village to its former state, residents decided to leave it

painted blue. promise decide to . leave + + () ~

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02

Did you know that olive oil can provide benefits

to your hair and scalp? It has many moisturizing
properties that can keep your hair and head healthy.
First of all, during the winter months, hair tends to dry
out and break. But olive oil can eliminate this problem.
1
By adding weight and moisture, it can improve the
overall health and look of your hair. Additionally, you
can try a hot olive oil treatment. Coat your hair with hot
olive oil and let it sit for 30 minutes. If your hair is dry,
unnourished and difficult to style, this will make it
much more manageable. And finally, olive oil can cure
dandruff small flakes of dry skin if you use it
regularly. 2 Simply massage the oil into your scalp, and it
will keep the skin moist and stop it from flaking off.

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your hair , olive oil .

03

Nancy was a slow driver. Her friends teased her

about it, but she didnt care. One day, she met her
friend at the mall. After shopping together, they got into
their cars and drove away. 1 But Nancy didnt realize
that she had left her purse on the roof of her car. Her
friend noticed and drove off after Nancy. She used her
horn to try to get her attention. But Nancy didnt hear, as
she was listening to loud music. Finally, her friend drove

Nancy .
,
.
. ,
. Nancy
.
Nancy .
. Nancy

17

ahead of Nancy and stopped her car in the middle of the

road. 2 Surprised, Nancy stopped, too. She got out of
her car and asked what was wrong. Her friend explained
where she had left her purse. Nancy turned around, and
there was her purse, still on her roof. 3 She had been
driving so slowly that it hadnt moved at all!

.
, Nancy
. Nancy .
.
. Nancy
, .

!

But Nancy didnt realize [that she had left her purse on the roof of her car]. [ ] realize

. had left .
2
3

(Being) Surprised, Nancy stopped, too. Surprised Being <> .

She had been driving so slowly that it hadnt moved at all! had been v-ing ~

. so ~ that ~ . not ~ at all ~ .

Nancy , Nancy .

04

One day, a circus came to town. As part of the

show, every boy in the audience was offered a chance to
win $5. 1 All they had to do was ride a pony. But it was
not an ordinary pony. 2 It had been trained to throw
off anyone who tried to ride it. The audience thought
it was an amusing show, laughing loudly as one boy
after another fell to the ground. But one boy watched
the pony closely, looking for its weaknesses. After
learning its techniques of throwing people off, the
boy volunteered to go next. He jumped onto the pony,
wrapped his arms around its neck and refused to let
go. 3 After a few minutes, the pony gave up and let the
boy ride him. The boy had defeated his enemy by first
understanding it. His parents smiled proudly as he
collected his prize.

, . ,
5 .
.
.
.

.
.
,
.

. ,
. ()
.
.

All they had to do was (to) ride a pony. all (that) + + , to to

.
2

It had been trained to throw off anyone who tried to ride it. had been trained ()

. anyone who ~ ~ .
3

After a few minutes, the pony gave up and let the boy ride him. a few

. let ride .

, pony .

18

PART 1

p.8

p. 37

02 _04

, .

06 (1)

In 1951, a woman named Henrietta Lacks passed away

from cervical cancer. On that same day, 1 one of her
doctors announced on television that he had discovered
miracle human cells which could be used to find ways
to treat cancer. In the course of treating Lacks, he had
noticed something quite strange: While normal cells
divide about 50 times and then die, usually within a
week or so, the cancer cells of Henrietta Lacks were
immortal. Even after her cancer cells were separated
from her body, they never stopped reproducing. In the
past, scientists had tried to keep human cells alive in
their laboratories for long periods, but their efforts had
always failed. 2 However, the cells of this woman have
since been used for disease research at laboratories and
hospitals around the world. 3 Although no one is sure
why her cells are so special, they have been helping to
save the lives of millions of people.

p. 38

1951 Henrietta Lacks

. ,

.

Lacks ,
. 50
, Henrietta Lacks
.
,
. ,

, .

.
,
.

pass away , announce cell treat ; * reproduce ; * divide

within ~ laboratory period effort [] solid immortal ,

, one of her doctors announced on television [that he had discovered miracle human cells {which could

be used to find ways to treat cancer}]. [ ] announced . { } miracle human

cells . to treat ways to.
2

However, the cells of this woman have since been used for disease research at . have been used ~

since <> .
3

Although no one is sure [why her cells are so special], they have been helping to save the lives of millions

of people. no one ~ . [ ] + +
. has been v-ing ~ . help (to-)v ~
.

19

 01

02

03

04

01

One of Americas most popular breakfast

cereals was actually invented by accident, due to the
forgetfulness of a man named Will Keith Kellogg.
1
Assisting his brother at the Battle Creek Sanitarium
in Michigan, he was in charge of making the bread.
One day, however, 2 he left some boiled wheat sitting
out for hours by mistake. When he later used it to make
dough, it broke up into flakes. He baked it anyway.
The result was a crunchy snack that the patients loved.
Kellogg then decided to perfect the recipe and sell his
new product to the public. He replaced the wheat with
corn, and in 1906 he started the Battle Creek Toasted
Corn Flakes Company. Eventually, the company became
known as Kelloggs, and their Corn Flakes are still
popular today.

pp. 40~42

Will Keith Kellogg
. Michigan Battle Creek
,
. ,
.
,
. .
. Kellogg

.
, 1906 Battle Creek Toasted

Corn Flakes Company . ,

Kelloggs , Corn Flakes
.

[Assisting his brother at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan ], he was in charge of making the bread .

[ ] <> ~ , when
2

he was assisting his brother ~ .

, he left some boiled wheat sitting out for hours by mistake. leave + + () ~

, leave (some boiled wheat) sitting .

Kollogg
Kelloggs , .

02

According to a study, obese children have less

sensitive taste buds than other kids of the same age.
Nearly 200 children from the ages of 6 to 18 were
included in the study; half of them were obese and half
were of normal weight. To test their ability to taste,
special strips were placed on the childrens tongues.
There were 22 separate strips, representing different
intensities of the five basic types of flavor: sweet, salty,
savory, sour and bitter. 1 Each child was asked to identify
the flavor and rank its intensity. In the normal-weight
group, it was observed that the ability to identify tastes
improved as the kids got older. 2 However, this was not so
with the obese children, who had an especially hard time
identifying the intensity of sweetness. 3 The researchers
hope this information can be used to develop techniques
that will help overweight children make better food
choices.

20

PART 1

,
. 6 18 2
,
.
,
. 5 , , ,
, 22
.
.

.
,
.

.

Each child was asked to identify the flavor and rank its intensity. be asked to-v ~ ,

was asked to identify (to) rank .

2

However, this was not so with the obese children, [who had an especially hard time identifying ]. so

. [ ] the obese children

. have hard time v-ing ~ .
3

The researchers hope (that) this information can be used to develop techniques [that will help overweight

children make ...]. [ ] techniques . help + + (to-)v ~

help to .

,
.

03

There are several possible causes of short-term

memory loss. It can occur due to diseases, injuries or
stress. It can also be a side effect of drug use or the
natural aging process. 1 Whatever the cause is, it is
important to remember that it is a problem that can
be overcome. Although it takes time and patience, it is
possible to improve your memory. One effective way to do
this is by interacting with other people. 2 This is an ideal
way to stimulate your brain because relationships are
hard to predict and require constant engagement and
mental alertness. 3 Research has actually shown that
older people with active social lives tend to show a slower
decline in memory than those who spend most of their
time alone. Whats more, these socially active seniors also
live longer lives.

. ,
.
. ,
.
,
.
.


.

. ,
.

Whatever the cause is, it is important [to remember that it is a problem {that can be overcome}]. whatever

. it , [ ] to. { } a problem
.
2

This is an ideal way to stimulate your brain because relationships are hard to predict .... to stimulate an

ideal way to. to predict hard to.

3

Research has actually shown that older people with active social lives tend to show a slower decline in

memory than those [who spend most of their time alone]. tend to-v ~ . [ ] those
, those who ~ ~ .

,
.

21

04

We are familiar with the problem of bullying in

schools. But it is important to remember that children
are not the only targets of bullies. And bullies are not
always children. 1 Adults practice bullying as well,
targeting people they see as different from themselves. In
fact, studying bullying in adults is key to understanding
it in our schools, because bullying is a learned behavior.
2
Whatever prejudices parents have are passed on to
their kids, whether parents are aware of it or not. For
example, imagine that you are watching TV with your
child and you make fun of an overweight newscaster.
Your child will observe this and believe that it is
acceptable to judge others based on their appearance.
Therefore, if we want to stop bullying in our schools, it
makes sense for us to end it first in our homes.

.

. .
,
. ,
,

.
.
. , TV
.

. ,

, .

Adults practice bullying as well, [targeting people {(whom) they see as different from themselves}]. [ ]

<> . { } people . see A as B A B []

, people A .
2

[Whatever prejudices parents have] are passed on to their kids, whether parents are aware of it or not.

[ ] ~ whatever . whether ~ or not ~ .

,
, .

p.9

p. 43

03 _01

,
.

22

PART 1

 07 (2)

p. 44

Many modern parents are eager for their children to

succeed and will do nearly anything to ensure that this
happens. Increasingly, this means starting their children
in classes at an early age and getting closely involved
in their education. This can give kids an advantage
when they begin elementary school, but it can also
have unintended consequences. Because these children
receive a lot of support and all the resources necessary
for success, many of them never learn to properly deal
with failure on their own. 2 The best way to prepare
children for lifes future challenges is to allow them to
face difficulties and find their own solutions. Although
it may be hard for todays parents, sometimes its best to
take a step back and remain uninvolved.

.
,
.

,
.
,
.


.
,
.

eager ensure increasingly involved unintended consequence

support []; * resource properly on ones own uninvolved [] face ;
* solution rely on ~ task

Many modern parents are eager for their children to succeed . be eager to-v ~

. for their children to succeed .

2

The best way to prepare children for lifes future challenges is to allow them to face difficulties and (to) find

their own solutions. to prepare The best way to. allow + + to-v ~
() , to face (to) find .

01

01

02

03

04

Creativity is one of the primary elements of

success. 1 Being creative, however, doesnt happen by
itself; instead, it requires hard work and planning.
Consider the example of Thomas Edison, one of the most
renowned inventors in history. He set a goal for himself
to create one minor invention every ten days. On top of
this, he aimed to introduce two major inventions every
year. 2 He did so due to his firm belief that you have to
expect a lot from yourself in order to achieve a lot. Even
if you dont aspire to become the next Thomas Edison,
you can follow his example. If you want to increase your
creativity, you should use targets to challenge yourself.
Thats a lesson we can all benefit from.

pp. 46~48

.
. ,
.
Thomas Edison .

10
. ,
.

. 2 Thomas Edison
,
.
.
.

23


1
2

Being creative, however, doesnt happen by itself; Being creative .

He did so due to his firm belief [that you have to expect a lot from yourself in order to achieve a lot]. his

firm belief [ ] . in order to-v ~ .

,
Edison , .

02

Last summer, I had to take part in an unexpected

conference call with two other consultants. I was on
vacation with my family at the time, but there was
nothing I could do about it. 1 If I had refused, the client
would never hire me for another project. While my family
played in the lake, I had to sit inside discussing business
on the phone. I resolved not to complain, but soon one of
the other consultants confessed that she was on a cruise
with her husband. And then the third admitted that he
was calling from a caf in an amusement park while his
wife and children were waiting. All three of us had given
our jobs priority over our loved ones. We laughed about it,
2
but none of us found it funny. 3 It was annoying that we
had allowed our professional lives to invade our personal
lives.

,
.
.

.
,
. ,

.

.

.
.
.

If I had refused, the client would never hire me for another project.

(had p.p.) , ( + ) .
2

, but none of us found it funny. none ~ , . found

funny .
3

It was annoying [that we had allowed our professional lives to invade our personal lives]. It ,

that [ ] .

,
.

24

PART 1

03

Role models play an important part in healthy

childhood development. When childrens role models are
people they interact with daily, this positive influence
becomes even more powerful. 1 One reason for this is that
the children, at some point, will see their role models
fail or make a mistake. While it may be a disappointing
experience, it also teaches the children how to avoid
making the same error. Therefore, children who view
a parent as their role model are more likely to have
healthy, realistic expectations rather than unreachable
goals. 2 Having carefully watched their parent go through
the ups and downs of life, they find it easier to do so
themselves. Whats more, when parents are role models
for their children, they have an easier time guiding
their children toward wise decisions. As a result, these
children have less behavioral problems and tend to be
more successful.

.
,
.

.
,
. ,


.
,
. ,
,
. ,
.

One reason for this is [that the children, at some point, will see their role models fail or make a mistake].

[ ] . see fail make .

2

[Having carefully watched their parent go through the ups and downs of life ], they find it easier to do so

themselves. [ ] <> , Having watched

. it to do . themselves .

04 The phrase white elephant is used to describe an

object whose cost of ownership is greater than its actual
value. 1 The history of the phrase comes from Thailand
and other Asian countries, where rare white elephants
were considered holy. People believed the animals
brought good luck. When they died, people considered
it a sign of disaster. Therefore, 2 whoever owned a white
elephant had to make sure it had the finest food, housing
and care. Usually, kings were the only people rich enough
to afford them. However, ancient kings started giving
white elephants as gifts to people they were displeased
with. Of course, this appeared to be a great honor. But
caring for the white elephant would bring financial ruin
to the receiver of the gift over time.

.
,
.
.
.

.

.
. ,
.

.

25

The history of the phrase comes from Thailand and other Asian countries , [where rare white elephants

were considered holy]. [ ] Thailand and other Asian countries . be

considered + ~ .
2

, [whoever owned a white elephant] had to make sure [(that) it had the finest food, housing and care].

[ ] whoever . [ ] make sure that

.

,
.

p.4

p. 49

01 _04

,
, .

08

The above graph shows the results of two surveys on

the work hours of Americans, the first conducted in
1977 and the second in 2006. With the exception of
low-income male workers, all of the groups showed an
increase in the percentage of employees working 50
hours or more per week. In both years and at all three
income levels, the percentage of men working 50 hours
or more per week was higher than the percentage of
women. However, women showed a greater increase
between the two surveys, with the percentage of middle
and high-income female workers more than doubling.
26

PART 1

p. 50

, 1977
2006 .
50
.
50
.
,
.
3 1 50
. (

 2 High-income men had the highest percentages, with

more than a third working 50 hours or more per week
in both years. Low-income women, on the other hand,
had the lowest percentage of people working 50 hours or
more per week in both years.

50
.)

percentage , employ income above result survey conduct ,

exception employee per ~ doubling ( )

1

The above graph shows the results of two surveys on the work hours of Americans , [the first (being )

conducted in 1977 and the second (being conducted) in 2006]. on ~ [] . [ ]

(The above graph) (the first, the second) .

conducted being in 2006 being conducted .

2

High-income men had the highest percentages, [with more than a third working 50 hours or more per week

in both years]. [ ] with + + ~ . a third (

) () .

01

01

02

03

04

The above graph shows the time American

people spent on the Internet and mobile apps per day
from June 2010 to December 2011. During this period,
the number of minutes people spent on mobile apps per
day increased steadily. In June of 2010, people were
spending approximately 10% more time on the Internet
than on mobile apps. One year later, however, mobile
apps had surpassed the Internet in terms of daily use.
By December of 2011, people were spending an
average of 22 more minutes a day 2 on their mobile apps
when compared to their time spent on the Internet.
During the entire period of this study, average daily
use of the Internet increased until June of 2011, but
decreased slightly in December of 2011.

pp. 52~54

2010 6 2011 12

.
. (2010 6
10
.) 1
. 2011 12

22 .
2011 6
2011 12 .

The above graph shows the time [(which/that) American people spent on the Internet and mobile apps per

day from June 2010 to December 2011]. [ ] the time which[that]

.
2

on their mobile apps when (they were) compared to their time [spent on the Internet]. when compared

+ be they were , be compared to ~ ~ . [ ] their time

.

2010 6 22 (42
) 10% 50% .

27

02

The above graph shows annual Scottish

immigration and emigration rates from 2001 to 2010.
1 Since 2003, the number of people moving to Scotland
has been greater than the number leaving to live
elsewhere. In 2002, however, emigrants outnumbered
immigrants, and in the previous year, the two numbers
were roughly equal. Overseas immigration increased
from 2002 to 2009, but dropped in 2010. Overseas
emigration, on the other hand, rose sharply in 2005, but
then decreased for three years in a row. Looking at
the entire 10-year period, there has been a significant
increase in immigration since 2001. However, emigration
numbers have decreased during the same period. 2 If
these trends continue, they will contribute to Scotlands
growing population, which is expected to reach nearly
5.8 million in a few decades.

2001 2010

. 2003 ,

. 2002
, .
2002 2009
, 2010 . (,
2005 3
.) 10 , 2001
.
. ,
, (=
) 580
.

Since 2003, the number of people [moving to Scotland] has been greater than the number [leaving to live

elsewhere]. the number of ~ ~ . [ ] people the number

. has been <> .
2

If these trends continue, they will contribute to Scotlands growing population, [which is expected to reach

nearly 5.8 million by 2035]. [ ] Scotlands growing population .

be expected to-v ~ .

2005 2006 2008 3 .

03

The graph above shows how Americans aged

55 and older spent their leisure time on a daily basis,
according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 In all
three age groups, seniors spent more time watching
TV than doing all the other activities combined. The
portion of time that seniors spent reading, as well as
relaxing and thinking, increased with age. On the
other hand, the opposite was true for the amount of time
spent socializing and communicating. This decrease
also applies to playing sports and exercising, which
takes up the smallest portion of seniors leisure time.
2 However, of the three age groups, it was the 65- to
74-year-olds who participated in sports and exercise the
most.

, 55
.

TV .

. ,
.
,
. (
65 74.)

In all three age groups, seniors spent more time watching TV than doing [all the other activities] combined.

spend + [/] + v-ing ~ . combined [ ] .

2

However, of the three age groups, it was the 65- to 74-year-olds who participated in sports . It is ~

28

PART 1

that[who] , [] ~ .

55 64.

04 T h e g r a p h a b o v e c o m p a r e s t h e r a t e s o f
participation in the labor force of different racial groups
in the state of Oregon and the United States as a whole.
1 Both whites and Asians in Oregon participated in
the labor force at slightly higher rates than they did in
the rest of the country. In the country at large, 63%
of both whites and Asians were part of the labor force.
2 This figure was lower than that of African Americans
and higher than that of Hispanics. Hispanics had
the highest percentages of participation both in the
state and in the nation. Hispanics also had a higher
participation rate in Oregon than in the U.S., but the
opposite was true for the African-American group.

Oregon
. Oregon

. ,
63
. (
.)
.
.
Oregon
, .

Both whites and Asians in Oregon participated in the labor force at slightly higher rates than they did in the

rest of the country. both A and B A B . did participated in the labor force
.
2

This figure was lower than that of African Americans and higher than that of Hispanics . that

figure .

(63%) (61%) , (67%) .

p.31

p. 55

09 _03

22% , 10% .

09

Osoyoos Lake, located in the Okanagan region of British

Columbia, Canada, is extremely rich in minerals. In
the summer, as the lakes water evaporates, a variety of

p. 56

Osoyoos British Columbia

Okanagan , .
.

29

mineral pools are left behind. 1 Each pool has a different

color depending on the type and concentration of
minerals they contain, which makes Osoyoos Lake a
unique sight. The local Native Americans believed the
lake had miraculous power of healing and therefore
bathed in its waters to heal all kinds of physical problems.
During World War I, minerals from the lake were used
to make weapons. These days, the lake is under the
joint ownership of the Canadian government and the
Okanagan Nations Alliance. 2 In order to preserve this
unique natural landscape, tourists are only permitted to
view it from behind a tall iron fence.

, Osoyoos
.
,
. 1

. , Okanagan
.
,
.

region , extremely , mineral evaporate a variety of leave behind

concentration , ; * unique miraculous heal bathe joint ,

ownership alliance preserve landscape permit []

1

Each pool has a different color depending on the type and concentration of minerals (that) they contain,

[which makes Osoyoos Lake a unique sight]. each .

. [ ] .
2

In order to preserve this unique natural landscape, tourists are only permitted to view it from behind a tall

iron fence. in order to-v ~ . be permitted to-v ~ .

01

01

02

03

04

Progeria is a disease that causes infants to show

symptoms of aging. The name of the disease describes
its effect. The word comes from two Greek terms: pro,
which means before, and gras, which means old
age. Babies with progeria fail to develop normally
and may suffer from skin disease during infancy. More
symptoms begin to show at around 18 months. These
include the inability to grow hair and the development
of a small face. Progeria occurs due to a genetic problem,
but it is not passed on genetically. Rather, it seems that
the disease can affect any infant. 2 It is an extremely
rare condition, occurring in only 1 out of every 8 million
babies. Sadly, most individuals with the disease live only
to their mid-teens or early twenties.

pp. 58~60

.
.
, pro
gras.

. 18
.
.
, . ,
.
, 8
. ,
10 20 .

Progeria is a disease [that causes infants to show symptoms of aging]. [ ] a disease

. cause + + to-v ~ .
2

It is an extremely rare condition, [occurring in only 1 out of every 8 million babies]. [ ] <>

30

PART 1

02

In 1988, Robert Tappan Morris, a 23-year-old

graduate student at Cornell University, created and
released what is believed to be the first Internet worm.
Similar to a computer virus, it damaged thousands of
computers. 2 When arrested, Morris claimed that he had
simply been trying to determine the size of the Internet.
Despite this, he was prosecuted by the government
and convicted under the Federal Computer Fraud and
Abuse Act. Instead of being sent to prison, he was put on
probation for three years and required to perform 400
hours of community service. Although he was suspended
from Cornell after the incident, he went on to receive
a degree from Harvard. Later, he founded a web-based
program, which was eventually sold for $49 million.
Currently, he is a professor at MIT.

1988 23 Robert
Tappan Morris
.
. ,

Morris
. ,

. ,
3 400
.
, ()
. ,
, 4 9
. MIT .

In 1988, Robert Tappan Morris, [a 23-year-old graduate student at Cornell University], created and released

[what is believed to be the first Internet worm]. [ ] Robert Tappan Morris . [ ]

what created and released .
2

When (he was) arrested, Morris claimed that he had simply been trying to determine the size of the Internet.

when when arrested + be he

was .

, .

03

The dental health and habits of more than 6,000

elderly people were monitored for 18 years. This included
toothbrushing habits, the cleaning of false teeth and the
frequency of their dentist visits. Men with poor dental
habits had a greater risk of dementia than those with
good dental habits. 1 The results for women were similar,
although not as extreme. The women who did not brush
their teeth regularly had a 22% greater risk of dementia.
2
In addition, men who infrequently visited their dentist
had a higher dementia risk compared to those who
went to the dentist regularly. Interestingly, there was
no significant relationship between the cleaning of false
teeth and the risk of dementia.

18 6
. , ,
.

.
.
22 .
,
.
,
.

The results for women were similar, although (they were) not as extreme (as the results for men). although

31

 although not + be they were . extreme as

the results for men . as ~ as ~ .

2

In addition, men who infrequently visited their dentist had a higher dementia risk compared to those who

went to the dentist regularly. compared to ~ . those who ~ ~

.

04 There are many unusual creatures in the dark

areas deep under the surface of the ocean. The vampire
squid, one of these strange animals, can be found in
water 3,300 to 13,000 feet below sea level. Though this
creature has an interesting name, 1 vampire squids are
neither vampires nor squids. In fact, they are members
of a species that exhibits traits of both squids and
octopuses. The reason they got the name is due to their
dark skin and bat-like webbing, which looks like Count
Draculas cloak. In addition to this strange feature,
2
their big eyes, almost as large as a dogs, make them
even more frightening. Furthermore, the vampire squid
has light-producing organs covering its whole body. So
when they need to attract prey or hide from predators,
they either turn their light on or off.

. ,
3,300 13,000 .
,
. ,

.
,
. ,

. ,
.

.

1
2

..., vampire squids are neither vampires nor squids. neither A nor B A B .
..., their big eyes, [(which are) almost as large as a dogs], make them even more frightening. [ ] their big

eyes + be . even .

, .

p.16

p. 61

05 _01

, .

32

PART 1

 10

p. 62

Scorpions live on almost every continent, and their

habitats are often among the most difficult places on
earth to live. 1 One reason they can live in many of these
places is that they can make their metabolic rate much
slower. When they do this, 2 their metabolism is often
only a third as fast as that of similar animals. Scorpions
also eat very large amounts of food, especially when
compared to their body size. (A) In fact, some scorpions
eat one third of their weight in just one meal. Because of
these factors, scorpions can survive for up to 12 months
without eating. This method of controlling metabolism
has not been seen in other animals. Although animals
that hibernate often have a slow metabolism, they
cannot quickly raise their metabolism in an emergency.
(B) However, scorpions do not have this problem. 3 They
can come to action quickly if they need to.

,
.

.

( ) 3 1 .
,
. ,
3 1 .
12 .

. ,
.
, .
.

scorpion continent habitat amount factor , , survive up to ~ hibernate

raise ; ( ) emergency ,

One reason [(why) they can live in many of these places] is [that they can make their metabolic rate much

slower]. [ ] One reason why . [ ] that

.
2

, their metabolism is often only a third as fast as that of similar animals. as ~ as ~ .

that metabolism .
3

They can come to action quickly if they need to (come to action). need to come to action .

01

01

02

03

04

Nothing increases your chances of making a

mistake as much as having the fear of making a mistake.
(A) Therefore, if you suffer from anxiety about doing
something wrong, you should learn to control your thoughts
and shift your focus away from what might possibly go
wrong. 2 One way to do this is to accept the mistakes you
make, whenever they happen, and immediately forgive
yourself for them. No one is perfect, so if you expect
perfection from yourself, youll never be happy with how
you perform. (B) Instead, concentrate only on what you are
doing at the moment. Thinking about anything else, such
as the future or potential mistakes, is only a distraction
and will keep you from giving your top performance.

pp. 64~66

. ,
,

.
,
.
,
. ,
.

,
.

33

Nothing increases your chances of making a mistake as much as having the fear of making a mistake.

nothing
2

as as ~ ~ ~ .

One way to do this is [to accept the mistakes you make, whenever they happen, and (to ) immediately

forgive yourself for them]. [ ] 2 to . whenever

~ every time .

(A) ,

Therefore .
(B) ,
Instead .

02

Hair is important to many people because its a

major part of their appearance. But it is probably not
as important as it is to the ethnic Yao women in Chinas
Huangluo Village. They believe a womans long hair
brings long life, wealth and good fortune. 1 The longer a
womans hair is, the more fortunate she is. (A) Therefore,
its not surprising that this village holds the Guinness
World Record for longest hair village. Its 120 women
have an average hair length of 1.7 meters, 2 with the
longest measuring more than 2.1 meters. Traditionally,
there were many rules about a womans hair. (B) For
example, only a womans husband was allowed to see
her hair fully let down. Any other men who saw it had
to live with her family for three years as a son-in-law.
These traditions ended in 1987, and Yao women can now
display their long hair in public whenever they want.

. Huangluo
Yao .

. ,
. ,

. 2.1 ,

120 1.7
. ,
. ,

.
3 . 1987
, Yao
.

The longer a womans hair is, the more fortunate she is. the + ~, the + ~ ,

.
2

, with the longest measuring more than 2.1 meters. with + + v-ing ~ .

(A) ,
, Therefore .
(B) ,

For example .

03

E-Prime, a shortened form of English Prime,

refers to the use of the English language without the
be verb. For example, in normal English you might
say Tomatoes are delicious. 1 The problem is that,
although this is an opinion, it is presented as a fact.
34

PART 1

E-Prime English Prime , be

. ,

.
. , E-Prime

(A) Instead, using E-Prime, you can say something like

I like tomatoes. This is a clearer representation of your
thought. Another advantage of E-Prime is that it makes
you provide more details. Instead of saying Mary is
strong, you might say Mary can lift 50 kilograms. In
this way, 2 you will probably find yourself avoiding vague,
general words and trying to say exactly what you intend.
(B) Although it can be a challenge to communicate
without the be verb, using E-Prime helps you to express
yourself more clearly, allowing the listener to see the
ideas behind your conclusion.

.
. E-Prime

. Mary
, Mary 50
. ,

.
be
, E-Prime
,
.

The problem is [that, {although this is an opinion}, it is presented as a fact]. [ ] that

. { } .
2

, you will probably find yourself avoiding vague, general words and trying to say exactly [what you

intend]. find avoiding trying . what ~ ,

say [ ] .

(A) , Instead .
(B) be , Although
.

04 Why are some people more artistically talented

than others? According to neuroscientists, some people
may develop their talent because they suffer from a
brain disorder. (A) For example, a man in his 50s with
no previous interest in art began to paint shortly after
he showed the symptoms of dementia. Over time, his
paintings actually improved, becoming more detailed
and realistic, and he began winning awards for his work.
1
The researchers believe that this desire to create art
was actually a symptom of his dementia. Based on this,
they suggest that a sudden, strong need to engage in
artistic activities could be a sign of a mental disorder.
(B) Likewise, in people who are already artistic, this
could take the form of a sudden change in style. 2 In the
future, this information could be used to help doctors
detect brain issues in their early stages.

? ,
.
, 50
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

The researchers believe [that this desire to create art was actually a symptom of his dementia]. [ ]

believe . to create this desire to.

2

In the future, this information could be used to help doctors detect brain issues in their early stages. be

used to-v ~ . help + + (to-)v ~ .

35


(A) , For example .
(B)
, Likewise .

p.25

p. 67

07 (2)_04

(A) ,
, Therefore .
(B) ,
, However .

11

The Cincinnati Zoo was in financial trouble, with

revenue from both admission fees and private donations
decreasing rapidly. (A) Zoo managers knew they had
to find a way to reduce costs and increase profits. They
realized that, in order to do this, they needed to learn
more about the needs and tastes of their customers.
(C) Thus, they implemented a kind of computer-based
technique called business intelligence. Using this, they
tracked customer trends and learned some interesting
things. For example, they discovered that during the
summer, ice cream sales were highest at the end of
the day. (B) Using this information, the zoo changed
the operating hours of its ice cream stands, and sales
increased by more than $2,000 per day. Thanks to the
business intelligence system, 2 the Cincinnati Zoo saw a
400% rise in profits in just one year.

p. 68

Cincinnati
.
(A)
.

. (C)
.
,
. ,

. (B) ,
,

2 . ,
Cincinnati 1 4
.

financial revenue ; * admission fee donation rapidly profit operating hour

intelligence ; * implement track trend ; *

The Cincinnati Zoo was in financial trouble, with revenue from both admission fees and private donations

decreasing rapidly. with + + v-ing ~ .

2

, the Cincinnati Zoo saw [a 400% rise in profits in just one year]. + + ,

[ ] , the Cincinnati Zoo .

36

PART 1

 01

01

02

03

04

Advertised as a fat-blocking soda, a highfiber soft drink was recently introduced to the Japanese
market. (B) 2 Its special ingredient is wheat dextrin, a
kind of fiber that absorbs water in the intestines. This
can have several beneficial effects, such as lowering
cholesterol, aiding in the absorption of nutrients,
stabilizing blood sugar, and reducing body fat. (C)
However, taking in too much dextrin could lead to serious
side effects. Recent studies on the effects of dextrin
have shown that there are a number of risks, including
stomach pain, gas and swelling. (A) In addition, few
experts believe this kind of drink will have an effect on
weight loss. One scientist commented, If people think
this beverage will help them lose weight, theyll drink
more of it. Therefore, theyll end up consuming even more
calories.

pp. 70~72

. (B)

.
,
. (C) ,

. ,
,
. (A) ,
.

,
. ,
. .

[(Being) Advertised as a fat-blocking soda], a high-fiber soft drink was recently introduced . [ ]

Being <> .
2

Its special ingredient is wheat dextrin, [a kind of fiber {that absorbs water in the intestines}]. [ ] wheat

dextrin . { } fiber .

,
(B) .
(C) , (A) .

02

In New Zealand, 1 there is a beach where people

can swim in hot water. (C) It is called Hot Water Beach
and is located on the Coromandel Peninsula. 2 Beneath
the beach are hot springs, whose water rises through the
sand. This unique feature attracts thousands of tourists
to the site each year. (B) The main activity at Hot Water
Beach is to make your own spa. You can dig a big hole
in the sand, and hot water from the underground springs
will escape to the surface and fill the hole. The water
may be as hot as 64C and acts as a natural hot tub.
(A) While enjoying their hot tub, visitors to Hot Water
Beach must keep safety in mind. Even at low tide, the
ocean waves break very close to the homemade spas. If
visitors fail to pay attention, they can be injured by the
waves. 3 However, as long as people are aware of their
surroundings, Hot Water Beach is a fun place to be.

. (C) Hot Water Beach
, Coromandel .
, .

. (B) Hot Water Beach
.
,
.
64
. (A)
, Hot Water Beach
. ,
.
, . ,
, Hot

Water Beach .

37


1
2

, there is a beach [where people can swim in hot water]. [ ] a beach .

Beneath the beach are hot springs, [whose water rises through the sand]. Beneath

the beach . [ ] hot springs .

3

However, as long as people are aware of their surroundings, Hot Water Beach is a fun place to be. as

long as ~ ~ , ~ . to be a fun place to.

,
(C) .
(B) , (A)
.

03

One morning, I was in a taxi. Suddenly, a car cut

in front of us. The taxi driver stepped on his brakes,
avoiding an accident. The other driver, however, shouted
something rude at us. (B) 1 What really surprised me
was the taxi drivers reaction. He just smiled and gave
the guy a friendly wave. Arent you angry? I asked.
That guy almost killed us! 2 Thats when the taxi
driver explained his garbage truck theory. (A) Some
people are like garbage trucks, he began. Theyre full
of frustration, anger and disappointment. And theyre
always looking for a place to dump this garbage. So when
somebody tries to do this to me, I just smile and wish
them luck. (C) His words really made me think. Was I
letting people dump their garbage on me? I decided to
start doing things differently. 3 Now, when I have to deal
with people full of anger and hate, I just give them a
friendly smile and move on.

, . ,
.
.
. (B)
.
. ?
. !
. (A)
.
. , , .
.

. (C)
.
?
.

.

[What really surprised me] was the taxi drivers reaction. [ ] what ,

.
2

Thats (the time) [when the taxi driver explained his garbage truck theory]. [ ] the time

. the time, the place .

3

Now, when I have to deal with people (who are) [full of anger and hate], . [ ]

+ be who are .

,
(B) , (A)
(C) .

38

PART 1

04 Check cards allow shoppers to electronically

access their bank account when they make a purchase.
The money is then automatically transferred to the
account of the store. (A) Using a credit card, on the
other hand, means that the actual payment is made by
the credit card company. The shopper is borrowing this
money, with a promise to pay it back at a later date.
(C) Because of these differences, 1 check cards are the
better option for shoppers who are concerned about
spending more money than they actually have. However,
credit card users receive two big benefits: rewards
programs and interest-free days. (B) This means that
they can earn gifts, such as discounts or free flights,
simply by using their card. Whats more, they can wait
to pay the money they owe without any interest building
up. 2 These days, most consumers own both types of card,
using whichever one fits their current situation better.

.
. (A) ,

.
. (C) ,

.
.
. (B)

. ,
.
,
,
.

, check cards are the better option for shoppers [who are concerned about spending more money than

they actually have]. [ ] shoppers .

2

These days , most consumers own both types of card , [using whichever one fits their current situation
better ]. [ ] <> . whichever ~ one card .
whichever one any one which .

, (A) ,
(C) ,
(B) .

p.20

p. 73

06 (1)_01

Will Keith Kellogg , Will Keith Kellogg

(B) .
Kellogg (C)
(A) .

39

 12

p. 74

In the past, it was believed that children growing up

in multilingual households were at a disadvantage.
Experts worried that these children were likely to
become confused and never fully master either language.
There is now solid evidence against this. While linguists
admit that confusion can be caused by having multiple
languages in the home, they believe there are far more
advantages. For one thing, children growing up in this
sort of environment must constantly switch between
languages. This kind of mental exercise is very useful.
2
It keeps their brain in shape, improves their ability
to focus under difficult conditions, and teaches them
how to smoothly move from one task to another. These
are important skills that give multilingual children an
advantage over their classmates.

.

.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.

.

solid ; * evidence multilingual household disadvantage expert

be likely to-v ~ confused , linguist confusion multiple ,
advantage for one thing , sort constantly switch keep A in shape A
smoothly

In the past, it was believed [that children {growing up in multilingual households} were at a disadvantage].

it [ ] . { } children .
2

It keeps their brain in shape, improves their ability to focus under difficult conditions, and teaches them [how

to smoothly move from one task to another]. keeps, improves, teaches and .
[ ] teaches , how to-v ~ .

01

01

02

03

04

GPS tracking serves many functions in our

everyday lives. 1 For instance, it enables us to locate
our cell phone if it is ever stolen and to keep track of
packages when they are shipped to us. This technology
is equally useful in the field of biology. Scientists use
GPS tracking to monitor the movement of animals in
their natural habitats, gaining a better understanding
of different species. Not only that, but studying wild
animals in this way serves other important purposes. For
example, scientists can use GPS tracking to prevent the
spread of animal-borne diseases. 2 When they are able to
determine where sick animals come from and where they
40

PART 1

pp. 76~78

GPS .
,
,
.
. GPS

. ,

. , GPS

.
,

go, they can stop them from endangering humans. In

this sense, GPS tracking can be a great benefit even to
human health.

. , GPS

.

For instance, it enables us to locate our cell phone if it is ever stolen and to keep track of packages when

they are shipped to us. enable + + to-v ~ . enables to locate

to keep and .
2

When they are able to determine [where sick animals come from] and [where they go], they can stop them

from endangering humans. [ ] determine , + +

. stop A from v-ing A ~ .

other important purposes .

02

If you travel to the village of Chamarel in

southwest Mauritius, you will be able to view a rare
geological formation known as the Seven Colored Earths.
It is a small group of sand dunes made up of seven
different colors of sand: red, brown, violet, green, blue,
purple and yellow. If you take a handful of each color
of sand and mix them together, you will find that they
separate into seven distinct colored layers. These sands
were created when volcanic rock cooled down at different
temperatures, and were later shaped into hills. But
the coloring of the Seven Colored Earths is not its only
unusual trait. Despite the strong winds and heavy rains
of this region, the dunes show no signs of eroding at all.
1
For these reasons, geologists have been fascinated with
the formation ever since it was discovered.

Mauritius Chamarel
Seven Colored Earths
. , ,
, , , ,
()
.

.
, .

Seven Colored Earths

.
, .

.

For these reasons, geologists have been fascinated with the formation ever since it was discovered. have

been fascinated <> . ever since ~ ~ .

7 Seven Colored Earths ,
.

03

Famadihana is a unique ritual practiced by the

people of Madagascar to celebrate their ancestors. It
is a festival held once every seven years. During the
celebration, a Malagasy family enters the tombs of its
ancestors and brings out their bones to be wrapped in
fresh cloth. Following this, music is played and people
dance with the remains of their dead relatives. 1 The

Famadihana Madagascar
.
. , Madagascar

. ,
.

Madagascar

41

people of Madagascar believe that humans are not made

from dust, but from the bodies of their ancestors. They
consider this to be a gift from their forefathers, and are
therefore very respectful of them. They also believe that
the dead remain in the world until their bodies break
down completely. 2 Until this happens, the dead are
able to receive and enjoy the love shown them during
Famadihana.

.
,
.

. , Famadihana
.

The people of Madagascar believe that humans are not made from dust, but (made) from the bodies of their

ancestors. not A but B A B , A B . be made from ~ ~

.
2

Until this happens, the dead are able to receive and enjoy the love [shown them during Famadihana]. until

~ . this . [ ] the love .

, this Madagascar ,

04 Would you pay money to see a giant pool of toxic

waste? If so, you should head to Berkeley Pit in Butte,
Montana. 1 Now a popular tourist attraction, it was
originally a copper mine. The pit is a mile long, 1,780
feet deep and filled with toxic water. When it was a
functioning mine, workers simply collected the copper
directly from the water. 2 If you were foolish enough to
drink some of this water, it would make a hole in your
stomach. In 1995, more than 300 migrating geese made
the mistake of landing at Berkeley Pit. Before long, they
were all dead. 3 But, as strange as it may sound, the pit
may actually serve a useful purpose. Scientists studying
the poisoned water discovered new types of bacteria
living in it. These bacteria produce chemicals that may
someday be used to fight cancer.

? , Montana

Butte Berkeley Pit .

.
1 1,780
.
,
.
, . 1995
3 Berkeley Pit
. ,
. , ,
.

.
.

[(Being) Now a popular tourist attraction], . [ ] Although it is now a popular tourist attraction

, Being .
2

If you were foolish enough to drink some of this water, it would make a hole in your stomach. If + +

, + + .
3

But, [as strange as it may sound], the pit . [ ] Though it may sound strange .

Berkeley Pit ,
.

42

PART 1

p.5

p. 79

02 _

,

.

13

p. 80

Turkeys are large birds that are native to North America.

Therefore, you may wonder how they came to share
a name with a country on the other side of the world.
1 Europeans were first introduced to the species in
the 16th century, when explorers brought them back
to England from Mexico. However, the birds werent
shipped directly to England; instead, they arrived on
merchant ships sailing from the eastern Mediterranean
region. 2 Due to the fact that this area was largely
under the control of the Turkish Empire at that time, the
merchants were commonly called Turkey merchants.
(The Turkish Empire, which stretched from Arabia
to Budapest, was also known as the Ottoman Empire.)
Thinking the birds also came from that region, the
people who purchased them referred to them as Turkey
birds. Over time, this was eventually shortened to
turkeys.

() .
,
.
() 16,
.
.
,
.
,
. (
,
.) ,
.
, () .

native , explorer ship merchant sail from ~ Mediterranean

region empire stretch . refer to A as B A B eventually shorten

1

Europeans were first introduced to the species in the 16th century, [when explorers brought ...]. [ ] the

16th century when and then .

2

Due to the fact [that this area was largely under the control of the Turkish Empire at that time], .... the fact

that [ ] .

01

01

02

03

04

You might imagine that hospital employees are

likely to suffer from fewer health problems than the

pp. 82~84

. ,

43

average person. However, a recent study shows that

people who work in hospitals in the U.S. are actually less
healthy than other types of workers. The study found
that hospital workers were more likely to experience
conditions such as asthma, obesity and depression.
1 Whats more, these workers were less likely to get
preventative screening, one of the most effective methods
of avoiding illness. 2 (It is also clear that health care
costs in the U.S. have been rising at alarming rates for
many years.) According to the researchers, 3 this is
because many hospital workers feel they have enough
knowledge to deal with health issues on their own.

.
, ,
. ,

. (
.)
,

.

Whats more , these workers were less likely to get preventative screening , [one of the most effective

methods of avoiding illness]. be less likely to-v ~ . preventative screening [ ]

.
2

It is also clear [that health care costs in the U.S. have been rising at alarming rates for many years]. It

that [ ] . have been v-ing ~ .

3

, this is because many hospital workers feel they have enough knowledge [to deal with health issues on

their own]. [ ] enough knowledge to.

, ,
, .

02

In 1966, a scientist discovered a rare species in

Costa Rica: the golden toad. 1 It was a miracle that these
creatures survived at all. The toads laid their eggs in
shallow pools of mud. The eggs hatched quickly, but the
tadpoles needed weeks to change into adults. During this
time, any sort of extreme weather could kill the entire
generation. (Many people have attributed the recent
increase in severe weather to global warming.) Too
much rain would wash the tadpoles away; too little rain,
on the other hand, would cause the mud pools to dry
up. In the summer of 1987, El Nino caused unusually
dry weather in Costa Rica. Thousands of golden toad
tadpoles died as a result, and by 1989 there was only one
golden toad left in the world. Less than 25 years after
its discovery, the species was wiped out.

1966
, .
.
. ,
.
, ()
. (
.)
,
.

1987 ,
.
, 1989
. 25
.

It was a miracle [that these creatures survived at all]. It , that [ ] .

at all , .

44

PART 1


,
.

03

Most lakes go through regular changes due to

natural causes. However, an industrial disaster once
changed Louisianas Lake Peigneur entirely. In 1980, a
company was drilling into a salt mine below the lake to
look for oil. The drill accidentally punched a hole in
the mine, and lake water quickly began leaking into it.
Most of the lakes water drained into the mine. 1 This
also reversed the flow of the canal which connected the
lake to the ocean, causing salt water from the ocean to be
pulled into the lake. (Some of the marine life found in
canals can live in fresh water or salt water.) Though
no one was hurt during the disaster, 2 this changed the
lake from fresh water to saltwater, altering its ecosystem
forever.

. Louisiana

Peigneur . 1980

.
,
. .


. (
.)
,
.

This also reversed the flow of the canal [which connected the lake to the ocean], [causing salt water from

the ocean to be pulled into the lake]. [ ] the canal . [ ] <>

, cause + + to-v ~ .
2

, this changed the lake from fresh water to saltwater, [altering its ecosystem forever]. change ~ from A

to B ~ A B . [ ] <> .

,
.

04 Soft drinks are beverages that are typically made

with carbonated water, flavoring and a sweetener. The
term soft drink originated in advertising. When
these products first became popular, they were known by
different names in different regions. North Americans
called them soda or pop, the English referred to
them as fizzy drinks, and the Irish used the word
minerals. (At that time, minerals were very scarce
in some regions.) Using different wording on their
advertisements in different regions made international
marketing difficult for beverage companies. Therefore,
the companies decided on soft drink as a universal
term for their beverages. 1 They chose it because it is the
opposite of hard drinks, the term used to refer to drinks
that contain alcohol.

soft drinks() , ,
. soft drink
.
, .
soda pop ,
fizzy drinks ,
minerals . (
, .)

.
,
soft drink .
hard

drinks .

45

They chose it because it is the opposite of hard drinks , the term [used to refer to drinks {that contain

alcohol}]. [ ] the term . { } drinks .

soft drinks ,
.

p.36

p. 85

11 _

Cincinnati ,
.

14

It was just another day for Karen. The television was on,
and she was folding the laundry. 1 From the next room,
she could hear her daughters playing. On TV, a weather
forecaster was talking about a tornado warning. She was
concerned, but the area on the screen was 30 miles away
from Karens town. There was nothing to worry about. A
few minutes later, however, she heard an odd sound. At
first she thought it was her cell phone, but it was coming
from outside. It couldnt be the tornado sirens. They only
went off when a tornado was on its way. Just then her
two little girls came running into the room. Mommy,
look out the window! they shouted. 2 In the field across
the street, just 200 meters away, was a tornado. It was
huge, and it was headed directly toward Karens house.

p. 86

Karen .
, .
.

.
Karen 30 .
. ,
.
.
.
.
. , ! .
200 .
Karen .

fold laundry weather forecaster warning concerned [] odd ; *

go off ( ) on ones way [] huge head [] relieved frightened
disappointed

From the next room, she could hear her daughters playing. hear + + v-ing ~

. , .
2

In the field across the street, just 200 meters away, was a tornado. (a

tornado) (was) .

46

PART 1

 01

02

03

04

01

I am a professor of music at a small college. To

earn extra money, I also give piano lessons to local
children. One day, while I was in my office, I was visited
by a woman. She excitedly explained that her young
son was a talented prodigy with unlimited potential.
The woman was convinced that, with the tutoring of
an experienced musician, he could become a musical
genius. 1 She asked if I would be interested, and I eagerly
accepted. 2 Actually, it has always been my dream to
help develop a young talent into a world-famous pianist.
Halfway through our first lesson, however, I realized the
woman had been exaggerating. Her sons abilities were
average at best. 3 And to make matters worse, he hated
the piano, only taking lessons because his mother had
insisted.

pp. 88~90

.
, .
.

.

. ,
. ,
.

.
. ,

.

1
2

She asked [if I would be interested], . [ ] ~ if asked .

Actually, it has always been my dream [to help (to) develop a young talent into a world-famous pianist].

it [ ] to. help to .
3

And to make matters worse, he hated the piano, only taking lessons . to make matters worse

. only taking and he only took .

02

It was Election Day, and my mother and I were

driving into town. She was going to vote, and I looked
forward to visiting the ice cream shop on the way. 1 We
had made this same trip dozens of times before, but
things were clearly different. Traffic was heavier than
usual, and people hurried along the sidewalk with
worried looks on their faces. Usually, there would be
small groups of people standing around and chatting,
but not on this day. 2 It was as if everything had changed
overnight. Turning a corner at the towns only traffic
light, we came upon an odd scene. Soldiers were standing
in the road, searching each car before letting it pass. 3 I
knew something must have happened, something related
to the election. I wanted to ask my mother, but she had
become silent, her hands tightly gripping the steering
wheel.

,
. ,

.
, .
,
.
, .
.

.
. ,
.

.

47

We had made this same trip dozens of times before, . () (before)

.
2

It was as if everything had changed overnight. as if + (had p.p.) ~

(was) .
3

I knew something must have happened, [something {related to the election}]. must have p.p. ~

. [ ] knew something , { } something .

03

Thomas drove his car to the top of a nearby hill.

There, he looked out at the lights of the city and thought
about his life. The lights reminded him of his difficult
childhood. 1 He had grown up in a crowded apartment in
a poor neighborhood. But one thing had always brought
him joy: making others laugh. Now, as an adult, he was
struggling to become a professional comedian. He had
performed at several small clubs already, with few people
in the audience. Still, some of them had laughed at his
jokes. Taking a deep breath, he took his checkbook out
of his bag. With a smile on his face, he wrote a check
to himself. The amount was $1 million, and he dated it
exactly 10 years in the future. Someday, he would be able
to cash that check. He just needed to be patient.

Thomas
. ,
.
. .

. .
.

. ,
. ,
. ,
. 1 ,
10 . ,
.
.

He had grown up in a crowded apartment in a poor neighborhood. had grown Thomas

() .

Thomas .

04 A mother was worried about her young son. He

was extremely shy and nervous. However, he seemed
to enjoy the piano. 1 Encouraged, she took him to see a
world-famous pianist perform. They arrived early, but the
boy disappeared while she was looking for their seats. A
few minutes later, 2 she was shocked to see him wander
out onto the stage. He sat down at the piano and began
to play Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star with one finger.
At first the audience was surprised, but then they began
to laugh loudly. The mothers heart sank. Her sons face

48

PART 1

.
.
.
.

. ,
.
.
, .
.

turned red, and there were tears in his eyes. Just then,
the world-famous pianist walked out onto the stage.
Quieting the audience, he sat down next to the boy with
a smile. Soon, the two were playing the song together in
perfect harmony. When they finished, the concert hall
was filled with applause.

. ,
.
. ,
.
.

(Being) Encouraged, she took him to see a world-famous pianist perform. Encouraged (she)

, Being . see perform .

2

, she was shocked to see him . to see < > to.

p.24

p. 91

07 (2)_02

15

Do you enjoy soda or energy drinks? If so, be careful

not to brush your teeth shortly after drinking them.
1
These products contain acid that (A) softens tooth
enamel, the protective surface on the outside of your
teeth. Therefore, brushing immediately after drinking
one of these beverages could brush the enamel away.
2
Once your tooth enamel is gone, it will never grow back,
which means it might (B) affect the health of your teeth
forever. The good news is that your enamel will naturally
reharden. Instead of brushing your teeth right away,
you should drink a glass of water. This will rinse much
of the acid away and speed up the rehardening process.
Chewing gum is also helpful, as it (C) encourages the
production of saliva, which can neutralize the acid. After
waiting at least 30 minutes, you can brush your teeth as
usual.

p. 92

?
, .
,
. ,

.
,
.
.
, .

.
, ,
. 30
.

49

soda shortly , contain acid soften harden enamel

, protective affect effect ; ; ( ) reharden

rinse discourage , encourage ; neutralize as usual

1

These products contain acid [that softens tooth enamel, {the protective surface on the outside of your

teeth}]. [ ] acid . { } tooth enamel .

2

Once your tooth enamel is gone, it will never grow back, [which means it might affect ]. once + +

~ . [ ] .

01

02

03

04

01

Viganella may look like a typical village in Italy,

but its location makes it unique. The village sits at the
bottom of a deep valley, surrounded by mountains. This
means that village residents never naturally see the
sun during winter. However, all of this changed in 2006
thanks to the brilliance of architect Giacomo Bonzani.
1
He designed and installed a giant mirror on the
mountainside above Viganella that rejects (reflects)
sunlight into the village. The mirror is controlled by
computer to make sure it is always in the right place to
catch the sun. For the first time in history, residents
of Viganella are now enjoying sunlight all year round.
Additionally, 2 the mirror of Viganella is such an
unusual piece of technology that it has become a tourist
attraction, bringing even more benefits to the village.

pp. 94~96

Viganella
, .

.
. 2006
Giacomo Bonzani
. Viganella
()
.
. , Viganella
1 . ,

Viganella
,
.

He designed and installed a giant mirror on the mountainside above Viganella [that reflects sunlight into

the village]. [ ] a giant mirror , on the mountainside

above Viganella .
2

, the mirror of Viganella is such an unusual piece of technology that it has become a tourist attraction,

[bringing even more benefits to the village]. such a(n) + + + that ~ ~ ~ . [ ]

<> . even .

, rejects reflects .

02

Parkinsons Law is a humorous rule that states:

Work expands to fill the time available for its
completion. Even if you dont understand it, youve
surely experienced it. 1 When given a lot of time to (A)
complete a project, we usually wait until the last minute.
But when the deadline is near, we suddenly begin to drive

50

PART 1

. ,
.
,
.

ourselves hard to finish. This is especially true in

school. 2 Most students pass their time working on their
assignment (B) unproductively at first. Then, when
theres not enough time to finish, they start working
diligently. Likewise, they spent (C) little of their time
actually doing the given task. However, they are likely
to believe it takes up all the time available. Of course, if
they finish the work early, they can happily relax until
the deadline. However, we all know that its easier said
than done.

.
.
. ,
.
,
.
. ,

.
.

When (we are) given a lot of time to complete a project, we usually wait . when

when + be .
2

Most students pass their time working on their . pass + + v-ing ~ .

(A) , complete .
(B) , unproductively .
(C) However ,
little .

03

After inventing the phonograph, Thomas Edison

began to search for new ways to use it. 1 He decided to
miniaturize the device so that it could be placed inside
dolls. When the phonograph was played, the doll would
seem to be talking. After the tiny phonographs were
constructed, they were enclosed in metal containers
that could fit inside a doll. Edison then asked little girls
to sing songs 2 and recorded them for the phonographs
to play. Edisons idea, however, was ahead of the
technology it needed to succeed. One problem was that
the quality of recordings was poor it was unpleasant
to hear strange voices coming from cute dolls. 3 In some
cases, the recordings were too faint to be heard at all.
And since the phonographs were delicate, they were
easily damaged if children played with the dolls. In the
end, the talking dolls were a success ( failure), proving
that even geniuses make mistakes.

Thomas Edison
.
.
,
.

. Edison

. Edison
.
,
. ,
.

. ,
()
.

He decided to miniaturize the device so that it could be placed inside dolls. so that + + can ~

.
2
3

and recorded them for the phonographs to play. for the phonographs to play .
In some cases, the recordings were too faint to be heard at all. too ~ to-v ~ .

at all , .

51

Edison ,

success failure .

04 Once, 3,000 people lived in the town of Centralia,

Pennsylvania. Today, there are just 10 residents. What
happened? 1 Centralia used to store its garbage inside
old coal mines near town. One day in 1962, workers set
the trash on fire to make more room. Unfortunately, the
coal that was still in the mine caught fire as well. The
fire spread, and soon the mines beneath the town were
burning. Over the next 20 years, many (A) attempts were
made to put it out, but the fire continued. Even worse, in
1981, the ground under a boys feet suddenly collapsed.
After this, the government began to (B) relocate the
residents of Centralia. A few people decided to stay, but
the town was officially closed in the 1990s. Its ZIP code
was even (C) canceled. Sadly, Centralia is still burning,
2
and experts think it will take 250 years to burn up all
the coal.

Pennsylvania Centralia 3
. 10.
? Centralia
. 1962 ,
. ,
.
,
. 20 ,
. , 1981
.
, Centralia .
, 1990
.
. , Centralia
, 250
.

Centralia used to store its garbage inside old coal mines near town. used to-v ~ , ~

.
2

, and experts think [(that) it will take 250 years to burn up all the coal]. [ ] think .

it takes + + to-v ~ .

(A) 20 , attempts .
(B) , relocate .
(C) , canceled .

p.40

p. 97

12 _

reduces improves .

52

PART 1

 16

01

02

George P. Burdell graduated from Georgia Tech in 1931

and received a bachelors degree in ceramic engineering.
Later, he was given a masters degree from the same
university. During World War II, he served in the Air
Force, engaging in 1 2 missions over Europe. After
the war, he returned to Georgia Tech and enrolled in
countless other classes. He was even listed as a member
of the basketball team. In fact, 1 he is so famous that
a store on campus has even been named after him.
Therefore, 2 you might be surprised to learn that he
never existed.
He is actually the result of a prank played by William
Edgar Smith in 1927. After being admitted to the
university, Smith found that he had accidentally been
sent two enrollment forms. Deciding to play a joke, he
filled out the second one with an imaginary students
information, using the name George P. Burdell. After the
semester started, Smith continued his prank, enrolling
Burdell in classes and handing in assignments for
him. After the truth was revealed, other Georgia Tech
students decided to keep Burdell alive. 3 It is through
their efforts that he joined the basketball team and the
Air Force. He is also continuously enrolled in new classes,
even today. Its been more than 80 years since Smith first
played his prank, but its still going strong!

pp. 98~99

George P. Burdell 1931

. ,
. 2
,
. ,
.
. ,

. ,
.
1927 William Edgar Smith
. , Smith

. , George P. Burdell

. , Smith
Burdell
. ,
Burdell .

.
. Smith 80
!

graduate from ~ bachelors degree ceramic masters degree engage in ~

enroll countless prank admit ; * accidentally , enrollment
fill out semester hand in assignment reveal , continuously
[] identity theft fake rivalry , brilliant exist criminal

, he is so famous that a store on campus has even been named after him. so ~ that ... ~

. be named after ~ ~ .
2

, you might be surprised [to learn {that he never existed}]. [ ] <> to.

{ } learn .
3

It is through their efforts that he joined the basketball team and the Air Force. It is ~ that ,

~ , through their efforts .

53

 01

02

03

04

05

01~02 When we try to come up with ideas in groups,

1

we usually use the brainstorming technique. Youre

probably familiar with how this works. People share
their ideas out loud, and others make comments and
share their own thoughts in response. Unfortunately,
studies show that there are some significant problems
with brainstorming. The biggest one is called blocking.
2
Blocking refers to the fact that, in a group setting, only
one person can speak at a time. This puts a limit on the
number of ideas that are created. While everyone sits
and waits for one person to explain his or her idea, they
are judging, changing, and even forgetting their own.
3
Moreover, no one gets the chance to say everything
theyre thinking during a brainstorming session. They
have to give everyone else an opportunity to speak as
well. Whats the solution? Instead of brainstorming,
consider brainwriting. The method is similar, but
participants write down their ideas instead of speaking
them. Since everyone is producing ideas at the same
time, this can eliminate the problem of blocking. Thus,
the total number of ideas at the end will be much greater.
Also, no ideas are forgotten or changed while people wait
for their turn to speak.

06

pp. 100~102

,
.
.

. ,

. .

.
.
,
. ,

.
. ?
.

.
.
. ,

.

1
2

Youre probably familiar with [how this works]. [ ] with + + .

Blocking refers to the fact [that, in a group setting, only one person can speak at a time]. [ ] the fact

.
3

Moreover, no one gets the chance [to say everything {(that) theyre thinking}] during a brainstorming session.

[ ] the

chance to. { } everything

that .

01
, .

02 ,
(blocking) ,
.

54

PART 1

03~04

When cold weather comes, most animals

either migrate to a place with a hotter climate or find
a warm place to sleep until spring comes. The wood
frog, however, is different. It simply stays where it is
and allows the cold weather to affect its body. 1 In other
words, when its habitat freezes, so does the wood frog.
Later, when the warm weather comes and the habitat
thaws, the wood frog thaws as well.
Amazingly, although this process would kill a human,
the frog survives. 2 The difference is that when people
freeze, our cells fill with ice, killing those cells. A wood
frogs body, however, deals with cold weather differently.
For one thing, its skin freezes quickly, which protects
its internal organs from the cold. Also, its body contains
a special protein which causes the water in its blood to
freeze first. This sucks the water out of cells before it
freezes and causes damage. 3 To replace this water, the
frogs liver produces large amounts of glucose, which fills
the cells and keeps them healthy. Because of all this,
a wood frog can freeze and thaw without any harmful
effects.

,

. .

. ,
. ,

.
,
.
.
.
, ,
. ,

.
.
,
,
. ,
.

1
2

In other words, when its habitat freezes, so does the wood frog. so + + ~ .
The difference is [that when people freeze, our cells fill with ice, {killing those cells}]. [ ] that

. { } <> .
3

[To replace this water], the frogs liver produces large amounts of glucose, [which fills the cells and keeps

them healthy]. [ ] <> to. [ ] glucose

. keep + + ~ .

03 , :
.

04 In other words , ,
, .

55

05~06 Swedish people are very good at recycling.

In fact, just 4% of all the trash in the country is thrown
away. While this is positive for the environment,
Swedens lack of garbage is causing a problem for the
energy industry. 1 Since the 1940s, the country has been
transforming waste into energy by burning it. More
than two million tons of trash is burned each year, and
this creates heat and power for thousands of homes.
But now, since almost all waste is recycled, theres not
enough left to burn. So, the government has come up
with a surprising solution. Sweden has begun to import
trash. 2 The goal is to receive 800,000 tons of waste from
neighboring countries each year. For example, Norway
now sends trash to Sweden and pays for Sweden to burn
it. 3 Sweden burns the trash, creating heat and electricity,
and then ships the harmful ashes from the burned trash
back to Norway. Through this program, Sweden benefits
by getting energy and money. It may sound like an unfair
system, but Norway is also happy because its able to
get rid of waste more cheaply than burning it at home.
Now, Bulgaria, Romania, and Italy are showing interest
in having Sweden handle their garbage. Thanks to this
program, Sweden is benefiting its neighbors, itself and
the earth.

. ,
4 .
,
. 1940 ,
. 2
,
. ,

. .
.
80 .
,
.
,

.
.
,

. , ,

. ,
, .

Since the 1940s, the country has been transforming waste into energy by burning it. ~

since have been v-ing 1940 .

by v-ing ~ .
2

The goal is [to receive 800,000 tons of waste from neighboring countries each year]. [ ]

to.
3

Sweden burns the trash, [creating heat and electricity], . [ ] <> .

05 ,
: .

06 80
, .

56

PART 1

 17

01

02

03

pp. 104~105

(A) In the 1990s, many children in Vietnam were

suffering from malnutrition. The government asked
Jerry Sternin, an expert from Save the Children, to come
and help. Jerry knew malnutrition was usually caused by
poverty and dirty water. But he didnt have enough time
to improve such widespread problems. So, he started
work in his own way.
(C) Jerrys first act was to gather information. 1 He
traveled to different villages and asked people if (b) they
knew children with a healthy weight. He was looking for
kids who were healthier than average even though they
were living with the same resources. 2 Once he found
some, he studied how the mothers fed (c) their children.
(D) After much observation, Jerry discovered some
patterns. For example, these mothers fed their children
more often. (d) They didnt give them more food, but
rather spread it over more meals. Also, they put the food
in the kids mouths instead of waiting for the children to
feed themselves. And (e) they added things like shrimp
and vegetables to the meals.
(B) But how could Jerry spread these healthier eating
habits? He used the mothers with healthy kids as
teachers. He then took these successful mothers to show
(a) their practices to 50 families in 14 villages. It worked:
By the end of the 90s, Jerrys project had helped 2.2
million kids in 265 villages.

(A) 1990,
. Save the Children
Jerry Sternin .

Jerry
.
.
.
(C) Jerry .

.

. ,
.
(D) , Jerry
. ,
.
, . ,

.
.
(B) Jerry
?
. 14
50
. . 90 , Jerry
265 220 .

suffer from ~ malnutrition poverty , widespread , practice ; *

work gather resource feed observation discover instead of ~

shrimp

1

He traveled to different villages and asked people [if they knew children with a healthy weight]. [ ] ~

if asked .
2

Once he found some, he studied [how the mothers fed their children]. once + + ~

. [ ] studied + + .

01

02

03

04

05

06

01~03 (A) In 1988, nine-year-old Craig Shergold

began complaining of pain in his ear. Unfortunately,
his problem turned out to be far worse than a simple

07

08

09

pp. 106~109

(A) 1988, Craig Shergold

. ,
.

57

earache. Doctors soon found that the pain was caused by

a brain tumor and predicted (a) he would only live for a
few more months.
(D) Craig expressed a wish that before (e) he died he
could be listed in the Guinness Book of World Records
as the person who had received the most greeting cards.
His friends and relatives sent out a chain letter to ask
people to send the young boy a greeting card. Soon, the
Childrens Wish Foundation International got involved,
and millions of cards began to arrive.
(C) One year later, Craigs wish came true, as he had
received more than 16 million greeting cards. A year
after that, Craig was still alive and the number of cards
he had received reached 33 million. Around this time,
an American billionaire named John Kluge heard about
Craigs situation. 2 (d) He arranged for him to be flown
from his home in the UK to the US, where he received a
special operation.
(B) Craigs tumor was successfully removed, and (b) he
soon regained his health. Despite this, the greeting cards
continued to come. 3 It is now estimated that Craig has
received more than 350 million greeting cards since he
made his wish in 1989. These days, (c) he has a very
different request: Please stop sending me cards!

.
(D) Craig

.

. , Childrens Wish

Foundation International ,
.
(C) 1 , Craig 16
. 1 Craig
33
. , John Kluge
Craig .
,
.
(B) Craig ,
. , .

Craig 1989 3 5
. ,
. !

, his problem turned out to be far worse than a simple earache. turn out to be ~ ~

. even, far, still, much, a lot .

2

He arranged for him to be flown from his home in the UK to the US, [where he received ]. arrange for

A to-v A ~ [] . [ ] the US .
3

It is now estimated that Craig has received more than 350 million greeting cards since he made his wish in

1989. ~ since has received <> .

01 Craig Shergold (A) , Craig

(D)
. 1 Craig (C) ,
(B) .

02 (d) John Kluge , Craig Shergold .

03 Craig .

04~06

(A) Grameen Bank (GB) is famous for

creating a banking system based on trust and creativity.
Poor people in the countryside of Bangladesh can borrow
money without collateral from the bank. (a) It was
started in 1976 by Muhammad Yunus.

58

PART 1

(A) Grameen (GB)

.

. 1976 Muhammad

Yunus .

(D) After a severe famine in Bangladesh in 1974, Yunus

started making small loans of $27 to poor families. With
this money, they were able to make small items for sale
without having to borrow from greedy moneylenders.
In 1976, Yunuss project became Grameen Bank, which
began offering loans and banking services to the rural
poor. GB achieved enormous success, and (e) it soon
opened other locations in Bangladesh.
(B) With this success, Grameen Bank showed that
poverty cannot be solved by charity. 1 (b) It only makes
the situation worse by convincing people that they are
unable to help themselves. GB has loaned money to
millions of people, including many poor women. 2 Also,
(c) it makes it easier to access loans with reasonable
conditions and allows the poor to earn more money with
each cycle of loans.
(C) Micro-credit programs following GBs example have
since earned worldwide recognition and interest. In
2006, (d) it was awarded a joint Nobel Peace Prize along
with Muhammad Yunus himself. 3 Unfortunately, some
people are now questioning whether this system is really
an efficient way to help the poor. However, thousands of
other institutions around the world are currently using
Grameens model or have adapted it to other creative
uses.

(D) 1974 , Yunus

27
. ,

. 1976, Yunus Grameen
,
. GB
,
.
(B) , Grameen
.

. GB
. ,

,
.
(C) GB
. 2006,
Muhammad Yunus
. ,

. ,
Grameen
.

It only makes the situation worse by convincing people . makes worse .

by v-ing ~ .
2

Also, it makes it easier [to access loans with reasonable conditions] . it to [ ]

.
3

Unfortunately, some people are now questioning [whether this system is really an efficient way to help the

poor]. [ ] whether are questioning . to help an efficient way

to.

04 Grameen 1976 Muhammad Yunus (A) , Yunus

(D) ,
(B) , (C)
.

05 (b) charity , Grameen Bank .

06 Yunus , Grameen
, .

59

07~09 (A) During the violent Russian Revolution

of the early 20th century, the Bolsheviks took control of
the country from the emperor, Czar Nicholas II. To make
sure no member of the royal family could later return to
power, the czar, his wife, son and four daughters were all
killed in 1918.
(D) However, 1 there were soon rumors that one of the
family members had survived and escaped. Over the
next few years, several people claimed to be members of
the royal family. Among them was a woman named Anna
Anderson. In 1920, (d) she announced that she was the
czars youngest daughter, Princess Anastasia. Because
(e) she knew so much about the royal familys lifestyle,
many people believed her.
(B) But most of the people who had actually known the
royal family were sure that Anderson was a fake. In 1927,
Andersons former roommate announced that (a) her real
name was Franziska Schanzkowska. 2 (b) She insisted
that she knew Anderson well and that she clearly was
not a royal princess. Anderson, however, continued to
claim she was Anastasia, living the life of a celebrity.
(C) The truth that many people had suspected was
revealed in the end. Anderson passed away in 1984, and
tests of (c) her DNA showed that she was not Princess
Anastasia. 3 In 2009, it was officially announced that
remains of all the members of the Russian royal family
had been found despite the rumors, none of them had
survived.

(A) 20
Nicholas 2
.
1918
.
(D) ,
.
. Anna

Anderson . 1920
Anastasia .

.
( B )

Anderson . 1927, Anderson

Franziska

Schanzkowska .
Anderson ,
. Anderson

Anastasia .
( C ) .
Anderson 1984 , DNA
Anastasia .

2009,
. ,
.

1
2

, there were soon rumors [that one of the family members had survived ]. rumors [ ] .
She insisted [that she knew Anderson well] and [that she clearly was not a royal princess]. [ ]

insisted , and .
3

In 2009, it was officially announced [that remains of all the members of the Russian royal family had been

found] despite the rumors, none of them had survived. it that [ ]

. had p.p. () .

07 20 Nicholas 2 (A) ,
Anna Anderson (D) , 1927 Anderson
Anderson Anderson (B)
, Anderson DNA (C) .

08 (b) Anderson , Anna Anderson .

09 Anderson DNA .

60

PART 1

PART02
01

1 .

5 .

2 .

3 .

6 .

4 .


.

Your nose produces around a quart of mucus each day.

Most of this fluid passes back into your throat and
are swallowed ( is swallowed) without you realizing
it. But something changes when you breathe in cold air.
Mucus production increases, which causes some of it
to drip out of your nose instead of into your throat.
This happens because your body pumps more blood to
your nose when the air is cold. 2 It does this to keep your
nose warm, as well as to help warm up the air before it
enters your body. This increased flow of blood is delivered
to the glands that produce mucus in your nose. As a
result, these glands begin producing mucus at a much
higher rate. This is why your nose tends to run when you
breathe in cold air.

p. 112

1(0.94)
.
.

. ,
.

.


.
. ,
.
.

produce quart ( 0.94) fluid swallow breathe in ~ production

drip , pump , warm up ~ flow ; * deliver

rate ; * tend to-v ~ , ~

1

Most of this fluid passes back into your throat and is swallowed without you realizing it. passes

is swallowed and . realizing without you ,

[] . without v-ing ~ .
2

It does this [to keep your nose warm], as well as [to help (to) warm up the air before it enters your body].

[ ] <> to. help to .

most of + of (this fluid) are swallowed is swallowed

.
<>

cause + + to-v ~ , cause to drip .

keep + + ~ keep warm .
the glands produce .
much higher .
61

 02

1 .

4 , .

2 .

5 , .

3  ,

,


King Tut, the ancient Egyptian ruler, became king at

age nine and died nine years later. Since his body was
discovered in the 1920s, people (A) have wondered about
the cause of his death. Now, historians believe they may
have the answer. After performing CT scans on the body,
1
they found that King Tut was missing a large portion
of his chest when buried. This suggests that he may
(B) have suffered a bite from a hippopotamus. Ancient
Egyptians hunted hippos for fun, 2 and statues found in
the kings tomb depict him throwing a spear. So, if the
boy pharaoh (C) had been fond of hunting hippos, his
death might have been caused by a hunting accident.

p. 113

9 . 1920
,
. ,
. CT ,

.
.
,
.

.

ancient ruler historian perform scan portion chest bury bite

; *() [] hippopotamus ( hippo) statue depict spear be fond of
~

, they found [that King Tut was missing a large portion of his chest {when (he was) buried}]. [ ] found

. { } when + be .
2

, and statues [found in the kings tomb] depict him [throwing a spear]. [ ] statues

. [ ] him .

(A) ~ since <> have wondered

.
(B) ~ may[might] have p.p. have suffered .
(C) , + have p.p. had been
.

62

PART 2

 03

1 .

Alvin .

2 .

3 .

4 .

The coal mines of the Jaintia Hills, in northeast India,

are a dangerous place to work. Unfortunately, an
estimated 70,000 children are employed there. Each
morning at dawn they climb down into the dark mines,
(A) descending to depths of 70 meters. The underground
passages are tiny, 1 with little air to breathe. The children
only earn a few dollars per day. Whats more, many of
the child workers (B) have been sold to the mine owners
illegally. In addition, when they are injured at work,
their chances of survival are low because of the areas
poor medical system. However, the Constitution of India
gives people of this region the right to use their land as
they wish. So, national courts refuse to hear lawsuits.
2
They (C) are conveyed to local courts instead, which
never punish the mine owners.

p. 114

Jaintia Hills
. , 70,000
.
, 70 .
.
. ,
.
,
. ,

.
.
,
.

coal mine dawn descend depth underground passage illegally

chance ; * constitution region right refuse hear ; *() []
lawsuit , convey

1
2

, with little air to breathe. little . to breathe air to.

They are conveyed to local courts instead, [which never punish the mine owners]. [ ] local courts

(A) , descending .
(B) , have been sold .
(C) convey They lawsuits , , are conveyed .

63

 04

1 Jason .
2 .
3 .
4 .

5 
.

6 
.

Friendliness is common personality trait in children.

There are some kids, however, for whom it is
something more. Born with a genetic condition
called Williams Syndrome, they cannot control their
friendliness. 1 Kind and compassionate, they welcome
even strangers as if they were old friends. These children
also look differently ( different) from other kids.
Their noses point slightly upward, and their teeth are
small and pointed. Although they may have lower IQs
than average, they are highly verbal and extremely
sociable. Unfortunately, they often face problems as
adults. Because of their unusual personalities, they are
taken advantage of by dishonest people. And despite
their friendliness, adults with Williams Syndrome have
a very hard time making friends people often view
them as strange and socially awkward.

p. 115

. ,

.
.
,
.
.
. IQ
,
. ,
.
.
,
,
.

friendliness personality trait genetic condition ; *, compassionate

slightly upward pointed highly verbal sociable take advantage of ~
dishonest view A as B A B awkward ,

[(Being) Kind and compassionate], they welcome even strangers as if they were old friends. [ ] <>

Being . as if + ~
.

look , differently different .

<>

some kids whom for .

highly verbal .
take advantage of ~ be taken advantage of ~
by .

have a hard time v-ing ~ .

64

PART 2

 05 to

1 Jon .

3 .

2 .
.

4 .

If college application essays instruct you to write about

your background and experience, you can start (A) by
mentioning your academic achievements, club activities
and volunteer experience. However, this is not enough
to distinguish your essay from the rest. First, you
should choose a specific experience. Rather than simply
(B) describing the experience, 1 show how it helped make
who you are today. 2 Remember that the person reading
your writing reads dozens of essays every day. Your goal
should be (C) to capture his or her attention. Keep it
short and clear, but make sure it offers a deep look at
your unique personality.

p. 116

, ,
.

. , .
,
.
.
.
,
.

application ; * background mention achievement , volunteer

distinguish A from B A B specific dozens of capture make sure ~
unique ; *

, show [how it helped make {who you are today}]. [ ] show , { } make

.
2

Remember [that the person {reading your writing} reads dozens of essays every day]. [ ] Remember

. { } the person .

(A) , ~ by v-ing .
(B) describe than , describing .
(C) , to .

65

 06

1 .
.

3 
.

2 Susie .

4 , .

5 , .
6 , .

Adam Rainer, born in Austria in 1899, holds a unique

place in medical history. As Rainer grew up, it became
clear that he was very short. In fact, he was considered
a dwarf, stood ( standing) just 1.18 meters tall on
his 21st birthday. However, he then began to get taller
very quickly. By the time he turned 32, his height had
almost doubled. It seems that Rainer had a rare hormone
condition. His body didnt produce enough growth
hormones before he was 21, but after that it produced too
many. Unfortunately, this caused his body to spend all its
energy on growing. As a result, Rainer got terribly weak
and was unable to get out of bed. He lived like this until
he died in 1950. At that time, he was measured to be
2.34 meters tall. Thus, 2 Rainer is the only known person
in history to be both a dwarf and a giant.

p. 117

1899 Adam Rainer

. Rainer
. ,
, 21 1.18
.
. 32 , 2
. Rainer
. 21
, .
,
. , Rainer
. 1950
. , 2.34
. , Rainer
.

unique dwarf stand ; *() ~ double 2 rare condition ; * terribly

measure

Adam Rainer, [(who was) born in Austria in 1899], holds a unique place in medical history. [ ] Adam

Rainer , + be .
2

, Rainer is the only known person in history to be both a dwarf and a giant. both A and B A B

, A B .

and he stood just 1.18 meters tall , stand ( ) ~

stood standing .
<>

it , that .
32 () 2 had p.p. .
he was measured .
to be the only known person to .

66

PART 2

 07

1 .
Laura Jennifer .

4 Victoria ,
.

2 .

5 .

3 .

, .

Frida Kahlo is one of the most famous Mexican artists.

Born in 1907 in Mexico City, her early life was not easy.
She caught polio when she was six. Because of this,
one of her legs remained skinnier than the other
for the rest of her life. Several years later, she was in
a traffic accident that ( in which) a piece of metal
went through her hip. As a result, Kahlo spent the next
several months recovering in bed. During this time,
she began to paint to pass the time. From these early
hardships, she developed into a celebrated artist. She
is best known for her self-portraits, 1 and her works
were always as powerful and strong as she was.
They showed that, for her, art and life were closely
connected.

p. 118

Frida Kahlo
. 1907 Mexico City
. 6 .
,
. ,
. , Kahlo
. ,
.
, .

.

.

skinny go through ~ recover hardship , develop , celebrated

self-portrait

, and her works were always as powerful and strong as she was. as + [] + as

, ~ .

a traffic accident , a traffic accident in

that + in which .
<>

, one, the other .

spend + + v-ing ~ .
be known for ~ ~ .
art and life were .

67

 08

1 .
.

2 .


.

3 
.

4  1960 , Maury
Wills .

Escapologists are people skilled at escaping from

handcuffs, cages or other restraints. They have
performed their skills as a kind of entertainment since
at least the 1860s. Escapology was popular from its
early days, although it wasnt recognized as an art
until later in the 19th century. As more and more
people became interested in it, escapologists created
more dangerous acts. One of the most spectacular
performers was Harry Houdini. His best-known acts
included the Chinese Water Torture Cell and the Milk
Can Escape. In both of these, Houdini was forced to
escape from handcuffs and chains during ( while)
trapped underwater. It seemed impossible, but he always
managed to survive. 1 Not only that, but he did it with
great showmanship and style.

p. 119

, ,
. 1860
.
19 ,
.
,
. Harry Houdini
.
. , Houdini

.
. ,
.

skilled at ~ handcuff cage , restraint , perform ; * entertainment

, spectacular , torture ; * cell ; * trap , ; *( )

underwater manage to-v ~ showmanship ,

Not only that, but (also) he did it with great showmanship and style. not only A but also B A

B , also .

during () , , during
while . trapped he was .
<>

skilled who are people .

not until ~ ~ , not until .
one of + was .
manage to-v ~, ~ .

68

PART 2

 09

1 .

4  .

2 , .

3 , .
.

5  .

Like most people, I hate the idea of being separated from

my cell phone for even a few minutes. So when I lost
my phone, I was very upset. It was the feeling of being
out of touch (A) that was the worst part. But as time
went by, something strange happened. I experienced
a strong feeling of relief. 1 Not having a phone really
made me relax and open up my mind. Not only (B) did I
have deeper thoughts, 2 but I also was able to get more
done. At work, I was calmer and more productive. And
at home, I was more interested in the things around me
and was able to spend time meditating. Getting a new
phone a week later (C) did make me happy, but I really
missed my moments of peace and quiet.

p. 120

,
.

. .
.
.
.
,
.
.
, .

, .

separate out of touch relief calm ; * productive meditate

1

[Not having a phone] really made me relax and open up my mind. [ ] ,

not . made relax open and .

2

, but I also was able to get more done. get + + p.p. ~ .

(A) ~ [] It is[was] that ~ that .

(B) Not only .
(C) make do , did .

69

 10

1 .

4 .

2 .

5 

3 .

.


.

In the Atlantic Ocean, about 90 miles off the coast

of Brazil, sits Ilha de Queimada Grande. 1 People
are forbidden from visiting the small island, which is
protected by the Brazilian navy. In fact, the only people
allowed to set foot on the island in recent years have
been a little ( a few) scientists. Theres a very good
reason for this. The island is inhabited by thousands of
highly dangerous snakes, known as golden lancehead
vipers. The poison of these snakes is so powerful that
2
a single bite is enough to kill two people. It actually
melts the flesh around the area of the bite. Golden
lanceheads breed throughout the year, producing as
many as 50 offspring at a time. And, because they
have no enemies on Ilha de Queimada Grande, their
population has grown to enormous levels.

p. 121

90 Ilha

de Queimada Grande .
,
. ,

. .

golden lancehead
.
.
. golden lancehead
1 , 50
. Ilha de Queimada

Grande ,
.

forbid set foot on ~ inhabit ~ highly lancehead viper melt flesh

breed , throughout ~ , ~ offspring(pl . offspring) , enemy , population
; * enormous

People are forbidden from visiting the small island, [which is protected ]. be forbidden from v-ing

~ . [ ] the small island .

2

a single bite is enough [to kill two people]. [ ] enough to.

a little , scientists a few .

<>

, Ilha de Queimada Grande sits .

highly dangerous .
so + [] + that ~ ~ .
as many[much] as ~ ~ as many,
much .

70

PART 2

 01

01

02

03

04

When in a group, people tend to behave in

ways that they usually do not. Sociologists usually call
this phenomenon mob mentality. Generally, those
who study mob mentality tend to focus on harmful
aspects of it. 2 They often research how it affects violent
demonstrations or crisis situations. However, theres
much more to mob mentality. Some sociologists think
that ( what) they learn from studies could be used
in positive ways. Some believe, for instance, that this
information could be used to explain changes in the
stock market. It may also explain some political or
cultural phenomena such as how people of one group can
treat others so badly. Therefore, many people hope that
through the study of mob mentality governments can
prevent events such as the Holocaust from happening
again.

pp. 122~124

,
.
. ,

.
.
.

. ,
.


.

.

When (people are) in a group, people tend to behave in ways [that they usually do not]. When in

+ be people are . [ ] ways .

2

They often research [how it affects violent demonstrations or crisis situations]. [ ] research

+ + .

think that . ~
what .
<>

those who ~ ~ who those .

much, still, far, even, a lot.
be used to-v ~ , to explain <> to.
prevent A from v-ing A ~ .

02

If living a happier life is your goal, there are

five essential things you should do every day. The first
of these (A) is to connect with others. Strong social
relationships are the foundation of a satisfying life.
The second is to be active. 1 When you find yourself
feeling down, physical exercise is certain to improve
your mood. The third thing is to pay attention to your
surroundings. By being aware of seemingly trivial details
like a classmates new hairstyle or the changing seasons,
youll feel more alive. The fourth is to keep (B) learning.
Curiosity is good for your brain, so experiment with a
new recipe or teach yourself a new skill. And the final

,
.
.
. .

.
.

.
. ,

. .

71

thing is to give to others. Generosity, (C) which is one

of the most basic characteristics of human beings, can
make you happy while bringing joy to others.

,

.

When you find yourself feeling down, physical exercise is certain to improve your mood . find +

+ v-ing ~ . be certain to-v ~ .

(A) The first is .

(B) keep learning .
(C) Generosity , that

which .

03

In Pakistan, trucks are more than a means of

transport. Thanks to a variety of decorations, Pakistani
trucks are moving works of art. What is beautiful
about the art on these trucks is that it features simple
designs and bright colors. Not only that, but the entire
truck is decorated. 1 The inside, the outside, and even
the manufacturers logo are made to look beautiful.
Paintings are commonly used and can be of any style,
depending on the request of the owner. Some choose
to feature images of their children, while others prefer
that ( those) of celebrities. In addition to paintings,
chains and other objects are used to create art on the
trucks. Most truck owners spend more than their annual
income on decorating their vehicles in this way. 2 Its no
wonder that drivers are proud of their trucks and love to
show them off.

, .
, .

.
, .
.

.
,
. ,
.

.

.

The inside, the outside, and even the manufacturers logo are made to look beautiful. be made to-v

~ , make to .
2

Its no wonder [that drivers are proud of their trucks ]. It , that [ ] .

its no wonder ~ ~ .

images those .
<>

what .
look .
depending on ~ ~ .
+ 2 , .

72

PART 2

04

U.S. president Abraham Lincoln is probably best

remembered for ending slavery in America. But (A) few
realize that he was also a lover of animals. One time,
Lincoln was traveling in the countryside with several
companions. They saw a baby bird on the ground that
seemed to (B) have been blown out of its nest. Lincoln
picked up the bird and placed it back in its nest. His
companions made fun of him for his efforts. In reply,
Lincoln said, 1 I could not have slept tonight if I had left
that helpless little creature to perish on the ground.
Lincoln also never hunted animals, (C) which was
unusual for a man of his time. 2 He once even said that
the way a person treated animals was more important
than the persons religion.

Abraham Lincoln
.

. , Lincoln
.
. Lincoln
.
.

Lincoln

. Lincoln
,
.
.

, I could not have slept tonight if I had left that helpless little creature to perish on the ground. If +

+ had p.p., + + have p.p. . leave + + to-

v ~ .
2

He once even said that the way [(that) a person treated animals] was more important . [ ] the way

that . <> the way how

.

(A) , that , few people ,

few .
(B) () seemed to have p.p. .
(C) , that which
.

p.4

p. 125

01 : 03

(A) a moment <> when .

(B) that will lead becoming .
(C) + have p.p. , If had p.p. .

73

PART03 MINI TEST

MINI TEST 01

01

02

03

04

01

In 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring,

which attempted to inform people of the damage
chemical pesticides can cause. She provided a number
of case studies to show that the use of pesticides was
negatively impacting the environment. 1 Further, she
showed both that the pesticides were too harmful to
be useful and that no one knew the long-term effects
of using such chemicals. The book quickly became
quite famous, leading people across the U.S. to express
their concerns about the issues raised in it. Seeing the
response, President Kennedy asked a committee of
scientists to find out if Carsons claims were true. After
a full investigation, 2 the committee recommended that
pesticides be regulated more closely. This was the first
time such action had been taken. Experts agree that
Silent Spring changed the way people think about the
environment.

05

pp. 128~131

1962 Rachel Carson < >

,
.

. ,
,
.


. Kennedy
Carson
. ,
.
. < >
.

Further, she showed both [that the pesticides were too harmful to be useful] and [that no one knew the long-

term effects of using such chemicals]. both A and B A B , [ ] A B

that. too ~ to-v ~ .
2

, the committee recommended [that pesticides (should) be regulated more closely]. [ ] recommended

, <> that (should) + .

Rachel Carson < > ,

< >: .

Rachel Carson

Kennedy

02 A democracy is a system run by the people for the

people. Therefore, voting is the moral responsibility of all
(A) eligible citizens in a democracy. 1 Unfortunately, many
people find excuses not to vote these days. Some say that
a single vote cant make a difference. Others complain
that none of the candidates (B) deserve their vote. In
the US, only about 55% of potential voters actually vote
in each election. 2 This means that 45% of the people
74

PART 3 MINI TEST

.
,
. ,
.
.

. 55
.

who can vote choose not to. But how can a democracy be
(C) effective if only half the population takes part in it?
The bottom line is that you should never underestimate
the power of your single vote. Alone, it might not decide
the winner of an election. However, you are not alone. If
everyone takes action and casts a vote, it can make a big
difference.

45 .

?
.
.
.
, .

Unfortunately, many people find excuses not to vote these days. not to vote <>

to, to to not .
2

This means that 45% of the people [who can vote] choose not to (vote). [ ] the people

. to vote .

(A) eligible .
(B) deserve .
(C) effective .

03 Hong Kong is one of the worlds richest cities.

However, approximately 100,000 of its residents live
in tiny wire cages. 1 Known as cage dogs, they are
mostly the working poor, the retired elderly and mentally
ill individuals. They are charged about $200 a month
for their cages, which are stacked up to three levels
high with about 20 cages in a single room. There are
no kitchens to cook in, and the occupants must share a
single bathroom. Although efforts have been made
to help these people improve their living situation, the
cage dogs still face a gloomy future. (Due to its large
population and a lack of space, Hong Kong now has 36 of
the 100 tallest residential buildings in the world.)

.
, 100,000
.
, ,
. 200
, 3
20 .
.

,
. (
, 100
36 .)

[(Being ) Known as cage dogs ,] they are mostly the working poor , the retired elderly and mentally ill

individuals. [ ] they Being .

, .

04 A teenager named Nick was causing a great deal

of trouble in his classes, so he was sent to see the
schools new guidance counselor, Mr. Goldstein. 1 While
other counselors might have tried discussing Nicks
problems with him, Mr. Goldstein took a different
approach. 2 He asked Nick if there were any classes in

Nick
,
Goldstein .
Nick
, Goldstein
. Nick

75

which he wasnt having any difficulties. After some

thought, Nick replied, I dont get in trouble in Ms.
Larsons class. Mr. Goldstein soon learned that Ms.
Larson didnt treat Nick like his other teachers did. She
always greeted him when he came into the classroom
and made sure he understood the homework before
he left. And when he struggled, she gave him easier
work. This was the information Mr. Goldstein needed.
He advised Nicks other teachers to adopt these same
techniques. To everyones surprise, Nicks behavior
improved immediately.

. , Nick
Larson
. Goldstein Larson
Nick
.
.
,
. Goldstein .
Nick
. , Nick
.

While other counselors might have tried discussing Nicks problems with him, Mr. Goldstein took a different

approach. might have p.p. ~ . try v-ing ( ) ~ .

2

He asked Nick [if there were any classes {in which he wasnt having any difficulties}]. [ ] ~

if asked . { } classes ,
classes in + in which . in which

where .

Mr. Goldstein , Nick .

05

It is well known that school plays a large role in

childhood education. 1 However, a recent study shows
that the role of parents is even more important. This
doesnt mean that parents need to enroll their kids
in private classes or buy them the latest educational
devices. Instead, the role of parents is a simple one:
talking with their children. This aids children in several
ways. First of all, it helps them develop their language
skills. Studies have shown that, in improving language
skills, conversations between 2 adults and children are
more useful than situations in which adults do all the
talking. Whats more, talking with a parent can have
a strong influence on a childs academic abilities. 3 For
example, children who grow up talking about numbers
at home will enter school with more mathematical
knowledge than their peers. This is likely to lead to
future success in math.

. ,
.

. ,
, .
. ,
.


. ,

. ,

.
.

However, a recent study shows that the role of parents is even more important.

even, far, still, much, a lot .

2

adults and children are more useful than situations [in which adults do all the talking]. [ ] situations

, situations adults do all the talking

76

PART 3 MINI TEST

 + in which . in which where .

3

For example, children [who grow up {talking about numbers at home}] will enter school .... [ ] children

. talking { } .

,
.

MINI TEST 02

01

02

03

01

04

For most people who grew up in the countryside,

the smell of freshly cut grass brings back feelings of peace
and happiness. When cut, grass releases substances
known as green leaf volatiles (GLVs), and this is what
creates the smell that people enjoy so much. But this isnt
the true purpose of the odor. It is actually a call for help
when plants are damaged. In a recent study, 1 researchers
found that when tobacco plants were being attacked by
caterpillars, they released GLVs. 2 The insects that were
attracted by the odor of these GLVs were ones that prey
on caterpillars. Therefore, the researchers concluded that
the plants were communicating with the insects in a
very basic way, asking for and receiving help.

05

pp. 132~135

. ,
(GLV)
.
.

.
, GLV
. GLV
.

.

, researchers found [that when tobacco plants were being attacked by caterpillars, they released GLVs].

[ ] found . were
2

being attacked be being p.p. .

The insects [that were attracted by the odor of these GLVs] were ones [that prey on caterpillars]. [ ]

The insects . [ ] insects ones

.

,
, .

77

02

The main speaker at a seminar, Bill Johnson

began his presentation by holding a $50 bill in the air.
Who wants it? he asked. Immediately, every hand in
the room shot up into the air. Wait a minute, he said.
1
Taking the bill in his fist, he crushed it into a small
ball. All right, who wants this $50 bill now? Once again,
everyone in the room raised their hand. Next, he dropped
the bill onto the filthy floor and stepped on it. Do you
still want it? he asked. 2 Everyone indicated that they
did. Excellent. Youve just learned a valuable lesson.
This bill was crushed and stepped on, but you recognized
that its value remained unchanged. It is the same with
people. Sometimes we are stepped on and crushed by the
difficulties in our lives. We may feel worthless, but we
must not forget that we are still special.

Bill Johnson 50
.
? . ,
. .
.
. , 50 ?
, .

. ?
. . .
.

. .

.
.

1
2

[Taking the bill in his fist], he crushed it into a small ball. [ ] <> .

Everyone indicated [that they did]. [ ] indicated . did wanted it .

,
.

03

People on the Canary Island of La Gomera, in the

Atlantic Ocean, have a unique way of communicating.
Their traditional language, called Silbo Gomero, uses
whistling instead of spoken words. Silbo Gomero is the
worlds only fully developed and widely used whistled
language. It features two whistle sounds for vowels
and four whistle sounds for consonants. 1 Each differ
( differs) from the others in pitch and whether it is
held for a long or short time. People on the island who
speak the language can deliver any message with it. But
not only is Silbo Gomero an interesting language, it
can also be used to communicate over distances of more
than two miles. Because of its many special features,
the language is now recognized by UNESCO.

La Gomera Canary
. Silbo Gomero

. Silbo Gomero
.

.

.
. Silbo
Gomero ,

2
. ,
.

Each differs from the others in pitch and [whether it is held for a long or short time]. A B

whether A or B [ ] pitch in .

78

PART 3 MINI TEST

each differ differs .

<>

of () .
People who .
not only .
because of .

04 The origins of many sports are unknown, but

basketball is different. We know exactly how it started
because it happened relatively recently. The inventor
was Dr. Naismith, a physical education teacher in
Springfield, Massachusetts. In this part of the U.S., the
winters were very cold. Track runners and other athletes
were unable to train outdoors because of the cold
temperatures. So, in 1891, 1 Dr. Naismith was asked to
create a wintertime game that people could play indoors.
2 After considering many other sports, Naismith
invented a game that he called basket ball. On each
end of an indoor court, a peach basket was attached to
the wall. (The baskets were used to carry peaches from
the tree as they were picked.) Players had to throw a
soccer ball into the baskets to score. Young athletes in
Springfield enjoyed Naismiths game, and soon it spread
all over the country.

,
.
.
Massachusetts Springfield
Naismith .
.
. 1891

Naismith
.
, Naismith basket ball
.
. (
.)
.

Springfield Naismith
, .

, Dr. Naismith was asked to create a wintertime game [that people could play indoors]. be asked to-v

~ . [ ] a wintertime game .
2

[After considering many other sports], Naismith invented . [ ] <> .

05

Hunting is considered by some to be a cruel and

useless activity that contributes to the destruction of
our environment. In reality, however, hunting is closely
regulated by laws and actually helps governmental
efforts at wildlife management. (B) 2 People who wish
to become hunters must first learn about safety rules in
classes run by state governments. They must also pass
both the Firearms Safety Course exam and the Hunter
Education Course exam. If they do not, they will not get
a hunting permit. (A) For those who do pass the exams,
a hunting permit will only be issued after they have paid

.

. (B)

.

. ,
. (A) ,
.

79

a license fee. This money is used by the government to

fund a variety of programs that help protect wild animals
and their habitats. (C) But paying fees isnt the only way
hunters contribute to the health and well-being of our
environment. Through volunteerism and fundraising
campaigns, they promote wildlife management and
educate people on the importance of protecting nature.

. (C)

. ,
,
.

Hunting is considered by some to be a cruel and useless activity [that contributes to the destruction of our

environment]. consider A to be B A B , A .
[ ] a cruel and useless activity .
2

People [ who wish to become hunters ] must first learn about safety rules in classes [ run by state

governments]. [ ] people . [ ] classes .

,
(B) ,
(A) , (C) .

MINI TEST 03
01

01

02

03

04

In the 1930s, a painter named Han van Meegeren

felt unrecognized by art critics. He decided to show
his talent by creating a fake painting by the Dutch artist
Vermeer. 1 He made his painting appear hundreds of
years old and copied the style of Vermeer exactly.
His plan worked, and experts believed the painting was
authentic. Van Meegeren sold it at a high price and
began to produce more fake Vermeers. Apparently, his
greed for money overcame his desire for fame, and
he continued to work in secret. He even sold one of his
paintings to a leader of the Nazi Party. However, after
World War II, the Dutch government accused him of
giving a national treasure to the enemy. 2 In order to
increase ( reduce) his punishment, van Meegeren
admitted that he had faked Vermeers works.

05

pp. 136~139

1930 Han van Meegeren

.
Vermeer
.
Vermeer
.
. van Meegeren
Vermeer
. ,
, .

. 2 ,
.
( ) van Meegeren

Vermeer .

1
2

He made his painting appear hundreds of years old . make appear .

In order to reduce his punishment, van Meegeren admitted that he had faked Vermeers works. in order

to-v ~ . had faked admitted .

Meegeren , increase
reduce .

80

PART 3 MINI TEST

02

The above chart shows the number of Scottish

households of different types in 2010, along with
estimates for 2035. 1 In 2010, the number of
households with only one or two adults was significantly
larger than the number of larger family households.
Whats more, in 2035, the number of these one and
two-person households is expected to increase. In fact,
the number of one-person households alone is expected
to increase by nearly half. And the estimated number
of households with two adults is almost a quarter higher
than in 2010. In contrast, 2 households made up of
at least two adults and their children are expected to
decrease by about 50%. Despite this general decrease in
the number of larger households, households containing
one adult with children are expected to slightly increase.

2010

2035 . 2010

. , 2035
1 2
. , 1
. 2
2010 4 1 . (
,
50 .)

,
.

In 2010, the number of households with only one or two adults was significantly larger . the number

of + ~ . , a number of + ~ .
2

, households [made up of at least two adults and their children] are expected to decrease by about 50%.

[ ] households . be expected to-v ~ .

40 30 , 50%(20) 25%(10)
.

03 King Dionysius the Elder was the ruler of

Syracuse during the fourth century BC. One of the
members of his court was a man named Damocles. 1 He
often remarked that he believed Dionysius was lucky
and that being king was the easiest job in the world.
Dionysius decided to teach Damocles a lesson. He invited
him to a party with wonderful food and beautiful music.
(A) However, Damocles couldnt enjoy himself because
his seat was directly beneath a sword hanging by a
single hair. At any moment, the hair could break, and the
sword would fall on his head. 2 This was the kings way of
showing Damocles that his life was not as wonderful as
it seemed. Actually, (B) although he was surrounded by
luxury, he was as unsafe as a man sitting under a sword.

Dionysius the Elder 4 Syracuse

. Damocles
. Dionysius
,
. Dionysius Damocles
.
. , Damocles

.
.

Damocles . ,

.

He often remarked [that he believed Dionysius was lucky] and [that being king was the easiest job in the

world]. remarked that and .

2

This was the kings way of showing Damocles [that his life was not as wonderful as it seemed ]. [ ]

showing . not as ~ as ~ , ~ .

81


(A) Dionysius Damocles , Damocles
, However .
(B) , , although .

04~05 R e c e n t l y,

researchers got a better

understanding of how babies learn to recognize faces.
They conducted a study on six-month-olds by showing
them pictures of monkeys faces. The babies were then
divided into two groups. For the next three months, the
babies in Group A were regularly shown the monkey
pictures by their parents. The babies in Group B were
not shown the pictures. The researchers tested the babies
again after three months, when they were nine months
old. They showed each baby a pair of monkey faces. One
was a picture they had already seen, and the other was a
new monkey face. 1 The Group A babies spent more time
looking at the new picture than the old one. However,
the Group B babies spent equal time looking at both the
old and new pictures. In other words, the Group A babies
could tell the difference between the new and old faces,
while the Group B babies could not. The researchers
concluded that the skill of face recognition in babies
develops based on the faces they see most often. They
also explained that babies ability to recognize faces is
limited to their race. For example, if a baby sees only
Asian faces during infancy, 2 he or she may grow to have
difficulty telling apart the faces of black or white people.

,
. 6

.
. 3 , A
. B
.
3 9
.
.
, . A

. B
.
, A
B .

.

. ,
,
.

The Group A babies spent more time looking at the new picture than the old one. spend + + v-ing

~ () . one picture .
2

, he or she may grow [to have difficulty telling apart the faces of black or white people]. [ ] <>

to. have difficulty (in) v-ing ~ .

04 .

05 A 3 ,
.

82

PART 3 MINI TEST

MINI TEST 04

01

02

03

04

01

I felt good while I was warming up before ballet

class. I stretched my legs and back, and I worked on
some of the techniques I had learned. But then I put
on my pointe shoes, and my ankle started hurting
immediately, which was not a good sign. Still, I continued
with my workout and tried to stand on my toes. Soon I
nearly fell over. I couldnt even do it while holding onto
the bar. Almost in tears, I sat down against the wall as
the group lesson began. The other girls went through
their exercises beautifully. 1 A couple of months ago, I
could have joined them. And I would have performed
better than all of them. 2 But all I could do was sit and
watch.

05

pp. 140~143

.
,
.
, .

. .
.
,
.
. .
.
.

A couple of months ago, I could have joined them. If + + had p.p., +

+ have p.p. , .
2

But all [(that) I could do] was (to) sit and watch. [ ] all , that

. all do , be to .

02

Manshiyat Naser, a poor area on the edge of

Cairo, has been nicknamed The City of Garbage. It
earned this unfortunate title from the fact that a large
amount of trash is shipped here from all over Cairo.
It is a place covered in mountains of garbage, which
( where) people earn money by picking through trash.
As you walk through the streets, youll see people
digging through trash mounds looking for items they
can sell. Most of the trash is recycled and resold, and
the remainder is either used to feed pigs or burned
as fuel. 2 The people of Manshiyat Naser barely manage
to feed themselves on what they earn from sorting the
garbage. However, they have done it for generations.
Without the trash, they couldnt make a living. In
addition, thanks to them, the government can dispose of
a third of Cairos garbage at no cost.

Manshiyat Naser
, .

.
,
.

.
,
. Manshiyat Naser
. ,
. ,
. ,
3 1
.

Manshiyat Naser , [a poor area on the edge of Cairo ], has been nicknamed The City of Garbage .

Manshiyat Naser [ ] . has been nicknamed .

2

The people of Manshiyat Naser barely manage to feed themselves on [what they earn from sorting the

83

garbage]. [ ] on ~ what .

which + + + , mountains of garbage

which where .
<>

.
digging .
either A or B A B .
if without , + couldnt .

03

In the course of a conversation, 1 people will

sometimes mention a possible event that they hope
will not occur. When this happens to Americans, theyll
often follow up by saying, Knock on wood. Then theyll
actually knock on the nearest wooden surface, such as a
wall or a piece of furniture, with their knuckles. So where
does this strange superstition come from? No one is quite
sure, but some speculate 2 that it comes from an ancient
belief that friendly spirits live in trees. By knocking on
wood, people thought they could get their attention. It
was their hope that these spirits would then use their
powers to prevent the undesired event from happening.
So the next time someone mentions doing badly on a
test, you can ask your desk to help you get an A!

,
.
,
.

.
? ,

. ,
.

.
,
A !

..., people will sometimes mention a possible event [that {they hope} will not occur]. will ~

. [ ] a possible event , { } .
2

that it comes from an ancient belief [that friendly spirits live in trees]. an ancient belief [ ] .

these spirits ,
.

04 Let them eat cake. This phrase is often used

to symbolize the gap between the rich and the poor.
Though it is often reported that Marie Antoinette
originally said it, this is just a misconception. The saying
first appeared in an autobiography by Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, which was written when Marie Antoinette was
1

84

PART 3 MINI TEST

.
. Marie Antoinette
,
. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
, Marie Antoinette

9 .

just nine years old and lived in Austria. Nobody knows

why she became associated with the phrase, but, as
a result, people today believe she was a cruel and
thoughtless woman. However, historical documents show
a much different side of Marie Antoinette. For instance,
there is a letter she wrote to her family in Austria to
describe an ongoing food shortage in France. In the letter,
she wrote, It is quite certain that in seeing the people
who treat us so well despite their own misfortune, we are
more obliged than ever to work hard for their happiness.

,

. Marie Antoinette
. ,

.

,

.

Though it is often reported that Marie Antoinette originally said it, .... it is reported that ~ ~

[] , that () () Though Marie

Antoinette is reported to originally have said it .

Marie Antoinette ,
.

05

The Olympics familiar flag of five colored

rings on a white background was created by Pierre
De Coubertin in 1914. It was first used in the 1920
Summer Olympics, held in Antwerp, Belgium. But after
the games, the flag disappeared. No one knew where it
was for 77 years, until a former Olympic athlete made
a surprising announcement. Hal Haig Prieste, who had
competed in the 1920 summer games, told reporters that
he had the flag in his suitcase. After winning a bronze
medal in platform diving, he climbed a flag pole and
stole the flag as a prank. 2 When asked why he admitted
taking the flag after so many years, Prieste said he was
going to die soon and didnt want the flag to be left in his
suitcase. The flag is currently on display at the Olympic
Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland.

1914 Pierre De Coubertin
. Antwerp
1920 .
. ()
77
. 1920
Hal Haig Prieste
.

.
Prieste
,
.

Lausanne .

The Olympics familiar flag of [five colored rings on a white background] was created by Pierre De Coubertin

in 1914. [ ] flag , , of .
2

When (he was) asked [why he admitted taking the flag after so many years], . when

+ be . [ ] asked , + + .

Lausanne .
<>

1920 .
1920 .
85

 Hal Haig Prieste .

Hal Haig Prieste .

MINI TEST 05

01

02

03

04

01

Because most fruits are sweet and fleshy, you

might think that tomatoes are a type of vegetable. This
idea is reinforced because, while most fruits are eaten
as a dessert, tomatoes are generally eaten as part of
the main meal. Scientists do not see things the same
way, however. Scientifically, fruits come from an organ
near the bottom of a flower and hold the plants seeds.
1
However, most Americans see the tomato as a vegetable
because of a decision made by the United States
Supreme Court in 1893. At that time, the market was
full of tomatoes from other countries because importers
didnt have to pay taxes on fruit. So a group of farmers
asked the court to declare the tomato a vegetable to
reduce the number of cheap foreign tomatoes. Their
demand was accepted, and this political decision causes
us to think of the tomato as a vegetable even today.

05

pp. 144~147

,
.
,

.
. ,
.
1893
. ,

.

.
,
.

However, most Americans see the tomato as a vegetable because of a decision [made by the United States

Supreme Court in 1893]. see A as B A B . [ ] a decision .

,
.

02

Do you have trouble falling asleep and sleeping

through the night? You may suffer from insomnia, a
sleep problem that affects millions of adults. As you
might know, insomnia is bad for your health. At the same
time, it can affect both your personal relationships and
your performance at work because it can cause memory
loss, lack of concentration, depression and the inability to
handle stress. But have you ever 2 considered the ways in
which insomnia affects the economy? One recent study
86

PART 3 MINI TEST

?
.
, . ,
, ,

.

?

looked at this problem and found that insomnia was

responsible for 7% of accidents in the workplace. Not
only that, but the sleep disorder was blamed for 23.7%
of the costs of these accidents. This means that 274,000
workplace accidents happen every year as a result of
insomnia among employees. And this costs companies an
estimated $31 billion, which is a serious problem for the
economy.
Not only does insomnia negatively affect individuals,
it also causes financial problems for society.

7 .
,
23.7 .

274,000
.
310 ,
.
,
.

Do you have trouble falling asleep and sleeping through the night? have trouble v-ing ~

. falling sleeping and .

2

considered the ways [in which insomnia affects the economy]? [ ] the ways ,

the ways in in which .

, , ,
, - .

03

People in the Arctic town of Longyearbyen,

Norway, are not allowed to die. This policy was made
after a terrible flu in 1917, which led to the death of
many residents. In most parts of the world, buried bodies
break down and eventually become part of the earth.
However, this did not happen in Longyearbyen. After
the flu, the dead was ( were) buried but the cold
temperature of the earth preserved the bodies. It also
kept the flu germs alive. When scientists discovered
this fact, they provided a warning to the leaders of the
town. The leaders became concerned that people would
get sick from the terrible flu again, and they would have
difficulties dealing with the dead. So, they announced
that dying was not permitted within Longyearbyen.
1
Accordingly, people who were expected to die soon
would be sent to a different part of Norway, where
they would stay until they died.

Longyearbyen
. 1917
,
.
, .
Longyearbyen
. ,
.
.
, .


. ,

Longyearbyen
. ,
,
.

Accordingly, people [who were expected to die soon] would be sent to a different part of Norway, where

they would stay . [ ] people . would ~ ,

.

the + ~ was were .

87

<>

which a terrible flu in 1917 .

keep alive .
concern , The leaders became concerned .
a different part of Norway <> where
.

04 In recent years, studies have shown that a lack of

water can cause a reduction in the amount of food that
people eat. For one thing, it causes the mouth to dry out,
which makes eating more difficult. Also, when water
levels are low in the human digestive system, people feel
less desire for food. This occurs to allow the digestive
system to absorb water in the stomach more efficiently.
However, this is more than just an interesting scientific
fact. It can help improve relief efforts for struggling
regions of Africa. Currently, the focus is on providing
food. But many of these areas are also suffering from
droughts and a lack of clean drinking water. 1 Based on
the scientific facts above, efforts to send food to these
places could be ineffective unless there is an adequate
water supply.

,
. ,
, .
, ,
.

.
.
.
, .

. ,

.

[(Being ) Based on the scientific facts above], efforts [to send food to these places] could be ineffective

unless there is an adequate water supply. [ ] Being . [ ] efforts

to. unless ~ , if ~ not .

,
,
.

05 Imagine two hedgehogs in winter. If they keep

close together, theyll stay warm; but they may also be
injured by the others sharp spines. (B) 1 This is known as
the hedgehogs dilemma, and its possible to view human
relationships the same way. It can feel good to have a
close relationship with someone. Unfortunately, this also
puts you in danger of hurting that person and having
your own feelings wounded. (C) For example, you may
88

PART 3 MINI TEST

.
.
. (B)
,
.
. ,

. (C) ,

often become angry with your mom or your best friend.

You may even say mean things to them, expecting them
to understand that you are just upset. On the other
hand, youre probably more forgiving of people who you
arent close with. (A) So, what is the solution? Should
you keep close relationships and risk hurting each other?
Or should you remain remote from everyone and live
in loneliness? Its important to find the right balance in
your relationships. Showing respect to your loved ones is
probably a good start.

.

. ,
.
(A) ?
?

?
.
.

This is known as the hedgehogs dilemma, and its possible to view human relationships (in) the same way.

be
2

known as ~ ~ . the same way in .

You may even say mean things to them, [expecting them to understand {that you are just upset}]. [ ]

<> . to understand expecting . { } understand .

,
(B) , ,
(C) , (A) .

MINI TEST 06
01

01

02

03

04

Strong winter storms are already affecting

large areas of the country. During this time of year,
its especially important to make sure your home is
protected. 1 Winter storms can cause terrible damage
to your home, which will cost you a lot of money to fix.
Fortunately, Mitch Smith is here to help. Mitch is the
star of the popular home-improvement TV show Mitchs
House. Now, he is launching a magazine called Mitch
Makes It Right to share tips on caring for your home.
The first issue comes out in October, 2 and it will include
essential information for getting your house ready for
winter. So if you want extra peace of mind this season,
check your newsstands for Issue #1 of Mitch Makes It
Right.

05

pp. 148~151

.
.
,
.
, Mitch Smith
. Mitch <Mitch >

TV .
<Mitch
> . 10

.

<Mitch > 1 .

Winter storms can cause terrible damage to your home, [which will cost you a lot of money to fix]. [ ]

. cost A B A B .
2

, and it will include essential information for getting your house ready for winter. get + + ()

~ .

89

02

I woke up early in the morning and couldnt get

back to sleep. 1 The strong wind beating against my tent
made it too difficult. But more than that, I couldnt stop
thinking about Tim, high up on the mountain above me.
The storm must have been even worse up there. I just
couldnt sit still, moving back and forth in the tent. I
tried repeatedly to contact Tim on the radio. 2 However,
all the snow that was falling made it impossible to get
a signal through. Instead, I decided to radio Paul at the
base camp at the foot of the mountain. After a few tries,
he picked up. He, too, had been attempting in vain to
contact Tim on the mountain. We decided that all we
could do was just to wait.

.
.
Tim
.
.
. Tim
.
. ,
Paul
. .
Tim
.
.

The strong wind [beating against my tent] made it too difficult. [ ] The strong wind .

it getting back to sleep .

2

The storm must have been even worse up there. must have p.p. ~ . even

.
3

However, all the snow [that was falling] made it impossible to get a signal through. [ ] all the snow

. it to get to.

,
.

03 If you think camping is dirty and uncomfortable,

maybe you should try something called glamping. 1 A
combination of the words glamorous and camping,
glamping is a popular new outdoor activity for people
who prefer a little luxury in their lives. When glamping,
you take part in activities that are similar to (A) those
of a normal camping trip. 2 However, you sleep in a tent
designed in a way that makes it (B) seem like a hotel
room. There is electricity, along with modern appliances
and comfortable beds with soft mattresses. Whats more,
fancy food and drinks are served, and transportation
to and from the campsite (C) is provided. In the past,
only wealthy people took part in this kind of activity.
Nowadays, however, nearly anyone can afford a night or
two of glamping.

,
.
glamorous camping

. ,

.
.
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
.

[A combination of the words glamorous and camping,] glamping is a popular new outdoor activity for

people [who prefer ]. [ ] glamping . [ ] people .

2

However, you sleep in a tent [designed in a way {that makes it }]. [ ] a tent . { } a

way .

90

PART 3 MINI TEST


(A) activities , those .
(B) makes seem .
(C) transportation is provided .

04~05 Human beings depend on their vision to

survive. Your eyes are constantly sending large amounts
of information about your surroundings to your brain.
You might think you are aware of all of this information.
However, in reality, even the most powerful brain is
unable to keep track of all the data it receives. 1 As a
result, it often fails to notice significant changes that
occur, a phenomenon known as change blindness.
An interesting experiment at an American university
showed that visual distractions are one possible cause of
change blindness. Participating students were asked to
sign a consent form however, this was actually part
of the experiment. The form was handed to them by a
man standing behind a tall desk. After they returned
the signed form to the man, he bent down behind the
desk to get them an information packet. 2 However, it
was a completely different man who stood back up and
gave them the packet. He was even wearing a different
color shirt. Amazingly, 75% of the students didnt notice.
Their brains were so focused on the consent form and
information packet that they failed to detect a major
change right in front of them.

.

.
.

. ,
,
.

.
,
.
.
,
.

. .
, 75 .

.

As a result , it often fails to notice significant changes that occur , [(which is ) a phenomenon {known as

change blindness.}] fail to-v ~ . [ ]

which is . { } a phenomenon .
2

However, it was a completely different man who stood back up and gave them the packet. It is[was] ~

that[who] ~[] , that who .

04 ,
, .

:
05
, .

91

MINI TEST 07

01

02

03

04

01

Each year, more than two million people, most

of them children, die from diarrhea-related diseases.
1
However, more than a third of these deaths could be
prevented if people simply washed their hands with
soap. To assure that everyone has access to soap, the
Global Soap Project has begun collecting used hand soap
from hotels in the United States. It was started by a
Ugandan man named Derreck Kayongo. Visiting the US
in the 1990s, he noticed that hotels would replace the bar
of soap in the bathroom each day, even if it had only been
used once. Normally, this soap would be thrown in the
trash and end up in landfills. But thanks to this project,
the soap is carefully cleaned and recycled, 2 before being
sent off to countries where diarrhea-related diseases
are causing deaths. Since the project began, hundreds of
hotels have donated their used hand soap to help save
lives.

05

pp. 152~155

, 2
.
, 3 1
.
, Global Soap Project
.

Derreck Kayongo
. 1990

. ,
.
,
.
,
.

However, more than a third of these deaths could be prevented if people simply washed their hands with

soap. a third () + () . If + + , + +
, . .
2

, before being sent off to countries [where diarrhea-related diseases are causing deaths]. before

be being p.p. . [ ] countries .

,
.

02

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an

anxiety disorder that causes people to have repeating
thoughts they cannot manage. As a result, they often feel
the need to engage in certain routines or behavior over
and over again. These worries and routines can become
92

PART 3 MINI TEST

(OCD)
.
,
.

so powerful that they begin to control the persons life.

Some people with OCD cant stop worrying about germs;
others may have a repeating fear that theyve harmed
someone by mistake. To deal with these thoughts, they
make strict rules that they must follow. They may wash
their hands for exactly five minutes after touching a
doorknob. Or they may check the stove 15 times before
they are sure that it was turned off. Although these
routines make them feel better for a short time, they
dont solve the problem. People with OCD are constantly
under stress, which can have a serious negative impact
on their lives.

. OCD
.

. ,
.
5
.

15 .
,
. OCD
,
.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD ) is an anxiety disorder [that causes people to have repeating
thoughts {(that) they cannot manage}]. [ ] an anxiety disorder . cause +
+ to-v ~ . { } repeating thoughts .

, .

03

In an experiment, researchers divided people into

two groups. The first group was asked, Is the population
of Turkey greater than 35 million? Whats your best
estimate? While the answers varied, they were mostly
close to 35 million. They then asked the same question to
the second group, but changed the number to 100 million.
Although these were both random figures, the second
groups estimates were higher than those of the first
group. This shows that people often set their standard of
judgment based on their first thoughts. In other words,
1
where you start can influence your conclusion. This
tendency is unintentionally ( intentionally) used by
some salespeople. 2 They will show you their highestpriced items first in order to raise your estimate of a fair
price. To avoid this trap, dont make decisions based on
a single starting point. Instead, gather a number of
opinions and broaden your knowledge on the subject.

,
. 35
? ?
. , 35
.
, 1 .
,
.

. ,
.
() .

.
,
. ,
.

, [where you start] can influence your conclusion. [ ] .

93

They will show you their highest-priced items first in order to raise your estimate of a fair price. in order

to-v ~ .

, unintentionally intentionally .

04 The Four Pests campaign was begun in 1958 by

Chinese leader Mao Zedong. The purpose of the program
was to get rid of four creatures that were considered
harmful to people. Three of these were obvious choices:
mosquitoes, flies and rats. 1 However, you may feel that
Maos fourth pest, the sparrow, does not seem as harmful.
But Mao believed that sparrows ate seeds planted by
Chinese farmers. For this reason, the birds were included
on the list, and they were targeted by the government.
People were instructed to chase them away or kill them
on sight. The campaign was successful, and sparrows
nearly went extinct in China. Unfortunately, this had an
unexpected effect. In addition to eating seeds, sparrows
also ate locusts. 2 With the birds gone, the locust
population in China exploded. It caused farmers to lose
large amounts of their grain, which resulted in a serious
food shortage in China.

Four Pests Mao Zedong

1958 .
4
. 3 , ,
, . Mao

. Mao
. ,
, .

. ,
. ,
. , .
,
.
,
.

However, you may feel that Maos fourth pest, the sparrow, does not seem as harmful (as the other three

pests). as , as harmful as the other three pests .

2

With the birds gone, the locust population in China exploded. with + + () ~

, .

this reason Four Pests , Mao Zedong

.

05

Hananuma Masakichi is a Japanese sculptor

most famous for creating a life-size statue of himself.
1
Masakichi began his masterpiece in the 1880s, believing
that he was about to die. He wanted to give the statue
as a gift to the woman he loved. Looking at himself in
adjustable mirrors, the artist made each of his body parts
separately from strips of wood. He then joined them
together. 2 The number of strips he used was somewhere
between 2,000 and 5,000. Whats surprising is that they

94

PART 3 MINI TEST

Hananuma Masakichi
.

Masakichi 1880
.
.
,
.
.
2 5 .

were all fitted together without nails. Only wood joints,

glue, and wooden pegs were used during the process.
Because of Masakichis care and skill, his sculpture is
incredibly realistic. In fact, when he stood next to it,
people had a hard time telling which figure was real.
Even today, the accuracy of the muscles, wrinkles, and
eyes amazes scientists and artists alike.

.
,
. Masakichi
, . ,
,
. , , ,
.

Masakichi began his masterpiece in the 1880s, [believing that he was about to die]. [ ] <>

. be about to-v ~ .
2

The number of strips [(which/that) he used] was somewhere between 2,000 and 5,000. the number of +

~ . [ ] strips .

MINI TEST 08
01

01

02

03

04

People like to have options. 1 In fact, it is a

common belief in modern society that the more choices
we make, the better our lives will be. This, however, is not
necessarily true. Making choices can actually have an
adverse effect on our happiness. 2 We may begin to worry
about all the options we didnt select, wondering if we
have made a mistake. 3 Whats more, being completely
responsible for our own decisions means that we have
no one else to blame when things go wrong. This is why
people often hesitate to make decisions on their own.
Instead, theyll seek out the suggestions and opinions of
others. Movie reviews are popular for this reason: People
who use them to select which movies to see can always
blame the reviewer if the film turns out to be a poor
choice.

05

pp. 156~159

. ,

.
.
.

.
,

.
. ,
.
.

.

In fact, it is a common belief in modern society [that the more choices we make, the better our lives will be].

it that [ ] . the + ~, the + ~ , .

2

We may begin to worry about all the options [(that) we didnt select], [wondering if we have made a mistake].

[ ] all

the options that . [ ] <>

, ~ if wondering .
3

Whats more, [being completely responsible for our own decisions ] means that we have no one else {to

blame} when things go wrong. [ ] . else nothing, nobody, no one

() . { } no one else to.

95


,
.

.
.
.
.

02 Known as the wettest place on Earth, Cherrapunji,

India is also home to many interesting species of plants.
Among them (A) is a tree known as the Ficus elastica.
A type of rubber tree, it has a second set of roots which
extend out of its trunk above the ground. 1 Local tribes,
realizing they can shape these roots in (B) whatever
way they want, have long been turning them into living
bridges. They are trained to grow across rivers, and once
they reach the other side they are allowed to grow into
the soil. Although it takes 10 years or more, 2 eventually
a sturdy bridge is formed, one that grows even stronger
over time. Some of these bridges are (C) so strong that
they can hold the weight of 50 people at once.

Cherrapunji

. Ficus elastica
.
2 .

,
.
,
. 10 ,
,
.

50 .

Local tribes, [realizing they can shape these roots in whatever way they want], have long been turning ....

[ ] <> . have
2

been turning .

, eventually a sturdy bridge is formed, (which is) one [that grows even stronger over time]. one

a sturdy bridge + be . [ ] one

.

(A) Among them , a tree is .

(B) way whatever .
(C) ~ so ~ that so that . such
such a(n) + + + that .

03

A university professor recently conducted an

experiment to test the ability of crows to remember
individuals. Wearing rubber masks, he and a pair of
colleagues captured some crows living on campus. Before
setting them free, they placed identifying bands on the
crows legs. The experience was a traumatic one for the
crows, even though they lost their freedom for only a
short time. Several months later, the researchers walked
across campus wearing the same masks as before. When
the crows with banded legs spotted them, they began to
96

PART 3 MINI TEST

. ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
. 5

make angry sounds and fly around the men to chase

them away. Over a five-year period, the researchers
expanded the experiment to other locations. Surprisingly,
even crows without banded legs showed aggressive
behavior toward them. 1 This suggests that not only can
crows recognize human faces, they can also learn by
communicating with other crows.

.
,
.
,
.

This suggests that not only can crows recognize human faces, (but) they can also learn by .... not only A

(but) also B A B , but . not only that

.

04 Erica lived alone in a small, messy apartment.

One day, however, she returned home from work to

find it perfectly clean! Looking around, she found a piece
of paper on her kitchen table. It was a bill for cleaning
services. Confused, Erica called the phone number
on it. When a woman answered, Erica explained that
she had somehow cleaned the wrong apartment.
The woman insisted that it was not a mistake. Erica
asked her what she meant, and the woman said she
sometimes stopped at random apartments and cleaned
them. Erica knew something was wrong, so she called
the police. They soon arrested the woman, who admitted
that she had broken into Ericas apartment to rob it.
Unfortunately for her, Erica had nothing valuable to
steal. 2 But seeing how dirty the apartment was, she
decided to earn some money by cleaning it, instead!

Erica .
,
!
.
. , Erica
. Erica

. .

Erica

. Erica
. ,
Erica
. , Erica
.
,
!

One day, however, she returned home from work to find it perfectly clean! to find <>

to, (~ ) .
2

But [seeing {how dirty the apartment was}], ! [ ] <> . { } seeing

how + + + .

Erica , Erica .
97

05

In Understanding Media, Marshall McLuhan

wrote: The medium is the message. This phrase is
often repeated, but what exactly does it mean? According
to McLuhans definition, a medium is an extension of
ourselves. You can imagine a hammer held in your hand
as an extension of your arm or a pair of skates as an
extension of your legs. 1 Their purpose is to allow you to
do things you normally could not. (A) Similarly, language
is a medium that extends our thoughts in a way that
allows us to share them with others. 2 But McLuhan also
sees a medium as a place where things can grow, in the
sense that soil is a medium for seeds. (B) In other words,
a medium is simply something from which change comes.
Therefore, to McLuhan, every invention and every idea is
a medium.

< > Marshall McLuhan

. .
, ? McLuhan
, .

.
. ,

. McLuhan

. ,
. , McLuhan
.

Their purpose is [to allow you to do things {(that) you normally could not (do)}]. [ ]

to. { } things , not do .

2

But McLuhan also sees a medium as a place [where things can grow], in the sense that soil is a medium for

seeds. see A as B A B . [ ] a place . in the sense that ~ ~

.

(A) , Similarly
.
(B) ,
In other words .

MINI TEST 09
01

01

02

03

04

Did you know that half of all words in English

have either Latin or Greek roots? If you learn the form
and meaning of these roots, your knowledge of English
words will increase rapidly. Take the root ortho, which
comes from Greek and means straight or right. With
this information, you can see the connection between
words like orthodontist (a doctor who straightens your
teeth) and orthography (the correct way of writing).
Looking at the logic of word construction is also helpful.
Think about the compound word breakfast, for instance.
Break means to interrupt, and fast refers to a period
of not eating (when youre asleep at night). It can be easy
to overlook elements of the language like this. But if you
pay attention to them, youll gain great understanding.
98

PART 3 MINI TEST

05

pp. 160~163

?

. ortho

. , orthodontist(
) orthography( )
.
. , breakfast
. Break
, fast (
) .
.
, .

Did you know [that half of all words in English have either Latin or Greek roots]? [ ] know

. half, some, all of + of

. either A or B A B .

,
, .

02

An airplane takes off from the airport. 1 What

are the chances that it will crash before it reaches its
destination? In reality, just 1 out of every 10 million
flights ends in a crash. But when asked to guess, people
tend to seriously overestimate the likelihood of an
accident. And if you ask them a short time after an
actual airplane disaster, the average estimate rises even
higher. 2 This is because we make estimates based on the
information we have stored in our brain, and events that
are dramatic tend to remain in our memory for a longer
time. 3 In fact, the more significant an event is, the more
likely it is to mislead us. Television images of a terrible
crash can linger in our mind, but no one remembers the
9,999,999 other flights that took off and landed without
incident.

.
? ,
.
,
.

, .
,

. ,
.
TV
, 9,999,999
.

1
2

What are the chances [that it will crash before it reaches its destination]? the chances [ ] .
This is [because [we make estimates based on the information {we have stored in our brain}], and [events

{that are dramatic} tend to remain in our memory for a longer time]. This is because ~ ~
This . because [ ] and . { }

the information , { } events .

3

In fact, the more significant an event is, the more likely it is to mislead us. the + ~, the +

~ .

,
.

99

03~05 (A) The Miserere was composed by Gregorio

Allegri in the 1630s. Written for two choirs, it runs for
approximately 15 minutes. 1 However, (a) it was only
officially performed twice a year, with both performances
held at the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican City during
the week before Easter. In fact, 2 the Pope made a rule
that (b) it could neither be written down nor performed
anywhere else, a ban that lasted for more than a century.
(C) It was eventually ended in 1770 by a 14-year-old boy
named Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Even at that early
age, Mozart was a skilled musician and composer. That
year, he attended the first of the two official Miserere
performances. Impressed, he went home and wrote it
down based on his memory, even though he had only
heard (d) it once. He made a few mistakes, but corrected
them after attending the second performance.
(D) The next year, Mozart gave his transcription of
the Miserere to an English music historian, who then
published it. Because the Church could no longer stop
people from performing the work, (e) it ended the ban.
3
However, the Pope ordered Mozart to come see him at
the Vatican.
(B) Although Mozart feared he might be kicked out of
the church forever, the Pope overcame his anger. Instead,
he praised Mozart for his musical genius. Today, the
Miserere is performed around the world, but the special
Sistine Chapel performances of (c) it remain the most
popular.

(A) <Miserere> Gregorio Allegri 1630

.
15 . 1
,
Vatican City Sistine .

,
.
(C) 1770 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
14 .
Mozart .
, <Miserere>
.
,
. ,
.
(D) , Mozart <Miserere>
,
.
. Mozart
Vatican .
(B) Mozart
. , Mozart
. <Miserere>
, Sistine
.

However, it was only officially performed twice a year, with both performances held at the Sistine Chapel .

with + + [] ~ [] .
2

, the Pope made a rule [that it could neither be written down nor performed anywhere else], a ban that

lasted for more than a century. a rule [ ] . neither A nor B A B . a rule

[ ] a ban .
3

However, the Pope ordered Mozart to come (and) see him at the Vatican. order + + to-v ~

. come and + ~ and .

03 1 Sistine <Miserere>
(A) , 1770 14 Mozart Mozart
(C) . Mozart

Mozart (D) , Mozart , <Miserere>

Sistine Chapel (B) .

04 (e) the Church , the Miserere .

05 Mozart .

100

PART 3 MINI TEST

MINI TEST 10

01

02

03

04

01

Across the U.S., more and more state and local

governments have been thinking about creating a tax
on sugar-sweetened beverages, such as soda and sports
drinks. 1 These beverages add more sugar to the average
American diet than any other food or drink. Whats
more, research has shown that they are closely linked
with both obesity and diabetes. By charging a small tax
on sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce consumption,
both of these conditions could be reduced. At the same
time, the government would be earning money that
could be used in many ways. 2 A number of organizations
are currently trying to reduce the amount of sugarsweetened beverages the nation consumes, and most of
them support this idea. While the beverage industry is
resisting, the public benefits of such a plan are surely
more important than their profits.

05

pp. 164~167

.

. ,
.

. ,
.

, .
,
.

These beverages add more sugar to the average American diet than any other food or drink. add A to B

A B . + than any other + ~ .

2

A number of organizations are currently trying to reduce the amount of sugar-sweetened beverages [(which/

that) the nation consumes], . a number of + ~ are

. [ ] sugar-sweetened beverages .

,
.

02

Guerrilla gardening is a new way of gardening

which is usually considered illegal. 1 Guerrilla gardeners
use abandoned land whose owners do not care about it;
however, the gardeners dont have any legal rights to it.
Some people dont realize it is illegal, but others use it
as a way to make a political statement. They garden the
land to grow plants, either to produce food or to create
beauty in the area. This shows that abandoned land can
be changed for the better. In this way, guerilla gardening
makes people reconsider ideas about land ownership.
It is practiced in dozens of countries around the world,
and supporters have made communities online. There
are even social networking groups focused on guerrilla
gardening. 2 This proves how widespread it has become.

.
. ,
.
,
.
.

. ,
.
,
.
.
.

101

Guerrilla gardeners use abandoned land [whose owners do not care about it]; . [ ] abandoned land

.
2

This proves [how widespread it has become]. [ ] how proves .

, ,
.

03

Singapore is a tiny Southeast Asian nation,

where more than five million people inhabit a very
small area. Because nearly everyone lives in an urban
environment, the Singaporean government is very
concerned with traffic problems. 1 To keep them to a
minimum, they require people to buy a license before
they can own a car. This is not the same as a drivers
license, which only allows you to operate a vehicle.
Known as a Certificate of Entitlement (COE), it is a car
ownership license. The number of available COEs is
unlimited ( limited). Therefore, their price goes up
and down depending on demand. Each COE lasts for a
decade, but they can be renewed by paying a special fee.
COEs that are not renewed are auctioned off, and the
cars that were purchased with them must be destroyed
or exported to another country.

,
5 .
,
.
,
.
, (=)
. (COE)
. COE (
).
. COE 10 ,
. COE
,
.

[To keep them to a minimum], they require people to buy a license before they can own a car. [ ] <>

to. require + + to-v ~ .

COE , COE
unlimited limited .

04 A recent survey asked museum visitors what

kinds of technology they preferred using at a museum.
Older visitors were more likely to prefer both audio tours
and video clips than younger respondents. In fact,
1
visitors over the age of 70 were more than three times
as likely to prefer audio tours as visitors under 30.
Similarly, respondents in their 60s were twice as likely
102

PART 3 MINI TEST

.

. (, 70
30
3 .) , 60
30-39 2

to prefer video clips as the 30-39 age group.

Computer interaction, on the other hand, was the least
popular technology among all six age groups in the
survey. Just 11% of the youngest visitors answered
that they preferred using computer interaction at
museums. This figure rose to 13% among people in
their 40s, but this was still lower than the percentages
for audio tours and video clips in all age groups.

. , 6
.
11
.
40 13 ,

.

, visitors over the age of 70 were more than three times as likely to prefer audio tours as visitors under 30.

+ as + [] + as
2

~ .

Computer interaction, on the other hand, was the least popular technology among all six age groups in the

survey. little least the least + [] ~ .

70 38%, 30 18% 3 .

05

Plastic has many uses and can be found nearly

everywhere in your home, school or workplace.
Unfortunately, you might also find it in the seafood
you eat for dinner. This is because much of the garbage
currently floating in the worlds oceans is made up of
plastics. They are slowly broken down by sunlight until
they exist only as molecules. These molecules are then
eaten by tiny marine organisms; in this way, they enter
the food chain. Over time, the plastic collect within
1
the bodies of various sea creatures, some of which
will eventually be eaten by humans. 2 While it is not
clear exactly what kind of effect this plastic can have
on people, the toxic chemicals released by it are known
to cause serious harm to marine life. Clearly, this is an
issue that needs to be dealt with in the near future.
Plastic garbage floating in the ocean is consumed
by tiny sea creatures, entering the food chain and
eventually finding its way into our diet.

, ,
. ,
.

.
.
.
.
, ,
.

,
.
, .

,
.

the bodies of various sea creatures, some of which will eventually be eaten by humans. which

various sea creatures . some of which and some of them .

2

While it is not clear [(that) exactly what kind of effect this plastic can have on people], the toxic chemicals

[released by it] are known to cause . it , [ ] that .

[ ] the toxic chemicals . be known to-v ~ .

, - .

103

Memo