Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Subjects of Interest
Heat sources
Heat source and melting efficiency
Analysis of heat flow in welding
Effects of welding parameter
Weld thermal simulator
Sep-Dec 2007
Objectives
Sep-Dec 2007
Mechanical sources
Arc welding
Resistance welding
Electroslag
Heat intensity ~ 106-108 Wm-2
Chemical sources
Other sources
106-108
Wm-2
Diffusion welding
Sep-Dec 2007
Welding Arc
Characteristics
passing through)
Welding arc
Suranaree University of Technology
Sep-Dec 2007
Work function, eV
Al
3.8-4.3
Cu
1.1-1.7
Fe
3.5-4
Mg
3.1-3.7
4.3-5.3
BaO, SrO
0.95
Thoria
2.5
CsO
0.75
Al2O3
<2.5
Plasma formation
www.fronius.com
States of matter
Solid
Melting
Plasma consists of ionized state of a
gas composed of nearly equal
numbers of electrons and ions, which
can react to electric or magnetic fields.
Liquid
Vaporization
Gas
(neutral
atoms/molecules)
Ionization
Plasma
Sep-Dec 2007
Ionization potential
Energy
Element/Compound
He
24.6
Ar
15.8
H2
15.4
N2
15.6
O2
12.1
CO2
13.8
CO
14.1
11.3
Si
8.2
Fe
7.9
Ni
7.6
Na
5.1
4.3
Cs
3.9
Sep-Dec 2007
Power in arc
The electrical power is dissipated in three
regions of the arc: anode, cathode and plasma
column.
Cathode -
Pc
Power (Parc)
Heat
1) Anode
Pa = IE a
2) Cathode
Pa
Anode +
Energy dissipation in the arc
Pc = IE c
Temp
Radiation loss
Heat loss
Sep-Dec 2007
Polarity
There are three different types of current used in arc welding
Sep-Dec 2007
Sep-Dec 2007
Sep-Dec 2007
Sep-Dec 2007
Sep-Dec 2007
=
Where
Qt weld
Qt weld
Q
=
=
Qno min al t weld EIt weld EI
Eq.2
Q
is the rate of heat transfer
Qnominal is the heat input
tweld
is the welding time
In cases of electron beam and laser beam welding, Qnominal is the power
heat source of the electron beam and laser beam respectively.
The term, heat input per unit length of weld often refers to
Qno min al
EI
, or
V
V
Where
Qnominal or EI
V
Qnominal / V
Eq.3
W
C
Tout
Tin
t
Sep-Dec 2007
Qt weld = A k
0
Where
A
T/L
T
dt
L
Eq.5
Sep-Dec 2007
Sep-Dec 2007
PAW
SAW
EBW
Heat source efficiencies in several
welding processes.
Suranaree University of Technology
Melting efficiency
m =
EIt weld
Eq.7
V
is the welding speed
m
is the energy required to raise a unit volume of
tweld
base metal to the melting point and melt it.
is the energy required to raise a unit volume of
filler metal to the melting point and melt it.
is the welding time.
Note: the quantity inside the parentheses represents the volume of material
melted while the denominator represents the heat transfer from the heat
source to the workpiece.
Suranaree University of Technology
Sep-Dec 2007
Melting efficiency
(a) shallow welds of
lower melting
efficiency,
(b) (b) deeper weld of
higher melting
efficiency.
Sep-Dec 2007
Blunter electrode
Arc diameter
Power density distribution
Effect of electrode tip angle on shape and power
density distribution of gas-tungsten arc.
Sep-Dec 2007
Conical angle of
electrode tip
Suranaree University of Technology
Sep-Dec 2007
Sep-Dec 2007
Sep-Dec 2007
Sep-Dec 2007
Cooling rate
Sep-Dec 2007
Power density
Weld penetration
Sep-Dec 2007
Sep-Dec 2007
References
Kou, S., Welding metallurgy, 2nd edition, 2003, John Willey and
Sons, Inc., USA, ISBN 0-471-43491-4.
Gourd, L.M., Principles of welding technology, 3rd edition, 1995,
Edward Arnold, ISBN 0 340 61399 8.
Sep-Dec 2007